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McCalla MM, Jones D, Grice R, Love M, Love C, Lammert L, Beverly EA. Feasibility of a Cinematic-Virtual Reality Training Program for Health Professional Students: A Single-Arm Pre-Post Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:1181-1189. [PMID: 37138539 PMCID: PMC10563521 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231171136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinematic-virtual reality (cine-VR) has demonstrated improvements in cultural self-efficacy, diabetes attitudes, and empathy among healthcare providers, but its impact on health professional students is unknown. The purpose of the single-arm pre-post study was to examine the feasibility of this cine-VR diabetes training program as well as to assess changes in cultural self-efficacy, diabetes attitudes, and empathy among health professional students. METHOD Participants viewed 12 cine-VR 12 simulations about a 72-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes. Pre-training and post-training, they completed the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool, Diabetes Attitude Scale-3, and Jefferson Scale of Empathy. RESULTS All 92 participants completed the full training. No participants reported technological difficulties or adverse events. For the assessment, 66 participants completed the pre-post measures for a response rate of 71.7% (mean age = 21.1 ± 1.9 years, 82.6% [n = 57] women; 84.1% [n = 58] white). We observed positive improvements in all three cultural self-efficacy subscales: "Cognitive" (t value = -4.705, P < .001), "Practical" (mean change = -.99, t value = -4.240, P < .001), and "Affective" (t value = -2.763, P = .008). Similarly, we observed positive improvements in four of the five diabetes attitude subscales: "Need for special training" (Z = -4.281, P < .001), "Seriousness of type 2 diabetes" (Z = -3.951, P < .001), "Value of tight glucose control" (Z = -1.676, P = .094), "Psychosocial impact of diabetes" (Z = -5.892, P < .001), and "Attitude toward patient autonomy" (Z = -2.889, P = .005). Finally, we observed a positive improvement in empathy (t value = -5.151, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the cine-VR diabetes training program has the potential to improve cultural self-efficacy, diabetes attitudes, and empathy among health professional students. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monet M. McCalla
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio
University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - DeWitt Jones
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio
University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Re’Aija Grice
- College of Health Sciences and
Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Love
- Ohio University J. Warren McClure
School of Emerging Communication Technologies, Athens, OH, USA
- Game Research and Immersive Design Lab,
Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Lori Lammert
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio
University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Ohio University Diabetes Institute,
Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Beverly
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio
University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Ohio University Diabetes Institute,
Athens, OH, USA
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Amiri S, Mirfazeli FS, Grafman J, Mohammadsadeghi H, Eftekhar M, Karimzad N, Mohebbi M, Nohesara S. Alternation in functional connectivity within default mode network after psychodynamic psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 37170093 PMCID: PMC10176869 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by impairments in emotion regulation, impulse control, and interpersonal and social functioning along with a deficit in emotional awareness and empathy. In this study, we investigated whether functional connectivity (FC) within the default mode network (DMN) is affected by 1-year psychodynamic psychotherapy in patients with BPD. METHODS Nine BPD patients filled out the demography, Interpersonal Reactive Index (IRI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS 20), the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and the Borderline Evaluation Severity over Time (BEST) questionnaire. The BPD group (9F) and the control group (9F) had a mean ± SD age of 28.2 ± 5.3 years and 30.4 ± 6.1 years, respectively. BPD subjects underwent longitudinal resting-state fMRI before psychodynamic psychotherapy and then every 4 months for a year after initiating psychotherapy. FC in DMN was characterized by calculating the nodal degree, a measure of centrality in the graph theory. RESULTS The results indicated that patients with BPD present with aberrant DMN connectivity compared to healthy controls. Over a year of psychotherapy, the patients with BPD showed both FC changes (decreasing nodal degree in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and increasing in other cingulate cortex regions) and behavioral improvement in their symptoms and substance use. There was also a significant positive association between the decreased nodal degree in regions of the dorsal cingulate cortex and a decrease in the score of the TAS-20 indicating difficulty in identifying feelings after psychotherapy. CONCLUSION In BPD, there is altered FC within the DMN and disruption in self-processing and emotion regulation. Psychotherapy may modify the DMN connectivity and that modification is associated with positive changes in BPD emotional symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Amiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirfazeli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Neurology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Center, Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine & Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Homa Mohammadsadeghi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Eftekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Karimzad
- Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohebbi
- Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Wei X, Li X, Teng X, Bai J, Ren F. Intergenerational Transmission of Depression during Adolescence: The Mediating Roles of Hostile Attribution Bias, Empathic Concern, and Social Self-Concept. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 157:13-31. [PMID: 36279252 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have empirically examined the role of peer microsystem in the intergenerational transmission of depression, and more importantly, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this potential pathway of intergenerational transmission. The purpose of the current study was to examine the sequential mediation effects of adolescent hostile attribution bias, empathic concern, and social self-concept on the association between maternal depression and adolescent depression. An urban Chinese sample of 761 mother-child dyads was investigated when the adolescents were in secondary school (M = 14.36 years, range =12.33-16.92 years, 52.3% female). The results provided evidence of cross-generational continuity in depression during adolescence, and the hypothesized sequential mediation model was supported. The findings highlight the importance of peer-related factors during the intergenerational transmission of depression and have important implications for interpersonal interventions that aim to prevent depression during adolescence. The limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are briefly discussed.
