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Vernet M, Ducrot S, Chaix Y. A Systematic Review on Visual-Processing Deficits in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: What Possible Impact on Learning to Read? Dev Neuropsychol 2024; 49:111-137. [PMID: 38469855 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2024.2326151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to examine the possible implication of visual-perceptual, visuo-attentional and oculomotor processing in the reading deficits frequently experienced by children with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), as previously shown in dyslexia. Using PRISMA methodological guidelines, we examined 49 studies; most of these reported visual-processing deficits in this population, raising the importance of directly studying the visuo-perceptual and visuo-attentional processes and eye-movement control involved in the learning-to-read process in NF1. The discussion provides a reflection for a better understanding of how visual-processing skills interact with reading deficits in NF1, as well as new avenues for their screening and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vernet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Centre de jour enfants, Centre hospitalier de Digne-les-Bains, Digne-les-Bains, France
- TONIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Yves Chaix
- TONIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Neuropediatric Department, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Şahan N, Atasavun Uysal S, Çak HT. Motor Proficiency, Manual Dexterity, and Visual Perception in School-age Children With ADHD: Contribution of Different Comorbidities. J Psychiatr Pract 2023; 29:122-136. [PMID: 36928199 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often comorbid with a number of other psychiatric conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate whether motor skills, manual dexterity, and visual perception differ in the presence of ADHD and comorbid psychiatric conditions in school-age boys by comparing them to a group of children with typical development (TD). We evaluated 81 boys 6 to 10 years of age in 5 groups: ADHD only (n=18); ADHD+specific learning disorders (ADHD+SLDs) (n=17); ADHD+oppositional defiant disorder (n=16); ADHD+anxiety disorders (n=15); and TD (n=15). The participants with ADHD only and those with ADHD+comorbidity had significantly lower scores than the participants in the TD group in every area we evaluated. The lowest scores were observed in the ADHD+SLD group in all motor skills domains except for the fine motor precision field. Furthermore, the group with ADHD+SLD had statistically significantly lower scores than the 3 other groups with ADHD+comorbidity in 3 areas: balance, upper extremity coordination, and speed and agility. Motor problems in patients with ADHD and comorbid conditions may not be a focus of attention in clinics. However, especially in the case of comorbid conditions accompanying ADHD, it is important to consider problems in motor skills, manual dexterity, and visual perception in evaluation and treatment to increase these children's quality of life.
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Adhvaryu KP, Karthikbabu S, Rao PT. Motor performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:512-520. [PMID: 35176833 PMCID: PMC9650357 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature review aimed to analyze studies assessing the motor abilities of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP). The PubMed, OVID, Cochrane, and PEDro databases were searched for relevant articles published between February 2003 and September 2021. Despite the retrieval of limited studies, most included in this review were of fair to good quality. The diagnostic criteria for ADHD adhered to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders standards. The BOTMP has been used diversely in various countries, has been translated into various languages, is administered by various qualified medical professionals on children with variants of ADHD, with the long form of the tool used more widely than its short form. The motor performance of children with ADHD was better than that of children with other developmental disorders, but children with ADHD underperformed compared to their age-matched typically developing peers. Although the BOTMP tool has been widely used to evaluate the motor performance of children with various disabilities, our understanding of the motor repertoire of children with ADHD is inadequate. Future research can aim to use the BOTMP to better understand the motor repertoire of children with ADHD to aid their overall rehabilitation.
