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Peterson BW, Tjakkes GH, Renkema AM, Manton DJ, Ren Y. The oral microbiota and periodontal health in orthodontic patients. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 39031969 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The oral microbiota develops within the first 2 years of childhood and becomes distinct from the parents by 4 years-of-age. The oral microbiota plays an important role in the overall health/symbiosis of the individual. Deviations from the state of symbiosis leads to dysbiosis and an increased risk of pathogenicity. Deviations can occur not only from daily life activities but also from orthodontic interventions. Orthodontic appliances are formed from a variety of biomaterials. Once inserted, they serve as a breeding ground for microbial attachment, not only from new surface areas and crevices but also from material physicochemical interactions different than in the symbiotic state. Individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment show, compared with untreated people, qualitative and quantitative differences in activity within the oral microbiota, induced by increased retention of supra- and subgingival microbial plaque throughout the treatment period. These changes are at the root of the main undesirable effects, such as gingivitis, white spot lesions (WSL), and more severe caries lesions. Notably, the oral microbiota profile in the first weeks of orthodontic intervention might be a valuable indicator to predict and identify higher-risk individuals with respect to periodontal health and caries risk within an otherwise healthy population. Antimicrobial coatings have been used to dissuade microbes from adhering to the biomaterial; however, they disrupt the host microbiota, and several bacterial strains have become resistant. Smart biomaterials that can reduce the antimicrobial load preventing microbial adhesion to orthodontic appliances have shown promising results, but their complexity has kept many solutions from reaching the clinic. 3D printing technology provides opportunities for complex chemical syntheses to be performed uniformly, reducing the cost of producing smart biomaterials giving hope that they may reach the clinic in the near future. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of the oral microbiota during orthodontic therapy and to use innovative technologies to better maintain its healthy balance during surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Peterson
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten-Has Tjakkes
- Centre for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Renkema
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David J Manton
- Centre for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Saha S, Boesch C, Maycock J, Wood S, Do T. Sweet Orange Juice Processing By-Product Extracts: A Caries Management Alternative to Chlorhexidine. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1607. [PMID: 38002290 PMCID: PMC10669069 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally in both children and adults. This study investigated the potential of industrial sweet orange waste extracts (ISOWE) as a substitute for chlorhexidine (CHX) in managing dental caries. First, the cytotoxicity of ISOWE (40, 80, 120 mg/mL) and CHX (0.1 and 0.2%) on buccal epithelial cells was determined. ISOWE exhibited no overall toxicity, whereas CHX strongly affected cell viability. The combination of ISOWE and CHX significantly enhanced cell proliferation compared to CHX alone. Next, the antimicrobial efficacy of ISOWE, CHX, and their combination was assessed against a 7-day complex biofilm model inoculated with oral samples from human volunteers. CHX exhibited indiscriminate antimicrobial action, affecting both pathogenic and health-associated oral microorganisms. ISOWE demonstrated lower antimicrobial efficacy than CHX but showed enhanced efficacy against pathogenic species while preserving the oral microbiome's balance. When applied to a cariogenic biofilm, the combined treatment of ISOWE with 0.1% CHX showed similar efficacy to 0.2% CHX treatment alone. Overall, the findings suggest that ISOWE is a promising natural anti-cariogenic agent with lower toxicity and enhanced selectivity for pathogenic species compared to CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvro Saha
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.S.)
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.S.)
| | - Joanne Maycock
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.S.)
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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3
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Baker JL. The Baker Lab at the OHSU School of Dentistry: leveraging bioinformatics and molecular biology to discover how the bacteria that live in our mouth impact human health and disease. OHSU SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY ANTHOLOGY 2023; 1:3-11. [PMID: 38784447 PMCID: PMC11114080 DOI: 10.6083/bpxhc42395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The microorganisms living in the human oral cavity, collectively known as the oral microbiota, play a critical role in not only oral health, but systemic and overall health. The Baker Lab leverages emerging technologies in bioinformatics and molecular biology to answer fundamental questions regarding the ecology, physiology, and pathogenesis of the oral microbiota. We use a microbial 'omics approach, which has included pioneering the use of nanopore sequencing on saliva and oral bacterial RNA. The resulting work discovered novel bacterial species and biosynthetic pathways which impact the ecology of the oral microbiota and its relationship to human disease. This article will briefly define the oral microbiota. It will also summarize how bioinformatics and 'omics-based research have revolutionized oral health research. The article will then provide a broad summary of our past, present and future research and educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon L Baker
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation & Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University
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4
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Precision dentistry—what it is, where it fails (yet), and how to get there. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3395-3403. [PMID: 35284954 PMCID: PMC8918420 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Dentistry is stuck between the one-size-fits-all approach towards diagnostics and therapy employed for a century and the era of stratified medicine. The present review presents the concept of precision dentistry, i.e., the next step beyond stratification into risk groups, and lays out where we stand, but also what challenges we have ahead for precision dentistry to come true. Material and methods Narrative literature review. Results Current approaches for enabling more precise diagnostics and therapies focus on stratification of individuals using clinical or social risk factors or indicators. Most research in dentistry does not focus on predictions — the key for precision dentistry — but on associations. We critically discuss why both approaches (focus on a limited number of risk factors or indicators and on associations) are insufficient and elaborate on what we think may allow to overcome the status quo. Conclusions Leveraging more diverse and broad data stemming from routine or unusual sources via advanced data analytics and testing the resulting prediction models rigorously may allow further steps towards more precise oral and dental care. Clinical significance Precision dentistry refers to tailoring diagnostics and therapy to an individual; it builds on modelling, prediction making and rigorous testing. Most studies in the dental domain focus on showing associations, and do not attempt to make any predictions. Moreover, the datasets used are narrow and usually collected purposively following a clinical reasoning. Opening routine data silos and involving uncommon data sources to harvest broad data and leverage them using advanced analytics could facilitate precision dentistry.
