Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale With Older American Indians: The Native Elder Care Study

Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the resilience scale for older adults

OBJECTIVES

A significant gap currently exists in the availability of reliable and scientifically rigorous measures for evaluating resilience among older Arabic-speaking populations. The primary objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of an Arabic adaptation of the 15-item Resilience Scale of Older Adults (RSOA) in a sample of Arabic-speaking Egyptian older adults.

METHOD

Using a cross-sectional design and a convenience sample of 539 Egyptian older adults, with 60.7% aged between 65 and 75 years (50.3% females), participants completed an online Google form-based anonymous questionnaire, including sociodemographic information, the RSOA, and the 10-item CD-RISC. To ensure accurate translation, the forward-backward translation method was employed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and gender invariance in the RSOA were analyzed. McDonald's ω and Cronbach's α were calculated to assess internal consistency.

RESULTS

The results demonstrate that the Arabic RSOA and its subscales exhibit high internal consistency, with McDonald's ω and Cronbach's α values ranging from 0.83 to 0.93. CFA analysis revealed that the four-factor model fit of RSOA was acceptable. Measurement invariance was supported across genders. Furthermore, both genders exhibited no significant differences in all four RSOA dimensions. Convergent validity was supported by demonstrating that the four RSOA sub-scores and total scores correlated positively and significantly with the 10-item CD-RISC.

CONCLUSION

While further cross-cultural validation involving other Arab countries and communities is necessary, this study suggests that the Arabic RSOA may be used to measure resilience among broader Arabic-speaking older adults in clinical and research contexts.

Psychological Resilience among Orang Asli Youths in Selangor during COVID-19 and Its Associated Factors

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected everyone and stress-related mental health issues affect young people more than other groups, including marginalised populations. As a result of this pandemic, society is being urged to examine indigenous psychological resilience, especially among Orang Asli (OA) communities in Malaysia. Hence, this study aims to identify factors associated with psychological resilience among OA youths of Kampung Orang Asli (KOA) in Gombak during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

A cross-sectional study comprising OA communities was conducted between January 2022 and September 2022 in the Gombak District, Selangor. A self-administered online questionnaire using Google Forms and a self-administered printed questionnaire was used to collect data from youths aged 18 years old-24 years old. The Malay version of Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 (CD-RISC-25) was used to assess psychological resilience. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 28.0, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associated factors and their significance level.

Result

A total of 158 participants were involved in this study. The mean score for psychological resilience was estimated at 69.28 (SD = 14.52). The social relationships domain recorded the highest mean score for quality of life (71.54, SD = 13.72). Meanwhile, the total mean score for self-esteem fell into the high-level category (35.77, SD = 4.94), and the domain of relationship and family dynamics under family environment scored the highest mean score of 18.83 (SD = 2.89). Psychological resilience was associated with youths of KOA Batu 12 (β = -14.274, P < 0.05), KOA Ulu Batu (β = -17.789, P < 0.05), less than four siblings (β = -6.495, P < 0.05), owner of residential property (β = -7.543, P < 0.05), high self-esteem (β = 0.612, P < 0.05) and good relationship and family dynamic (β = 1.391, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Developing interventions aimed at psychological resilience determinants may assist OA youths in coping with future threats.

Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: a systematic review psychometrics properties using the COSMIN

Background

Psychometrical evaluation of persons of diverse contexts and different populations, including general or clinical.

Objective

This review study aimed to evaluate the psychometrics quality of resilience scales.

Methods

International and Iranian databases were searched with MESH terms, including "psychometric", "validity", "reliability", "Connor-Davidson resilience scale", "Resilience scale", for published articles up to 1 February 2023. For each of the selected studies, the risk of bias was evaluated using the COSMIN Risk of Bias Checklist. Then the COSMIN checklist was used to evaluate the entire text of the article for methodological quality.

Results

Considering the inclusion criteria, 80 documents were evaluated. According to the COSMIN's criteria for evaluating the risk of bias, the current study findings revealed the included studies' limitations in assessing the three versions of CD-RISC cross-cultural and content validity as well as their stability (e.g. conducting test re-test), whereas the majority of psychometric studies of CD-RISC-25, and CD-RISC-2 rated as very good or adequate in terms of structural validity. In terms of quality assessment of the included studies, the current study indicated that investigating the structural validity of the CD-RISC was mainly done based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis was absent.

Conclusion

The general result indicates the acceptability of the quality of the studies. However, concerns for measurement properties such as responsiveness and criterion validity as well as the standard error of measurement have been neglected.

A systematic review of the measurement properties of aspects of psychological capacity in older adults

OBJECTIVE

to examine the measurement properties of instruments that have been used to measure aspects of psychological capacity in adults aged 60 years and over.

METHODS

the databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMCARE and Scopus from 2010 were searched using search terms related to psychological capacity, older persons and measurement properties. Both data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were conducted using the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) criteria using Covidence software.

RESULTS

the full text of 326 articles were reviewed and a total of 30 studies were included, plus two further articles identified from reference lists (n = 32). No single instrument measuring psychological capacity was identified. Twenty (n = 20) instruments were identified that measure seven constructs of psychological capacity: Resilience; Sense of coherence; Hope; Mindfulness; Optimism; Attachment to life; Emotional regulation.

CONCLUSIONS

this systematic review identified potential measures of psychological capacity in older adults. The review will inform further work to develop a single comprehensive measure of psychological capacity in older adults.

Feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of a culturally informed intervention to decrease stress and promote well-being in reservation-based Native American Head Start teachers

BACKGROUND

While benefiting from strong cultural ties to family, land and culture Native Americans residing on reservations experience psychological distress at rates 2.5 times that of the general population. Treatment utilization for psychological health in reservation-based communities is low with access to culturally appropriate care lacking. Evidence suggests that for mental health treatment, Native Americans prefer culturally informed care that respects Native perspectives on health and well-being.