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Park MS, Park YK, Kim E, Kim H. Development of visual-motor integration scale for the Korean old people. J Exerc Rehabil 2021; 17:279-286. [PMID: 34527640 PMCID: PMC8413909 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2142338.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective methods to detect old people cognitive decline in early stages are needed in Korea, which is the fastest aging country in the world. This study aimed to develop a brief cognitive function measurement, Visual-Motor Integration Scale for the Korean elderly (VMIS-KE). In this methodological research, 16 preliminary items on visual-motor integration for the old people were chosen after literature review and expert validation. One hundred eighty participants aged 20–79 years were recruited to verify the validity and reliability of this measurement from community sources in Daegu city. The collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmative factor analysis using SPSS and AMOS 18.0 program. The three factors (figure cognition, memory, and spatial cognition) with 12 items were finally extracted. Goodness of the fit was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach α was 0.867. The scores of overall VMIS-KE and every subcategory significantly decreased with age, especially in the 70s. VMIS-KE is the first valid and reliable measurement to assess cognitive decline of the Korean old people through visual motor integration, and can easily and quickly detect high-risk groups of dementia regardless of their educational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sook Park
- Department of Health and Welfare for Elderly, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | | | - Eunhwi Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hong Kim
- Department of Korean Sports Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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O'Brien AM, Bartlett AN, Frost N, Casey JE. Inflated scaled scores on the digital WISC-V coding subtest in a Canadian sample. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 11:150-157. [PMID: 32515226 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1773270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined performance differences in the traditional paper-and-pencil and new digital versions of the Coding subtest from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) using a cross-sectional sample. A total of 212 school-aged children between 6 and 14 years old were included in the sample, with 116 completing the paper version and 96 completing the digital version administered on a tablet in 2017-2018. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference with large effect size between mean scaled scores, with the digital version resulting in higher scaled scores than the paper version, F (1, 210) = 67.57, p < 0.001, d = 1.14, ηp2 = 0.24. That is, normed digital scores appear inflated as compared to paper scores. No difference in raw scores was observed when controlling for age, F (1, 209) = 0.54, p > 0.05. Post-hoc analyses were performed to account for potential confounds in demographic differences and to maximize group equivalence, with the same pattern of results. Findings have important implications for clinical interpretation of Coding scores when administering the digital version of the task. Clinicians, including psychologists and neuropsychologists, should be aware of the limitations of the new digital version of this subtest, including differences in standardized performance and task requirements. Future studies using random assignment and/or repeated-measures design are needed to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | | | - Natalie Frost
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Joseph E Casey
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
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Sarafpour M, Shirazi SY, Shirazi E, Ghazaei F, Parnianpour Z. Postural Balance Performance of Children with ADHD, with and without Medication: A Quantitative Approach . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:2100-2103. [PMID: 30440817 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
tAtention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly impairs the performance of students during their early school years. However, the extent of the difference in postural stability between children with ADHD and Typically Developed (TD) children, are still not fully understood. Also, it is clinically important to investigate possible effects of medication on their performances. We recruited 38 children between the ages 6 to 12 with ADHD (15 medically naïve, 23 with current treatment history) and 25 age-matched as TD. Postural stability performance was assessed in four conditions: 1-eyes open, 2-eyes closed, 3-eyes open on foam and 4-eyes closed on foam. A cost-effective mobile force platform was used to evaluate postural performance quantitatively. Results revealed a lower stability performance in the medically-naïve participants especially in trials with eyes open on foam. No significant difference in performance was seen between children with medical treatment history and the TD group. Results suggest that using medication can effectively enhance postural stability for children with ADHD. We found portable balance assessment tools helpful in identifying changes in motor performances among children with ADHD. Our results indicate that further research is needed to understand the exact implications of ADHD on postural stability under different sensory stimuli.
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Fine motor ability and psychiatric disorders in youth. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:605-613. [PMID: 29209833 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Impaired fine motor ability has been linked to several domains of psychopathology. However, studies validating the specificity of this association among several categorical psychiatric disorders are still needed. The aim of this study was to assess differences in fine motor ability performance among four non-overlapping groups of psychiatric disorders and a group of typical developing comparisons (TDC). Our sample consisted of 2035 subjects aged 6-14-year-old. Diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were performed with the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). Five non-overlapping groups without comorbidity were formed: phobic disorders (n = 101), distress disorders (n = 82), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 133), oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) (n = 52) and one group of typical developing comparisons (TDC) (n = 1667). Fine motor ability was evaluated by three tasks: sequential finger-thumb opposition, Oseretsky, and pronation/supination tests. Each task was assessed by total time to perform the movement and levels of accuracy, fluency, symmetry, precision, and coordination. We found that, when compared to TDC, the ADHD group performed more poorly in total fine motor ability (mean difference = - 0.28; p = 0.014), time to complete the task (mean difference = 0.36; p < 0.001), accuracy (mean difference = - 0.30; p = 0.005), fluency (mean difference = - 0.26; p = 0.03), symmetry (mean difference - 0.25; p = 0.04), precision (mean difference = - 0.26; p = 0.026), and coordination (mean difference = - 0.25; p = 0.042). The ADHD group also took more time to complete the task than the ODD/CD group (mean difference = 0.45; p = 0.037). No other significant between-group differences were found. Additional analyses showed those differences were statistically significant for all ADHD dimensions. Our results suggest that children with ADHD present impairments in all aspects of fine motor abilities compared to TDC, a difference not found in other psychiatric disorders.
