1
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, Chokshi C, Venugopal C, Ashford JW, Singh SK. Alkylating agents are possible inducers of glioblastoma and other brain tumors. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241256598. [PMID: 38758727 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241256598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence of an association between exposure to chemical carcinogens and an increased risk for development of glioblastoma (GBM) is limited to weak statistical associations in cohorts of firefighters, farmers, residents exposed to air pollution, and soldiers exposed to toxic chemicals (e.g., military burn pits, oil-well fire smoke). A history of ionizing radiation therapy to the head or neck is associated with an increased risk of GBM. Ionizing radiation induces point mutations, frameshift mutations, double-strand breaks, and chromosomal insertions or deletions. Mutational profiles associated with chemical exposures overlap with the broad mutational patterns seen with ionizing radiation. Data on 16 agents (15 chemicals and radio frequency radiation) that induced tumors in the rodent brain were extracted from 602 Technical Reports on 2-years cancer bioassays found in the National Toxicology Program database. Ten of the 15 chemical agents that induce brain tumors are alkylating agents. Three of the 15 chemical agents have idiosyncratic structures and might be alkylating agents. Only two of the 15 chemical agents are definitively not alkylating agents. The rat model is thought to be of possible relevance to humans suggesting that exposure to alkylating chemicals should be considered in epidemiology studies on GBM and other brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Pacific Palisades, CA, USA
| | | | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Center for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Center for Discovery in Cancer Research (CDCR), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Microcystic Cerebral Neoplasm in a Nilgai Antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus): Putative Microcystic Meningioma. J Comp Pathol 2021; 186:69-72. [PMID: 34340806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumours of the nervous system are rare in wild and captive mammals. In this report, we describe an intracranial, solid, space-occupying lesion originating from the meninges in a Nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Histologically, the tumour had a conspicuous microcystic appearance with features similar to the histological subtype of microcystic meningioma described in humans. This is the first such tumour reported in this species.
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3
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Kútna V, Uttl L, Waltereit R, Krištofiková Z, Kaping D, Petrásek T, Hoschl C, Ovsepian SV. Tuberous Sclerosis (tsc2+/-) Model Eker Rats Reveals Extensive Neuronal Loss with Microglial Invasion and Vascular Remodeling Related to Brain Neoplasia. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:329-339. [PMID: 31820275 PMCID: PMC7007483 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by frequent noncancerous neoplasia in the brain, which can induce a range of severe neuropsychiatric symptoms in humans, resulting from out of control tissue growth. The causative spontaneous loss-of-function mutations have been also identified in rats. Herein, we studied histopathological and molecular changes in brain lesions of the Eker rat model carrying germline mutation of the tsc2 gene, predisposed to multiple neoplasias. Predominant subcortical tumors were analyzed, along with a rare form occurring within the pyriform lobe. The uniform composition of lesions supports the histochemical parity of malformations, with immunofluorescence data supporting their neuro-glial origin. Massive depletion of mature neurons and axonal loss were evident within lesions, with occasional necrotic foci implying advanced stage of pathology. Enrichment of mesenchymal-derived cell markers with hallmarks of neurogenesis and active microglia imply enhanced cell proliferation, with local immune response. The depletion of capillaries within the core was complemented by the formation of dense mesh of nascent vessels at the interface of neoplasia with healthy tissue, implying large-scale vascular remodeling. Taken as a whole, these findings present several novel features of brain tumors in Eker rat model, rendering it suitable for studies of the pathobiology and progression of primary brain tumors, with therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Kútna
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Uttl
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Waltereit
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zdenka Krištofiková
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kaping
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Petrásek
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V. Ovsepian
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
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4
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Sacaan A, Thibault S, Khan KN. Central nervous system tumors in 2-year rat carcinogenicity studies: perspectives on human risk assessment. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:643-655. [PMID: 31588056 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rodent in vivo carcinogenicity bioassays are required for human risk assessment and have been utilized in this capacity for decades. Accordingly, there is an abundance of data that could be accessed and analyzed to better understand the translatability of xenobiotic-induced rodent tumors to human risk assessment. In the past decade, various groups have published assessments of the value garnered by these life-time rodent studies. Results and recommendations from the International Council for Harmonization Expert Working Group (ICH-S1 EWG) on the predictability of the current testing paradigm and proposal for an integrated approach to human carcinogenicity risk assessment are pending. Central nervous system (CNS) tumors in rats are rare and translatability to human remains unknown. This review focuses on microglial cell tumors (MCT) of the CNS in rats including its classification, nomenclature, incidence and translatability to human risk assessment. Based on emerging immunohistochemistry (IHC) characterization, glial tumors previously thought of astrocytic origin are more likely MCTs. These may be considered rodent specific and glucose dysregulation may be one component contributing to their formation. Based on review of the literature, MCTs are rarely diagnosed in humans, thus this tumor type may be rat-specific. We propose to include MCTs as a tumor type in revised International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) classification and all glial tumors to be classified as MCTs unless proven otherwise by IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Sacaan
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development
| | | | - K Nasir Khan
- Pfizer Inc. Drug Safety Research and Development
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Bolon B, Krinke GJ, Pardo ID. Essential References for Structural Analysis of the Peripheral Nervous System for Pathologists and Toxicologists. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:87-95. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623319868160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toxicologic neuropathology for the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a vital but often underappreciated element of basic translational research and safety assessment. Evaluation of the PNS may be complicated by unfamiliarity with normal nerve and ganglion biology, which differs to some degree among species; the presence of confounding artifacts related to suboptimal sampling and processing; and limited experience with differentiating such artifacts from genuine disease manifestations and incidental background changes. This compilation of key PNS neurobiology, neuropathology, and neurotoxicology references is designed to allow pathologists and toxicologists to readily access essential information that is needed to enhance their proficiency in evaluating and interpreting toxic changes in PNS tissues from many species.