METHODS

To decrease stress and promote well-being in tribal Head Start teachers we adapted and implemented a culturally focused intervention within a community-based participatory research framework using mixed methods. Feasibility and acceptability of the adapted 5-session curriculum was tested in a single arm intervention study with a sample of 18 teachers on the Fort Peck Reservation. Participants completed surveys at baseline and upon completion of the intervention. Within session observations and two post-intervention focus groups (n = 8, n = 10) were conducted to elaborate and explain the quantitative results eliciting participant experience of intervention effectiveness and feasibility, acceptably and appropriateness. Implementation outcomes were assessed quantitatively using the Acceptability of Intervention, Intervention Appropriateness, and Feasibility of Intervention measures.

RESULTS

Quantitively, attendance rate overall was 93% with no dropouts. Pretest/posttest surveys were analyzed using t-tests and Hedges g to measure effect size. Contrary to our hypothesis, self-perceived stress showed a small positive effect size, indicating that participants were more stressed post intervention. However, depression decreased, with tribal identity and resilience showing positive effect sizes. Content analysis for the qualitative data collected within session observations and post intervention focus groups revealed how lifetime traumas were affecting participants, providing some explanation for the increase in stress. Teachers reported that the sessions helped their psychological health and well-being, supporting feasibility of future interventions. Acceptability scored highest with a mean (SD) of 4.25 (.84) out of 5, appropriateness 4.18 (.86) and feasibility 4.06 (.96) supporting intervention to be acceptable, appropriate, and feasible.

CONCLUSION

Utilizing a culturally based intervention to buffer stress and support the well-being of reservation-based teachers showed promise in helping them recognize their cultural strengths, stress, and need for ongoing support. Implementation outcomes show that intervention scale-out is feasible.

Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) in a Sample of Nurses

Resilience has been defined as one's ability to maintain a mental health state and overall well-being when undergoing grave stress or facing significant adversity. Numerous resilience-investigating research tools have been developed over the years, with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a self-rated tool presenting valuable psychometric properties, remaining one of the most prominent. We aimed to translate and validate the brief CD-RISC-10 in a convenience sample of 584 nurses in Greece's secondary and tertiary health care system. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis and known-groups validity test and estimated the reliability of the CD-RISC-10. Our confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale had a unifactorial structure since all the model fit indices were very good. Moreover, the reliability of the CD-RISC-10 was very good since the acquired Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were 0.924 and 0.925, respectively. Therefore, the Greek version of the CD-RISC-10 confirmed the factor structure of the original scale and had very good validity and reliability.

Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in Chinese military personnel

Background

The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) is a widely used assessment of resilience. However, psychometric properties of the Chinese version of CD-RISC-10 have not been well investigated in a Chinese military personnel sample.

Methods

A total of 3,129 Chinese military personnel completed the CD-RISC-10, Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Among them, 528 recruits completed the CD-RISC-10, SAS, and SDS again after 3-month basic military training (BMT). Meanwhile, the commanding officers were asked to rate recruits' training performance on the training performance rating scale for recruits (TPRS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was implemented to examine the single-factor model of the CD-RISC-10, and multigroup CFA was conducted to test measurement invariance across military rank (officers vs. enlisted), gender (male vs. female), and time (before and after 3-month BMT). Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω, and test-retest reliability was tested using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The criterion-related validity of CD-RISC was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis between the CD-RISC-10 total score and SAS scores, SDS scores, and training performance ratings.

Results

The single-factor model of the CD-RISC-10 showed adequate fit (CFI = 0.955-0.970, TLI = 0.943-0.962, RMSEA = 0.059-0.072) in all examined subsamples (male, female, officer, and enlisted), and strict invariance was also supported across military rank, gender, and time (ΔCFI ≤ 0.001, ΔTLI ≤ 0.005, ΔRMSEA ≤ 0.006). The CD-RISC-10 showed good internal consistency in all subsamples (Cronbach's α of > 0.93 and McDonald's ω of > 0.93) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.88). Moreover, concurrent and predictive validity with the SAS and SDS scores were good (r = -0.68 to -0.49, p < 0.001). The resilience level of recruits at the beginning of BMT was significantly associated with training performance rated by supervisors after training (r = 0.29, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The psychometric evidence reported in this study suggests that the CD-RISC-10 is a reliable and valid assessment of resilience and a potential predictor for mental health and military performance in Chinese military personnel.

Mindful Parenting: Attachment of Deaf Children and Resilience in Their Mothers

Attachment and resilience are crucial in parent-child interaction. In this study, we investigated the effect of a mindful parenting program on the attachment of deaf children and the resilience of their hearing mothers. The present study was a semi-randomized controlled trial design. Thirty mothers with deaf children were randomly selected from Deaf School in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The intervention group participated in an eight-session mindful parenting program, while the control group did not participate in this program. Both groups completed the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test. The results showed that the intervention significantly and positively influenced the attachment of deaf children and resilience in their mothers in the post-test, and the persistence of this effect was maintained in the follow-up stage (p < .001). This study suggests that mindful parenting can promote attachment of deaf children and resilience in their mothers. In addition, the mothers attested to the social validity of the program.

Development and Rasch Analysis of the 18-Item Health Resilience Profile (HRP)

Existing resilience measures have psychometric shortcomings, and there is no current gold-standard resilience measure. Previous work indicates adults enrolled in a health coaching program may benefit from a resilience measure that is tailored and contextualized to this sample. This two-part study aimed to develop and evaluate a resilience instrument focused on health behavior change in adults in a health coaching program. Two studies were conducted to (1) create a resilience instrument (Health Resilience Profile; HRP) specific to adults attempting health behavior change (n = 427; female = 83.8%; age = 44.5 ± 11.9 years) and to (2) optimize the instrument performance using Rasch analysis (n = 493; female = 62.1%; age = 49.8 ± 12.5 years). Study 1 identified two issues: (1) four unacceptable misfit items and (2) inappropriate rating scale functioning. Study 2 evaluated an improved instrument based on the outcome of study 1 resulting in one more misfit item, and unidimensionality was supported. The new four-category rating scale functioned well. The item-person map indicated that item difficulty distribution was well matched to participants' resilience level, and items were free from measurement error. Finally, items did not show differential item functioning across age, sex, alcohol use, and obesity status. The 18-item HRP is optimized for adults in a health coaching program.