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Chevalier N, Parent V, Rouillard M, Simard F, Guay MC, Verret C. The Impact of a Motor-Cognitive Remediation Program on Attentional Functions of Preschoolers With ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:1121-1129. [PMID: 23269196 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712468485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of the motor-cognitive remediation program (MCRP) that uses sensorimotor and visual-motor imagery techniques on attentional functions in preschoolers with ADHD symptoms. METHOD A total of 15 high-risk preschoolers were selected based on high ADHD symptoms. An experimental group participated in the MCRP and was compared with a control group. The MCRP consisted of 30 activities, 3 times a week, during 12 weeks. RESULTS Children in the experimental group improved significantly for orienting (selective attention) and executive control (inhibition, stopping, and engaging mental operations) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION These results are a first step to support the postulate that training specific attentional functions by sensorimotor activities and visual-motor imagery has an impact on the cognitive network of attention. This study suggests the potential value of MCRP addressed to preschoolers with ADHD symptoms.
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Palácio SG, Oliveira JAD, Arneiro RFM, Casella EB. Assessment of motor skills and school performance in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600040004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Rohrer-Baumgartner N, Zeiner P, Eadie P, Egeland J, Gustavson K, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Aase H. Language Delay in 3-Year-Old Children With ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:867-78. [PMID: 23942041 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713497253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about cognition in preschoolers with ADHD and language delay (LD). The objective was to investigate cognitive functions in preschoolers with ADHD symptoms and LD compared with children with ADHD symptoms only and to estimate the frequency of children with ADHD symptoms, co-occurring language delay, and delays on cognitive measures. METHOD Participants were recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. The teacher report of expressive language and the cognitive tests from 119 3-year-old children with parent reported ADHD symptoms and LD were compared with those of 258 children with ADHD symptoms only. RESULTS The ADHD + LD group performed significantly worse than the ADHD group on most language-related measures. There were no differences between the groups on most nonverbal measures. Single measures had a limited potential of differentiating between the groups. CONCLUSION ADHD symptoms and co-occurring LD in preschoolers were characterized by cognitive deficits associated with both disorders, not with global neurodevelopmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jens Egeland
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Hill LJB, Mushtaq F, O'Neill L, Flatters I, Williams JHG, Mon-Williams M. The relationship between manual coordination and mental health. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:283-95. [PMID: 26138672 PMCID: PMC4769729 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor coordination impairments frequently co-occur with other developmental disorders and mental health problems in clinically referred populations. But does this reflect a broader dimensional relationship within the general population? A clearer understanding of this relationship might inform improvements in mental health service provision. However, ascertainment and referral bias means that there is limited value in conducting further research with clinically referred samples. We, therefore, conducted a cross-sectional population-based study investigating children's manual coordination using an objective computerised test. These measures were related to teacher-completed responses on a behavioural screening questionnaire [the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)]. We sampled 298 children (4-11 years old; 136 males) recruited from the general population. Hierarchical (logistic and linear) regression modelling indicated significant categorical and continuous relationships between manual coordination and overall SDQ score (a dimensional measure of psychopathology). Even after controlling for gender and age, manual coordination explained 15 % of the variance in total SDQ score. This dropped to 9 % after exclusion of participants whose SDQ responses indicated potential mental health problems. These results: (1) indicate that there is a clear relationship between children's motor and mental health development in community-based samples; (2) demonstrate the relationship's dimensional nature; and (3) have implications for service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lucy O'Neill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ian Flatters
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Justin H G Williams
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Clinical Research Centre, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZH, UK
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Van Damme T, Fransen E, Simons J, van West D, Sabbe B. Motor impairment among different psychiatric disorders: Can patterns be identified? Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:317-26. [PMID: 26540453 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore motor impairment in male adolescents suffering from psychiatric conditions. Taking into account the heterogeneity of a clinical population, motor profiles of distinctive diagnostic groups were evaluated. Whether or not motor ability discriminates between several diagnostic categories was investigated. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) was administered to examine a detailed motor profile. The motor abilities of a clinical population (n=144) were compared to those of typically developing peers (n=87), using independent t-tests. To account for differences in intellectual functioning, a one-way ANCOVA was performed. To investigate the extent to which a specific diagnosis contributes to variation in motor scores a stepwise linear regression approach was applied. Results indicated that the clinical group performed significantly worse in comparison to the control group on all BOT-2 scales, even after controlling for IQ. The constructed models indicated that diagnostic categories accounted for a significant amount of the variance in motor ability scores. The results imply that motor ability of adolescents with a psychiatric disorder is in need of attention, regardless of the diagnosis and support the notion that objective motor assessment should be part of routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Van Damme
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Centre for Statistics, Antwerp University, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Johan Simons
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Dirk van West
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; University Centre of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Antwerp, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Damme TV, Simons J, Sabbe B, West DV. Motor abilities of children and adolescents with a psychiatric condition: A systematic literature review. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:315-329. [PMID: 26425445 PMCID: PMC4582307 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To summarize research regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents who suffer from a common psychiatric condition.
