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Zheng W, Chang IC, Limberis J, Budzik JM, Zha BS, Howard Z, Chen L, Ernst JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides in lysosome-poor monocyte-derived lung cells during chronic infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012205. [PMID: 38701094 PMCID: PMC11095722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects lung myeloid cells, but the specific Mtb-permissive cells and host mechanisms supporting Mtb persistence during chronic infection are incompletely characterized. We report that after the development of T cell responses, CD11clo monocyte-derived cells harbor more live Mtb than alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and CD11chi monocyte-derived cells. Transcriptomic and functional studies revealed that the lysosome pathway is underexpressed in this highly permissive subset, characterized by less lysosome content, acidification, and proteolytic activity than AM, along with less nuclear TFEB, a regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Mtb infection does not drive lysosome deficiency in CD11clo monocyte-derived cells but promotes recruitment of monocytes that develop into permissive lung cells, mediated by the Mtb ESX-1 secretion system. The c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib activates TFEB and enhances lysosome functions of macrophages in vitro and in vivo, improving control of Mtb infection. Our results suggest that Mtb exploits lysosome-poor lung cells for persistence and targeting lysosome biogenesis is a potential host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Limberis
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Budzik
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beth Shoshana Zha
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary Howard
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lucas Chen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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2
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Yin Q, Yang C. Exploring lysosomal biology: current approaches and methods. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2024; 10:111-120. [PMID: 38774350 PMCID: PMC11103719 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2023.230028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the degradation centers and signaling hubs in the cell. Lysosomes undergo adaptation to maintain cell homeostasis in response to a wide variety of cues. Dysfunction of lysosomes leads to aging and severe diseases including lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. To understand the complexity of lysosome biology, many research approaches and tools have been developed to investigate lysosomal functions and regulatory mechanisms in diverse experimental systems. This review summarizes the current approaches and tools adopted for studying lysosomes, and aims to provide a methodological overview of lysosomal research and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
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3
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Zheng W, Chang IC, Limberis J, Budzik J, Zha BS, Howard Z, Chen L, Ernst J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides in lysosome-poor monocyte-derived lung cells during chronic infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3049913. [PMID: 37398178 PMCID: PMC10312915 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3049913/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persists in lung myeloid cells during chronic infection. However, the mechanisms allowing Mtb to evade elimination are not fully understood. Here, we determined that in chronic phase, CD11clo monocyte-derived lung cells termed MNC1 (mononuclear cell subset 1), harbor more live Mtb than alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and less permissive CD11chi MNC2. Transcriptomic and functional studies of sorted cells revealed that the lysosome biogenesis pathway is underexpressed in MNC1, which have less lysosome content, acidification, and proteolytic activity than AM, and less nuclear TFEB, a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Mtb infection does not drive lysosome deficiency in MNC1. Instead, Mtb recruits MNC1 and MNC2 to the lungs for its spread from AM to these cells via its ESX-1 secretion system. The c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib activates TFEB and enhances lysosome function of primary macrophages and MNC1 and MNC2 in vivo, improving control of Mtb infection. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits lysosome-poor monocyte-derived cells for in vivo persistence, suggesting a potential target for host-directed tuberculosis therapy.
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4
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Zheng W, Chang IC, Limberis J, Budzik JM, Zha BS, Howard Z, Chen L, Ernst JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides in lysosome-poor monocyte-derived lung cells during chronic infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524758. [PMID: 36711606 PMCID: PMC9882350 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects cells in multiple lung myeloid cell subsets and causes chronic infection despite innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms allowing Mtb to evade elimination are not fully understood. Here, using new methods, we determined that after T cell responses have developed, CD11clo monocyte-derived lung cells termed MNC1 (mononuclear cell subset 1), harbor more live Mtb compared to alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and less permissive CD11chi MNC2. Bulk RNA sequencing of sorted cells revealed that the lysosome biogenesis pathway is underexpressed in MNC1. Functional assays confirmed that Mtb-permissive MNC1 have less lysosome content, acidification, and proteolytic activity than AM, and less nuclear TFEB, a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis. Mtb infection does not drive lysosome deficiency in MNC1 in vivo. Instead, Mtb recruits MNC1 and MNC2 to the lungs for its spread from AM to these cell subsets as a virulence mechanism that requires the Mtb ESX-1 secretion system. The c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib activates TFEB and enhances lysosome function of primary macrophages in vitro and MNC1 and MNC2 in vivo, improving control of Mtb infection. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits lysosome-poor monocyte-derived cells for in vivo persistence, suggesting a potential target for host-directed tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason Limberis
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Budzik
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - B. Shoshana Zha
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zach Howard
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lucas Chen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Santos SACS, Persechini PM, Henriques-Santos BM, Bello-Santos VG, Castro NG, Costa de Sousa J, Genta FA, Santiago MF, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB, Kurtenbach E. P2X7 Receptor Triggers Lysosomal Leakage Through Calcium Mobilization in a Mechanism Dependent on Pannexin-1 Hemichannels. Front Immunol 2022; 13:752105. [PMID: 35222364 PMCID: PMC8863609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.752105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a critical purinergic receptor in immune cells. Its activation was associated with cathepsin release into macrophage cytosol, suggesting its involvement in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and leakage. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which P2X7 receptor activation induces LMP and leakage are unclear. This study investigated cellular mechanisms associated with endosomal and lysosomal leakage triggered by P2X7 receptor activation. We found that ATP at 500 μM and 5 mM (but not 50 μM) induced LMP in non-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. This effect was not observed in P2X7-deficient or A740003-pretreated macrophages. We found that the P2X7 receptor and pannexin-1 channels mediate calcium influx that might be important for activating specific ion channels (TRPM2 and two-pore channels) on the membranes of late endosomes and lysosomes leading to LMP leakage and consequent cathepsin release. These findings suggest the critical role of the P2X7 receptor in inflammatory and infectious diseases via lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Alexia Cristina Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Proteins, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Laboratory of Immuno-Biophysics, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Monteiro Henriques-Santos
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victória Gabriela Bello-Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Newton G Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Júlia Costa de Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Proteins, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Felippe Santiago
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Proteins, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Proteins, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Nieto-Torres JL, Shanahan SL, Chassefeyre R, Chaiamarit T, Zaretski S, Landeras-Bueno S, Verhelle A, Encalada SE, Hansen M. LC3B phosphorylation regulates FYCO1 binding and directional transport of autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3440-3449.e7. [PMID: 34146484 PMCID: PMC8439105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a conserved process that promotes cellular homeostasis through the degradation of cytosolic components, also known as cargo. During autophagy, cargo is sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which are predominantly transported in the retrograde direction to the perinuclear region to fuse with lysosomes, thus ensuring cargo degradation.1 The mechanisms regulating directional autophagosomal transport remain unclear. The ATG8 family of proteins associates with autophagosome membranes2 and plays key roles in autophagy, including the movement of autophagosomes. This is achieved via the association of ATG8 with adaptor proteins like FYCO1, involved in the anterograde transport of autophagosomes toward the cell periphery.1,3-5 We previously reported that phosphorylation of LC3B/ATG8 on threonine 50 (LC3B-T50) by the Hippo kinase STK4/MST1 is required for autophagy through unknown mechanisms.6 Here, we show that STK4-mediated phosphorylation of LC3B-T50 reduces the binding of FYCO1 to LC3B. In turn, impairment of LC3B-T50 phosphorylation decreases starvation-induced perinuclear positioning of autophagosomes as well as their colocalization with lysosomes. Moreover, a significantly higher number of LC3B-T50A-positive autophagosomes undergo aberrant anterograde movement to axonal tips in mammalian neurons and toward the periphery of mammalian cells. Our data support a role of a nutrient-sensitive STK4-LC3B-FYCO1 axis in the regulation of the directional transport of autophagosomes, a key step of the autophagy process, via the post-translational modification of LC3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Nieto-Torres
- Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean-Luc Shanahan
- Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Romain Chassefeyre
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tai Chaiamarit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sviatlana Zaretski
- Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Landeras-Bueno
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adriaan Verhelle
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Malene Hansen
- Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Félix I, Jokela H, Karhula J, Kotaja N, Savontaus E, Salmi M, Rantakari P. Single-Cell Proteomics Reveals the Defined Heterogeneity of Resident Macrophages in White Adipose Tissue. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719979. [PMID: 34381461 PMCID: PMC8350344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) regulate homeostasis and contribute to the metabolically harmful chronic inflammation in obese individuals. While evident heterogeneity of resident ATMs has been described previously, their phenotype, developmental origin, and functionality remain inconsistent. We analyzed white adipose tissue (WAT) during homeostasis and diet interventions using comprehensive and unbiased single-cell mass cytometry and genetic lineage tracking models. We now provide a uniform definition of individual subsets of resident ATMs. We show that in lean mice, WAT co-harbors eight kinetically evolving CD206+ macrophage subpopulations (defined by TIM4, CD163, and MHC II) and two CD206- macrophage subpopulations. TIM4-CD163+, TIM4-CD163- and CD206- macrophage populations are largely bone marrow-derived, while the proliferating TIM4+CD163+ subpopulation is of embryonic origin. All macrophage subtypes are active in phagocytosis, endocytosis, and antigen processing in vitro, whereas TIM4+CD163+ cells are superior in scavenging in vivo. A high-fat diet induces massive infiltration of CD206- macrophages and selective down-regulation of MHC II on TIM4+ macrophages. These changes are reversed by dietary intervention. Thus, the developmental origin and environment jointly regulate the functional malleability of resident ATMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Félix
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heli Jokela
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Joonas Karhula
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Kotaja
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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8
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Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteases critical in physiopathological processes and show potential as targets or biomarkers for diseases and medical conditions. The 11 members of the cathepsin family are redundant in some cases but remarkably independent of others, demanding the development of both pan-cathepsin targeting tools as well as probes that are selective for specific cathepsins with little off-target activity. This review addresses the diverse design strategies that have been employed to accomplish this tailored selectivity among cysteine cathepsin targets and the imaging modalities incorporated. The power of these diverse tools is contextualized by briefly highlighting the nature of a few prominent cysteine cathepsins, their involvement in select diseases, and the application of cathepsin imaging probes in research spanning basic biochemical studies to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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9
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Juhasz B, Pech-Puch D, Tabudravu JN, Cautain B, Reyes F, Jiménez C, Kyeremeh K, Jaspars M. Dermacozine N, the First Natural Linear Pentacyclic Oxazinophenazine with UV-Vis Absorption Maxima in the Near Infrared Region, along with Dermacozines O and P Isolated from the Mariana Trench Sediment Strain Dermacoccus abyssi MT 1.1 T. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:325. [PMID: 34205180 PMCID: PMC8226881 DOI: 10.3390/md19060325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dermacozines, dermacozines N-P (1-3), were isolated from the piezotolerant Actinomycete strain Dermacoccus abyssi MT 1.1T, which was isolated from a Mariana Trench sediment in 2006. Herein, we report the elucidation of their structures using a combination of 1D/2D NMR, LC-HRESI-MSn, UV-Visible, and IR spectroscopy. Further confirmation of the structures was achieved through the analysis of data from density functional theory (DFT)-UV-Visible spectral calculations and statistical analysis such as two tailed t-test, linear regression-, and multiple linear regression analysis applied to either solely experimental or to experimental and calculated 13C-NMR chemical shift data. Dermacozine N (1) bears a novel linear pentacyclic phenoxazine framework that has never been reported as a natural product. Dermacozine O (2) is a constitutional isomer of the known dermacozine F while dermacozine P (3) is 8-benzoyl-6-carbamoylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid. Dermacozine N (1) is unique among phenoxazines due to its near infrared (NIR) absorption maxima, which would make this compound an excellent candidate for research in biosensing chemistry, photodynamic therapy (PDT), opto-electronic applications, and metabolic mapping at the cellular level. Furthermore, dermacozine N (1) possesses weak cytotoxic activity against melanoma (A2058) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) with IC50 values of 51 and 38 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Juhasz
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
| | - Dawrin Pech-Puch
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, Mérida 97100, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Jioji N. Tabudravu
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Bastien Cautain
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, Edificio Centro de Desarrollo Farmacéutico y Alimentario, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (B.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, Edificio Centro de Desarrollo Farmacéutico y Alimentario, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (B.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) e Departmento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, AE CICA-INIBIC, Universidad da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Kwaku Kyeremeh
- Marine and Plant Research Laboratory of Ghana, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana;
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
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10
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Yin Q, Jian Y, Xu M, Huang X, Wang N, Liu Z, Li Q, Li J, Zhou H, Xu L, Wang Y, Yang C. CDK4/6 regulate lysosome biogenesis through TFEB/TFE3. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151944. [PMID: 32662822 PMCID: PMC7401801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradation and signaling organelles that adapt their biogenesis to meet many different cellular demands; however, it is unknown how lysosomes change their numbers for cell division. Here, we report that the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4/6 regulate lysosome biogenesis during the cell cycle. Chemical or genetic inactivation of CDK4/6 increases lysosomal numbers by activating the lysosome and autophagy transcription factors TFEB and TFE3. CDK4/6 interact with and phosphorylate TFEB/TFE3 in the nucleus, thereby inactivating them by promoting their shuttling to the cytoplasm. During the cell cycle, lysosome numbers increase in S and G2/M phases when cyclin D turnover diminishes CDK4/6 activity. These findings not only uncover the molecular events that direct the nuclear export of TFEB/TFE3, but also suggest a mechanism that controls lysosome biogenesis in the cell cycle. CDK4/6 inhibitors promote autophagy and lysosome-dependent degradation, which has important implications for the therapy of cancer and lysosome-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Niya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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11
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Zyuzin MV, Zhu D, Parak WJ, Feliu N, Escudero A. Development of Silica-Based Biodegradable Submicrometric Carriers and Investigating Their Characteristics as in Vitro Delivery Vehicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7563. [PMID: 33066289 PMCID: PMC7590072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured silica (SiO2)-based materials are attractive carriers for the delivery of bioactive compounds into cells. In this study, we developed hollow submicrometric particles composed of SiO2 capsules that were separately loaded with various bioactive molecules such as dextran, proteins, and nucleic acids. The structural characterization of the reported carriers was conducted using transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM/SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Moreover, the interaction of the developed carriers with cell lines was studied using standard viability, proliferation, and uptake assays. The submicrometric SiO2-based capsules loaded with DNA plasmid encoding green fluorescence proteins (GFP) were used to transfect cell lines. The obtained results were compared with studies made with similar capsules composed of polymers and show that SiO2-based capsules provide better transfection rates on the costs of higher toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Zyuzin
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg 191002, Russia;
| | - Dingcheng Zhu
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Z.); (W.J.P.)