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of abridged Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 (CD-RISC-10) among older adults

Background

Resilience is an ability of an individual to respond positively to environmental challenges. This ability could help elderly people to better cope with their age-related changes and diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Persian version of abridged Connor- Davidson scale of resilience among Iranian elderly people with chronic diseases.

Methods

Standard translation/back-translation procedure was applied to prepare the Persian version of abridged Connor-Davidson scale of resilience (CD-RISC 10-P) and its face and content validity were examined by an expert panel. The internal consistency and reliability of the drafted CD-RISC 10-P were investigated using the Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients. A sample of 400 Muslim and Zoroastrian Persian older adults residing in the city of Yazd, Iran was recruited to assess factor structure of CD-RISC 10-P using the confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

The calculated values of the Cronbach’s alpha (0.89) and ICC (0.90) coefficients were in the within of acceptable range. The confirmatory factor analysis outputs also confirmed the unidimensionality of the CD-RISC 10-P (RMSEA = 0.073, SRMR = 0.030).

Conclusions

The study findings showed that the CD-RISC 10-P is a valid and reliable scale to measure resilience with age-related challenges of chronic diseases among Persian-speaking elderly people. Cross-cultural adaptability of the CD-RISC 10-P is recommended to be assessed in different subgroups of the Iranian elderly people and possibly in other Persian-speaking populations of different countries.

Profiles of Ecosystemic Resilience and Risk: American Indian Adolescent Substance Use during the First Year of the COVID-19 Crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented disruption to the lives of American Indian (AI) adolescents. While reservation-area AI youth already have a higher risk of substance use (SU) compared to their non-AI peers, COVID-19 stressors likely exacerbated this risk. However, COVID-19-specific and general resilience factors may have buffered against increased SU over the course of the pandemic. Using a person-centered, ecosystemic framework of resilience, we used latent profile analysis to identify ecosystemic resilience profiles indicated by general and COVID-19-specific risk and resilience factors, then examined inter-profile changes in alcohol and cannabis use after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic from the spring of 2020 to the spring of 2021. The sample was 2218 reservation-area AI adolescents (7-12th grade; schools = 20; M_age = 15, SD = 1.7; 52% female). Four profiles emerged: Average Risk and Resilience, High Resilience, Low Resilience, and High Risk. Adolescents with a High-Risk profile demonstrated increases in alcohol and cannabis use, while High Resilience youth demonstrated decreases. These findings support the hypothesized COVID-19-specific ecosystemic resilience profiles and the application of a person-centered ecosystemic framework to identify which AI adolescents are most likely to experience substance use changes during a life-altering crisis like COVID-19.

Resilience Among Direct Care Staff in Nursing Homes: Validation of the CD-RISC2

OBJECTIVES

Caring for older adults is a demanding task. Some professionals may find themselves in complex situations for which they may not be prepared. However, the repercussions of these difficult experiences will depend on personal factors. Resilience acts as a buffer against difficulties and experiences. However, its study with first-line caregivers in nursing homes is limited. This study aimed to validate the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2 (CD-RISC2), examine its psychometric properties, and analyze the variables associated with resilience (sociodemographic and professionals´ variables).

METHODS

312 nursing home professionals participated in the study. Besides the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2, they answered questionnaires about good care, burnout, quality of life, person-centered care, and well-being.

RESULTS

The CD-RISC2 showed adequate reliability and test-retest reliability. Good support was found for convergent validity with perceived health, person-directed care, personal growth, life purpose, quality of life and good care, and for discriminant validity with burnout. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study that validates the CD-RISC2 Spanish version with front-line workers in nursing homes showing adequate psychometric properties.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

An abbreviated, simpler, self-assessed version may be more useful than longer versions, especially with professionals with a heavy workload, such as direct care staff in nursing homes.

Resilience, depression and anxiety and hazardous alcohol use behaviour among community dwelling older adults

INTRODUCTION

We examined the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC, including factor structure. Secondly, we examined if resilience factors moderate the association between negative affect and hazardous alcohol use.

METHOD

The sample population consisted of 1,368 community-dwelling older adults. We used standardized questionnaires to collect self-reported data on alcohol use behaviour, depression and anxiety and resilience by using respectively the Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

RESULTS

Of the total sample (N 1.368), 80.1% reported using alcohol. The total sample and the drinking sample reported, respectively, a mean of 65.75 (SD 15.40) and 65.79 (SD 15.90) on the CD-RISC. Concerning the CD-RISC, exploratory factor analysis presents four factors of which three with a good reliability. Moderation analyses reflects that older adults with higher levels of resilient characteristics didn't report an association between negative affect and hazardous drinking. Alternatively, low resilient older adults did report an positive and significant association between negative affect and hazardous drinking.

CONCLUSION

The CD-RISC appeared to be a reliable instrument, containing three factors. In our sample, high resilience moderated the association between negative affect and hazardous drinking and may serve as a buffer against hazardous drinking.