METHODS: In order to outline the current knowledge regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and depression, a comprehensive systematic literature search was carried out using PubMed, Medline and ERIC databases. The databases were searched for relevant English language articles published between January 1990 and April 2014. Only studies that conducted a quantitative evaluation of motor ability and concerned individuals aged 0-18 years were included. A separate search was conducted for each disorder (ASD, ADHD, DBD, depression) in conjunction with each of the following keywords: (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement skill(s), (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement abilities, (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement impairment, (psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement problem(s), motor function, motor coordination, motor performance, motor deficit(s). To detect supplementary relevant literature, the reference lists of the retrieved articles were examined.
RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 51 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. In total, 28 studies were included that examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ASD. All studies indicated that they performed below average on various standardized motor assessment instruments. The overall prevalence rate for impairment in motor abilities ranged from 33% to 100%. Twenty-seven studies examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ADHD. Depending on the type of motor assessment tool and the cut-off points used by different researchers, prevalence rates of impairment in motor abilities are highly variable and ranged from 8% to 73%. Remarkably, there is a paucity of research addressing the motor abilities of individuals with DBD or depression. Furthermore, methodological problems, such as measurement and comorbidity issues, complicate the generalization of the findings.
CONCLUSION: Research suggests that motor impairment is highly prevalent in some psychiatric conditions, particularly ASD and ADHD. However, future work is necessary to draw sound conclusions.
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Van Damme T, Sabbe B, van West D, Simons J. Motor abilities of adolescents with a disruptive behavior disorder: The role of comorbidity with ADHD. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 40:1-10. [PMID: 25697736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the incidence, type and severity of motor impairment in male adolescents with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and evaluate the role of comorbid ADHD. The Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, Second Edition was administered to examine a detailed motor profile and to compare the motor abilities of individuals with DBD (n = 99) to those of controls (n = 87). Additional subgroup analyses were conducted within the clinical population and encompassed (1) analyzing differences in motor profiles between individuals diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD) and (2) comparing the motor profiles of individuals with or without comorbid ADHD. The results indicated that individuals with a DBD showed a mixed motor impairment profile. Even after controlling for IQ, the DBD group obtained significantly lower scores in comparison to controls. The ODD and CD subgroups showed a similar motor profile. Presence of comorbid ADHD did not produce major differences in the motor profile. As approximately 79% of the adolescents with a DBD suffered from motor impairment, motor ability needs to be adequately addressed in research as well as in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Van Damme
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; University Centre of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Antwerp, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Dirk van West
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; University Centre of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Antwerp, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Johan Simons
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disabilities: Implications for assessment and treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/s0735-004x(2011)0000024010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cho H, Ji S, Chung S, Kim M, Joung YS. Motor function in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Korea. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:223-7. [PMID: 25110492 PMCID: PMC4124178 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor function critically influences daily activities and academic performance. We compared motor function in school-aged children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to that of normal children. METHODS Participants were 58 children with ADHD [51 males, 7 females; mean age 9 years 6 months±2 years 0 months (SD)] and 70 normal controls [56 males, 14 females; mean age 9 years 2 months±1 years 7 months (SD)]. We assessed motor function with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition. RESULTS The ADHD group had a significantly lower total motor composite score (t=-9.32, p<0.001) than that of the control group. Standard scores of four motor-area composites such as fine manual control (t=-3.76, p<0.001), manual coordination (t=-6.87, p<0.001), body coordination (t=-7.14, p<0.001), and strength and agility (t=-8.54, p<0.1) were significantly lower in the ADHD group than those in the control group. Among the subtests, scores on fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed and agility, and strength were significantly lower in the ADHD group than those in the controls, whereas upper-limb coordination was not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION School-aged children with ADHD in Korea had significantly lower motor function compared to that of controls. Thus, it is suggested that appropriate target intervention for motor function is important in children with motor impairment in addition to pharmacotherapy or psychosocial therapy for improving the core symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cho