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Z.); (W.J.P.)
| | - Neus Feliu
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Z.); (W.J.P.)
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology (CAN), 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alberto Escudero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica. Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 1, E–41012 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Universidad de Sevilla–CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio 49, E–41092 Seville, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Background:In order to organize and give a better understanding of the existing population of protease activity units together with their respective methods of enzymatic activity assessment, there is a need of their clear classification system.Results and Conclusion:The following system has been proposed: Enzyme Centered Units (ECU) equivalent to Enzyme Process Unit notation; Protein Centered Units (PCU) equivalent to Protein Process Unit notation; Legal Authority and Enzyme Centered Units (LAECU) equivalent to Enzyme Centered Units system additionally related to a legal authority or an organization. The suitable ways for the mutual conversion of commonly used units and their conversion into the standard SI units have been included. A convenient gravity/spectrophotometer test of proteolytic activity with the use of three protein types has also been proposed. The test gives high degree of confidence of the experimental determination for a wide spectrum of protease activity in samples of plant origin. The whole paper allows both theoretical and practical orientation in the range of different proteolytic activity units as well as in the methods of their determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Ireneusz Rawski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Tomasz Sanecki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jan Kalembkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
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13
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In situ localization of alkaline phosphatase activity in tumor cells by an aggregation-induced emission fluorophore-based probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115284. [PMID: 31959388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ detection of certain specific enzyme activities in cells is deeply attached to tumor diagnosis. Conventional enzyme-responsive fluorescent probes have difficulty detecting targeted enzymes in situ in cells due to the low detection accuracy caused by the spread of fluorescence probes. In order to solve this problem, we have designed and synthesized an enzyme-responsive, water-soluble fluorescent probe with AIE characteristics, which could aggregate and precipitate to produce in situ fluorescence when reacting with the targeted enzyme in cells. The AIE fluorophore (TPEQH) was utilized to design the enzyme-responsive, fluorescent probe (TPEQHA) by introducing a phosphate group on to it, which could be specifically decomposed by the targeted enzyme, namely alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In tumor cells, TPEQH was highly produced due to the interaction of phosphate on the TPEQHA and the overexpressed ALP. Water-insoluble TPEQH then precipitated and release fluorescence in situ, thereby successfully detecting the ALP. Furthermore, the expression level of ALP could be determined by the fluorescence intensity of TPEQH with higher accuracy due to the inhibition of TPEQH leak, which demonstrated a potential application of in suit ALP detection in both clinical diagnosis and scientific research of tumor.
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14
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Zhang K, Li Q, Wu W, Yang J, Zou W. Wheat Qu and Its Production Technology, Microbiota, Flavor, and Metabolites. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2373-2386. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaizheng Zhang
- Sichuan Univ. of Science & Engineering No. 180, Xueyuan St., Huixing Rd. Zigong 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Qiong Li
- Sichuan Univ. of Science & Engineering No. 180, Xueyuan St., Huixing Rd. Zigong 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Wenchi Wu
- Sichuan Univ. of Science & Engineering No. 180, Xueyuan St., Huixing Rd. Zigong 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- Sichuan Univ. of Science & Engineering No. 180, Xueyuan St., Huixing Rd. Zigong 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Wei Zou
- Sichuan Univ. of Science & Engineering No. 180, Xueyuan St., Huixing Rd. Zigong 643000 Sichuan China
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15
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Su XY, Zhao JQ, Li N, Kumar M, yang AMO. Chemoprotective Effects of Resveratrol Against Diethylnitrosamine Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Wistar Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.549.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Jelinek D, Flores A, Uebelhoer M, Pasque V, Plath K, Iruela-Arispe ML, Christofk HR, Lowry WE, Coller HA. Mapping Metabolism: Monitoring Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Directly in Tissue. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985359 DOI: 10.3791/57760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping enzymatic activity in space and time is critical for understanding the molecular basis of cell behavior in normal tissue and disease. In situ metabolic activity assays can provide information about the spatial distribution of metabolic activity within a tissue. We provide here a detailed protocol for monitoring the activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase directly in tissue samples. Lactate dehydrogenase is an important determinant of whether consumed glucose will be converted to energy via aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis. A solution containing lactate and NAD is provided to a frozen tissue section. Cells with high lactate dehydrogenase activity will convert the provided lactate to pyruvate, while simultaneously converting provided nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH and a proton, which can be detected based on the reduction of nitrotetrazolium blue to formazan, which is visualized as a blue precipitate. We describe a detailed protocol for monitoring lactate dehydrogenase activity in mouse skin. Applying this protocol, we found that lactate dehydrogenase activity is high in the quiescent hair follicle stem cells within the skin. Applying the protocol to cultured mouse embryonic stem cells revealed higher staining in cultured embryonic stem cells than mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Analysis of freshly isolated mouse aorta revealed staining in smooth muscle cells perpendicular to the aorta. The methodology provided can be used to spatially map the activity of enzymes that generate a proton in frozen or fresh tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jelinek
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Aimee Flores
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA; Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, UCLA
| | | | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, UCLA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA; Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, UCLA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, UCLA
| | - William E Lowry
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA; Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, UCLA
| | - Hilary A Coller
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine; Molecular Biology Institute Interdepartmental Program, UCLA;
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17
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Liu HW, Li K, Hu XX, Zhu L, Rong Q, Liu Y, Zhang XB, Hasserodt J, Qu FL, Tan W. In Situ Localization of Enzyme Activity in Live Cells by a Molecular Probe Releasing a Precipitating Fluorochrome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11788-11792. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wen Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Longmin Zhu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qiming Rong
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jens Hasserodt
- Laboratoire de Chimie; UCBL; CNRS; University of Lyon; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon; 46 allee d'Italie 69364 Lyon Cedex 07 France
| | - Feng-Li Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
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18
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Liu HW, Li K, Hu XX, Zhu L, Rong Q, Liu Y, Zhang XB, Hasserodt J, Qu FL, Tan W. In Situ Localization of Enzyme Activity in Live Cells by a Molecular Probe Releasing a Precipitating Fluorochrome. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wen Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Longmin Zhu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qiming Rong
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Jens Hasserodt
- Laboratoire de Chimie; UCBL; CNRS; University of Lyon; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon; 46 allee d'Italie 69364 Lyon Cedex 07 France
| | - Feng-Li Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu Shandong 273165 P. R. China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory(MBL); State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 P. R. China
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19
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A low-toxic artificial fluorescent glycoprotein can serve as an efficient cytoplasmic labeling in living cell. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:211-214. [PMID: 25498627 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To maintain the virtue of good optical property and discard the dross of conventional fluorescent staining dyes, we provide a strategy for designing new fluorescent scaffolds. In this study, a novel fluorescent labeling glycoprotein (chitosan-poly-L-cysteine, CPC) was synthesized through graft copolymerization. CPC gives emission peak at 465-470 nm when excited at 386 nm. The submicro-scale CPC microspheres could be localized and persisted specifically in the cytoplasm of living cells, with strong blue fluorescence. Moreover, CPC was highly resistant to photo bleaching, the fluorescence was remained stable for up to 72 h as the cells grew and developed. The glycoprotein CPC was bio-compatible and in zero grade cytotoxicity as quantified by MTT assay. The fluorescent labeling process with our newly designed glycoprotein CPC is exceptionally efficient.