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Shen Y, Yuan L, Xiong X, Xin T. Empathy and cyberbystander behavior: The role of moral disengagement. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kopiś-Posiej N, Cudo A, Tużnik P, Wojtasiński M, Augustynowicz P, Zabielska-Mendyk E, Bogucka V. The impact of problematic Facebook use and Facebook context on empathy for pain processing: An event-related potential study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Urke HB, Holsen I, Larsen T. Positive Youth Development and Mental Well-Being in Late Adolescence: The Role of Body Appreciation. Findings From a Prospective Study in Norway. Front Psychol 2021; 12:696198. [PMID: 34497559 PMCID: PMC8419256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a vulnerable period, adolescence is a time of great potential for healthy development. Understanding factors that contribute to mental well-being in this period is of great importance to facilitate for healthy development. During the adolescence period the body goes through rapid and considerable changes, and the focus on body appearance and perfection is substantial at societal, media, and peer level. In this study, we investigated the association between dimensions characterizing positive youth development, and mental well-being among Norwegian adolescents 16-17 years 1 year later, and whether this association was mediated by degree of body appreciation. We further tested whether the indirect and direct paths between positive youth development dimensions and mental well-being were moderated by gender. We used data from the first and second follow-up of the control arm of the COMPLETE study, a cluster randomized controlled trial in upper secondary schools in Norway. Findings showed that positive youth development in grade 1, as measured by both a combined global PYD and the dimensions competence, and connection were significantly associated with mental well-being in grade 2 in models adjusted for mental well-being in grade 1, gender and perceived family affluence. Also, body appreciation in grade 1 significantly predicted mental well-being in grade 2 in models including each of global PYD, competence, connection, character, and caring dimensions. Contrary to our hypothesis, no mediating effects of body appreciation were observed, and no moderation of indirect effects by gender were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Bjørnøy Urke
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Holsen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torill Larsen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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de Jong D, Hortensius R, Hsieh TY, Cross ES. Empathy and Schadenfreude in Human-Robot Teams. J Cogn 2021; 4:35. [PMID: 34430794 PMCID: PMC8344963 DOI: 10.5334/joc.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intergroup dynamics shape the ways in which we interact with other people. We feel more empathy towards ingroup members compared to outgroup members, and can even feel pleasure when an outgroup member experiences misfortune, known as schadenfreude. Here, we test the extent to which these intergroup biases emerge during interactions with robots. We measured trial-by-trial fluctuations in emotional reactivity to the outcome of a competitive reaction time game to assess both empathy and schadenfreude in arbitrary human-human and human-robot teams. Across four experiments (total n = 361), we observed a consistent empathy and schadenfreude bias driven by team membership. People felt more empathy towards ingroup members than outgroup members and more schadenfreude towards outgroup members. The existence of an intergroup bias did not depend on the nature of the agent: the same effects were observed for human-human and human-robot teams. People reported similar levels of empathy and schadenfreude towards a human and robot player. The human likeness of the robot did not consistently influence this intergroup bias. In other words, similar empathy and schadenfreude biases were observed for both humanoid and mechanoid robots. For all teams, this bias was influenced by the level of team identification; individuals who identified more with their team showed stronger intergroup empathy and schadenfreude bias. Together, we show that similar intergroup dynamics that shape our interactions with people can also shape interactions with robots. Our results highlight the importance of taking intergroup biases into account when examining social dynamics of human-robot interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina de Jong
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, (CTNSC), Ferrara, Italy
- Università di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Chirurgico Specialistiche, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ruud Hortensius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Te-Yi Hsieh
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Emily S. Cross
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, 16 University Ave, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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George-Levi S, Laslo-Roth R, Schmidt-Barad T. Feeling you, when you feel me: attachment, empathic concern, and interpersonal emotion regulation. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 162:655-669. [PMID: 34315350 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1940075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Empathic concern is an important part of social relationships. Attachment orientation may explain individual differences in empathic concern. However, the circumstances under which attachment orientation is related to empathic concern remain unexamined. This exploratory study investigated the moderating role of a novel aspect of emotion regulation, interpersonal emotion regulation, in the relationship between attachment orientation and empathic concern. Study 1 (N = 179) and Study 2 (direct replication, N = 202) yielded consistent main effects for emotion regulation. Interpersonal emotion regulation efficacy (people's belief that interpersonal emotion regulation can effectively change their negative and positive emotions) was positively associated with empathic concern. Avoidant attachment showed a moderately consistent negative association with empathic concern. Negative efficacy moderated the association between anxious attachment and empathic concern only in Study 1. The findings focus attention on the importance of interpersonal emotion regulation efficacy to empathic concern and on the complex relationship between attachment and empathic concern.