- Sensory Integration Toward Social and Occupational Being (SISO), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokyeon Ji
- Sensory Integration Toward Social and Occupational Being (SISO), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Meesun Kim
- Sensory Integration Toward Social and Occupational Being (SISO), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sook Joung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Levit-Binnun N, Davidovitch M, Golland Y. Sensory and motor secondary symptoms as indicators of brain vulnerability. J Neurodev Disord 2013; 5:26. [PMID: 24063566 PMCID: PMC3849186 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the primary symptoms that distinguish one disorder from the next, clinicians have identified, yet largely overlooked, another set of symptoms that appear across many disorders, termed secondary symptoms. In the emerging era of systems neuroscience, which highlights that many disorders share common deficits in global network features, the nonspecific nature of secondary symptoms should attract attention. Herein we provide a scholarly review of the literature on a subset of secondary symptoms––sensory and motor. We demonstrate that their pattern of appearance––across a wide range of psychopathologies, much before the full-blown disorder appears, and in healthy individuals who display a variety of negative symptoms––resembles the pattern of appearance of network abnormalities. We propose that sensory and motor secondary symptoms can be important indicators of underlying network aberrations and thus of vulnerable brain states putting individuals at risk for psychopathology following extreme circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Levit-Binnun
- Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Sagol Unit for Applied Neuroscience, School of Psychology, POB 167, Herzliya 46150, Israel.
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Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA. Developmental coordination disorder: a review and update. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012; 16:573-81. [PMID: 22705270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Present in approximately 5-6% of school-aged children, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neuromotor disability in which a child's motor coordination difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living or academic achievement. These children typically have difficulty with fine and/or gross motor skills, with motor performance that is usually slower, less accurate, and more variable than that of their peers. In this paper, we review the history of various definitions leading up to the current definition of DCD, prevalence estimates for the disorder, etiology, common co-morbidities, the impact of DCD on the child's life, and prognosis. As well, we briefly describe current interventions for children with the disorder and results of recent neuroimaging studies of the brains of children with DCD, including research by the authors of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill G Zwicker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Egeland J, Ueland T, Johansen S. Central processing energetic factors mediate impaired motor control in ADHD combined subtype but not in ADHD inattentive subtype. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2012; 45:361-370. [PMID: 21685345 DOI: 10.1177/0022219411407922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often impaired in visuomotor tasks. However, little is known about the contribution of modal impairment in motor function relative to central processing deficits or whether different processes underlie the impairment in ADHD combined (ADHD-C) versus ADHD inattentive (ADHD-I) subtype. The present study analyzes performance on the Visual Motor Integration Test relative to less effortful motor tests as well as on measures of energetics. Both ADHD groups showed evidence of impaired motor function on both visual-motor integration (VMI) and the less effortful motor tests. The ADHD-C group performed below the ADHD-I group on VMI, but their performance correlated highly with the measures of the energetic pools of arousal and effort. Different mechanisms may underlie impaired fine motor skills in ADHD. Central processing deficits contribute significantly to the deficit of ADHD-C but do not explain the motor impairment in ADHD-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Egeland
- Vestfold Mental Health Care Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
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Vuijk PJ, Hartman E, Mombarg R, Scherder E, Visscher C. Associations between academic and motor performance in a heterogeneous sample of children with learning disabilities. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2011; 44:276-282. [PMID: 21521869 DOI: 10.1177/0022219410378446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous sample of 137 school-aged children with learning disabilities (IQ > 80) attending special needs schools was examined on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). The results show that compared to the available norm scores, 52.6% of the children tested performed below the 15th percentile on manual dexterity, 40.9% on ball skills, and 33.7% on balance skills. Furthermore, after controlling for IQ, significant small to moderate partial correlations were found between spelling and mathematics and the MABC total score, as well as small to moderate correlations between mathematics and balance, between reading and ball skills, and between spelling and manual dexterity. The present findings are compared with previously reported results obtained in more homogenous groups, and based on the resultant relationships between academic performance and motor development, recommendations for future motor intervention studies are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Jelle Vuijk