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20
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Segal E, Prestwood TR, van der Linden WA, Carmi Y, Bhattacharya N, Withana N, Verdoes M, Habtezion A, Engleman EG, Bogyo M. Detection of intestinal cancer by local, topical application of a quenched fluorescence probe for cysteine cathepsins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:148-58. [PMID: 25579207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of colonic polyps can prevent up to 90% of colorectal cancer deaths. Conventional colonoscopy readily detects the majority of premalignant lesions, which exhibit raised morphology. However, lesions that are flat and depressed are often undetected using this method. Therefore, there is a need for molecular-based contrast agents to improve detection rates over conventional colonoscopy. We evaluated a quenched fluorescent activity-based probe (qABP; BMV109) that targets multiple cysteine cathepsins that are overexpressed in intestinal dysplasia in a genetic model of spontaneous intestinal polyp formation and in a chemically induced model of colorectal carcinoma. We found that the qABP selectively targets cysteine cathepsins, resulting in high sensitivity and specificity for intestinal tumors in mice and humans. Additionally, the qABP can be administered by either intravenous injection or by local delivery to the colon, making it a highly valuable tool for improved detection of colorectal lesions using fluorescence-guided colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Segal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wouter A van der Linden
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nimali Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Prost M, Canaple L, Samarut J, Hasserodt J. Tagging Live Cells that Express Specific Peptidase Activity with Solid-State Fluorescence. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1413-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Dombu C, Carpentier R, Betbeder D. Influence of surface charge and inner composition of nanoparticles on intracellular delivery of proteins in airway epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9117-26. [PMID: 22981076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of protein in the airway using nanoparticles (NP) is an emerging strategy that shows encouraging results in vivo for several applications. However, the mechanisms by which NP deliver proteins to the inside of cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the intracellular delivery of ovalbumin (OVA) in human airway cells by two porous cationic polysaccharides nanoparticles. These NP have the same surface charge density but differ in that their inner core contains either cationic or anionic charges (respectively: NP(+) and DGNP(+)). Confocal microscopy showed a rapid uptake of both NP by human airway cells, followed by a significant accumulation in clathrin vesicles and early endosomes. Both NP were found to associate OVA in a quantitative manner, and this association was stable even in presence of serum proteins. We observed that the two NP greatly increased OVA uptake by human airway cells, meanwhile FRET studies using FITC-labelled NP and TRITC-labelled OVA showed a gradual release of OVA from NP within cells, and this was much faster with DGNP(+) than NP(+). These results were confirmed using OVA-DQ to follow OVA degradation fragments within cells. Both NP increased intracellular proteolysis of OVA, however DGNP(+) facilitated OVA escape from endosomes. Studies with trypsin and pepsin at different pH strongly suggested that both NP can protect (in the extracellular medium) or promote (in acidic endosomes) protein proteolysis, depending on the environment. Interestingly, the mechanisms involved could be explained as a function of protein global charge at different pH. All these results confirm the importance of not only the surface charge but also the inner composition of NP in determining their efficacy as tools for the delivery of proteins to different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dombu
- EA4483, IMPRT, IFR 114, Université de Lille Nord de France, 1 place Verdun, 59000 Lille, France
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23
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Gomaa YA, Garland MJ, McInnes FJ, Donnelly RF, El-Khordagui LK, Wilson CG. Flux of ionic dyes across microneedle-treated skin: effect of molecular characteristics. Int J Pharm 2012; 438:140-9. [PMID: 22960319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug flux across microneedle (MN)-treated skin is influenced by the characteristics of the MN array, formed microconduits and physicochemical properties of the drug molecules in addition to the overall diffusional resistance of microconduits and viable tissue. Relative implication of these factors has not been fully explored. In the present study, the in vitro permeation of a series of six structurally related ionic xanthene dyes with different molecular weights (MW) and chemical substituents, across polymer MN-pretreated porcine skin was investigated in relation of their molecular characteristics. Dyes equilibrium solubility, partition coefficient in both n-octanol or porcine skin/aqueous system, and dissociation constants were determined. Results indicated that for rhodamine dyes, skin permeation of the zwitterionic form which predominates at physiological pH, was significantly reduced by an increase in MW, the skin thickness and by the presence of the chemically reactive isothiocyanate substituent. These factors were generally shown to override the aqueous solubility, an important determinant of drug diffusion in an aqueous milieu. The data obtained provided more insight into the mechanism of drug permeation across MN-treated skin, which is of importance to both the design of MN-based transdermal drug delivery systems and of relevance to skin permeation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine A Gomaa
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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24
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Thorn-Seshold O, Vargas-Sanchez M, McKeon S, Hasserodt J. A robust, high-sensitivity stealth probe for peptidases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6253-5. [PMID: 22595966 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32227g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A robust, modular fluorogenic probe system has been developed which allows the highly sensitive off-ON detection of aminopeptidase activity by releasing an exceptionally photostable, insoluble, phenolic ESIPT fluorophore. The probes generate no false positive signal in over 24 hours, but when activated give a signal within 10 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Laboratoire de Chimie, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France
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25
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Humphries WH, Payne CK. Imaging lysosomal enzyme activity in live cells using self-quenched substrates. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:178-83. [PMID: 22387398 PMCID: PMC3327787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis, the internalization and transport of extracellular cargo, is an essential cellular process. The ultimate step in endocytosis is the intracellular degradation of extracellular cargo for use by the cell. While live cell imaging and single particle tracking have been well-utilized to study the internalization and transport of cargo, the final degradation step has required separate biochemical assays. We describe the use of self-quenched endocytic cargo to image the intracellular transport and degradation of endocytic cargo directly in live cells. We first outline the fluorescent labeling and quantification of two common endocytic cargos: a protein, bovine serum albumin, and a lipid nanoparticle, low-density lipoprotein. In vitro measurements confirm that self-quenching is a function of the number of fluorophores bound to the protein or particle and that recovery of the fluorescent signal occurs in response to enzymatic degradation. We then use confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to demonstrate the use of self-quenched bovine serum albumin with standard fluorescence techniques. Using live cell imaging and single particle tracking, we find that the degradation of bovine serum albumin occurs in an endo-lysosomal vesicle that is positive for LAMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William. H. Humphries
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Christine K. Payne
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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26
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Pollaro L, Diderich P, Angelini A, Bellotto S, Wegner H, Heinis C. Measuring net protease activities in biological samples using selective peptidic inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2012; 427:18-20. [PMID: 22549049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of activities from individual proteases in biological samples is difficult because of the numerous proteases, their overlapping activities, and the lack of specific substrates. We applied selective protease inhibitors based on bicyclic peptides (>2000-fold selective over related proteases) to block individual proteases, allowing the quantification of their net activities. In protease mixtures, activity contributions of the serine proteases plasma kallikrein and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) were accurately quantified. In a tumor extract, we could quantify uPA activity. Because bicyclic peptide inhibitors toward virtually any protease can be generated by phage display, the approach should be applicable to any protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pollaro
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
Lysosomes are an important cellular organelle that receive and degrade macromolecules from the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic membrane-trafficking pathways. Defects in lysosome function lead to the development of disease with often-severe consequences to the individual. Since the discovery of lysosomes by Christian de Duve over 50 years ago, research into endocytic and lysosomal biology has allowed for the development of tools to understand further the role of lysosomes in cells. There are now several fluorescent probes that can be used to visualize and assess membrane traffic to the lysosome as well as probes to assess the activity of lysosomal hydrolases in live cells. This chapter describes the current methods used to measure lysosome function in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Pryor