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Czerniawska M, Szydło J. Do Values Relate to Personality Traits and if so, in What Way? - Analysis of Relationships. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:511-527. [PMID: 33976575 PMCID: PMC8104970 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s299720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The research presents empirical data concerning the relations between personal traits and value system. The study focuses on empathy, agreeableness, directiveness, Machiavellism as personality traits. Theoretical assumptions and empirical findings are analyzed and interpreted in the context of cognitive framework, including the idea of regulative function self-concept. A content compatibility hypothesis between personality traits and one’s system of value was accepted as preliminary assumption for this research: empathy and agreeableness positively correlate with allocentric values, whereas directiveness and Machiavellism positively correlate with idiocentric values. The study group consisted of 325 students. Methods The Empathic Understanding of Others Questionnaire (Węgliński), Personality Inventory NEO-FFI (Costa and McCrae) Directiveness Scale (Ray) and Mach V Scale (Christie and Geis) were used. Results The value system of empathic and agreeable people reveals an allocentric orientation (tendency to abandon one’s own perspective), while the value system of directive and Machiavellian people reveals an idiocentric orientation (focused on oneself). Discussion The data analysis revealed that subjects tend to organize their self-knowledge in such a way that there is a content consistency between the information included in the appropriate schemas of personality traits and value preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Czerniawska
- Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Szydło
- Faculty of Engineering Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland
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10
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Wood AW, Dorais S, Gutierrez D, Moore CM, Schmit MK. Advancing the Counseling Profession Through Contemporary Quantitative Approaches. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Dorais
- Department of School Psychology and Counselor Education College of William and Mary
| | - Daniel Gutierrez
- Department of School Psychology and Counselor Education College of William and Mary
| | - C. Missy Moore
- Department of Counseling and Human Development Services University of Georgia
| | - Michael K. Schmit
- Department of Counseling Texas A&M University–Commerce
- Now at Hazelden Betty Ford Graduate School of Addiction Studies
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11
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Pittelkow MM, Aan Het Rot M, Seidel LJ, Feyel N, Roest AM. Social Anxiety and Empathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2021; 78:102357. [PMID: 33588287 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the association between social anxiety and affective (AE) and cognitive empathy (CE). METHODS 1442 studies from PsycINFO, Medline, and EMBASE (inception-January 2020) were systematically reviewed. Included studies (N = 48) either predicted variance in empathy using social anxiety scores or compared empathy scores between socially anxious individuals and a control group. RESULTS Social anxiety and AE were statistically significantly positively associated, k = 14, r = .103 (95%CI [.003, .203]), z = 2.03, p = .043. Sex (QM (2) = 18.79, p < .0001), and type of measures (QM (1 = 7.34, p = .007) moderated the association. Correlations were significant for male samples (rmale = .316, (95%CI [.200, .432])) and studies using self-report measures (rself-report = .162 (95%CI [.070, .254])). Overall, social anxiety and CE were not significantly associated, k = 52, r =-.021 (95%CI [-.075, .034]), z= -0.74, p = .459. Sample type moderated the association (QM (1) = 5.03, p < .0001). For clinical samples the association was negative (rclinical= -.112, (95%CI [-.201, -.017]). CONCLUSION There was evidence for a positive association between social anxiety and AE, but future studies are needed to verify the moderating roles of sex and type of measure. Besides, low CE might only hold for patients with SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marije Aan Het Rot
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Netherlands; School Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Centre for Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Nils Feyel
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Annelieke M Roest
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Centre for Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, Netherlands
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Heym N, Kibowski F, Bloxsom CA, Blanchard A, Harper A, Wallace L, Firth J, Sumich A. The Dark Empath: Characterising dark traits in the presence of empathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Rueda J, Lara F. Virtual Reality and Empathy Enhancement: Ethical Aspects. Front Robot AI 2020; 7:506984. [PMID: 33501297 PMCID: PMC7805945 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.506984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of humankind is full of examples that indicate a constant desire to make human beings more moral. Nowadays, technological breakthroughs might have a significant impact on our moral character and abilities. This is the case of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. The aim of this paper is to consider the ethical aspects of the use of VR in enhancing empathy. First, we will offer an introduction to VR, explaining its fundamental features, devices and concepts. Then, we will approach the characterization of VR as an "empathy machine," showing why this medium has aroused so much interest and why, nevertheless, we do not believe it is the ideal way to enhance empathy. As an alternative, we will consider fostering empathy-related abilities through virtual embodiment in avatars. In the conclusion, however, we will examine some of the serious concerns related to the ethical relevance of empathy and will defend the philosophical case for a reason-guided empathy, also suggesting specific guidelines for possible future developments of empathy enhancement projects through VR embodied experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Rueda