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Brändli-Baiocco A, Balme E, Bruder M, Chandra S, Hellmann J, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kambara T, Landes C, Lenz B, Mense M, Rittinghausen S, Satoh H, Schorsch F, Seeliger F, Tanaka T, Tsuchitani M, Wojcinski Z, Rosol TJ. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rat and Mouse Endocrine System. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:1S-95S. [PMID: 30158740 PMCID: PMC6108091 DOI: 10.1293/tox.31.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions in Rats and Mice) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative among
the Societies of Toxicological Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan
(JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for
proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this
publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions
observed in the endocrine organs (pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and pancreatic islets) of laboratory rats and mice,
with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of the lesions. The standardized
nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. A
widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for endocrine
lesions in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific
research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase
and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and
pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Brändli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Bruder
- Compugen, Inc., Nonclinical Safety, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | | | - Christian Landes
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Iwate University, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Frank Seeliger
- AstraZeneca Pathology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Tohkai Cytopathology Institute, Cancer Research and Prevention, Gifu, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuchitani
- LSI Medience Corporation, Nonclinical Research Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Athens, Ohio, USA
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7
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Inohana M, Eguchi A, Nakamura M, Nagahara R, Watanabe Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Choroid plexus carcinoma with neuronal and glial differentiation in a 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rat. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:611-615. [PMID: 29459500 PMCID: PMC5938188 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of choroid plexus carcinoma arising in the cerebrum of a 7-week-old
male Sprague-Dawley rat. The tumor mass occupied the right lateral ventricle of the
cerebrum. Histological analyses revealed that the epithelial tumor cells had proliferated
in tubular, cribriform, papillary and solid growth patterns in the vicinity of the choroid
plexus, with slight invasion into the cerebrum parenchyma. We divided the tumor cells into
cuboidal, elongated and intermediate cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed that these
tumor cells expressed relatively high levels of cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin and glial
fibrillary acidic proteins, and low levels of nestin, oligodendrocyte transcription factor
and doublecortin proteins. The present case was diagnosed as a choroid plexus carcinoma
with neuronal and glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Inohana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ayumi Eguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Misato Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rei Nagahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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8
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Elmore SA, Farman CA, Hailey JR, Kovi RC, Malarkey DE, Morrison JP, Neel J, Pesavento PA, Porter BF, Szabo KA, Teixeira LBC, Quist EM. Proceedings of the 2015 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:502-35. [PMID: 27075180 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2015 Annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the American College of Veterinary Pathologists/American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology/Society of Toxicologic Pathology combined meeting. The goal of this symposium is to present and discuss diagnostic pathology challenges or nomenclature issues. Because of the combined meeting, both laboratory and domestic animal cases were presented. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks, including challenging diagnostic cases or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included hepatocellular lesions, a proposed harmonized diagnostic approach to rat cardiomyopathy, crop milk in a bird, avian feeding accoutrement, heat exchanger in a tuna, metastasis of a tobacco carcinogen-induced pulmonary carcinoma, neurocytoma in a rat, pituicytoma in a rat, rodent mammary gland whole mounts, dog and rat alveolar macrophage ultrastructure, dog and rat pulmonary phospholipidosis, alveolar macrophage aggregation in a dog, degenerating yeast in a cat liver aspirate, myeloid leukemia in lymph node aspirates from a dog, Trypanosoma cruzi in a dog, solanum toxicity in a cow, bovine astrovirus, malignant microglial tumor, and nomenclature challenges from the Special Senses International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Neel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin M Quist
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Abstract
A 3-yr-old female spayed grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) was evaluated for seizure activity along with lethargy, inappetence, dull mentation, and aggressive behavior. Magnetic resonance (MR) examination of the brain revealed a contrast-enhanced right cerebellar mass with multifocal smaller nodules located in the left cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebrum with resultant obstructive hydrocephalus. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mild mononuclear pleocytosis, with differentials including inflammatory versus neoplastic processes. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid were also submitted for polymerase chain reaction and agar gel immunodiffusion to rule out infectious causes of meningitis/encephalitis. While awaiting these results, the bear was placed on steroid and antibiotic therapy. Over the next week, the bear deteriorated; she died 1 wk after MR. A complete postmortem examination, including immunohistochemisty, revealed the cerebellar mass to be a medulloblastoma. This is the only case report, to the authors' knowledge, describing a medulloblastoma in a grizzly bear.