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Klein S, Guiltner V, Sollereder P, Cui Y. Relationships between fine-motor, visual-motor, and visual perception scores and handwriting legibility and speed. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2011; 31:103-14. [PMID: 21189102 DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2010.541753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Occupational therapists assess fine motor, visual motor, visual perception, and visual skill development, but knowledge of the relationships between scores on sensorimotor performance measures and handwriting legibility and speed is limited. Ninety-nine students in grades three to six with learning and/or behavior problems completed the Upper-Limb Speed and Dexterity Subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration-5th Edition, the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Revised, the Visual Skills Appraisal, and a handwriting copying task. Correlations between sensorimotor performance scores and handwriting legibility varied from .07 to .38. Correlations between sensorimotor performance scores and handwriting speed varied from .04 to .42. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that the variance in handwriting explained by these measures was ≤ 20% for legibility and ≤ 26% for speed. On the basis of multivariate analysis of variance only scores for the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration differed between students classified as "skilled" and "unskilled" handwriters. The low magnitude of the correlations and variance explained by the sensorimotor performance measures supports the need for occupational therapists to consider additional factors that may impact handwriting of students with learning and/or behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Klein
- Occupational Therapy Service, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kirby
- The Dyscovery Centre, University of Wales, Newport NP20 5DA and
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An examination of the relationship between movement problems and four common developmental disorders. Hum Mov Sci 2010; 29:799-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Baudinette K, Sparks J, Kirby A. Survey of Paediatric Occupational Therapists' Understanding of Developmental Coordination Disorder, Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Br J Occup Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.4276/030802210x12813483277143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that developmental coordination disorder (DCD) co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS). Paediatric occupational therapists working with children with DCD need to consider the impact of co-occurring conditions on the children they assess and treat. A survey investigating the knowledge base and understanding relating to these conditions was conducted. The results showed that therapists (n = 225, response rate 23%) have an understanding of DCD; however, a more detailed knowledge of ADHD and JHS would allow them to consider the impact of the overlapping nature of these conditions. This highlights a training need to ensure understanding of these conditions and appropriate management.
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Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Boyd LA. Neural correlates of developmental coordination disorder: a review of hypotheses. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:1273-81. [PMID: 19687388 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809333537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Affecting 5% to 6% of school-age children, developmental coordination disorder is characterized by a marked impairment of motor coordination that significantly interferes with activities of daily living and academic achievement. Little is known about the etiology of developmental coordination disorder, but the disorder often coexists with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), speech/language impairment, and/or reading disability. This comprehensive review examines the literature supporting or refuting hypothesized neural correlates of developmental coordination disorder and suggests directions for future research. Potential sources of neuropathology include the cerebellum, parietal lobe, corpus callosum, and basal ganglia. Comorbidities and deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder are highly suggestive of cerebellar dysfunction; yet, given the heterogeneity of this disorder, it is likely that the cerebellum is not the only neural correlate. Neuroimaging studies and behavioral investigations of learning-related change in motor behavior are the next critical step in enhancing our understanding of developmental coordination disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill G Zwicker
- Faculty of Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Brown T, Unsworth C. Evaluating construct validity of the Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test using the Rasch Measurement Model. Percept Mot Skills 2009; 108:367-82. [PMID: 19552005 DOI: 10.2466/pms.108.2.367-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of the Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test by applying the Rasch Measurement Model to evaluate the test's scalability, dimensionality, differential item functioning based on sex, and hierarchical ordering. Participants were 400 children ages 5 to 12 years, recruited from six schools in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test requires a child to copy 14 different geometric designs three times each for a total 42 scale items. Children completed the test under the supervision of an occupational therapist. Overall, 13 of 42 of the test items exhibited poor measurement properties. As nearly one-third of the scale items were problematic, the Slosson Visual-Motor Performance Test in its current form is not recommended for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Brown
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University-Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia.