A Mixed-Methods Study to Develop a Resilience Scale for Thai Elderly with Chronic Diseases and Depression

This study was an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to develop a resilience scale for Thai elderly with chronic diseases and depression. The qualitative findings from the focus group discussion with 6 participants were used to develop a resilience scale, and the scale was then tested on 310 samples to check the reliability and validity of the scale. The qualitative results showed that resilience was defined in 3 themes: My Characteristics, My Abilities, and My Dependencies, which were composed of 9 different categories. The results of the quantitative examination showed that all 21 items of the resilience scale had a good corrected item-total correlation and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85 indicated that the scale was internally consistent and highly reliable. The construct validity of the resilience scale was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and revealed that the resilience model was consistent with the empirical data based on the goodness-of-fit index (chi - square = 161.51, df = 186, p value = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.000). All the results show that the resilience scale has excellent and appropriate psychological properties. Health-care workers can use the resilience scale to assess the elderly and develop a resilience-promoting program specifically for the elderly with chronic diseases and depression to improve the well-being of the elderly.

Development of resilience scale for older adults

OBJECTIVES

Older adults are more likely to encounter adverse life events and have protective factors that are different from other populations. Currently, there is no resilience scale designed exclusively for older adults. This study aims at developing a new measurement scale for assessing resilience of older adults.

METHODS

Items of Resilience Scale for Older Adults (RSOA) was generated from thorough literature review. A multiple stage method was applied to examine the psychometric properties of the scale. In pretesting, items that did not meet the psychometric criteria were removed. A sample of 368 older adults was collected in the main survey to perform preliminary item selection and removal, reliability and construct validity analyses. Another survey on 76 samples was then conducted to assess test-retest reliability of the scale.

RESULTS

RSOA that comprised four constructs (personal strength, meaning and purpose of life, family support, and social support) with a total of 15 items was developed with good reliability and validity. Cronbach's α of the scale was 0.882. All the four constructs were found significantly correlated with life satisfaction of older adults.

CONCLUSIONS

The RSOA is a reliable means of assessing psychological and physical resilience of older people as well as predicting their satisfaction with life. The study may also provide important information about elderly coping with adversity.

Assessment of physicians' resilience level during the COVID-19 pandemic

We aim to assess physicians' level of resilience and define factors that improve or decrease the resilience level during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physicians from hospitals located in areas with different COVID-19 caseload levels, were invited to participate in a national e-survey between April and May 2020. Study participants were mainly emergency physicians, and anaesthesiologists, infectious disease consultants, and intensive care. The survey assessed participant's characteristics, factors potentially associated with resilience, and resilience using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (RISC-25), with higher scores indicative of greater resilience. Factors associated with the resilience score were assessed using a multivariable linear regression. Of 451 responding physicians involved in the care of COVID-19 patients, 442 were included (98%). Age was 36.1 ± 10.3 years and 51.8% were male; 63% worked in the emergency department (n = 282), 10.4% in anesthesiology (n = 46), 9.9% in infectious disease department (n = 44), 4.8% in intensive care unit (n = 21) or other specialties (n = 49). The median RISC-25 score was at 69 (IQR 62-75). Factors associated with higher RISC scores were anesthesia as a specialty, parenthood, no previous history of anxiety or depression and nor increased anxiety. To conclude, this study is the first to characterize levels of resilience among physicians involved in COVID-19 unit. Our data points to certain protective characteristics and some detrimental factors, such as anxiety or depression, that could be amenable to remediating or preventing strategies to promote resilience and support caregivers in a pandemic.

Modeling and analyzing hospital to home transition processes of frail older adults using the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM)

The main purpose of this study was to model and analyze hospital to home transition processes of frail older adults in order to identify the challenges within this process. A multi-phase, multi-sited and mixed methods design was utilized, in which, Phase 1 included collecting semi-structured interviews and focus group data, and Phase 2 consisted of six patient/caregiver dyad prospective case studies. This study was conducted in three hospitals in three cities in a single province in Canada. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was employed to model daily operations of the transition process. The perspectives of both healthcare providers and patients/caregivers were used to build the FRAM model. The transition model was then tested using a customized version of the FRAM. The six patient/caregiver cases were used in the process of testing the FRAM model. The results of building the FRAM model showed that five categories of functions contributed to the transition model, including admission, assessment, synthesis, decision-making, and readmission. The outcomes of using the customized version of the FRAM revealed challenges affecting the transition process including waitlists for geriatric units, team-based care, lack of a discharge planner, financial concerns, and follow-up plans. The findings of this study could assist managers and other decision makers to improve the transition processes of frail older adults by addressing these challenges. The FRAM method employed in this study can be applied widely to identify work practices that are more or less successful, so that procedures and practices can be adapted to nudge healthcare processes towards paths that will yield better outcomes.

Psychometric properties of two abbreviated Connor-Davidson Resilience scales in Chinese infertile couples

PURPOSE

This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 10-item and 2-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the agreement between these two versions, and the measurement invariance of the CD-RISC-10 across genders in Chinese infertile couples.

METHODS

A total of 170 infertile couples were enrolled from an infertility outpatient clinic between September 2019 and January 2020. The CD-RISC scores were tested for floor and ceiling effects. Reliability was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's α. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by bivariate correlations between resilience and infertility-related stress, depression, anxiety, and two divergent variables. Agreement between the two versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. A multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the measurement equivalence of CD-RISC-10 across genders.

RESULTS

No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Internal consistencies of CD-RISC-10 and CD-RISC-2 were 0.91 and 0.63, respectively. The CFA analysis indicated an excellent model fit for a one-factor structure of CD-RISC-10 (TLI > 0.950, CFI > 0.950, RMSEA < 0.060). Both scales displayed good convergent and divergent validity, and the agreement between them was significant with an ICC of 0.80 (95% CI ranging from 0.76 to 0.84). Measurement invariance across genders was supported by multigroup CFA, and a higher level of resilience was found in men than in women.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed significant reliability, validity, and stability of CD-RISC-10 and acceptable internal consistency and validity of CD-RISC-2. CD-RISC-10 is recommended as a resilience measure in clinical evaluations of infertile patients.