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Sánchez MC, Velapatiño A, Llama-Palacios A, Valdés A, Cifuentes A, Ciudad MJ, Collado L. Metataxonomic and metabolomic evidence of biofilm homeostasis disruption related to caries: an in vitro study. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:81-96. [PMID: 35129864 PMCID: PMC9303636 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ecological dysbiosis of a biofilm includes not only bacterial changes but also changes in their metabolism. Related to oral biofilms, changes in metabolic activity are crucial endpoint, linked directly to the pathogenicity of oral diseases. Despite the advances in caries research, detailed microbial and metabolomic etiology is yet to be fully clarified. To advance this knowledge, a meta‐taxonomic approach based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and an untargeted metabolomic approach based on an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS) were conducted. To this end, an in vitro biofilm model derived from the saliva of healthy participants were developed, under commensal and cariogenic conditions by adding sucrose as the disease trigger. The cariogenic biofilms showed a significant increase of Firmicutes phyla (p = 0.019), due to the significant increase in the genus Streptococcus (p = 0.010), and Fusobacter (p < 0.001), by increase Fusobacterium (p < 0.001) and Sphingomonas (p = 0.024), while suffered a decrease in Actinobacteria (p < 0.001). As a consequence of the shift in microbiota composition, significant extracellular metabolomics changes were detected, showed 59 metabolites of the 120 identified significantly different in terms of relative abundance between the cariogenic/commensal biofilms (Rate of change > 2 and FDR < 0.05). Forty‐two metabolites were significantly higher in abundance in the cariogenic biofilms, whereas 17 metabolites were associated significantly with the commensal biofilms, principally related protein metabolism, with peptides and amino acids as protagonists, latter represented by histidine, arginine, l‐methionine, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,GINTRAMIS research group (Translational research group on microbiota and health), Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Velapatiño
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Llama-Palacios
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,GINTRAMIS research group (Translational research group on microbiota and health), Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Valdés
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ciudad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,GINTRAMIS research group (Translational research group on microbiota and health), Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Collado
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,GINTRAMIS research group (Translational research group on microbiota and health), Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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6
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López-Santacruz HD, López-López A, Revilla-Guarinos A, Camelo-Castillo A, Esparza-Villalpando V, Mira A, Aranda-Romo S. Streptococcus dentisani is a common inhabitant of the oral microbiota worldwide and is found at higher levels in caries-free individuals. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:619-629. [PMID: 34731341 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus dentisani has been proposed as a promising probiotic against tooth decay, due to its ability to buffer acidic pH and to inhibit the growth of oral pathogens. However, it is unknown if this bacterial species has a global distribution. The current study aimed to establish the presence of S. dentisani in oral samples from different geographic locations by identifying the sequence of its 16S rRNA gene in available datasets from across the globe. In addition, an analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out to determine if the levels of this probiotic strain are higher in caries-free individuals compared to those with dental caries. Samples from various geographical sources demonstrated that S. dentisani is present in saliva and dental plaque from individuals of different continents. Typical S. dentisani levels in saliva ranged from 104 to 105 cells/ml and a total of 106-107 cells in dental plaque. Using real-time qPCR, S. dentisani was quantified from supragingival dental plaque of 25 caries-free and 29 caries-active individuals from a Mexican children population, where significantly higher proportions of S. dentisani were found in the caries-free group (p = 0.002). Finally, a negative correlation was found between caries levels (as measured by the dmft caries index) and the percentage of S. dentisani (p < 0.001). Thus, the current manuscript indicates that this species has a global distribution, can be found in saliva and dental plaque, and appears to be present in higher numbers in plaque samples from caries-free children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arantxa López-López
- Department of Health and Genomics, Oral Microbiome Lab, FISABIO Foundation, Avda. Cataluña 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Revilla-Guarinos
- Department of Health and Genomics, Oral Microbiome Lab, FISABIO Foundation, Avda. Cataluña 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anny Camelo-Castillo
- Department of Health and Genomics, Oral Microbiome Lab, FISABIO Foundation, Avda. Cataluña 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Oral Microbiome Lab, FISABIO Foundation, Avda. Cataluña 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Saray Aranda-Romo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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7
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Corralo DJ, Ev LD, Damé-Teixeira N, Maltz M, Arthur RA, Do T, Fatturi Parolo CC. Functional Active Microbiome in Supragingival Biofilms in Health and Caries. Caries Res 2021; 55:603-616. [PMID: 34380135 DOI: 10.1159/000518963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jorge Corralo
- PhD by Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Passo Fundo University (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Laís Daniela Ev
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Federal District, Brasília, Brazil
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Maltz
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi Parolo
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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8
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Havsed K, Stensson M, Jansson H, Carda-Diéguez M, Pedersen A, Neilands J, Svensäter G, Mira A. Bacterial Composition and Metabolomics of Dental Plaque From Adolescents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:716493. [PMID: 34395316 PMCID: PMC8362896 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.716493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Supragingival dental plaque samples were collected from 40 Swedish adolescents, including 20 with caries lesions (CAR) and 20 caries-free (CF). Fresh plaque samples were subjected to an ex vivo acid tolerance (AT) test where the proportion of bacteria resistant to an acid shock was evaluated through confocal microscopy and live/dead staining, and the metabolites produced were quantified by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). In addition, DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced by Illumina sequencing, in order to characterize bacterial composition in the same samples. There were no significant differences in AT scores between CAR and CF individuals. However, 7 out of the 10 individuals with highest AT scores belonged to the CAR group. Regarding bacterial composition, Abiotrophia, Prevotella and Veillonella were found at significantly higher levels in CAR individuals (p=0.0085, 0.026 and 0.04 respectively) and Rothia and Corynebacterium at significantly higher levels in CF individuals (p=0.026 and 0.003). The caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans was found at low frequencies and was absent in 60% of CAR individuals. Random-forest predictive models indicate that at least 4 bacterial species or 9 genera are needed to distinguish CAR from CF adolescents. The metabolomic profile obtained by NMR showed a significant clustering of organic acids with specific bacteria in CAR and/or high AT individuals, being Scardovia wiggsiae the species with strongest associations. A significant clustering of ethanol and isopropanol with health-associated bacteria such as Rothia or Corynebacterium was also found. Accordingly, several relationships involving these compounds like the Ethanol : Lactate or Succinate : Lactate ratios were significantly associated to acid tolerance and could be of predictive value for caries risk. We therefore propose that future caries risk studies would benefit from considering not only the use of multiple organisms as potential microbial biomarkers, but also their functional adaptation and metabolic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Havsed