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10
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Bianchi E, Bombardi C, Bassi P, Bolcato M, Gentile A, Militerno G. Bilateral Trochlear Nerve Palsy as a Consequence of Cerebellar Medulloblastoma: Clinical and Pathological Findings in a Calf. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1117-21. [PMID: 26110579 PMCID: PMC4895356 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - C Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Bassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Militerno
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Treumann S, Buesen R, Gröters S, Eichler JO, van Ravenzwaay B. Occurrence of Pineal Gland Tumors in Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies in Wistar Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:838-43. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315572700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pineal gland tumors are very rare brain lesions in rats as well as in other species including humans. A total of 8 (out of 1,360 examined) Wistar rats from 3 different combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity or mere carcinogenicity studies revealed pineal gland tumors. The tumors were regarded to be spontaneous and unrelated to treatment. The morphology and immunohistochemical evaluation led to the diagnosis malignant pinealoma. The main characteristics that were variably developed within the tumors were the following: cellular atypia, high mitotic index, giant cells, necrosis, Homer Wright rosettes, Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes and pseudorosettes, positive immunohistochemical reaction for synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase. The pineal gland is not a protocol organ for histopathological examination in carcinogenicity studies. Nevertheless, the pineal gland can occasionally be encountered on the routine brain section or if it is the origin of a tumor protruding into the brain, the finding will be recorded. Therefore, although known to be a rare tumor in rats, pineal neoplasms should be included in the list of possible differential diagnoses for brain tumors, especially when the tumor is located in the region of the pineal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Treumann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Buesen
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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12
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Bertrand L, Mukaratirwa S, Bradley A. Incidence of spontaneous central nervous system tumors in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley, Han-Wistar, and Wistar rats used in carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:1168-73. [PMID: 24499801 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313518114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and range of spontaneous central nervous system tumors were determined in control Charles River rodents (Sprague-Dawley, Han-Wistar, Wistar rats, and CD-1 mice) from regulatory carcinogenicity studies carried out over the period 2002 to 2013 and were compared with the previously published data. In both species, the brain was notably more affected than the spinal cord. Incidences were comparable overall between rat strains (2.33%, 2.54%, and 2.89% in Wistar, Sprague-Dawley, and Han-Wistar strains, respectively) and were low in CD-1 mice (0.42% in 104-week studies and 0.2% in 80-week studies). Predominant tumor types were granular cell tumors in Wistar and Han-Wistar rats and malignant astrocytoma in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were more frequently affected than females, but no sex predilection was apparent in CD-1 mice. Occasional early-onset tumors were diagnosed in rats from study week 23 onward. It is hoped that these results will provide the pathologist and the toxicologist with an up-to-date database of background neoplastic findings in widely used rodent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bertrand
- Bayer CropScience - Toxicologic Pathology, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sydney Mukaratirwa
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Dixon D, Alison R, Bach U, Colman K, Foley GL, Harleman JH, Haworth R, Herbert R, Heuser A, Long G, Mirsky M, Regan K, Van Esch E, Westwood FR, Vidal J, Yoshida M. Nonproliferative and proliferative lesions of the rat and mouse female reproductive system. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:1S-107S. [PMID: 25516636 PMCID: PMC4253081 DOI: 10.1293/tox.27.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicological Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in the female reproductive tract of laboratory rats and mice, with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of some lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. There is also a section on normal cyclical changes observed in the ovary, uterus, cervix and vagina to compare normal physiological changes with pathological lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for female reproductive tract lesions in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Dixon
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National
Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger Alison
- Roger Alison Ltd, Pathology Consultancy Services, Caerfyrddin
Fach, Cilcennin, Lampeter, SA48 8RN, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Bach
- Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis, East
Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Haworth
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12
ODP, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Herbert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National
Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anke Heuser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation
Center Basel, Grenzacher Strasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerald Long
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana,
USA
| | - Michael Mirsky
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton,
Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Eric Van Esch
- InSight Pathology BV, Chopinlaan 6, Oss, The
Netherlands
| | | | - Justin Vidal
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Nagatani M, Kudo K, Yamakawa S, Ohira T, Yamaguchi Y, Ikezaki S, Suzuki I, Saito T, Hoshiya T, Tamura K, Uchida K. Occurrence of Spontaneous Tumors in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of F344 and SD Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:263-73. [PMID: 24155559 PMCID: PMC3787604 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to accurately assess the carcinogenicity of chemicals with regard to rare
tumors such as rat CNS tumors, sufficient information about spontaneous tumors are very
important. This paper presents the data on the type, incidence and detected age of CNS
tumors in F344/DuCrlCrlj (a total of 1363 males and 1363 females) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (a
total of 1650 males and 1705 females) collected from in-house background data-collection
studies and control groups of carcinogenicity studies at our laboratory, together with
those previously reported in F344 and SD rats. The present data on F344/DuCrlCrlj rats
(F344 rats) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (SD rats) clarified the following. (1) The incidences of
all CNS tumors observed in F344 rats were less than 1%. (2) The incidences of malignant
astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in male SD rats than in female SD rats.