- FiloLab Scientific Unit of Excellence, Department of Philosophy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Nancy Eisenberg N, Wentzel M, Harris JD. The Role of Emotionality and Regulation in Empathy-Related Responding. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.1998.12085934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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De Stasio S, Fiorilli C, Benevene P, Boldrini F, Ragni B, Pepe A, Maldonado Briegas JJ. Subjective Happiness and Compassion Are Enough to Increase Teachers' Work Engagement? Front Psychol 2019; 10:2268. [PMID: 31681081 PMCID: PMC6811656 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present quantitative multi-trait cross-sectional study aims to gain a better understanding of the network of relationship between subjective happiness, compassion, levels of work engagement, and proactive strategies (self- and co-regulation) in a sample of teachers. Participants were 187 full-time in-service teachers (89% female; age M = 48.5; SD = 7.88) from Rome, Italy. We hypothesized that subjective happiness and compassion of early childhood teachers would be related with work engagement in such a way that subjective happiness would promote the engagement of teachers. In a similar fashion, we theorized that subjective happiness would be positively related to self- and co-regulation strategies and that proactive strategies would be in turn associated to work engagement. As expected, the results revealed that subjective happiness and compassion showed effects on work engagement and that this association among constructs was mediated by the role of proactive strategies (β = 0.22, p < 0.001; β = 0.37, p < 0.001, respectively). Proactive strategies also have a significant direct effect on work engagement (β = 0.56, p < 0.001). The study's findings suggest the importance of investing in the quality of the working environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Stasio
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Fiorilli
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Paula Benevene
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Boldrini
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ragni
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pepe
- Department of Human Studies University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Carey JC, Fox EA, Spraggins EF. Replication of Structure Findings Regarding the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.1988.12022890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Carey
- John C. Carey is an assistant professor in School, Consulting, and Counseling Psychology at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Elizabeth A. Fox
- Elizabeth A. Fox is an assistant professor, and Elizabeth F. Spraggins is a graduate student in the Department of Food and Nutrition at Texas Tech University, Lubbock
| | - Elizabeth F. Spraggins
- Elizabeth A. Fox is an assistant professor, and Elizabeth F. Spraggins is a graduate student in the Department of Food and Nutrition at Texas Tech University, Lubbock
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Wald DM, Segal EA, Johnston EW, Vinze A. Understanding the influence of power and empathic perspective-taking on collaborative natural resource management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 199:201-210. [PMID: 28544926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Public engagement in collaborative natural resource management necessitates shared understanding and collaboration. Empathic perspective-taking is a critical facilitator of shared understanding and positive social interactions, such as collaboration. Yet there is currently little understanding about how to reliably generate empathic perspective-taking and collaboration, particularly in situations involving the unequal distribution of environmental resources or power. Here we examine how experiencing the loss or gain of social power influenced empathic perspective-taking and behavior within a computer-mediated scenario. Participants (n = 180) were randomly assigned to each condition: high resources, low resources, lose resources, gain resources. Contrary to our expectations, participants in the perspective-taking condition, specifically those who lost resources, also lost perspective taking and exhibited egoistic behavior. This finding suggests that resource control within the collaborative process is a key contextual variable that influences perspective-taking and collaborative behavior. Moreover, the observed relationship between perspective-taking and egoistic behavior within a collaborative resource sharing exercise suggests that when resource control or access is unequal, interventions to promote perspective-taking deserve careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Wald
- Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, Iowa State University, 613 Wallace Road, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Elizabeth A Segal
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave, Suite 800, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
| | - Erik W Johnston
- School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave, Suite 450, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
| | - Ajay Vinze
- Department of Information Systems, W.P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, PO Box 874606, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
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Personality Traits in College Students and Caregiving for a Relative with a Chronic Health Condition. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:3650927. [PMID: 27699069 PMCID: PMC5028868 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3650927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate among college students the relationship between personality traits and willingness to care for a relative with a chronic health condition. 329 undergraduate students completed an online questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regressions found that after controlling for demographics personality traits explained 10% of the variance in willingness to provide emotional care, 7% in instrumental care, and 7% in nursing care. Within these models, greater empathy was uniquely associated with willingness to provide emotional, instrumental, and nursing care for a family member in the future. Similarly, participants with high agreeableness were more willing to provide emotional care, and participant older age was a unique predictor of instrumental care. The results can help shape research on interventions that incorporate perspective taking, motivational interviewing, and training in life skills as a means of boosting college students' willingness to provide care for a relative with a chronic health condition.