Resilience in the Orthopaedic Patient

➤

Resilience is a dynamic psychological construct that refers to the ability to adapt and improve when facing adversity or other stressors.

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Recent investigations in various orthopaedic subspecialties have demonstrated that resilience may contribute to favorable mental health and physical function after a surgical procedure.

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More research, using well-designed prospective studies, is necessary to better define the role that resilience and other factors play in the health and outcomes of patients with orthopaedic conditions.

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Orthopaedic surgeons can consider incorporating resilience assessments into their practices to aid in identifying patients who will do well with a surgical procedure and those who may benefit from specialized therapy to optimize their health and function.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 10-item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) among adolescent mothers in Peru

The objective of this research is to assess the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in order to contribute to the literature identifying validated resilience measures in low-resource settings where individuals face significant adversity. This cross-sectional study included 789 adolescent mothers who delivered at a maternity hospital in Lima, Peru. The Spanish version of the 10-item CD-RISC was used to measure resilience. Internal consistency and construct validity were assessed by evaluating individual item characteristics as well as the association of CD-RISC score with symptoms of depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to test the factorial structure of the CD-RISC. The CD-RISC was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85). CD-RISC scores were positively associated with school attendance, financial hardship, and history of childhood abuse; scores were negatively associated with household dysfunction, depression, anxiety and poor sleep quality. The results of the EFA showed that the CD-RISC contained a two-factor solution, which accounted for 46% of the variance. Overall, these findings suggest that the Spanish-language version of the CD-RISC-10 is an adequate measure of resilience in this population. Further research is needed to incorporate culturally-specific constructs into resilience measures.

Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale among Finnish older adults

OBJECTIVES

Resilience, the ability to bounce back after adverse events may be an important factor in active aging. The 10-item version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10) seems suitable for aging research owing to its low participant burden; however, its psychometric properties have not been comprehensively reported for older people. For example, no estimate exists of the test-retest reliability of the scale when used with older adults. Hence, this study evaluated the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC10 in a large population-based sample of community-dwelling older people.

METHOD

The scale's internal consistency, factor structure, construct validity, test-retest reliability, and user experience were analyzed among 1018 Finnish older adults (57% women) aged 75 (45%), 80 (33%) and 85 years (22%).

RESULTS

The internal consistency of the CD-RISC10 was good (Cronbach's α = 0.85), test-retest reliability moderate (ICC = 0.61), and the scale was unidimensional. However, a two-factor solution was found among the 75-year-olds, where the ability to deal positively with change (e.g. using humor) explained an additional part of resilience. While no differences by gender, age, or education were observed in total scores, very good perceived financial situation was associated with higher resilience. The scale showed good construct validity, and user feedback indicated that administering the scale in research is quick and easy.

CONCLUSION

In general, the CD-RISC10 is a valid method to study older adults' psychological resilience. However, the present test-retest reliability values suggest caution in using the scale as an outcome measure in intervention studies.

An investigation on the status of resilience amongst adults with blindness in Addis Ababa

Background

Living with blindness for anyone, whether educated or uneducated, rich or poor, with adequate support or without it is seriously limiting. The quality of life of people with blindness is significantly influenced by the level of resilience they possess. The status of resilience of adults with blindness living in Addis Ababa is not known.

Objectives

Against this backdrop, this study was designed to explore the level of resilience of Adults living with blindness. The influence of some demographics on resilience was also examined.

Method

Survey design was employed to carry out the intended objectives of this stud. Data was collected from a random sample of 220 adults with blindness living in Addis Ababa using Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-test and one way ANOVA followed by Scheffe post hoc comparisons were used to analyse the data.

Results

The results revealed that the level of resilience of adults with blindness was found below the average score with a mean score of 46.11. Participants’ gender, time of onset of blindness, marital status and education seemed to influence resilience of blind adults.

Conclusion

Adults having blindness currently living in Addis Ababa are less resilient than needed. Resilience of adults with blindness is differentiated by their demographic characteristics. These people need an integrated effort to enhance their resilience capacity by reducing the barriers and challenges they encounter and promoting protective resources through the different wings of disability related services.

Resilience is associated with importance of quitting in homeless adult smokers

OBJECTIVE

The prevalence of cigarette smoking in homeless populations is disproportionately high with rates between 57 and 80%. Resilience may affect a smoker's ability to successfully quit smoking. This cross-sectional study examined the association between resilience levels and smoking behaviors in homeless adults.

METHOD

Fifty-nine homeless adults were recruited from a large multi-service homelessness agency in the northeast United States. Surveys were administered to measure smoking behaviors and resilience.

RESULTS

Most participants were current smokers (83.1%), with more than half (67.1%) identifying as "moderate smokers" (smoking 10-20 cigarettes per day). Of the current smokers, 93.9% reported smoking daily and 71.4% had tried to quit at least once in their lifetime. The number of quit attempts was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with one's contemplation of quitting (r = 0.29) and how one viewed importance of quitting (r = 0.33). Resilience levels were significantly associated with how participants ranked importance of quitting (r = 0.37). Smokers reported a high desire to quit smoking, but level of confidence in their ability to quit was low. Difficulty in finding stable housing and social support were reported as barriers to quitting.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates an association between importance of quitting and resilience levels in homeless adult smokers. Future work is needed to examine whether resilience is related to successful smoking cessation in homeless adults, and whether resilience levels can be increased with targeted interventions.