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden.,Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Stensson
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,Folktandvården Skåne, The Swedish Dental Service of Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Jansson
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,Folktandvården Skåne, The Swedish Dental Service of Skåne, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Miguel Carda-Diéguez
- Department of Health & Genomics, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anders Pedersen
- Swedish NMR Centre, The University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Neilands
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alex Mira
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Health & Genomics, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Hassan MG, Zaher AR, Athanasiou AE. How orthodontic research can be enriched and advanced by the novel and promising evolutions in biomedicine. J Orthod 2021; 48:288-294. [PMID: 33860691 DOI: 10.1177/14653125211006116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in developmental, molecular and cellular biology as well as biomedical technologies show a promising future for crossing the gap between biomedical basic sciences and clinical orthodontics. Orthodontic research shall utilise the advances and technologies in biomedical fields including genomics, molecular biology, bioinformatics and developmental biology. This review provides an update on the novel and promising evolutions in biomedicine and highlights their current and likely future implementation to orthodontic practice. Biotechnological opportunities in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics are presented with regards to CRISPR technology, multi-omics sequencing, gene therapy, stem cells and regenerative medicine. Future orthodontic advances in terms of translational research are also discussed. Given the breadth of applications and the great number of questions that the presently available novel biomedical tools and techniques raise, their use may provide orthodontic research in the future with a great potential in understanding the aetiology of dentofacial deformities and malocclusions as well as in improving the practice of this clinical specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G Hassan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Abbas R Zaher
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Athanasios E Athanasiou
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Silva NBS, Marques LA, Röder DDB. Diagnosis of biofilm infections: current methods used, challenges and perspectives for the future. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2148-2160. [PMID: 33629487 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of biofilms continues to be a challenge, and there is no standardized protocol for such a diagnosis in clinical practice. In addition, some proposed methodologies are expensive to require significant amounts of time and a high number of trained staff, making them impracticable for clinical practice. In recent years, mass spectrophotometry/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) has been applied it in biofilm studies. However, due to several problems and limitations of the technique, MALDI-TOF is far from being the gold standard for identifying biofilm formation. The omics analysis may prove to be a promising strategy for the diagnosis of biofilms in clinical laboratories since it allows the identification of pathogens in less time than needed for conventional techniques and in a more specific manner. However, omic tools are expensive and require qualified technical expertise, and an analysis of the data obtained needs to be careful not to neglect subpopulations in the biofilm. More studies must therefore be developed for creating a protocol that guarantees rapid biofilm identification, ensuring greater chances of success in infection control. This review discusses the current methods of microbial biofilm detection and future perspectives for its diagnosis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B S Silva
- Applied Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L A Marques
- Health Sciences, Medical School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D D B Röder
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Kumar G, Tewari S, Tagg J, Chikindas ML, Popov IV, Tiwari SK. Can Probiotics Emerge as Effective Therapeutic Agents in Apical Periodontitis? A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:299-314. [PMID: 33580864 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is a biofilm-associated disease initiated by the invasion of dental pulp by microorganisms from the oral cavity. Eradication of intracanal microbial infection is an important goal of endodontic treatment, and this is typically accomplished by mechanical instrumentation and application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. However, these agents are tissue-irritating at higher concentrations and cytotoxic. Certain probiotics have been found effective in controlling marginal periodontitis, as evidenced by reduction of pathogenic bacterial loads, gains in clinical attachment levels, and reduced bleeding on probing. In vitro studies have shown inhibitory activity of some probiotics against endodontic pathogens. Similarly, in vivo studies in rats have demonstrated a positive immuno-modulatory role of probiotics in AP, as manifested by decreased levels of proinflammatory markers and increased levels of anti-inflammatory markers. A role for probiotics in effecting a reduction of bone resorption has also been reported. This review provides an outline of current research into the probiotic management of AP, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of their direct antagonistic activity against target pathogens and of their beneficial modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - John Tagg
- BLIS Technologies Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Str., 19c1, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia
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12
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Heimisdottir LH, Lin BM, Cho H, Orlenko A, Ribeiro AA, Simon-Soro A, Roach J, Shungin D, Ginnis J, Simancas-Pallares MA, Spangler HD, Zandoná AGF, Wright JT, Ramamoorthy P, Moore JH, Koo H, Wu D, Divaris K. Metabolomics Insights in Early Childhood Caries. J Dent Res 2021; 100:615-622. [PMID: 33423574 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520982963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is characterized by a dysbiotic shift at the biofilm-tooth surface interface, yet comprehensive biochemical characterizations of the biofilm are scant. We used metabolomics to identify biochemical features of the supragingival biofilm associated with early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence and severity. The study's analytical sample comprised 289 children ages 3 to 5 (51% with ECC) who attended public preschools in North Carolina and were enrolled in a community-based cross-sectional study of early childhood oral health. Clinical examinations were conducted by calibrated examiners in community locations using International Caries Detection and Classification System (ICDAS) criteria. Supragingival plaque collected from the facial/buccal surfaces of all primary teeth in the upper-left quadrant was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between individual metabolites and 18 clinical traits (based on different ECC definitions and sets of tooth surfaces) were quantified using Brownian distance correlations (dCor) and linear regression modeling of log2-transformed values, applying a false discovery rate multiple testing correction. A tree-based pipeline optimization tool (TPOT)-machine learning process was used to identify the best-fitting ECC classification metabolite model. There were 503 named metabolites identified, including microbial, host, and exogenous biochemicals. Most significant ECC-metabolite associations were positive (i.e., upregulations/enrichments). The localized ECC case definition (ICDAS ≥1 caries experience within the surfaces from which plaque was collected) had the strongest correlation with the metabolome (dCor P = 8 × 10-3). Sixteen metabolites were significantly associated with ECC after multiple testing correction, including fucose (P = 3.0 × 10-6) and N-acetylneuraminate (p = 6.8 × 10-6) with higher ECC prevalence, as well as catechin (P = 4.7 × 10-6) and epicatechin (P = 2.9 × 10-6) with lower. Catechin, epicatechin, imidazole propionate, fucose, 9,10-DiHOME, and N-acetylneuraminate were among the top 15 metabolites in terms of ECC classification importance in the automated TPOT model. These supragingival biofilm metabolite findings provide novel insights in ECC biology and can serve as the basis for the development of measures of disease activity or risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Heimisdottir