(3) The incidences of astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in SD rats than in
F344 rats. (4) Among astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and granular cell tumor,
oligodendroglioma was detected at the youngest age, followed by astrocytoma, and
ultimately, granular cell tumor developed in both strains. The incidences observed in our
study were almost consistent with those previously reported in F344 and SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Division, BOZO Research Center Inc., 164-2 Wada-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan
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15
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Medina FS, Hunt GR, Gray RD, Wild JM, Kubke MF. Perineuronal satellite neuroglia in the telencephalon of New Caledonian crows and other Passeriformes: evidence of satellite glial cells in the central nervous system of healthy birds? PeerJ 2013; 1:e110. [PMID: 23904989 PMCID: PMC3728766 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia have been implicated in a variety of functions in the central nervous system, including the control of the neuronal extracellular space, synaptic plasticity and transmission, development and adult neurogenesis. Perineuronal glia forming groups around neurons are associated with both normal and pathological nervous tissue. Recent studies have linked reduction in the number of perineuronal oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex with human schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Therefore, perineuronal glia may play a decisive role in homeostasis and normal activity of the human nervous system. Here we report on the discovery of novel cell clusters in the telencephala of five healthy Passeriforme, one Psittaciform and one Charadriiforme bird species, which we refer to as Perineuronal Glial Clusters (PGCs). The aim of this study is to describe the structure and distribution of the PGCs in a number of avian species. PGCs were identified with the use of standard histological procedures. Heterochromatin masses visible inside the nuclei of these satellite glia suggest that they may correspond to oligodendrocytes. PGCs were found in the brains of nine New Caledonian crows, two Japanese jungle crows, two Australian magpies, two Indian mynah, three zebra finches (all Passeriformes), one Southern lapwing (Charadriiformes) and one monk parakeet (Psittaciformes). Microscopic survey of the brain tissue suggests that the largest PGCs are located in the hyperpallium densocellulare and mesopallium. No clusters were found in brain sections from one Gruiform (purple swamphen), one Strigiform (barn owl), one Trochiliform (green-backed firecrown), one Falconiform (chimango caracara), one Columbiform (pigeon) and one Galliform (chick). Our observations suggest that PGCs in Aves are brain region- and taxon-specific and that the presence of perineuronal glia in healthy human brains and the similar PGCs in avian gray matter is the result of convergent evolution. The discovery of PGCs in the zebra finch is of great importance because this species has the potential to become a robust animal model in which to study the function of neuron-glia interactions in healthy and diseased adult brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Medina
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland , New Zealand ; Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland , New Zealand
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16
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Nakamura R, Nishimura T, Ochiai T, Nakada S, Nagatani M, Ogasawara H. Availability of a microglia and macrophage marker, iba-1, for differential diagnosis of spontaneous malignant reticuloses from astrocytomas in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:55-60. [PMID: 23723569 PMCID: PMC3620215 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In rats, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish malignant reticuloses from astrocytomas in routine histopathological assessment. In the present study, four spontaneous brain neoplasms developing in the cerebrum of one Wistar Hannover rat and three Sprague-Dawley rats were immunohistochemically examined using microglia and macrophage markers. Histopathologically, these neoplasms were localized mainly in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus or piriform lobe, and the portions showing solid growth did not show characteristic cellular arrangement but had an indistinct boundary with the surrounding brain parenchyma. Neoplastic cells had oval or pleomorphic small nuclei with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Two cases showed neoplastic cell infiltration into the meninges and perivascular spaces. Silver staining showed lack of reticulin fiber production in the stroma of the neoplasms. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were strongly positive for Iba-1 and sporadically positive for CD68 in all four cases. On the basis of these results, all the neoplasms examined here could be distinguished from astrocytomas and diagnosed as malignant reticuloses. Thus, immunohistochemical demonstration of microglia/macrophage characters, such as using Iba-1, is considered to be helpful for differential diagnosis of malignant reticuloses from astrocytomas among spontaneously occurring primary brain neoplasms in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nakamura
- Faculty of Safety & ADME, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomonari Nishimura
- Faculty of Safety & ADME, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Taehito Ochiai
- Faculty of Safety & ADME, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satomi Nakada
- Quality Assurance Section, Tatebayashi Plant, Daiichi Sankyo Propharma Co., Ltd., 2716-1 Kurakake, Chiyoda-machi, Ohra-gun, Gunma 370-0503, Japan
| | - Mariko Nagatani