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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28
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Terentyeva TG, Van Rossom W, Van der Auweraer M, Blank K, Hofkens J. Morpholinecarbonyl-Rhodamine 110 Based Substrates for the Determination of Protease Activity with Accurate Kinetic Parameters. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1932-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bc2001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G. Terentyeva
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Rossom
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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De Jong PT, Tigchelaar W, Van Noorden CJF, Van der Vis HM. Polyethylene wear particles do not induce inflammation or gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) activity in fibrous tissue interfaces of loosening total hip arthroplasties. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:556-63. [PMID: 20656340 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that polyethylene wear particles are the main cause for osteolysis in prosthetic loosening. Elevated amounts of proteases including gelatinases (or matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9) have been found in fibrous tissue interfaces of loosened total hip arthroplasties suggesting that proteolysis plays a role in osteolysis. The presence of proteases does not mean that they are active, because activity of proteases is highly regulated at the post-translational level. We investigated whether the activity of two major proteases that are active extracellularly and have been associated with loosening, MMP-2 and MMP-9, is involved in loosening of non-cemented hip implants with polyethylene acetabular components. Eight interface tissues retrieved during revision were studied with light and electron microscopy and by in situ zymography to localize MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in combination with immunohistochemistry to localize MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins. All interface tissues contained large amounts of polyethylene wear particles, either in large accumulations or dispersed in the extracellular matrix or intracellularly in fibroblasts. Particles were not encountered in association with MMP-2 or MMP-9 activity or leukocytes. Inflammation was never found. MMP-9 activity was restricted to macrophages and MMP-2 activity was restricted to microvascular endothelial cells mainly outside areas where particles were present. Our data indicate that wear particles do not induce activation of leukocytes or MMP-2 or MMP-9 activity. Therefore, aseptic loosening may not be particle induced but initiated by other mechanisms such as mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter T De Jong
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Jansdal Ziekenhuis, Harderwijk, The Netherlands
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30
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Hałuszczak J, Macdonald SJF, Migaud ME. A one pot three-step process for the synthesis of an array of arylated benzimidazoribosyl nucleosides. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2821-31. [PMID: 21373690 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-step one pot reaction/purification protocol was developed to facilitate rapid access to benzimidazole-based nucleosides, for which benzoylated benzimidazoribosyl nucleosides incorporating boronic esters were key reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Hałuszczak
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK BT9 7BL
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31
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Fan J, Edsen-Moore MR, Turner LE, Cook RT, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ, Schlueter AJ. Mechanisms by which chronic ethanol feeding limits the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate T-cell proliferation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:47-59. [PMID: 21039629 PMCID: PMC3058243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As initiators of immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) are required for antigen (Ag)-specific activation of naïve T cells in the defense against infectious agents. The increased susceptibility to and severity of infection seen in chronic alcoholics could be because of impaired DCs initiation of naïve T-cell responses. Specifically, these DCs may not provide adequate Signals 1 (Ag presentation), 2 (costimulation), or 3 (cytokine production) to these T cells. METHODS Using the Meadows-Cook murine model of chronic alcohol abuse, the ability of ethanol (EtOH)-exposed DCs to stimulate T-cell proliferation, acquire and process Ag, express costimulatory molecules, and produce inflammatory cytokines was assessed. RESULTS Normal naïve T cells primed by EtOH-exposed DCs showed decreased proliferation in vitro and in vivo, compared to water-fed control mice. These EtOH-exposed DCs, after activation by CpG or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), were less able to upregulate costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, or CD86, and produced less IL-12 p40, TNFα, and IFNα than DCs from water-fed mice. TLR9 and TNF receptor expression were also reduced in/on EtOH-exposed DCs. No evidence of defective Ag acquisition or processing as a result of EtOH feeding was identified. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate proliferation of normal T cells following stimulation by EtOH-exposed DCs is likely a result of diminished Signal 2 and Signal 3. Lack of adequate inflammatory stimulation of EtOH-exposed DCs because of diminished receptors for inflammatory mediators appears to be at least partially responsible for their dysfunction. These findings provide a mechanism to explain increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases in alcoholics and suggest targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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32
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Van Noorden CJF. Imaging enzymes at work: metabolic mapping by enzyme histochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:481-97. [PMID: 20124092 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.955518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For the understanding of functions of proteins in biological and pathological processes, reporter molecules such as fluorescent proteins have become indispensable tools for visualizing the location of these proteins in intact animals, tissues, and cells. For enzymes, imaging their activity also provides information on their function or functions, which does not necessarily correlate with their location. Metabolic mapping enables imaging of activity of enzymes. The enzyme under study forms a reaction product that is fluorescent or colored by conversion of either a fluorogenic or chromogenic substrate or a fluorescent substrate with different spectral characteristics. Most chromogenic staining methods were developed in the latter half of the twentieth century but still find new applications in modern cell biology and pathology. Fluorescence methods have rapidly evolved during the last decade. This review critically evaluates the methods that are available at present for metabolic mapping in living animals, unfixed cryostat sections of tissues, and living cells, and refers to protocols of the methods of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Vogels IMC, Hoeben KA, Van Noorden CJF. Rapid combined light and electron microscopy on large frozen biological samples. J Microsc 2009; 235:252-8. [PMID: 19754720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of large unfixed frozen tissue samples (10 x 10 x 5 mm(3)) for combined light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) is described. First, cryostat sections are applied for various LM histochemical approaches including in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and metabolic mapping (enzyme histochemistry). When EM inspection is needed, the tissue blocks that were used for cryostat sectioning and are stored at -80 degrees C, are then fixed at 4 degrees C with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and prepared for EM according to standard procedures. Ultrastructurally, most morphological aspects of normal and pathological tissue are retained whereas cryostat sectioning at -25 degrees C does not have serious damaging effects on the ultrastructure. This approach allows simple and rapid combined LM and EM of relatively large tissue specimens with acceptable ultrastructure. Its use is demonstrated with the elucidation of transdifferentiated mouse stromal elements in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma explants grown subcutaneously in nude mice. Combined LM and EM analysis revealed that these elements resemble cartilage showing enchondral mineralization and aberrant muscle fibres with characteristics of skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M C Vogels
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Schmid-Schönbein GW. 2008 Landis Award lecture. Inflammation and the autodigestion hypothesis. Microcirculation 2009; 16:289-306. [PMID: 19384726 DOI: 10.1080/10739680902801949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although long recognized in microvascular research, an increasing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory markers are present in human diseases. Since the inflammatory cascade serves as a repair mechanism, the presence of inflammatory markers in patient groups has raised an important question about the mechanisms that initiate the inflammatory cascade (i.e., the mechanisms that cause tissue injury). Using a severe form of inflammation, shock, and multiorgan failure, for which there is no accepted injury mechanism, we summarize studies that suggest that the powerful pancreatic digestive enzymes play a central role in the destruction of the intestine and other tissues if their compartmentalization in the lumen of the intestine and in the pancreas is compromised. Further, we summarize evidence that uncontrolled degrading enzyme activity in plasma causes proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of membrane receptors and loss of associated cell functions. For example, in a model of metabolic disease with type II diabetes, proteolytic cleavage of the insulin receptor causes the inability of insulin to signal glucose transport across membranes. The evidence suggests that uncontrolled proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme activity may trigger the mechanism for tissue injury. The significance of such mechanisms remain to be explored in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0412, USA.