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B M Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Cho
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Orlenko
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A A Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Simon-Soro
- Biofilm Research Labs, Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Roach
- Research Computing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D Shungin
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Ginnis
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M A Simancas-Pallares
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H D Spangler
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A G Ferreira Zandoná
- Department of Comprehensive Care, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J T Wright
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - J H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K Divaris
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Walther C, Zumbülte S, Faerber CM, Wierichs RJ, Meyer-Lueckel H, Conrads G, Henne K, Esteves-Oliveira M. Analysis of relative bacterial activity and lactate dehydrogenase gene expression of caries-associated bacteria in a site-specific natural biofilm: an ex vivo study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3669-3679. [PMID: 33226500 PMCID: PMC8137627 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Detecting bacterial activity is considered a promising approach to monitor shifts from symbiosis to dysbiosis in oral microbiome. The present study aimed at investigating both the relative bacterial activity and the lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene expression of caries-associated bacteria in a site-specific natural biofilm. Material and methods Sixty subjects (age, mean ± SE: 30.1 ± 1.4) were allocated to two groups: caries-free subjects (CF) or caries-active subjects (CA). CF presented one sound surface (CFS, n = 30). CA presented two donor sites: a cavitated caries lesion (CAC, n = 30) and a sound reference surface (CAS, n = 30). Real-time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) on species or genus level and total bacteria was performed targeting the 16S gene, the 16S rRNA, the ldh gene, and the ldh mRNA (increasing 16S ribosomal RNA copy numbers can function as an indicator of increased energy metabolism). As the 16S rRNA abundance represents the number of ribosomes, while the 16S gene abundance represents the number of genomes, the quotient of the relative abundances functions as a measure for the relative bacterial activity (%). Results Both lactobacilli and S. mutans showed the highest relative bacterial activity in CAC ((mean ± SE) 218 ± 60% and 61 ± 16%, respectively) and the lowest values for both sound reference surfaces (69 ± 48%; 8 ± 3%). Significant differences were found between CAC and CAS as well as between CAC and CFS for both lactobacilli and S. mutans (p < 0.05). The ldh gene expression of lactobacilli and S. mutans only showed moderate values in CAC (1.90E+03 ± 2.11E+03; 2.08E+04 ± 4.44E+04 transcripts/μl) and CFS (2.04E+03 ± 2.74E+03; 8.16E+03 ± 6.64E+03 transcripts/μl); consequently no significant differences were detected. Conclusion and clinical relevance Caries-associated bacteria (lactobacilli and S. mutans) showed the highest relative bacterial activity in plaque of cavitated lesions, the lowest in sound surfaces, allowing the detection of a significant activity shift in health and disease for caries-active patients. However, no significant differences in ldh gene expression could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Walther
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Zumbülte
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph M Faerber
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Johannes Wierichs
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcella Esteves-Oliveira
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Belibasakis GN. Grand Challenges in Oral Infections and Microbes. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2020; 1:2. [PMID: 35047975 PMCID: PMC8757780 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Tennert C, Reinmuth AC, Bremer K, Al-Ahmad A, Karygianni L, Hellwig E, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Wittmer A, Woelber JP. An oral health optimized diet reduces the load of potential cariogenic and periodontal bacterial species in the supragingival oral plaque: A randomized controlled pilot study. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1056. [PMID: 32419378 PMCID: PMC7424251 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of an oral health optimized diet on the composition of the supragingival oral plaque in a randomized controlled trial. Participants of the standard diet group (n = 5) had a diet high in processed carbohydrates and did not change their dietary behavior during the observation. The healthy diet group (n = 9) had to change the diet after 2 weeks from a diet high in processed carbohydrates to a diet low in carbohydrates, rich in omega‐3 fatty acids, rich in vitamins C and D, antioxidants and fiber for 4 weeks. Saliva and supragingival plaque samples were taken at the end of week two and eight of the observation period to investigate the composition of microbiota in saliva and supragingival plaque. Data were subjected to an exploratory analysis to identify significant differences. Statistically significant differences were only found in the healthy diet group between the baseline (week 2) and the final sample (week 8) for specific species in plaque and saliva samples. A reduction of the total counts of Streptococcus mitis group, Granulicatella adiacens, Actinomyces spp., and Fusobacterium spp. was found in plaque samples of the healthy diet group. In saliva samples of the healthy diet group, the total counts of Actinomyces spp. and Capnocytophaga spp. decreased. A diet low in carbohydrates, rich in omega‐3 fatty acids, rich in vitamins C and D, and rich in fiber reduced Streptococcus mitis group, Granulicatella adiacens, Actinomyces spp., and Fusobacterium spp. in the supragingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tennert
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Reinmuth
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Katharina Bremer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Department of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Petra Ratka-Krüger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Johan Peter Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Dental caries is closely related to a dysbiosis of the microbial consortia of supragingival oral biofilms driven by a sugar-frequent and acidic-pH environment. The pH is a key factor affecting the homeostasis of supragingival biofilms seen in health. There is increasing interest on the ecological dynamics of the oral microbiome and how a dysbiotic microbiota can be successfully replaced by health-beneficial flora. The concept of preventing the microbial dysbiosis related to caries through modulation of sugar intake and pH has fully emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle M Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Room D9-6, PO Box 100415, Gainesville, FL 32610-0415, USA.
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17
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Cagna DR, Donovan TE, McKee JR, Eichmiller F, Metz JE, Albouy JP, Marzola R, Murphy KR, Troeltzsch M. Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 122:198-269. [PMID: 31405523 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review of the 2018 dental literature is provided to inform busy dentists about progress in the profession. Developed by the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry, each author brings discipline-specific expertise to one of the 8 sections of the report including (1) prosthodontics; (2) periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; (3) implant dentistry; (4) dental materials and therapeutics; (5) occlusion and temporomandibular disorders; (6) sleep-related breathing disorders; (7) oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and (8) dental caries and cariology. The report targets important information that will likely influence day-to-day treatment decisions. Each review is not intended to stand alone but to update interested readers so that they may visit source materials if greater detail is desired. As the profession continues its march toward evidence-based clinical decision-making, an already voluminous library of potentially valuable dental literature continues to grow. It is the intention of this review and its authors to provide assistance in navigating the extensive dental literature published in 2018. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in the clinical management of patients moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Cagna
- Professor, Associate Dean, and Residency Director, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn.