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Smith KD. Trait Sympathy and Perceived Control as Predictors of Entering Sympathy-Arousing Situations. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167292182012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two studies provide evidence that dispositional sympathy and perceived control interact to predict choices for and against situations likely to elicit sympathy. Sympathetic persons choosing among previewed experiments on the basis of the emotion elicited by each were particularly likely to choose a sympathy induction, and appeared to interpret that prospect in positive terms, but only when they expected substantial control over the procedure. In a second study, sympathizers were the most likely to volunteer for studies of people in distress, so long as the sympathizers expected a means of helping the distressed persons. In contrast, assurances of situational control did not encourage less sympathetic subjects to participate in either context Results provide for the expansion of models relating affect to prosaically behavior to include preferences for contact with distressed persons and for an interpretation of trait sympathy as less of a personal liability than prevalent views suggest.
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Davis MH, Oathout HA. The Effect of Dispositional Empathy on Romantic Relationship Behaviors: Heterosocial Anxiety as a Moderating Influence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167292181011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has supported a model that specifies the way dispositional empathy influences everyday social behavior, the present investigation examined one possible boundary condition of the model It was posited that high levels of heterosocial anxiety constitute a self-oriented affective reaction that interferes with the operation of an other-oriented empathic response. As a result, the usual association between dispositional empathy and social behaviors should be weakened among those high in heterosocial anxiety. Data collected from 119 college students involved in monogamous romantic relationships provided partial support for this hypothesis. Evidence for the predicted moderating effect was found for positive social behaviors but not for negative behaviors. Evidence also suggested that the moderating effect was strongest for dispositional perspective taking-the most cognitive facet of empathy-and considerably weaker for the affective constructs of empathic concern and personal distress.
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Bekkers R, Ottoni-Wilhelm M. Principle of Care and Giving to Help People in Need. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2016; 30:240-257. [PMID: 27867258 PMCID: PMC5111750 DOI: 10.1002/per.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Theories of moral development posit that an internalized moral value that one should help those in need—the principle of care—evokes helping behaviour in situations where empathic concern does not. Examples of such situations are helping behaviours that involve cognitive deliberation and planning, that benefit others who are known only in the abstract, and who are out‐group members. Charitable giving to help people in need is an important helping behaviour that has these characteristics. Therefore we hypothesized that the principle of care would be positively associated with charitable giving to help people in need, and that the principle of care would mediate the empathic concern–giving relationship. The two hypotheses were tested across four studies. The studies used four different samples, including three nationally representative samples from the American and Dutch populations, and included both self‐reports of giving (Studies 1–3), giving observed in a survey experiment (Study 3), and giving observed in a laboratory experiment (Study 4). The evidence from these studies indicated that a moral principle to care for others was associated with charitable giving to help people in need and mediated the empathic concern–giving relationship. © 2016 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology
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Matosic D, Ntoumanis N, Boardley ID, Sedikides C, Stewart BD, Chatzisarantis N. Narcissism and coach interpersonal style: A self-determination theory perspective. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 27:254-261. [PMID: 26689999 PMCID: PMC6849559 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Athletes' sport experiences are often influenced by the interpersonal styles of communication used by their coaches. Research on personality antecedents of such styles is scarce. We examined the link between a well-researched personality trait, namely narcissism, and two types of coaching interpersonal style, namely autonomy-supportive and controlling styles. We also tested the mediating roles of dominance and empathic concern in explaining the relations between narcissism and the two coaching interpersonal styles. United Kingdom-based coaches (N = 211) from various sports completed a multi-section questionnaire assessing the study variables. Regression analyses revealed a positive direct relation between narcissism and controlling coach behaviors. Furthermore, empathy (but not dominance) mediated the positive and negative indirect effects of narcissism on controlling and autonomy-supported interpersonal styles, respectively. We discuss these findings in terms of their implications for coaching and the quality of athletes' sport experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Matosic
- School of Sport Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology & Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - I D Boardley
- School of Sport Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Sedikides
- Psychology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - B D Stewart
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Chatzisarantis