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35
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Dubois V, Van Ginneken C, De Cock H, Lambeir AM, Van der Veken P, Augustyns K, Chen X, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Enzyme activity and immunohistochemical localization of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and 9 in male reproductive tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:531-41. [PMID: 19188489 PMCID: PMC2690406 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.952739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA expression pattern of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 8 and DPP9, two DPP4 homologs, was studied previously and showed a broad tissue distribution. In this study, protein expression and activity of DPP8 and DPP9 were investigated in male reproductive tissues of different mammals. Based on specific DPP activities and inhibition profiles, the proline-selective DPP activity in the bovine and rat testis could predominantly be attributed to DPP8/9 and not to DPP4. This is in contrast to the epididymis, where most of the activity was caused by DPP4. Bovine sperm preparations had very low or undetectable DPP8/9 activity. After characterization of polyclonal antibodies specific for DPP8 or DPP9, we could localize both enzymes in seminiferous tubules of the testis. A specific staining for DPP9 was found associated with spermatozoids embedded in the epithelium, just before their release into the lumen, and in spermatids. DPP8 was localized in spermatozoids in an earlier stage of maturation. These findings help to provide insight into the physiological role of DPP4-like enzymes in the male reproductive system. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dubois
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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36
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Hardman RC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE. Non invasive in vivo investigation of hepatobiliary structure and function in STII medaka (Oryzias latipes): methodology and applications. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2008; 7:7. [PMID: 18838008 PMCID: PMC2586619 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background A novel transparent stock of medaka (Oryzias latipes; STII), recessive for all pigments found in chromatophores, permits transcutaneous imaging of internal organs and tissues in living individuals. Findings presented describe the development of methodologies for non invasive in vivo investigation in STII medaka, and the successful application of these methodologies to in vivo study of hepatobiliary structure, function, and xenobiotic response, in both 2 and 3 dimensions. Results Using brightfield, and widefield and confocal fluorescence microscopy, coupled with the in vivo application of fluorescent probes, structural and functional features of the hepatobiliary system, and xenobiotic induced toxicity, were imaged at the cellular level, with high resolution (< 1 μm), in living individuals. The findings presented demonstrate; (1) phenotypic response to xenobiotic exposure can be investigated/imaged in vivo with high resolution (< 1 μm), (2) hepatobiliary transport of solutes from blood to bile can be qualitatively and quantitatively studied/imaged in vivo, (3) hepatobiliary architecture in this lower vertebrate liver can be studied in 3 dimensions, and (4) non invasive in vivo imaging/description of hepatobiliary development in this model can be investigated. Conclusion The non-invasive in vivo methodologies described are a unique means by which to investigate biological structure, function and xenobiotic response with high resolution in STII medaka. In vivo methodologies also provide the future opportunity to integrate molecular mechanisms (e.g., genomic, proteomic) of disease and toxicity with phenotypic changes at the cellular and system levels of biological organization. While our focus has been the hepatobiliary system, other organ systems are equally amenable to in vivo study, and we consider the potential for discovery, within the context of in vivo investigation in STII medaka, as significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Hardman
- Duke University, Environmental Sciences and Policy Division, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, LSRC A333, Durham, NC, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes embody an essential facet of chemical biology. Although numerous compounds are known, the ensemble of fluorescent probes is based on a modest collection of modular "core" dyes. The elaboration of these dyes with diverse chemical moieties is enabling the precise interrogation of biochemical and biological systems. The importance of fluorescence-based technologies in chemical biology elicits a necessity to understand the major classes of small-molecule fluorophores. Here, we examine the chemical and photophysical properties of oft-used fluorophores and highlight classic and contemporary examples in which utility has been built upon these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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38
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Li X, Higashikubo R, Taylor JS. Use of Multiple Carboxylates to Increase Intracellular Retention of Fluorescent Probes Following Release From Cell Penetrating Fluorogenic Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:50-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc070079y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Chemistry Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
| | - Ryuji Higashikubo
- Chemistry Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
| | - John-Stephen Taylor
- Chemistry Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
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39
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Betteridge T, Liu H, Gamper H, Kirillov S, Cooperman BS, Hou YM. Fluorescent labeling of tRNAs for dynamics experiments. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 13:1594-601. [PMID: 17652134 PMCID: PMC1950756 DOI: 10.1261/rna.475407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are substrates for complex enzymes, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and ribosomes, and play an essential role in translation of genetic information into protein sequences. Here we describe a general method for labeling tRNAs with fluorescent dyes, so that the activities and dynamics of the labeled tRNAs can be directly monitored by fluorescence during the ribosomal decoding process. This method makes use of the previously reported fluorescent labeling of natural tRNAs at dihydrouridine (D) positions, but extends the previous method to synthetic tRNAs by preparing tRNA transcripts and introducing D residues into transcripts with the yeast enzyme Dus1p dihydrouridine synthase. Using the unmodified transcript of Escherichia coli tRNAPro as an example, which has U17 and U17a in the D loop, we show that Dus1p catalyzes conversion of one of these Us (mostly U17a) to D, and that the modified tRNA can be labeled with the fluorophores proflavin and rhodamine 110, with overall labeling yields comparable to those obtained with the native yeast tRNAPhe. Further, the transcript of yeast tRNAPhe, modified by Dus1p and labeled with proflavin, translocates on the ribosome at a rate similar to that of the proflavin-labeled native yeast tRNAPhe. These results demonstrate that synthetic tRNA transcripts, which may be designed to contain mutations not found in nature, can be labeled and studied. Such labeled tRNAs should have broad utility in research that involves studies of tRNA maturation, aminoacylation, and tRNA-ribosome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Betteridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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40
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Brix K, Dunkhorst A, Mayer K, Jordans S. Cysteine cathepsins: cellular roadmap to different functions. Biochimie 2007; 90:194-207. [PMID: 17825974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins belong to the papain-like family C1 of clan CA cysteine peptidases. These enzymes are ubiquitously expressed and exert their proteolytic activity mainly, but not exclusively within the compartments along the endocytic pathway. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins are active in pericellular environments as soluble enzymes or bound to cell surface receptors at the plasma membrane, and possibly even within secretory vesicles, the cytosol, mitochondria, and within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Proteolytic actions performed by cysteine cathepsins are essential in the maintenance of homeostasis and depend heavily upon their correct sorting and trafficking within cells. As a consequence, the numerous and diverse approaches to identification, qualitative and quantitative determination, and visualization of cysteine cathepsin functions in vitro, in situ, and in vivo cover the entire spectrum of biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. This review focuses upon the transport pathways directing cysteine cathepsins to their points of action and thus emphasizes the broader role and functionality of cysteine cathepsins in a number of specific cellular locales. Such understanding will provide a foundation for future research investigating the involvement of these peptidases with their substrates, inhibitors, and the intertwined proteolytic networks at the hubs of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 6, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