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Division, BOZO Research Center Inc., 164-2 Wada-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Faculty of Safety & ADME, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Andreollo NA, Santos EFD, Araújo MR, Lopes LR. Rat's age versus human's age: what is the relationship? ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2013; 25:49-51. [PMID: 22569979 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202012000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of mice are used annually in research and teaching. The exact relationship between age of the animals compared with the age of humans is still subject to discussion and controversy. OBJECTIVE Literature review analyzing the age of rats in comparison with men age. METHODS Were reviewed the existing publications on the subject contained in Medline / PUBMED, SciELO, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Lilacs crossing the headings rats, experimental surgery and physiology. RESULTS Rats rapidly develop during childhood and become sexually mature at about six weeks old, but reach social maturity five to six months later. In adulthood, every month of the animal is approximately equivalent to 2.5 human years. Several authors performed experimental studies in rats and estimated 30 days of human life for every day life of the animal. CONCLUSION The differences in anatomy, physiology, development and biological phenomena must be taken into consideration when analyzing the results of any research in rats when age is a crucial factor. Special care is necessary to be taken when the intention is to produce correlation with human life. For this, special attention is needed to verify the phase in days of the animal and its correlation with age in years of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Adami Andreollo
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Experimental Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Nagatani M, Yamakawa S, Saito T, Ando R, Hoshiya T, Tamura K, Uchida K. GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes in spontaneous oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas of rats. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:653-61. [PMID: 23076037 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312463987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is generally said that neoplastic cells are immunohistochemically negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in rat spontaneous astrocytomas, and there are no reports describing the existence of GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes in rat spontaneous oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas which contain neoplastic astrocytes. In the present study, to clarify whether GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes exist in rat spontaneous oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas or not, immunohistochemical examination was performed on spontaneous oligodendrogliomas (26 cases) and mixed gliomas (5 cases) collected from the carcinogenicity studies and short-term toxicity studies. The neoplastic cells that constitute oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas were morphologically classified into five types: round A, round B, round C, spindle, and bizarre. The cells of round A, B, and C types were thought to be neoplastic oligodendrocytes because of their positive immunostainability for Olig2. The origin of bizarre cells was obscure because they were negative for Olig2, GFAP, and nestin. The spindle cells were considered to be neoplastic astrocytes, because some of them were positive for GFAP or nestin, and GFAP-positive spindle cells could be morphologically distinguished from reactive astrocytes. In conclusion, the present study clarified for the first time that GFAP-positive neoplastic astrocytes exist in rat spontaneous gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Pathology Division, Gotemba Laboratories, BOZO Research Center Inc., Shizuoka, Japan.
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19
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Kaufmann W, Bolon B, Bradley A, Butt M, Czasch S, Garman RH, George C, Gröters S, Krinke G, Little P, McKay J, Narama I, Rao D, Shibutani M, Sills R. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse central and peripheral nervous systems. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:87S-157S. [PMID: 22637737 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312439125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Harmonization of diagnostic nomenclature used in the pathology analysis of tissues from rodent toxicity studies will enhance the comparability and consistency of data sets from different laboratories worldwide. The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of four major societies of toxicologic pathology to develop a globally recognized nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in rodents. This article recommends standardized terms for classifying changes observed in tissues of the mouse and rat central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Sources of material include academic, government, and industrial histopathology databases from around the world. Covered lesions include frequent, spontaneous, and aging-related changes as well as principal toxicant-induced findings. Common artifacts that might be confused with genuine lesions are also illustrated. The neural nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the Internet at the goRENI website (http://www.goreni.org/).
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20
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Sasaki T, Yoshizawa K, Kinoshita Y, Miki H, Kimura A, Yuri T, Uehara N, Tsubura A. Spontaneously occurring intracranial lipomatous hamartoma in a young BALB/c mouse and a literature review. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 25:179-82. [PMID: 22907985 PMCID: PMC3392903 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracranial lipomatous hamartoma was found in the third ventricle of a 7-week-old female BALB/cAnNCrlCrlj mouse. The nodule was composed of mature white adipose cells, which contained one large fat droplet, and there was no evidence of cytological atypia. The brain parenchyma at the retrosplenial granular cortex and the hippocampus in the cerebrum were slightly compressed, and the choroid plexus was dislocated downward. Scattered capillary vessels penetrated the nodule from the surrounding tissue. Based on these findings, the lesion was diagnosed as a lipomatous hamartoma that occurred from the roof of the third ventricle. This extremely rare tumor-like nodule represents an overgrowth of the mature adipocyte population as a malformation rather than a true neoplasm.