Developing a model of resilience in older adulthood: a qualitative meta-synthesis

The study of resilience in an older adult population is expanding rapidly. However, most theoretical models of resilience have been developed with children or young to middle-aged adults. The objective of the present study was to review systematically the qualitative literature examining resilience in older adults, and to develop a comprehensive model of resilience in older adulthood. A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted to review the qualitative literature examining resilience from older adults’ perspectives. An exhaustive search of the literature revealed 1,752 articles. From these articles, 34 studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Across the 34 studies analysed, eight themes were revealed as important for achieving resilience later in life: perseverance and determination, self-efficacy and independence, purpose and meaning, positive perspective, social support, faith and prayer, previous experience and being proactive. These themes can be organised into a four-factor model: (a) Intrapersonal Protective Factors; (b) Interpersonal Protective Factors; (c) Spiritual Protective Factors; and (d) Experiential Protective Factors. This study presents a new model of resilience in older adulthood that is grounded in qualitative literature and is relevant and appropriate for an older adult population. This research may be useful for clinicians, support workers and researchers working with older individuals through improving our understanding of what contributes to resilience later in life.

Rasch calibration of the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

Rasch modeling was used to examine the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale within adults (n = 410) in a weight management program. Rasch analysis assessed model-data fit, item difficulty and person's resilience level, an item-person map to evaluate relative distribution items and persons, and rating scale function. Four misfit items were identified and removed. Item difficulty ranged from 1.25 to 1.19 logits (higher logit values indicate more difficult items). Persons' resilience level had wide distribution (resilience = 2.27 ± 1.56 logits). Item difficulty levels did not adequately assess higher resilience levels. An improved inventory that measures a wider range of resilient behaviors would improve measurement quality.

Impacts of Environmental Changes on Well-Being in Indigenous Communities in Eastern Canada

Climate change and natural resource exploitation can affect Indigenous people's well-being by reducing access to ecosystem services, in turn impeding transmission of traditional knowledge and causing mental health problems. We used a questionnaire based on the Environmental Distress Scale (EDS) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) to examine the impacts of environmental changes on 251 members of four Indigenous communities in the eastern Canadian boreal forest. We also considered the potential mitigating effects of sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, parenthood, and time spent on the land) and protective factors (i.e., health, quality of life, resilience, life on the land, life in the community, and support from family and friends). Using linear regression, model selection, and multi-model inference, we show that the felt impacts of environmental changes increased with age but were lower for participants with higher quality of life. The effect of resilience was opposite to expectations: more resilient participants felt more impacts. This could be because less resilient individuals ceased to go on the land when environmental changes exceeded a given threshold; thus, only the most resilient participants could testify to the impacts of acute changes. Further research will be needed to test this hypothesis.

Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) in Chinese undergraduates and depressive patients

BACKGROUDS

The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) is a widely self-report questionnaire to assess resilience in different populations, including adolescents, elderly individuals and psychiatric patients. Considering the application of the CD-RISC-10 in depression patients, the present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties, especially the measurement invariance, of the CD-RISC-10 in depressive patient sample.

METHODS

A total of 2230 undergraduates from Hunan Province and 293 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) from psychological clinics participated in our study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the single-factor model of the CD-RISC-10 and the measurement equivalence of the CD-RISC-10 across the clinical (MDD) and non-clinical (undergraduate) samples, as well as gender invariance in the non-clinical sample.

RESULTS

The findings implied that the CD-RISC-10 showed good reliability and validity, including favorable internal consistency and criterion-related validity. The CFA results showed that the strong model fit for a unidimensional structure of the CD-RISC-10 was supported in the clinical (eg., CFI >0.910, TLI >0.900, RMSEA < 0.080) and non-clinical (eg., CFI >0.950, TLI >0.940, RMSEA < 0.060) groups, respectively. Moreover, the scalar invariance of the CD-RISC-10 was supported across the clinical and non-clinical samples (eg., △CFI < 0.009, △TLI < 0.005, ΔRMSEA < 0.003). Similarly, the strict gender invariance was also established in the male (n = 1035) and female (n = 1195) undergraduate samples (eg., △CFI < 0.008, △TLI < 0.004, ΔRMSEA < 0.002).

LIMITATIONS

The inclusion of Chinese individuals only and the absence of depressive patients with comorbidities were our major limitations.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, these psychometric findings not only supported the stability and validity of the CD-RISC-10 for application with different samples in resilience study, but also indicated that the CD-RISC-10 could be an effective instrument for research in depression.

Identifying risk and protective factors related to depressive symptoms among Northern Plains American Indian women cancer survivors

Cancer is the leading cause of death among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women, and depressive symptoms have been linked to higher mortality, but research on depressive symptoms among AIAN cancer patients has been scant. The purpose of this exploratory study was, using the Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence, to examine risk and protective factors related to depressive symptoms in American Indian (AI) women cancer survivors. We examined the relationships of adverse childhood experiences (ACE), perceived health status, resilience, and social support with depressive symptoms in Northern Plains AI women cancer survivors. We used a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling of 73 female cancer survivors (aged 18 years or older) between June 2014 and February 2015. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test three sets of variables in relation to depressive symptoms: (1) sociodemographics, (2) risk factors (ACE and perceived health), and (3) protective factors (psychological resilience and social support). Approximately 47 percent of participants had probable depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with perceived health, psychological resilience, and social support. These results support bolstering existing social support among AI cancer patients and survivors as well as prevention and intervention efforts that strengthen resilience.

Health promotion in the workplaces: fostering resilience in times of organizational change

OBJECTIVES

In 2015, a healthcare reform was undertaken in the province of Quebec (Canada). This amended system resources and structures, resulting in increased work-related stress, retirements, and sick leaves. In this study, we examined associations between stress, psychological distress, and resilience in this context.

METHODS

A subsample of healthcare workers (n = 1008) from the 2014-2015 Eastern Townships population-based survey was used to examine resilience, its distribution among various occupational categories, and whether it moderated associations between stress and psychological distress. Chi-square analyses were used to look for differences between variables. Logistic regressions served to assess the moderating effect of resilience in the associations between stress and psychological distress.