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41
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Creasy BM, Hartmann CB, White FKH, McCoy KL. New assay using fluorogenic substrates and immunofluorescence staining to measure cysteine cathepsin activity in live cell subpopulations. Cytometry A 2007; 71:114-23. [PMID: 17200959 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsins are endosomal/lysosomal proteases that play important roles in regulating cell physiological processes in cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, and immunological systems. Pathophysiological processes are often associated with a change in cathepsin expression and activity, leading to the possibility of using cathepsins as disease markers for diagnosis and prognosis. METHODS We describe a new assay utilizing an argon laser flow cytometer to measure activities of cysteine cathepsins B, L, and S in live cells using cell permeable fluorogenic cresyl violet-conjugated peptides as selective substrates. Substrate concentration dependency and time kinetics studies were performed. The activity assay was combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect cell lineage-specific molecules and assess cathepsin activities in a heterogeneous cell population. RESULTS Substrate concentrations utilized were not limiting, because MFI significantly increased in a macrophage cell line stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Selective cathepsin inhibitors demonstrated the selectivity of substrate cleavage. Cells fixed and stored before analysis had no loss of fluorescence product. Activities of cathepsins B, L and S in splenic B cells, T cells and macrophages identified by immunofluorescence staining were analyzed. CONCLUSION This novel technique determines cathepsin activities on a per cell basis without requiring purification of different cell types from a heterogeneous cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine M Creasy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0678, USA
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42
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Di Carlo D, Aghdam N, Lee LP. Single-cell enzyme concentrations, kinetics, and inhibition analysis using high-density hydrodynamic cell isolation arrays. Anal Chem 2007; 78:4925-30. [PMID: 16841912 DOI: 10.1021/ac060541s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-quality single-cell data are required for a quantitative systems biology description of cellular function. However, data of this type are difficult and time-consuming to collect using traditional techniques. We present a robust and simple microfluidic method for trapping single cells in large arrays to address this problem. Ordered single-cell isolation arrays allow for high-density microscopic analysis with simplified image processing. Moreover, for fluorescent assays, on-chip sample preparation (e.g., fluorescent labeling, washing) can be performed, as opposed to manual intensive operations of incubation, centrifugation, and resuspension in previous techniques-saving time and reagents. This technology was applied to determine novel single-cell enzyme kinetics for three different cell types (HeLa, 293T, Jurkat). A kinetic model of this process predicted this varied response was due to variation in the concentration of carboxylesterase between cell types. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) was also characterized as an inhibitor of carboxylesterases. For HeLa cells, 20 nM of the 50 nM total carboxylesterases was unaffected by NDGA. This type of analysis could be directly applied to quantify a variety of intracellular enzymes with available fluorogenic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Di Carlo
- Biomolecular Nanotechnology Center, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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43
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Rüttger A, Mollenhauer J, Löser R, Gütschow M, Wiederanders B. Microplate assay for quantitative determination of cathepsin activities in viable cells using derivatives of 4-methoxy-β-naphthylamide. Biotechniques 2006; 41:469-73. [PMID: 17068963 DOI: 10.2144/000112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method is described allowing the selective determination of four cathepsins (B, H, K, and L) in live cells. Adherently growing cells are incubated with partially selective substrates for each cathepsin (peptidic derivatives of 4-methoxy-β-naphthylamine) in microtiter plates together with nitrosalicylaldehyde. Using an appropriate reader, accumulating fluorescent products may be detected continously or by end point measurement. Selectivity is achieved by running parallel assays containing inhibitors that are partially selective for each of the cathepsins (in case of cathepsin H, the nonlysosomal aminopeptidases are inhibited by bestatin). Individual cathepsin activities can then be calculated by the difference between the uninhibited and the inhibited assay. The method was validated by measurements in cells isolated from cathepsin B-/--, K-/--, and L-/-- mice. This strategy suggests that the combination of two partially selective reaction partners, substrate and inhibitor, can yield selective cathepsin assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Rüttger
- University of Jena, Orthopedical Research Center, Eisenberg, Germany
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44
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van Nierop K, Muller FJM, Stap J, Van Noorden CJF, van Eijk M, de Groot C. Lysosomal destabilization contributes to apoptosis of germinal center B-lymphocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:1425-35. [PMID: 16957167 PMCID: PMC3958119 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a6967.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During germinal center (GC) reactions, B-lymphocytes with high-affinity B-cell receptors are selected. Regulation of apoptosis is a key process in selecting such wanted B-cells and in eliminating B-cells with unwanted specificities. In this paper, we show that apoptosis in human GC B-cells involves lysosomal destabilization, which is strictly controlled by caspase-8 activity, but not by caspase-9 activity. Ligation of CD40 provides resistance to lysosomal destabilization. Experimental lysosomal rupture by the lysosomotropic drug O-methyl-l-serine dodecylamide hydrochloride (MSDH) induces apoptosis in GC B-cells, including phosphatidyl serine exposure, mitochondrial inactivation, and DNA fragmentation. These apoptotic features occur in the absence of caspase-3 activity. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) protect binding B-lymphocytes from lysosomal destabilization, in both the absence and the presence of MSDH. Our study demonstrates that lysosomal leakage induces apoptosis of GC B-cells in a caspase-3-independent manner and that high-affinity binding to FDCsprevents lysosomal leakage and apoptosis in GC B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten van Nierop
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Yee DJ, Balsanek V, Bauman DR, Penning TM, Sames D. Fluorogenic metabolic probes for direct activity readout of redox enzymes: Selective measurement of human AKR1C2 in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13304-9. [PMID: 16938874 PMCID: PMC1569159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604672103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current arsenal of tools and methods for the continuous monitoring and imaging of redox metabolic pathways in the context of intact cells is limited. Fluorogenic substrates allow for direct measurement of enzyme activity in situ; however, in contrast to proteases and exo-glycosidases, there are no simple guidelines for the design of selective probes for redox metabolic enzymes. Here, we introduce redox probe 1 and demonstrate its high selectivity in living cells for human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. AKR1C isoforms perform multiple functions among which the metabolism of potent steroid hormones is well documented. Moreover, expression of these enzymes is responsive to cellular stress and pathogenesis, including cancer. Our probe design is based on redox-sensitive optical switches, which couple a ketone-alcohol redox event to a profound change in fluorescence. The high selectivity of phenyl ketone 1 for AKR1C2 over the many endogenous reductases present in mammalian cells was established by a quantitative comparison of the metabolic rates between null control cells (COS-1) and AKR1C2-transfected cells. Phenyl ketone 1 is a cell-permeable fluorogenic probe that permits a direct, real-time, and operationally simple readout of AKR1C2 enzyme activity in intact mammalian cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that probe 1 enables the quantitative examination of physiological substrate 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone ("dark substrate") in situ by means of a two-substrate competitive assay. Similarly, inhibitor potency of physiological (ursodeoxycholate) and synthetic inhibitors (flufenamic acid, ibuprofen, and naproxen) was also readily evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Yee