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21
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Kolenda-Roberts HM, Harris N, Singletary E, Hardisty JF. Immunohistochemical characterization of spontaneous and acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors in the rat. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:98-108. [PMID: 22821367 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312452492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight spontaneously occurring glial tumors (previously diagnosed as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and gliomas) and eleven granular cell tumors (GCTs) were selected for evaluation using a panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains (Ricinus communis agglutinin type 1 [RCA-1], ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 [Iba-1], OX-6/major immunohistocompatibility complex class II, oligodendrocytes transcription factor 2 [Olig2], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], S100 beta, glutamine synthetase, neurofilament, proliferating cell nuclear antigen). In addition, nine brain tumors from a 2-year drinking water study for acrylonitrile were obtained from the Acrylonitrile Group, Inc. Based on IHC staining characteristics, Olig2+ oligodendrogliomas were the most commonly diagnosed spontaneous tumor in these animals. Many of the spontaneous tumors previously diagnosed as astrocytomas were RCA-1+, Iba-1+ and negative for GFAP, S100beta, and glutamine synthetase; the diagnosis of malignant microglial tumor is proposed for these neoplasms. Three mixed tumors were identified with Olig2+ (oligodendrocytes) and Iba-1+ (macrophage/microglia) cell populations. The term mixed glioma is not recommended for these tumors, as it is generally used to refer to oligoastrocytomas, which were not observed in this study. GCT were positive for RCA-1 and Iba-1. All acrylonitrile tumors were identified as malignant microglial tumors. These results may indicate that oligodendrogliomas are more common as spontaneous tumors, while acrylonitrile-induced neoplasms are microglial/histiocytic in origin. No astrocytomas (GFAP, S100 beta, and/or glutamine synthetase-positive neoplasms) were observed.
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22
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Mukaratirwa S, Rogerson P, Blanco AL, Naylor SW, Bradley A. Spontaneous cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a juvenile cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:931-4. [PMID: 22569584 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312444764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A neoplastic mass compressing the left cerebellar hemisphere and hindbrain was observed at trimming in a 3½-year-old male cynomolgus monkey from a control dose group. Microscopically, the neoplastic mass was nonencapsulated, invasive, and showed two morphological patterns. The predominant area consisted of densely packed undifferentiated, polygonal to spindle cells arranged in vague sheets supported by a scant fibrovascular stroma. The other area was less cellular and composed of round neoplastic cells separated by eosinophilic fibrillar material. Immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament, and S-100 confirmed the presence of primitive undifferentiated neuroectodermal cells and some cells with neuronal or glial differentiation. On the basis of histopathology and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor with neuronal and glial differentiation was made. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are rare in animals including nonhuman primates; this is the first published report in this species.
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Hansmann F, Herder V, Ernst H, Baumgärtner W. Spinal Epidermoid Cyst in a SJL Mouse: Case Report and Literature Review. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:373-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McCarthy TJ, De Taboada L, Hildebrandt PK, Ziemer EL, Richieri SP, Streeter J. Long-term safety of single and multiple infrared transcranial laser treatments in Sprague-Dawley rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 28:663-7. [PMID: 20961232 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Growing interest exists in the use of near-infrared laser therapies for the treatment of numerous neurologic conditions, including acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. In consideration of these trends, the objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term safety of transcranial laser therapy with continuous-wave (CW) near-infrared laser light (wavelength, 808 ± 10 nm, 2-mm diameter) with a nominal radiant power of 70 mW; power density, 2,230 mW/cm(2), and energy density, 268 J/cm(2) at the scalp (10 mW/cm(2) and 1.2 J/cm(2) at the cerebral cortical surface) in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 120 anesthetized rats received sequential transcranial laser treatments to the right and left parietal areas of the head on the same day (minimum of 5 min between irradiation of each side), on either Day 1 or on each of Days 1, 3, and 5. Sixty anesthetized rats served as sham controls. Rats were evaluated 1 year after treatment for abnormalities in clinical hematology and brain and pituitary gland histopathology. RESULTS No toxicologically important differences were found in the clinical hematology results between sham-control and laser-treated rats for any hematologic parameters examined. All values fell within historic control reference ranges for aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Similarly, brain and pituitary gland histopathology showed no treatment-related abnormalities or induced neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS Single and multiple applications of transcranial laser therapy with 808-nm CW laser light at a nominal power density of 10 mW/cm(2) at the surface of the cerebral cortex appears to be safe in Sprague-Dawley rats 1 year after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McCarthy
- PhotoThera, Inc., 5925 Priestly Drive, Suite 120, Carlsbad, California, USA.