| | - Terence E Donovan
- Professor and Head of Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James R McKee
- Private practice, Restorative Dentistry, Downers Grove, Ill
| | | | - James E Metz
- Private practice, Restorative Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jean-Pierre Albouy
- Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Kevin R Murphy
- Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Periodontics, University of Maryland College of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD; Private practice, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Schoilew K, Ueffing H, Dalpke A, Wolff B, Frese C, Wolff D, Boutin S. Bacterial biofilm composition in healthy subjects with and without caries experience. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1633194. [PMID: 31275531 PMCID: PMC6598481 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1633194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective:The composition of the oral microbiome differs distinctively between subjects with and without active caries. Still, caries research has mainly been focused on states of disease; aspects about how biofilm composition and structure maintain oral health still remain widely unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the healthy oral microbiome of caries-free adult subjects with and without former caries experience using next generation sequencing methods. Methods: 46 samples were collected from subjects without any signs of untreated active caries. Samples of pooled supragingival plaque from 19 subjects without caries experience (NH; DMFT = 0) and 27 subjects with 'caries experience' ( CE; DMFT > 0 [F(T)> 0; D(T)= 0]) were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Results: Subjects with caries experience did not exhibit a dramatically modified supragingival plaque microbiome. However, we observed a slight and significant modification between the two groups, validated by PERMANOVA ( NH vs. CE: R2 0.04; p= 0.039). The composition of the microbiome of subjects with caries experience indicates a tendency to lower α-diversity and richness. Subjects without caries experience showed a significant higher evenness compared to patients with previous caries. LDA effect size (LEfSe) analysis demonstrated that the genus Haemophilus is significantly more frequent in patients with caries experience. For the group without caries experience LefSe analysis showed a set of 11 genera being significantly more frequent, including Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, Porphyromonas, Prevotella,and Leptotrichia. Conclusion: The analysis of the oral microbiome of subjects with and without caries experience indicates specific differences. With the presence of Corynebacterium and Fusobacterium subjects without caries experience exhibited more frequently organisms that are considered to be main actors in structural plaque formation and integration. The abundance of Corynebacterium might be interpreted as a signature for dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrill Schoilew
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena Ueffing
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Wolff
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Frese
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana Wolff
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Esteban‐Fernández A, Ferrer MD, Zorraquín‐Peña I, López‐López A, Moreno‐Arribas MV, Mira A. In vitro beneficial effects of
Streptococcus dentisani
as potential oral probiotic for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1346-1355. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Esteban‐Fernández
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyInstitute of Food Science Research (CIAL)CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Maria D. Ferrer
- Department of Health and GenomicsCenter for Advanced Research in Public HealthFISABIO Foundation Valencia Spain
| | - Irene Zorraquín‐Peña
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyInstitute of Food Science Research (CIAL)CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Arantxa López‐López
- Department of Health and GenomicsCenter for Advanced Research in Public HealthFISABIO Foundation Valencia Spain
| | - M. Victoria Moreno‐Arribas
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyInstitute of Food Science Research (CIAL)CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and GenomicsCenter for Advanced Research in Public HealthFISABIO Foundation Valencia Spain
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20
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Pereira JL, Duarte D, Carneiro TJ, Ferreira S, Cunha B, Soares D, Costa AL, Gil AM. Saliva NMR metabolomics: Analytical issues in pediatric oral health research. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1545-1554. [PMID: 31077633 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva metabolome is a promising diagnostic tool concerning oral and systemic diseases. We aimed at establishing a suitable protocol for saliva collection and gauging the relative impacts of gender, dentition stage, and caries on the saliva metabolome of a small children cohort. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics cross-sectional study of children saliva (n = 38) compared the effects of: (a) stimulation and unstimulation conditions, and (b) collection through passive drool and using an absorbing device. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were applied to evaluate such effects and those related to gender, dentition stage and caries. RESULTS No significant differences were found between unstimulated and stimulated saliva, and the former was used for subsequent studies. Swab collection induced significant changes in sample composition, indicating passive drool as preferential. The impacts of gender and dentition stage were not significant compared to that of caries, which induced variations in the levels of 21 metabolites. These comprised amino acids and monosaccharides observed for the first time to our knowledge regarding children caries, suggesting protein hydrolysis and deglycosylation. CONCLUSIONS Unstimulated passive drool saliva metabolome may carry a caries signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Duarte
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tatiana J Carneiro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Cunha
- Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Soares
- Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Costa
- Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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21
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Borkent D, Reardon RJM, McLACHLAN G, Glendinning L, Dixon PM. A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:67-75. [PMID: 31006119 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although, peripheral caries (PC) affects almost half of UK horses, no comprehensive microbiological study has been performed on this disorder. As a high proportion of oral bacteria cannot be conventionally cultured, molecular microbiological techniques such as Next Generation Sequencing are required to examine the complex oral bacteria community. OBJECTIVES To identify the microbiota involved in equine PC, including comparing microbiota at the more commonly and severely affected three caudal cheek teeth with the less commonly affected three rostral cheek teeth. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Equine dental plaque samples were collected from the palatal aspects of cheek teeth of 63 horses. DNA was isolated and amplified using PCR, targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and Next Generation Sequencing of these gene amplicons was performed. The acquired data were processed and analysed using Mothur and R. RESULTS Streptococcus species was the genus most commonly associated with equine PC, whereas Gemella species was the genus most associated with the control group. In a further analysis where the rostral and caudal cheek teeth were compared with each other and with the control group. Veillonella species was the most commonly associated genus with PC of the rostral cheek teeth, Streptococcus species was the most associated genus with the caudal cheek teeth, and Corynebacterium with the control group. MAIN LIMITATIONS Some bacteria can have multiple heterogeneous copies of the 16S rRNA gene, which can affect the estimation of their relative abundance. CONCLUSIONS Similar to caries studies in other species, acidogenic and aciduric microorganisms including Streptococcus species were found to be associated with equine peripheral caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Borkent
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J M Reardon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - G McLACHLAN
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - L Glendinning
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - P M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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22
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Schmidt J, Krohn S, Buenger L, Zeller K, Schneider H, Treuheit M, Kaiser T, Ziebolz D, Berg T, Haak R. Molecular characterization of intact cell-derived and cell-free bacterial DNA from carious dentine samples. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 158:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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The Supragingival Biofilm in Early Childhood Caries: Clinical and Laboratory Protocols and Bioinformatics Pipelines Supporting Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, and Metabolomics Studies of the Oral Microbiome. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1922:525-548. [PMID: 30838598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9012-2_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a biofilm-mediated disease. Social, environmental, and behavioral determinants as well as innate susceptibility are major influences on its incidence; however, from a pathogenetic standpoint, the disease is defined and driven by oral dysbiosis. In other words, the disease occurs when the natural equilibrium between the host and its oral microbiome shifts toward states that promote demineralization at the biofilm-tooth surface interface. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of dental caries as a disease requires the characterization of both the composition and the function or metabolic activity of the supragingival biofilm according to well-defined clinical statuses. However, taxonomic and functional information of the supragingival biofilm is rarely available in clinical cohorts, and its collection presents unique challenges among very young children. This paper presents a protocol and pipelines available for the conduct of supragingival biofilm microbiome studies among children in the primary dentition, that has been designed in the context of a large-scale population-based genetic epidemiologic study of ECC. The protocol is being developed for the collection of two supragingival biofilm samples from the maxillary primary dentition, enabling downstream taxonomic (e.g., metagenomics) and functional (e.g., transcriptomics and metabolomics) analyses. The protocol is being implemented in the assembly of a pediatric precision medicine cohort comprising over 6000 participants to date, contributing social, environmental, behavioral, clinical, and biological data informing ECC and other oral health outcomes.