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
| | - Vojtech Balsanek
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
| | - David R. Bauman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130C John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dalibor Sames
- *Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Mansour MK, Latz E, Levitz SM. Cryptococcus neoformans glycoantigens are captured by multiple lectin receptors and presented by dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3053-61. [PMID: 16493064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses to glycoantigens have been largely uncharacterized. Protective T cell responses to the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans are dependent on heavily mannosylated Ags termed mannoproteins. In the work presented, the innate immune response to mannoprotein was determined. Purified murine splenic dendritic cells (DC), B cells, and macrophages were used to stimulate mannoprotein-specific T cells. Only DC were capable of any measurable stimulation. Depletion of DC resulted in the abrogation of the T cell response. Human and murine DC rapidly captured fluorescent-labeled mannoprotein by a mannose receptor-mediated process. Using transfected cell lines, the type II C-type lectin receptor DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (CD209) was determined to have affinity for mannoprotein. Taken together with prior work demonstrating that mannoprotein was captured by the macrophage mannose receptor (CD206), these data suggest that multiple mannose receptors on DC recognize mannoprotein. Pulsing experiments demonstrated that DC captured sufficient mannoprotein over 2 h to account for 50% of total stimulation. Capture appeared dependent on mannose receptors, as competitive mannosylated inhibitors and calcium chelators each interfered with T cell stimulation. By confocal microscopy, intracellular mannoprotein trafficked to an endo-lysosomal compartment in DC, and at later time points extended into tubules in a similar fashion to the degradation marker DQ-OVA. Mannoprotein colocalized intracellularly with CD206 and CD209. These data suggest that DC provide the crucial link between innate and adaptive immune responses to C. neoformans via a process that is dependent upon the efficient uptake of mannoprotein by mannose receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Mansour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Savić R, Azzam T, Eisenberg A, Maysinger D. Assessment of the integrity of poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles under biological conditions: a fluorogenic-based approach. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3570-8. [PMID: 16584228 DOI: 10.1021/la0531998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of block copolymer micelles is important for their effectiveness and successful delivery of the incorporated drugs. Here we evaluate the integrity of poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles in media of varying chemical complexity and in cells by using fluorogenic micelles. Fluorogenic dye fluorescein-5-carbonyl azide diacetate was covalently attached to the micelle-core-forming part of the block copolymer, poly(caprolactone). The fluorescence was not detectable unless the poly(caprolactone)21-b-poly(ethylene oxide)45 micelles were destroyed and the fluorogenic dye was activated by deesterification. The fluorescence of the activated dye from destroyed micelles was easily detectable in various media and in cells. Micelles were stable in simple media such as phosphate-buffered saline but disassembled to varying extents with increasing chemical complexity of the media and addition of serum. The integrity of the internalized micelles within the cells showed a time-dependent decrease but remained largely preserved (80%) after 20 h of incubation with cells. A proof of principle was also demonstrated in vivo in mice. The fluorogenic approach to micelle integrity assessment presented herein should lend itself to other block copolymer micelles and assessments of their integrity in complex biological systems in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Savić
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Burchak ON, Mugherli L, Chatelain F, Balakirev MY. Fluorescein-based amino acids for solid phase synthesis of fluorogenic protease substrates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2559-68. [PMID: 16380261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of new type fluorescent amino acids is described. The Fmoc-protected dyes can be prepared in a four-step procedure with approximately 30% overall yield from aminofluoresceins and other inexpensive commercially available precursors. The dyes are much more photostable compared to fluorescein and exhibit constant pH-independent fluorescence that is advantageous in biological applications. The Fmoc-protected fluorescent amino acids are ready for use in solid phase peptide synthesis. As a proof of concept, a fluorogenic papain substrate was synthesized and employed for on-bead detection of the protease activity. By using a novel technique for quantitative analysis of bead fluorescence, a approximately 2.7-fold increase in mean bead brightness was measured and was attributed to substrate cleavage by papain. The new type fluorescent amino acids seem to be a promising tool for the synthesis of fluorescent peptide ligands and fluorogenic protease substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Burchak
- Laboratoire Biopuces, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
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Frederiks WM, van Marle J, van Oven C, Comin-Anduix B, Cascante M. Improved localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cells with 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl-tetrazolium chloride as fluorescent redox dye reveals its cell cycle-dependent regulation. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 54:47-52. [PMID: 16046670 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6663.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of cyano-ditolyl-tetrazolium chloride (CTC), a tetrazolium salt that gives rise to a fluorescent formazan after reduction, it has been applied to quantify activity of dehydrogenases in individual cells using flow cytometry. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the fluorescent formazan was exclusively localized at the surface of individual cells and not at intracellular sites of enzyme activity. In the present study, the technique has been optimized to localize activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) intracellularly in individual cells. Activity was demonstrated in cultured fibrosarcoma cells in different stages of the cell cycle. Cells were incubated for the detection of G6PD activity using a medium containing 6% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol, 5 mM CTC, magnesium chloride, sodium azide, the electron carrier methoxyphenazine methosulphate, NADP, and glucose-6-phosphate. Before incubation, cells were permeabilized with 0.025% glutaraldehyde. Fluorescent formazan was localized exclusively in the cytoplasm of fibrosarcoma cells. The amount of fluorescent formazan in cells increased linearly with incubation time when measured with flow cytometry and CLSM. When combining the Hoechst staining for DNA with the CTC method for the demonstration of G6PD activity, flow cytometry showed that G6PD activity of cells in S phase and G2/M phase is 27 +/- 4% and 43 +/- 4% higher, respectively, than that of cells in G1 phase. CLSM revealed that cells in all phases of mitosis as well as during apoptosis contained considerably lower G6PD activity than cells in interphase. It is concluded that posttranslational regulation of G6PD is responsible for this cell cycle-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma M Frederiks
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Boonacker E, Stap J, Koehler A, Van Noorden CJF. The need for metabolic mapping in living cells and tissues. Acta Histochem 2005; 106:89-96. [PMID: 15147629 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate activity of an enzyme depends on many regulatory steps from transcription of the gene up to complex formation of the enzyme. Therefore, gene expression (mRNA levels) or protein expression (protein levels) are not reliable parameters to predict the functional activity of an enzyme. Activity measurements in cell homogenates or in frozen or fixed (and thus dead) cell preparations are not appropriate either because post-translational regulation mechanisms that exist in living cells may be lost by homogenization or freezing or chemical fixation of cells. Therefore, metabolic mapping in living cells or, in other words, visualization and quantification using microscopy and image analysis of enzyme reactions in living cells is the approach of choice to understand the functional role of enzymes in vivo as is demonstrated here with a number of examples in recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Boonacker
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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