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25
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Weber K, Garman RH, Germann PG, Hardisty JF, Krinke G, Millar P, Pardo ID. Classification of Neural Tumors in Laboratory Rodents, Emphasizing the Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 39:129-51. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310392249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neoplasms of the nervous system, whether spontaneous or induced, are infrequent in laboratory rodents and very rare in other laboratory animal species. The morphology of neural tumors depends on the intrinsic functions and properties of the cell type, the interactions between the neoplasm and surrounding normal tissue, and regressive changes. The incidence of neural neoplasms varies with sex, location, and age of tumor onset. Although the onset of spontaneous tumor development cannot be established in routine oncogenicity studies, calculations using the time of diagnosis (day of death) have revealed significant differences in tumor biology among different rat strains. In the central nervous system, granular cell tumors (a meningioma variant), followed by glial tumors, are the most common neoplasms in rats, whereas glial cell tumors are observed most frequently in mice. Central nervous system tumors usually affect the brain rather than the spinal cord. Other than adrenal gland pheochromocytomas, the most common neoplasms of the peripheral nervous system are schwannomas. Neural tumors may develop in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system from other cell lineages (including extraneural elements like adipose tissue and lymphocytes), but such lesions are very rare in laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Weber
- Department of Pathology, Harlan Laboratories Ltd., Itingen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jerry F. Hardisty
- EPL Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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26
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Johanson C, Stopa E, McMillan P, Roth D, Funk J, Krinke G. The distributional nexus of choroid plexus to cerebrospinal fluid, ependyma and brain: toxicologic/pathologic phenomena, periventricular destabilization, and lesion spread. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 39:186-212. [PMID: 21189316 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310394214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bordering the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are epithelial cells of choroid plexus (CP), ependyma and circumventricular organs (CVOs) that contain homeostatic transporters for mediating secretion/reabsorption. The distributional pathway ("nexus") of CP-CSF-ependyma-brain furnishes peptides, hormones, and micronutrients to periventricular regions. In disease/toxicity, this nexus becomes a conduit for infectious and xenobiotic agents. The sleeping sickness trypanosome (a protozoan) disrupts CP and downstream CSF-brain. Piperamide is anti-trypanosomic but distorts CP epithelial ultrastructure by engendering hydropic vacuoles; this reflects phospholipidosis and altered lysosomal metabolism. CP swelling by vacuolation may occlude CSF flow. Toxic drug tools delineate injuries to choroidal compartments: cyclophosphamide (vasculature), methylcellulose (interstitium), and piperazine (epithelium). Structurally perturbed CP allows solutes to penetrate the ventricles. There, CSF-borne pathogens and xenobiotics may permeate the ependyma to harm neurogenic stem cell niches. Amoscanate, an anti-helmintic, potently injures rodent ependyma. Ependymal/brain regions near CP are vulnerable to CSF-borne toxicants; this proximity factor links regional barrier breakdown to nearby periventricular pathology. Diverse diseases (e.g., African sleeping sickness, multiple sclerosis) take early root in choroidal, circumventricular, or perivascular loci. Toxicokinetics informs on pathogen, anti-parasitic agent, and auto-antibody distribution along the CSF nexus. CVOs are susceptible to plasma-borne toxicants/pathogens. Countering the physico-chemical and pathogenic insults to the homeostasis-mediating ventricle-bordering cells sustains brain health and fluid balance.
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27
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Bolon B, Bradley A, Garman RH, Krinke GJ. Useful Toxicologic Neuropathology References for Pathologists and Toxicologists. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 39:234-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310385142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Investigations in toxicologic neuropathology are complex undertakings because of the intricate spatial and temporal diversity in the anatomic, functional, and molecular organization of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This compilation of toxicologic neuropathology resources has been designed to consolidate a broad range of useful neurobiology, neuropathology, and neurotoxicology resources in a single reference. This collection will increase familiarity with the basic knowledge, skills, and tools required for the proficient practice of toxicologic neuropathology and should help to improve the analysis and interpretation of pathology data sets from neural tissues in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories, Preclinical Services, Edinburgh EH33 2NE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc., Murrysville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georg J. Krinke
- Pathology Evaluations (PATHEV), 4402 Frenkendorf, Switzerland
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28
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Bach U, Hailey JR, Hill GD, Kaufmann W, Latimer KS, Malarkey DE, Maronpot RM, Miller RA, Moore RR, Morrison JP, Nolte T, Rinke M, Rittinghausen S, Suttie AW, Travlos GS, Vahle JL, Willson GA, Elmore SA. Proceedings of the 2009 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 38:9-36. [PMID: 20008954 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309354111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium is a one-day meeting that is held in conjunction with the annual Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) meeting. The topic of the 2009 Symposium was "Tumor Pathology and INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) Nomenclature." The goal of this article is to provide summaries of each speaker's presentation, including the diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with a few select images that were used for voting. The results of the voting process and interesting points of discussion that were raised during the presentation are also provided. A supplemental file with voting choices and voting results for each case presented at the symposium is available at http://tpx.sagepub.com/supplemental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Bach