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Developmental contributions to motor sequence learning. Exp Brain Res 2009; 195:293-306. [PMID: 19363605 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how children acquire new motor sequences. In particular, it is not clear if the same learning progression observed in adults is also present in childhood nor whether motor skills are acquired in a similar fashion across development. In the present study we used the multi-finger sequencing task (MFST), a variant of the serial reaction time (SRT) task, to study motor sequence learning, across two consecutive days, in three cross-sectional samples of children aged 6, 8, and 10 years, and a control sample of adults. In the MFST, participants reproduced 10-element sequences of key presses on an electronic keyboard, using four fingers of the right hand. Each block of practice included 10 intermixed trials of a Repeated (REP) sequence and four trials of Random (RAN) sequences. Performance was assessed by examining changes in accuracy, a component of the task that requires the association of the visual stimulus with the motor response, and response synchronization, a component that requires fine-grained sensorimotor integration and timing. Additionally, participants completed Recognition and Recall tests, to assess explicit knowledge of the repeated sequence. Overall, results showed a developmental progression in motor sequence learning within and across days of practice. Interestingly, the two behavioral measures showed different developmental trajectories. For accuracy, differences were greatest for the two youngest groups early in learning, and these groups also showed the greatest rate of improvement. However, by the end of Day 2, only the 6-year-olds still lagged behind all other groups. For response synchronization, all child groups differed from adults early in learning, but both child and adult groups showed similar rates of improvement across blocks of practice. By the end of Day 2, 10-year-olds reached adult levels of performance, whereas 6- and 8-year-olds did not. Taken together, the dissociation observed with our two behavioral measures of sequence learning is consistent with the hypothesis that accuracy or finger-stimulus association may rely on cortical pathways that show the greatest maturation between ages 6 and 10; whereas motor timing and sensorimotor integration may rely on subcortical pathways that continue to develop into young adulthood. Despite developmental differences across blocks of practice on both behavioral measures, there were no significant group differences for either the Recognition or Recall tests. We suggest that explicit knowledge of the MFST is not directly linked to task performance, thus challenging the implicit-explicit distinction in pediatric SRT studies assessing the developmental invariance model.
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Green D, Chambers M, Sugden D. Does subtype of developmental coordination disorder count: Is there a differential effect on outcome following intervention? Hum Mov Sci 2008; 27:363-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Reading skills progress in a stage-like manner. There is no evidence that reading, unlike language, develops without direct instruction. Failing to develop preceding skills has a dramatic impact on development of more sophisticated cognitive skills. For example, children who have poor phonemic sensitivity struggle to develop phonetic decoding; poor word recognition and word decoding skills have a negative impact on reading comprehension. Primary care physicians need to be aware of reading problems and frequent comorbid conditions. Recognition of risk factors can help physicians direct children early to badly needed resources, which, at the least, decreases the risk for and minimize the impact of one additional challenge for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Grizzle
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA.