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24
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Abstract
Understanding the microbiology of dental caries is not a mere academic exercise; it provides the basis for preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies and gives the dentist a theoretical framework to become a better professional. The last years have seen the development of new research methodologies, ranging from high-throughput sequencing or "omics" techniques to new fluorescence microscopy applications and microfluidics, which have allowed the study of the oral microbiome to an unprecedented level of detail. Those studies have provided new insights about oral biofilm formation, biomarkers of caries risk, microbial etiology, appropriate sampling, identification of health-associated bacteria, and new anticaries strategies, among others. Several pitfalls are associated with the new technologies, including a small number of samples per study group, elevated cost, and genus- or species-based analyses that do not take into consideration intraspecies variability. However, the new data strongly suggest that saliva may not be an appropriate sample for etiological studies or for bacterial caries-risk tests, that microbial composition alone may be insufficient to predict caries risk, and that antimicrobial or immunization strategies targeting single species are unlikely to be effective. Strategies directed toward modulation of the oral biofilm, such as pre- and probiotics, emerge as promising new approaches to prevent tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mira
- 1 Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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25
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Abstract
Technological advances in DNA sequencing have provided unprecedented insights into the composition of the oral microbiome in health and disease, and RNA-sequencing and metabolomics-related technologies are beginning to yield information on the activities of these organisms. Importantly, progress in this area has brought the scientific community closer to an understanding of what constitutes a health-associated microbiome and is supporting the notion that the microbiota in healthy sites assumes an active role in promoting health and suppressing the acquisition, persistence, and activities of overt and opportunistic pathogens. It is also becoming clear that a significant impediment to developing a conclusive body of evidence that defines a healthy microbiome and the mechanisms by which beneficial bacteria promote health is that an inherent characteristic of the most abundant members of the oral flora, those that potentially play the greatest roles in health and disease, is intraspecies genomic diversity. In particular, individual isolates of abundant commensal and pathogenic streptococci show tremendous variability in gene content, and this variability manifests in tremendous phenotypic heterogeneity. Analysis of the consequences of this diversity has been complicated by the exquisite sensitivity these bacteria have evolved to environmental inputs, inducing rapid and substantial fluctuations in behaviors, and often only within subpopulations of the organisms. Thus, the conditions under which the oral microbiota is studied can produce widely different results within and between species. Fortunately, continually diminishing costs and ongoing refinements in sequencing and metabolomics are making it practical to study the oral microbiome at a level that will create a sufficiently robust understanding of the functions of individual organisms and reveal the complex interrelationships of these microbes ("the known unknowns") in a way that researchers will be able to engage in the rational design of reliable and economical risk assessments and preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burne
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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26
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Abranches J, Zeng L, Kajfasz JK, Palmer SR, Chakraborty B, Wen ZT, Richards VP, Brady LJ, Lemos JA. Biology of Oral Streptococci. Microbiol Spectr 2018; 6:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018. [PMID: 30338752 PMCID: PMC6287261 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0042-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus are the first inhabitants of the oral cavity, which can be acquired right after birth and thus play an important role in the assembly of the oral microbiota. In this article, we discuss the different oral environments inhabited by streptococci and the species that occupy each niche. Special attention is given to the taxonomy of Streptococcus, because this genus is now divided into eight distinct groups, and oral species are found in six of them. Oral streptococci produce an arsenal of adhesive molecules that allow them to efficiently colonize different tissues in the mouth. Also, they have a remarkable ability to metabolize carbohydrates via fermentation, thereby generating acids as byproducts. Excessive acidification of the oral environment by aciduric species such as Streptococcus mutans is directly associated with the development of dental caries. However, less acid-tolerant species such as Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus gordonii produce large amounts of alkali, displaying an important role in the acid-base physiology of the oral cavity. Another important characteristic of certain oral streptococci is their ability to generate hydrogen peroxide that can inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Thus, oral streptococci can also be beneficial to the host by producing molecules that are inhibitory to pathogenic species. Lastly, commensal and pathogenic streptococci residing in the oral cavity can eventually gain access to the bloodstream and cause systemic infections such as infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - L Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - J K Kajfasz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - S R Palmer
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - B Chakraborty
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - Z T Wen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - V P Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - L J Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
| | - J A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL
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Xu X, Chen F, Huang Z, Ma L, Chen L, Pan Y, Xu J, Kim S, Kinane D, Koo H, Zhou X. Meeting report: a close look at oral biofilms and microbiomes. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:28. [PMID: 30111787 PMCID: PMC6093876 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Biofilms, Microbiomes and Oral Diseases: Challenges and Future Perspectives" symposium jointly organized by Penn Dental Medicine and West China School of Stomatology was held on 30 September 2017 at Penn Wharton China Center (PWCC) in Beijing, China. The topics included the pathogenicity of oral biofilms, novel strategies for the control of biofilm-related diseases, oral microbiome and single-cell approaches, and the link between oral diseases and overall health. Researchers from a number of disciplines, representing institutions from China and Penn Dental Medicine, gathered to discuss advances in our understanding of biofilms, as well as future directions for the control of biofilm-related oral and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lvyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Chinese Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Syngcuk Kim
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denis Kinane
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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28