RESULTS

Healthcare workers' resilience was high. Employees with higher resilience are more likely to be older, male, educated, and affluent. One third of workers reported their work as quite or extremely stressful, 56.2% rated it as their main source of stress, and 25.7% reported psychological distress. Despite higher stress, administrators had higher resilience and lower psychological distress. Support staff had higher psychological distress and lower resilience. Occupation involving social staff, technicians, and professionals had higher psychological distress despite lower stress. A positive gradient in the distribution of resilience was observed in the healthcare system hierarchy with higher resilience and lower psychological distress among higher positions (despite equal stress). Higher resilience moderates the negative association between stress and psychological distress.

CONCLUSION

These results support workplace health promotion to foster employee health, particularly in the lower spectrum of the healthcare system hierarchy.

Convergent and divergent validity of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in children with concussion and orthopaedic injury

OBJECTIVE

Psychological resilience is an important predictor of outcome in concussion; however, there is no published evidence of psychometric support for use of a measure of psychological resilience in children with concussion. This study examined construct validity of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a paediatric concussion and orthopaedic injury sample.

METHODS

Seventy-five children with a history of concussion or orthopaedic injury were recruited from a children's hospital. Total sample and within-group correlations between the CD-RISC (25- and 10-item versions) and measures presumed to be related or unrelated to the construct of psychological resilience were analysed.

RESULTS

In the total sample, both versions of the CD-RISC were negatively correlated with self-reported depressive symptoms and general behaviour problems. The 10-item version was also negatively correlated with parent-reported general behaviour problems and self-reported anxiety, and was positively correlated with self-reported quality of life. The injury groups did not exhibit significantly different correlations.

CONCLUSIONS

The construct validity of the CD-RISC is satisfactory when used with children with concussion. The 10-item version may provide a more efficient measure of resiliency with better construct validity in this population.

Looking for capacities rather than vulnerabilities: The moderating effect of health assets on the associations between adverse social position and health

To increase capacities and control over health, it is necessary to foster assets (i.e. factors enhancing abilities of individuals or communities). Acting as a buffer, assets build foundations for overcoming adverse conditions and improving health. However, little is known about the distribution of assets and their associations with social position and health. In this study, we documented the distribution of health assets and examined whether these assets moderate associations between adverse social position and self-reported health. A representative population-based cross-sectional survey of adults in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, Canada (n = 8737) was conducted in 2014. Measures included assets (i.e. resilience, sense of community belonging, positive mental health, social participation), self-reported health (i.e. perceived health, psychological distress), and indicators of social position. Distribution of assets was studied in relation to gender and social position. Logistic regressions examined whether each asset moderated associations between adverse social position and self-reported health. Different distributions of assets were observed with different social positions. Women were more likely to participate in social activities while men were more resilient. Resilience and social participation were moderators of associations between adverse social position (i.e. living alone, lower household income) and self-reported health. Having assets contributes to better health by increasing capacities. Interventions that foster assets and complement current public health services are needed, especially for people in unfavorable situations. Health and social services decision-makers and practitioners could use these findings to increase capacities and resources rather than focusing primarily on preventing diseases and reducing risk factors.

Depression, Suicidal Behaviour, and Mental Disorders in Older Aboriginal Australians

Aboriginal Australians experience higher levels of psychological distress, which may develop from the long-term sequelae of social determinants and adversities in early and mid-life. There is little evidence available on the impact of these on the mental health of older Aboriginal Australians. This study enrolled 336 Aboriginal Australian participants over 60 years from 5 major urban and regional areas in NSW, utilizing a structured interview on social determinants, and life-time history of physical and mental conditions; current psychosocial determinants and mental health. Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to examine the link between these determinants and current depressive scores and suicidality. There was a high rate of life-time depression (33.3%), current late-life depression (18.1%), and suicidal ideation (11.1%). Risk factors strongly associated with late-life depression included sleep disturbances, a history of suicidal behaviour, suicidal ideation in late-life and living in a regional location. This study supports certain historical and psychosocial factors predicting later depression in old age, and highlights areas to target for prevention strategies.

Construct Validity of Scores From the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in a Sample of Postsecondary Students With Disabilities

Although theory posits a multidimensional structure of resilience, studies have supported a unidimensional solution for data obtained from the commonly used Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). This study investigated the latent structure of CD-RISC responses in a sample of postsecondary students with disabilities. Furthermore, the validity of CD-RISC scores was examined with respect to career optimism and well-being. The analyses were conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Results supported a bifactor-ESEM representation of the CD-RISC data that accounts for construct-relevant multidimensionality in scores due to the presence of general and specific factors and the fallibility of indicators as pure reflections of the constructs they measure. Although three specific factors showed meaningful residual specificity over and above the general factor, two specific factors were weakly defined with little meaningful residual specificity. However, these factors may retain some utility in the bifactor-ESEM model insofar as they control for limited levels of residual covariance in items. Evidence was also obtained for relations of the general and substantively interpretable specific factors with career optimism and well-being. The results of the study provide validation data for the CD-RISC and clarify recent research converging on seemingly disparate unidimensional and multidimensional solutions.

Review of Positive Psychology Outcome Measures for Chronic Illness, Traumatic Brain Injury and Older Adults: Adaptability in Dementia?

BACKGROUND

Despite positive psychology being increasingly recognised as an important agent in well-being, there is a lack of standardised outcome measures for psychosocial dementia research. This review assessed positive psychology outcome measures using standardised criterion in populations that were identified as having shared characteristics. It aimed to identify robust measures that were suitable for potential adaption or use within a dementia population.

SUMMARY

The review identified 16 positive psychology outcome measures (and 8 further psychometric assessments of these) within the constructs of resilience, self-efficacy, religiousness/spirituality, life valuation, sense of coherence, autonomy, resourcefulness and a combined measure (CASP-19). Scale development studies were subject to a quality assessment, and most were found to be lacking information on reproducibility and responsiveness.