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Pineda DA, Puerta IC, Aguirre DC, García-Barrera MA, Kamphaus RW. The role of neuropsychologic tests in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 36:373-81. [PMID: 17560498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention, memory, executive function, language, and visual-motor skills were evaluated in a sample of 621 children, 6 to 11 years old, to assess the discriminant validity of neuropsychologic testing. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder cases (249) and controls (372) were identified and tested. Analysis of covariance, nonparametric comparison tests, effect sizes, discriminant function, factor analyses, and receiver-operator characteristics curve analyses were used to establish the best diagnostic cutoff points for each variable. Statistically significant differences were found on cognitive effort, auditory skills, continuous performance test, working memory, visual-motor skills, verbal comprehension, and executive function measures (P < 0.05); however, the effect of group sizes was low to modest (0.24 to 0.54). Receiver-operator characteristics curve analysis showed modest sensitivity and low specificity, demonstrating that an important proportion of the variance in test scores was overlapping. Factor analysis of neuropsychologic testing results revealed a structure of six factors each for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, control, and combined samples. The latent variables produced one discriminant function with a total correct classification accuracy of 61.9%. Neuropsychologic tests should be used as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnostic tools with caution, but they hold promise for identifying core cognitive deficits and processes that can aid prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Pineda
- Neurosciences Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbidity, co-occurrence and continuum are three terms used when referring to developmental problems such as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), but they can be confusing and misleading. Further, the terms can be upsetting to parents, and are not always helpful in guiding the selection of clinical interventions. GOALS The main purpose of this paper is to question some of the terminology we employ when referring to DCD and other developmental problems. A secondary purpose is to discuss some of the conceptual frameworks that have been proposed that attempt to address the issue of the interrelationships among developmental problems. APPROACH The terminology is examined by first referring to the basic dictionary definitions. Second, data we have published that relate to the issues of co-occurrence and continuum are reviewed in light of the terminology questions. Finally, we review some alternative conceptual frameworks which more accurately describe the relationships among developmental problems. CONCLUSION The term 'comorbidity' has limited relevance to developmental problems, and its use is questionable. In contrast, co-occurrence and continuum are more useful terms to use in regard to developmental problems. Concepts such as atypical brain development and minor neurological dysfunction provide some possible explanations for the increased levels of co-occurrence of developmental disorders in children who are more severely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Meyer A, Sagvolden T. Fine motor skills in South African children with symptoms of ADHD: influence of subtype, gender, age, and hand dominance. Behav Brain Funct 2006; 2:33. [PMID: 17029638 PMCID: PMC1626473 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor problems, often characterised as clumsiness or poor motor coordination, have been associated with ADHD in addition to the main symptom groups of inattention, impulsiveness, and overactivity. The problems addressed in this study were: (1) Are motor problems associated with ADHD symptoms, also in African cultures? (2) Are there differences in motor skills among the subtypes with ADHD symptoms? (3) Are there gender differences? (4) Is there an effect of age? (5) Are there differences in performance between the dominant and non-dominant hand? METHOD A total of 528 children (264 classified as having symptoms of ADHD and 264 matched comparisons) of both genders and from seven different South African ethnic groups participated in the study. They were assessed with three simple, easy to administer instruments which measure various functions of motor speed and eye-hand coordination: The Grooved Pegboard, the Maze Coordination Task, and the Finger Tapping Test. The results were analysed as a function of subtype, gender, age, and hand dominance. RESULTS The findings indicate that children with symptoms of ADHD performed significantly poorer on the Grooved Pegboard and Motor Coordination Task, but not on the Finger Tapping Test than their comparisons without ADHD symptoms. The impairment was most severe for the subtype with symptoms of ADHD-C (combined) and less severe for the subtypes with symptoms of ADHD-PI (predominantly inattentive) and ADHD-HI (predominantly hyperactive/impulsive). With few exceptions, both genders were equally affected while there were only slight differences in performance between the dominant and non-dominant hand. The deficiencies in motor control were mainly confined to the younger age group (6-9 yr). CONCLUSION An association between the symptoms of ADHD and motor problems was demonstrated in terms of accuracy and speed in fairly complex tasks, but not in simple motor tests of speed. This deficiency is found mainly in the children with ADHD-C symptoms, but also to a lesser degree in the children with symptoms of ADHD-PI and ADHD-HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Meyer
- School of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, 0727 Sovenga, South Africa.
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Abstract
Although the connection between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has been recognized for several decades, little research has examined the relationship between these two disorders. This paper draws attention to the contribution the cognitive-energetic model (CEM) can make in determining the specific nature of these two disorders. An information processing approach such as the CEM is a useful model to identify specific and overlapping mechanisms that are disrupted in these two disorders. This paper describes the CEM and reviews the research so-far in relation to the model. The CEM has several advantages over other models: First, it predicts which task variables will be independent or may interact, thus enabling the investigator to determine the success/failure of the task manipulation(s) and identify spurious findings. Second, the CEM links energetic factors to task variables and predicts both additive and interactive effects. Third, the CEM enables executive processes such as selective attention, working memory and inhibition to be related to both energetic and lower level processes. Fourth, by employing the CEM in clinical research, taxonomy of deficits can be derived enabling further insight into the nature of the disorders and their specific neuropsychological dysfunction. Suggestions are made for future research into the neuropsychological deficits associated with ADHD and DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sergeant
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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