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Walther C, Meyer-Lueckel H, Conrads G, Esteves-Oliveira M, Henne K. Correlation between relative bacterial activity and lactate dehydrogenase gene expression of co-cultures in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1225-1235. [PMID: 29980934 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims at correlating the relative bacterial activity with the H+ concentration and the ldh expression of caries-associated bacteria in co-cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Well plates were prepared with BHI medium and cultures of Lactobacillus paracasei and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Bacterial growth at 37 °C was measured using a microplate-photometer before and after adding sucrose to the samples. Samples of co-cultures (n = 12) and single-species cultures (n = 3) were taken and pH was assessed. Real-time quantitative PCRs were applied targeting the 16S-gene, the 16S-rRNA, the ldh-gene, and the ldh-mRNA. RESULTS For L. paracasei with sucrose, an increase in relative bacterial activity (62.8% ± 23.5% [mean, SE]) was observed, while F. nucleatum showed a clear decrease in relative bacterial activity (- 35.0% ± 9.6%). Simultaneously, the H+ concentration increased (1.15E-05 mol*l-1 ± 4.61E-07 mol*l-1). Consequently, a significant positive correlation was found between L. paracasei's relative bacterial activity and H+ concentration (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.638; p = 0.002), while F. nucleatum exhibited a negative correlation (r = - 0.741; p ≤ 0.001). Furthermore L. paracasei with sucrose showed a moderate, but significant positive correlation between relative bacterial activity and ldh-expression (r = 0.307; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The relative bacterial activity after sucrose pulse showed a significant correlation not only to the acid production (H+ concentration) but also to ldh expression of L. paracasei. However, further research is required to confirm these findings in a mature biofilm in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Walther
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcella Esteves-Oliveira
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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29
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Thurnheer T, Belibasakis GN. Streptococcus oralis maintains homeostasis in oral biofilms by antagonizing the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:234-239. [PMID: 29327482 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria residing in oral biofilms live in a state of dynamic equilibrium with one another. The intricate synergistic or antagonistic interactions between them are crucial for determining this balance. Using the six-species Zürich "supragingival" biofilm model, this study aimed to investigate interactions regarding growth and localization of the constituent species. As control, an inoculum containing all six strains was used, whereas in each of the further five inocula one of the bacterial species was alternately absent, and in the last, both streptococci were absent. Biofilms were grown anaerobically on hydroxyapatite disks, and after 64 h they were harvested and quantified by culture analyses. For visualization, fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used. Compared with the control, no statistically significant difference of total colony-forming units was observed in the absence of any of the biofilm species, except for Fusobacterium nucleatum, whose absence caused a significant decrease in total bacterial numbers. Absence of Streptococcus oralis resulted in a significant decrease in Actinomyces oris, and increase in Streptococcus mutans (P < .001). Absence of A. oris, Veillonella dispar or S. mutans did not cause any changes. The structure of the biofilm with regards to the localization of the species did not result in observable changes. In summary, the most striking observation of the present study was that absence of S. oralis resulted in limited growth of commensal A. oris and overgrowth of S. mutans. These data establish highlight S. oralis as commensal keeper of homeostasis in the biofilm by antagonizing S. mutans, so preventing a caries-favoring dysbiotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thurnheer
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Divison of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Abstract
Carious lesions develop in tooth surfaces where there is an imbalance of the processes of acid and alkali production by supragingival biofilms. Since low pH is the main driving factor in the development of carious lesions, most efforts to identify an effective anticaries therapy have focused on targeting the acid-producing bacteria and their mechanisms of acid production. An expanding area of oral microbiology has now been devoted to explore microbial metabolic activities that help to neutralize biofilm pH and thus inhibit the caries process. Arginine metabolism via the arginine deiminase pathway (ADS) produces alkali in the form of ammonia that counteracts the effects of biofilm acidification from bacterial glycolysis. ADS also functions as an adaptive strategy used by certain bacteria to thrive in oral biofilms. Substantial evidence accumulated from laboratory and clinical observations supports the hypotheses that measurements of arginine metabolism via ADS may serve as an important caries risk assessment criterion and that providing arginine regularly to supragingival biofilms can be an effective therapy for caries intervention. This article reviews the potential of arginine-based therapies such as the use of arginine as prebiotic, ADS+ strains as probiotics, and oral care formulations containing arginine for prevention and management of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Nascimento
- 1 Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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31
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Plasticity of the Pyruvate Node Modulates Hydrogen Peroxide Production and Acid Tolerance in Multiple Oral Streptococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01697-17. [PMID: 29079629 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01697-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii are pioneer oral biofilm colonizers. Characteristic for both is the SpxB-dependent production of H2O2, which is crucial for inhibiting competing biofilm members, especially the cariogenic species Streptococcus mutans H2O2 production is strongly affected by environmental conditions, but few mechanisms are known. Dental plaque pH is one of the key parameters dictating dental plaque ecology and ultimately oral health status. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to characterize the effects of environmental pH on H2O2 production by S. sanguinis and S. gordoniiS. sanguinis H2O2 production was not found to be affected by moderate changes in environmental pH, whereas S. gordonii H2O2 production declined markedly in response to lower pH. Further investigation into the pyruvate node, the central metabolic switch modulating H2O2 or lactic acid production, revealed increased lactic acid levels for S. gordonii at pH 6. The bias for lactic acid production at pH 6 resulted in concomitant improvement in the survival of S. gordonii at low pH and seems to constitute part of the acid tolerance response of S. gordonii Differential responses to pH similarly affect other oral streptococcal species, suggesting that the observed results are part of a larger phenomenon linking environmental pH, central metabolism, and the capacity to produce antagonistic amounts of H2O2IMPORTANCE Oral biofilms are subject to frequent and dramatic changes in pH. S. sanguinis and S. gordonii can compete with caries- and periodontitis-associated pathogens by generating H2O2 Therefore, it is crucial to understand how S. sanguinis and S. gordonii adapt to low pH and maintain their competitiveness under acid stress. The present study provides evidence that certain oral bacteria respond to environmental pH changes by tuning their metabolic output in favor of lactic acid production, to increase their acid survival, while others maintain their H2O2 production at a constant level. The differential control of H2O2 production provides important insights into the role of environmental conditions for growth competition of the oral flora.