KEY MESSAGES

A wide range of measures within the constructs of positive psychology was identified as having potential utility for psychosocial research within a dementia population. Examples included the CD-RISC, GSWB, SWLS, MPAQ, RSOA and CASP-19. It is recommended that such scales are further adapted or validated for people with dementia. Underreporting of appropriate psychometric analyses hampered this review, and it is recommended that future authors endeavour to report such analyses.

Resilience measurement in later life: a systematic review and psychometric analysis

OBJECTIVES

To systematically review and examine the psychometric properties of established resilience scales in older adults, i.e. ≥60 years.

METHODS

A systematic review of Scopus and Web of Science databases was undertaken using the search strategy "resilience" AND (ageing OR aging)". Independent title/abstract and fulltext screening were undertaken, identifying original peer-reviewed English articles that conducted psychometric validation studies of resilience metrics in samples aged ≥60 years. Data on the reliability/validity of the included metrics were extracted from primary studies.

RESULTS

Five thousand five hundred nine studies were identified by the database search, 426 used resilience psychometrics, and six psychometric analysis studies were included in the final analysis. These studies conducted analyses of the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and its shortened 10-item version (CD-RISC10), the Resilience Scale (RS) and its shortened 5- (RS-5) and 11- (RS-11) item versions, and the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS). All scales demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency, convergent/discriminant validity and theoretical construct validity. Factor structures for the RS, RS-11 and CD-RISC diverged from the structures in the original studies.

CONCLUSION

The RS, RS-5, RS-11, CD-RISC, CD-RISC10 and BRCS demonstrate psychometric robustness adequate for continued use in older populations. However, results from the current study and pre-existing theoretical construct validity studies most strongly support the use of the RS, with modest and preliminary support for the CD-RISC and BRCS, respectively. Future studies assessing the validity of these metrics in older populations, particularly with respect to factor structure, would further strengthen the case for the use of these scales.

The 10-Item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Factorial Structure, Reliability, Validity, and Correlates Among Student Nurses in Southwestern Nigeria

BACKGROUND

The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) has demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties as a measure of resilience in all the previous studies conducted in developed countries.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to explore the psychometric characteristics of the 10-item CD-RISC among students nurses in southwestern Nigeria.

DESIGN

This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a total of 449 student nurses who completed the 10-item CD-RISC in addition to measures of self-esteem, depression, religiosity, and psychological distress.

RESULTS

The scale demonstrated adequate reliability (Cronbach's α = .81) and satisfactory validity with significant correlations with the measures of self-esteem, depression, religiosity, and psychological distress. Factor analyses revealed that resilience was best explained by a two-factor construct.

CONCLUSIONS

The scale is a valid measure of resilience among Nigerian student nurses.

Erste Analyse der psychometrischen Eigenschaften und Struktur der deutschsprachigen 10- und 25-Item Version der Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)

Zusammenfassung. Die Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) wurde 2003 konzipiert, um das Konstrukt der Resilienz zu messen. In dieser Studie wurden die ersten deutschsprachigen Übersetzungen der 10- und 25 Item-Version der CD-RISC untersucht. Der Frage nach der faktoriellen Struktur des Selbstratingfragebogens im Original und in Übersetzungen wurde bereits in internationalen Studien nachgegangen, wobei unterschiedliche Faktorenstrukturen gefunden wurden. Fragestellung: Was sind die faktoriellen und psychometrischen Eigenschaften der deutschsprachigen CD-RISC Fassung? Methoden: An einer Stichprobe von 201 gesunden Probanden wurde mit einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse untersucht, welche Komponenten die Datenstruktur am besten beschreiben. Konvergente Validität wurde mit der deutschen Version der Resilienzskala (RS-25) von Wagnild und Young (1993) , Test-Retest-Reliabilität wurde mit erneuter Messung der CD-RISC nach sechs Monaten überprüft. Zusätzlich wurden Korrelationen zu Persönlichkeitsfacetten mittels dem NEO-Fünf-Faktoren Inventar (NEO-FFI: Borkenau & Ostendorf, 1993 ) zur Überprüfung der diskriminanten Validität berechnet. Ergebnisse: Die Exploration der Komponentenstruktur ergab eine eindimensionale Struktur für beide Versionen der deutschensprachigen CD-RISC. Test-Retest-Reliabilität, konvergente und diskriminante Validität waren zufriedenstellend. Die CD-RSIC kann als valides and reliables Messinstrument zur Erfassung des Konstrukts der Resilienz betrachtet werden.

Resilience in Organ Transplantation: An Application of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) With Liver Transplant Candidates

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a chronic and debilitating condition associated with substantial psychological stress, morbidity, and mortality. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor & Davidson, 2003 ) is a commonly used resilience measure. This research examined the validity of the CD-RISC among ESLD patients (N = 120) using exploratory factor analysis. Results supported a single-factor solution after removing poorly loading items. The CD-RISC also was correlated with measures of depression, anxiety, quality of life, social support, age, and cognitive ability, thus providing evidence to support its construct validity. Future research should confirm this factor structure and examine its predictive validity prior to widespread use among ESLD patients. This research represents the first step in this process and proposes an alternative version of the CD-RISC for this population.

The association of resilience with mental and physical health among older American Indians: the Native Elder Care Study

We examined the association of resilience with measures of mental and physical health in a sample of older American Indians (AIs). A validated scale measuring resilience was administered to 185 noninstitutionalized AIs aged>=55 years. Unadjusted analyses revealed that higher levels of resilience were associated with lower levels of depressive symptomatology and chronic pain, and with higher levels of mental and physical health. Resilience remained significantly associated with depressive symptomatology after controlling for demographic and other health measures. Our findings suggest that resilience among older AIs has important implications for some aspects of mental and physical health.