- School of Psychology & Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Braun S, Rosseel Y, Kempenaers C, Loas G, Linkowski P. SELF-REPORT OF EMPATHY: A SHORTENED FRENCH ADAPTATION OF THE INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX (IRI) USING TWO LARGE BELGIAN SAMPLES. Psychol Rep 2015; 117:735-53. [PMID: 26595295 DOI: 10.2466/08.02.pr0.117c23z6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) has been used to measure the multidimensional aspects of empathy. But the 28-item, 4-factor model of Davis (1980 ) is currently contested because of methodological issues and for theoretical reasons. Confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were applied in two French-speaking Belgian student samples (1,244 participants in the first and 729 in the second study) to test this model and to propose a shortened version. A non-optimal fit was found with respect to the CFI value (Study 1). By splitting the student group into two random subsamples, EFA and then CFA were used to propose a 15-item, 4-factor model with good fit indices. A CFA on the second student group (Study 2) replicated this model. Results are discussed considering the influence of social desirability response bias, an absence of strong invariance across sex and the usefulness of self-report scales to measure empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Braun
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Rosseel
- 2 Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Chantal Kempenaers
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwenole Loas
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Linkowski
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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Love MM, Smith AE, Lyall SE, Mullins JL, Cohn TJ. Exploring the Relationship Between Gay Affirmative Practice and Empathy Among Mental Health Professionals. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2015.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lamothe M, Boujut E, Zenasni F, Sultan S. To be or not to be empathic: the combined role of empathic concern and perspective taking in understanding burnout in general practice. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2014; 15:15. [PMID: 24456299 PMCID: PMC3914722 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-15-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background General practice is stressful and burnout is common among family physicians. A growing body of evidence suggests that the way physicians relate to their patients could be linked to burnout. The goal of this study was to examine how patterns of empathy explained physicians’ burnout. Methods We surveyed 294 French general practitioners (response rate 39%), measured burnout, empathic concern (EC) and perspective taking (PT) using self-reported questionnaires, and modeled burnout levels and frequencies with EC, PT and their interaction in linear and logistic regression analyses. Results Multivariate linear models for burnout prediction were associated with lower PT (β = −0.21, p < 0.001) and lower EC (β = −0.17, p < 0.05). Interestingly, the interaction (EC x PT) also predicted burnout levels (β = 0.11, p < 0.05). The investigation of interactions revealed that high scores on PT predicted lower levels of burnout independent from EC (odd ratios (OR) 0.37; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.21–0.65 p < 0.001), and high scores on both EC and PT were protective against burnout: OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.15–0.63, p < 0.001). Conclusions Deficits in PT alone might be a risk factor for burnout, whereas higher PT and EC might be protective. Educators should take into account how the various components of empathy are potentially associated with emotional outcomes in physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serge Sultan
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Succursale Centre- ville, PO Box 6128, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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26
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Cohen EL, Hoffner C. Gifts of giving: the role of empathy and perceived benefits to others and self in young adults' decisions to become organ donors. J Health Psychol 2012; 18:128-38. [PMID: 22322992 DOI: 10.1177/1359105311433910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait empathy and self-interest exert a strong influence on different prosocial behaviors, but their role in the promotion of organ donation registration is unclear. A survey examined how perceived benefits of organ donation for others and the self affect people's willingness to register as donors. Perceived other-benefits did not predict registration. Those with lower risk and greater self-benefit perceptions were more willing to donate. Empathic concern predicted donation willingness and moderated the effect of other-benefit perceptions, such that other-benefit perceptions predicted donation willingness among those with greater empathic concern. Applications of these findings to organ donation promotion are discussed.
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Konrath SH, O'Brien EH, Hsing C. Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: a meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2010; 15:180-98. [PMID: 20688954 DOI: 10.1177/1088868310377395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines changes over time in a commonly used measure of dispositional empathy. A cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted on 72 samples of American college students who completed at least one of the four subscales (Empathic Concern, Perspective Taking, Fantasy, and Personal Distress) of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) between 1979 and 2009 (total N = 13,737). Overall, the authors found changes in the most prototypically empathic subscales of the IRI: Empathic Concern was most sharply dropping, followed by Perspective Taking. The IRI Fantasy and Personal Distress subscales exhibited no changes over time. Additional analyses found that the declines in Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern are relatively recent phenomena and are most pronounced in samples from after 2000.