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32
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Belibasakis GN, Curtis MA, Hajishengallis G, Zaura E. Meeting report: The 12 th European oral microbiology workshop (EOMW) in Stockholm, Sweden. Virulence 2018; 9:64-69. [PMID: 28881167 PMCID: PMC5955192 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1376147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Curtis
- b Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - George Hajishengallis
- c Department of Microbiology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Egija Zaura
- d Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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33
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Rosier BT, Marsh PD, Mira A. Resilience of the Oral Microbiota in Health: Mechanisms That Prevent Dysbiosis. J Dent Res 2017; 97:371-380. [PMID: 29195050 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517742139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental diseases are now viewed as a consequence of a deleterious shift in the balance of the normally stable resident oral microbiome. It is known that frequent carbohydrate consumption or reduced saliva flow can lead to caries, and excessive plaque accumulation increases the risk of periodontal diseases. However, when these "disease drivers" are present, while some individuals appear to be susceptible, others are more tolerant or resilient to suffering from undesirable changes in their oral microbiome. Health-maintaining mechanisms that limit the effect of disease drivers include the complex set of metabolic and functional interrelationships that develop within dental biofilms and between biofilms and the host. In contrast, "positive feedback loops" can develop within these microbial communities that disrupt resilience and provoke a large and abrupt change in function and structure of the ecosystem (a microbial "regime shift"), which promotes dysbiosis and oral disease. For instance, acidification due to carbohydrate fermentation or inflammation in response to accumulated plaque select for a cariogenic or periopathogenic microbiota, respectively, in a chain of self-reinforcing events. Conversely, in tolerant individuals, health-maintaining mechanisms, including negative feedback to the drivers, can maintain resilience and promote resistance to and recovery from disease drivers. Recently studied health-maintaining mechanisms include ammonia production, limiting a drop in pH that can lead to caries, and denitrification, which could inhibit several stages of disease-associated positive feedback loops. Omics studies comparing the microbiome of, and its interaction with, susceptible and tolerant hosts can detect markers of resilience. The neutralization or inhibition of disease drivers, together with the identification and promotion of health-promoting species and functions, for example, by pre- and probiotics, could enhance microbiome resilience and lead to new strategies to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Rosier
- 1 Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - P D Marsh
- 2 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, UK
| | - A Mira
- 1 Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
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34
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Effect of a Lactobacillus Salivarius Probiotic on a Double-Species Streptococcus Mutans and Candida Albicans Caries Biofilm. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111242. [PMID: 29135948 PMCID: PMC5707714 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-cariogenic effects of Lactobacillus salivarius by reducing pathogenic species and biofilm mass in a double-species biofilm model. Coexistence of S. mutans with C. albicans can cause dental caries progression or recurrence of the disease in the future. Fifty-nine children with diagnosed early childhood caries (ECC) were recruited onto the study. The condition of the children's dentition was defined according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The participants were divided into children with initial enamel demineralization and children showing dentin damage. The study was performed on the S. mutans and C. albicans clinical strains, isolated from dental plaque of patients with ECC. The effect of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus salivarius on the ability of S. mutans and C. albicans to produce a double-species biofilm was investigated in an in vitro model. The biomass of the formed/non-degraded biofilm was analyzed on the basis of its crystal violet staining. The number of colonies of S. mutans and C. albicans (CFU/mL, colony forming units/mL) forming the biofilm was determined. Microorganism morphology in the biofilm was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In vitro analysis demonstrated that the presence of S. mutans increased the number of C. albicans colonies (CFU/mL); the double-species biofilm mass and hyphal forms produced in it by the yeast. L. salivarius inhibited the cariogenic biofilm formation of C. albicans and S. mutans. Under the influence of the probiotic; the biofilm mass and the number of S. mutans; C. albicans and S. mutans with C. albicans colonies in the biofilm was decreased. Moreover; it can be noted that after the addition of the probiotic; fungi did not form hyphae or germ tubes of pathogenic potential. These results suggest that L. salivarius can secrete intermediates capable of inhibiting the formation of cariogenic S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm; and may inhibit fungal morphological transformation and thereby reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans; weakening its pathogenic potential. Further research is required to prove or disprove the long-term effects of the preparation and to achieve preventive methods.
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35
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Nascimento MM. Oral microbiota transplant: a potential new therapy for oral diseases. JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA DENTAL ASSOCIATION 2017; 45:565-568. [PMID: 29497269 PMCID: PMC5828680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontitis are amongst the most common diseases affecting humans worldwide. There is an evolving trend for dental and medical research to share knowledge on the etiology and promising therapies for human diseases. Inspired by the success of fecal microbiota transplant to manage gastro-intestinal disordes, oral microbiome transplant has been proposed but not yet tested in humans. This article critically reviews the potential of oral microbiome transplant for managing oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle M Nascimento
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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36
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Eriksson L, Lif Holgerson P, Esberg A, Johansson I. Microbial Complexes and Caries in 17-Year-Olds with and without Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 2017; 97:275-282. [PMID: 28930642 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517731758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a key bacterial species in the caries process, which affects >90% of the population worldwide. However, other acidogenic and aciduric/acidophilic species may contribute to disease development. In Sweden, a country with low prevalences of caries and S. mutans, a significant portion of caries-affected adolescents lack detectable levels of S. mutans. The objectives of the present study were 1) to characterize the tooth biofilm and saliva microbiota of adolescents with caries disease, with or without detectable S. mutans, from tooth biofilm and saliva samples and 2) to assess taxa clustering in the tooth biofilm and saliva samples and relate this information to caries status. For 17-y-old participants ( N = 154), enamel and dentin caries (the total number of present carious surfaces in the enamel and dentin) and caries experience (the number of decayed and filled tooth surfaces) were recorded, dental biofilm and saliva samples obtained, and information on medical and lifestyle habits collected. Multiplex 16S rDNA (V3-V4) sequencing of bacterial DNA was performed with the Illumina MiSeq platform. The Human Oral Microbiome Database and the ProbeSeq pipeline were used in the HOMI NGS procedure. In subjects with caries experience, high levels of S. mutans were associated with a few species and low levels with a panel of saccharolytic species. Present caries was similarly associated with a panel of saccharolytic species in subjects without S. mutans. Furthermore, tooth biofilm microbiota could be used to establish 4 clusters of subjects with different caries experiences. In particular, high levels of S. mutans were associated with the presence of a few influential species in multivariate modeling, including Scardovia wiggsiae. By contrast, a panel of less avid lactic acid-producing species was influential in patients with undetectable or low S. mutans levels in such modeling. These findings support a prominent role of S. mutans in infected adolescents but also the ecologic concept, especially in S. mutans-free subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eriksson
- 1 Cariology Section, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,2 Pedodontics Section, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Lif Holgerson
- 2 Pedodontics Section, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Esberg
- 1 Cariology Section, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - I Johansson
- 1 Cariology Section, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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