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Wilhelm MO, Bekkers R. Helping Behavior, Dispositional Empathic Concern, and the Principle of Care. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0190272510361435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates the relative strength of two correlates of helping behavior: dispositional empathic concern and a moral principle to care about others. The empathy–helping and care–helping relationships are investigated using data from the General Social Survey, a nationally representative random sample of the U.S. adult population. Ten helping behaviors are investigated. The results show that the care–helping relationship is stronger than the empathy–helping relationship for most helping behaviors, and that the empathy–helping relationship is mediated by the principle of care. That dispositional empathic concern is mediated by the principle of care requires new theoretical interpretations of the empathy–helping relationship, and suggests new directions for research on helping behavior.
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Newton BW, Barber L, Clardy J, Cleveland E, O'Sullivan P. Is there hardening of the heart during medical school? ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2008; 83:244-9. [PMID: 18316868 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e3181637837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether vicarious empathy (i.e., to have a visceral empathic response, versus role-playing empathy) decreases, and whether students choosing specialties with greater patient contact maintain vicarious empathy better than do students choosing specialties with less patient contact. METHOD The Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale was administered at the beginning of each academic year at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences for four classes, 2001-2004. Students also reported their gender and specialty choice. Specialty choice was classified as core (internal medicine, family medicine, obstetrics-gynecology, pediatrics, and psychiatry) or noncore (all other specialties). RESULTS Vicarious empathy significantly decreased during medical education (P < .001), especially after the first and third years. Students choosing core careers had higher empathy than did those choosing noncore careers. Men choosing core careers initially had empathy exceeding population norms, but their empathy fell to be comparable with that of norms by the end of their third year. The empathy of men choosing noncore careers was comparable with that of norms. Women choosing core careers had empathy scores comparable with those of norms, but the scores of women choosing noncore careers fell below those of the norms by their second year. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that undergraduate medical education may be a major determinant differentially affecting the vicarious empathy of students on the basis of gender and/or specialty choice. The greatest impact occurred in men who chose noncore specialties. The significant decrease in vicarious empathy is of concern, because empathy is crucial for a successful physician-patient relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Newton
- College of Medicine, Academic Affairs, #603, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Lemmens JS, Bushman BJ, Konijn EA. The Appeal of Violent Video Games to Lower Educated Aggressive Adolescent Boys from Two Countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:638-41. [PMID: 17034335 DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effect of individual differences on appeal and use of video games. Participants were 299 adolescent boys from lower and higher secondary schools in the Netherlands and Belgium. In general, boys were most attracted to violent video games. Boys that scored higher in trait aggressiveness and lower in empathy were especially attracted to violent games and spent more time playing video games than did boys lower in trait aggressiveness. Lower educated boys showed more appreciation for both violent and nonviolent games and spent more time playing them than did higher educated boys. The present study showed that aggressive and less empathic boys were most attracted to violent games. The fact that heavy users of violent games show less empathy and higher aggressiveness suggests the possibility of desensitization. Other studies have shown that playing violent games increases aggressiveness and decreases empathy. These results combined suggest the possibility of a violence cycle. Aggressive individuals are attracted to violent games. Playing violent games increases aggressiveness and decreases empathy, which in turn leads to increased appreciation and use of violent games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Lemmens
- Department of Communication Science, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Ghorbani N, Bing MN, Watson P, Kristl Davison H, LeBreton DL. Individualist and collectivist values: evidence of compatibility in Iran and the United States. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bovasso GB, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Rutherford MJ. The prediction of violent and nonviolent criminal behavior in a methadone maintenance population. J Pers Disord 2002; 16:360-73. [PMID: 12224128 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.16.4.360.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The utility of traits associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder in making risk assessments of violent and nonviolent crimes was examined in 254 subjects sampled from a methadone maintenance population. A factor analysis of a number of baseline measures resulted in five factors measuring hostility, insecure attachment, impaired reality testing, antisocial personality, and empathy. These factors were used in logistic regression analysis to predict charges for violent and nonviolent crimes over a 2-year period. Individuals with high scores on the antisocial personality factor had an increased risk of both violent and nonviolent criminal charges. Individuals with low scores on the empathy factor were at high risk for violent crimes. In an analysis using the factor components rather than the factors, the measures of perspective-taking and a socialization were associated with violent criminal charges, and the measure of psychopathy, but not antisocial behavior, was associated with nonviolent criminal charges. The results support the use of measures of personality traits in addition to measures of a history of antisocial behavior in making violence risk assessments in substance-dependent patients. The DSM construct and diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder may be enhanced by greater emphasis on personality traits associated with antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Bovasso
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA.
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Mueller MA, Waas GA. College students' perceptions of suicide: the role of empathy on attitudes, evaluation, and responsiveness. DEATH STUDIES 2002; 26:325-341. [PMID: 11980452 DOI: 10.1080/074811802753594709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A total of 334 college-age students (18719 years) participated in a study investigating the role of empathy in perceptions of and responsiveness toward a hypothetical friend exhibiting symptoms associated with suicide risk. High-empathy participants viewed both affective and behavioral characteristics associated with suicide risk as more serious, and they were more likely to provide direct assistance and talk with the troubled peer. Gender of participant and type of symptom displayed also emerged as important factors in participants' evaluations. These findings underscore the importance of considering social-cognitive factors that may influence perceptions of at-risk behaviors. The implications of these findings for the development of primary prevention intervention efforts are discussed.
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Yarnold PR, Bryant FB, Nightingale SD, Martin GJ. Assessing physician empathy using the interpersonal reactivity index: A measurement model and cross-sectional analysis. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/13548509608400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
This investigation used data from Loehlin and Nichols's (1976) study of over 800 sets of twins to examine evidence for the heritability of three facets of empathy: empathic concern, personal distress, and perspective taking. Expert judges first identified sets of adjectives, included within Loehlin and Nichols's original data, which reflected each empathy construct; these items were then validated in an independent sample. Comparisons of the responses given to these items by identical and fraternal twins in the Loehlin and Nichols investigation revealed evidence of significant heritability for characteristics associated with the two affective facets of empathy--empathic concern and personal distress--but not for the nonaffective construct of perspective taking. This pattern is consistent with the view that temperamental emotionality may underlie the heritability of affective empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Davis
- Department of Behavioral Science, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL 33733
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37
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Davis MH, Franzoi SL. Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-6566(91)90006-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Otten CA, Penner LA, Altabe MN. An Examination of Therapists' and College Students' Willingness to Help a Psychologically Distressed Person. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.1991.10.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Schaller M, Miller PA. Sympathy and personal distress: development, gender differences, and interrelations of indexes. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1989:107-26. [PMID: 2671804 DOI: 10.1002/cd.23219894408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In summary, in our multimethod research concerning vicariously induced emotion, we have obtained several patterns of importance. First, we have obtained modest differences in facial and self-report indexes of emotion, nearly all indicating greater responsivity by females. Moreover, some of the data suggest that this gender difference increases with age. Second, we have found that facial indexes of negative emotion are stronger for younger than older persons and that older children's self-reports of emotion are somewhat more consistent with the context than are those of young children. Finally, although we have not obtained strong or consistent relations among our physiological, self-report, and facial indexes of emotion, those that have been obtained suggest a positive relation among indexes, one that appears to be stronger for younger than older persons (especially girls). Further research confirming these patterns of findings is needed; nonetheless, the preliminary data can be viewed as indicating that a multimethod approach to studying empathy is useful for increasing our understanding of empathy, sympathy, and personal distress reactions and their development.
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Becker H, Sands D. The Relationship of Empathy to Clinical Experience Among Male and Female Nursing Students. J Nurs Educ 1988; 27:198-203. [PMID: 2839638 DOI: 10.3928/0148-4834-19880501-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While a number of educational interventions aimed at increasing empathy among nurses have been undertaken, research on empathy has yielded inconsistent findings. This study used a new multidimensional measure to study empathy levels among BSN nursing students during their first year of nursing education. Thirty-five nursing students completed Davis' Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) at four times during their junior year. The results of a repeated measures ANOVA indicated high consistency for all IRI scores across the four data collection periods. T-tests were also performed to compare IRI scores by gender. Males scored significantly lower than female nursing students on the Personal Distress Scale. While there were no other consistent, significant differences, males did not tend to score slightly higher than females on Perspective Taking. This response pattern is the opposite of what has been reported for other groups, although it is consistent with previous nursing research. The relationship between age, previous health-care experience, and IRI scores also varied by sex. Implications of these findings for educational interventions, recruitment, and retention of nursing students are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Becker
- Center for Health Care Research and Evaluation, University of Texas, School of Nursing, Austin
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