- 1Bayer HealthCare AG, Pharma Research Center, Wuppertal, Germany
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Nagatani M, Yamakawa S, Ando R, Edamoto H, Saito T, Tamura K. Highly invasive intracranial malignant schwannoma in a rat. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:139-42. [PMID: 22271987 PMCID: PMC3246059 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly invasive intracranial malignant schwannoma containing several masses was detected in a 28-week-old male Crl:CD(SD) rat. Macroscopically, 3 masses were noted in the cranial cavity; one was present at the bottom of the cranial cavity and involved the trigeminal nerve, and the other two were in the parietal bone. Histologically, each mass consisted of fusiform cells with interlacing fascicular, wavy and nuclear pseudopalisading arrangements and round cells with cystic lesions. The tumor cells invaded not only the brain but also the parietal bone. In the brain, the tumor cells infiltrated diffusely into the leptomeningeal and perivascular spaces and parenchyma, in which the tumor cell morphology and invasive pattern closely resembled those of malignant astrocytoma and malignant reticulosis. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells in the masses showed positive reactions for both S-100 protein and GFAP, while those in the cerebral invasion sites were negative for GFAP and less positive for S-100 protein. Electron microscopically, a single basal lamina layer and short intricate cell processes were confirmed in the tumor cells. From these results, the present tumor was diagnosed as a malignant schwannoma arising in the cranial cavity, probably originating from the trigeminal nerve. The present tumor is considered to be a relatively unique malignant schwannoma based on its growth and invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Department, Bozo Research Center Inc., 164–2 Wada-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan
| | - Seiki Yamakawa
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Department, Bozo Research Center Inc., 164–2 Wada-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan
| | - Ryo Ando
- Pathology Department, Gotemba Laboratories, Bozo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Edamoto
- Pathology Department, Gotemba Laboratories, Bozo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Saito
- Pathology Department, Gotemba Laboratories, Bozo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, Gotemba Laboratories, Bozo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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Nagatani M, Ando R, Yamakawa S, Saito T, Tamura K. Histological and immunohistochemical studies on spontaneous rat astrocytomas and malignant reticulosis. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:599-605. [PMID: 19487256 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309338385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Among spontaneous neoplasms of the rat central nervous system, the discrimination between astrocytoma and malignant reticulosis (MR) is sometimes difficult because of their similar cell morphology and infiltration patterns. In the present study, we carried out histological and immunohistochemical analyses on a total of sixty-four cases in Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats. These cases were diagnosed as benign/malignant astrocytoma containing no neoplastic oligodendroglial elements or MR according to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization International Classification of Rodent Tumors (Mohr et al. 1994). Astrocytomas were divided into three types and MR into two types based on the number of lesions, cellularity and infiltration patterns, and so on. Although the neoplastic cells from all types showed various immunoreactivities for RM-4 (anti-rat macrophages and dendritic cells), ED-1, and/or vimentin, there were no distinctive differences among these types, and most cells that were positive for RM-4 were also positive for ED-1. None of the tumor types showed any reactivity for GFAP or S-100 protein. From the results of morphological and immunohistochemical examinations, it was indicated that there are no distinctive differences between spontaneous astrocytomas and MR in rats, and they are probably derived from the same cell lineage, that is, microglia, macrophage, or radial glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Department, Biology and Zoology Research Center Inc., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan.
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Ago K, Shibutani M, Saegusa Y, Shima T, Taniai E, Mitsumori K. A case report of a cerebellar neuroblastoma in a p53 null mutation mouse. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:345-7. [PMID: 19346705 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of cerebellar neuroblastoma in a 19-week-old p53 null mutation mouse. A white and soft mass was observed at the cerebellar vermis. Histologically, the tumor consisted of solid growth of round to oval pleomorphic cells with frequent mitotic figures. While there were no typical cellular arrangements of embryonic neurogenic tumors, such as Homer-Wright rosette, perivascular pseudorosette, or streaming of neoplastic neurocytes, small populations of the neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically positive for synaptophysin, microtubule-associated protein 2, S-100 and nestin. Both glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin were entirely negative in the neoplastic cells. Based on the biological characteristics of neoplastic cells, this tumor was diagnosed as neuroblastoma of the cerebellar origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Ago
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Balme E, Roth DR, Perentes E. Malignant spinal meningioma in a CD-1 mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:263-7. [PMID: 18485685 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous meningiomas are extremely rare tumors in small laboratory animals, except in some strains of rats and in the B6C3F1 mouse. We report the case of a male CD-1 mouse in poor health condition, with severe apathy and partial paresis of hindlegs. No macroscopic lesion was noticed at necropsy. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of a malignant meningioma (approximately 3mm in diameter) at the distal lumbar level of the spinal cord, invading the vertebral canal, and bilaterally the ventral and dorsal nerve roots and the dorsal root ganglia. The tumor displayed highly cellular sheets of polygonal cells with a well-delineated, abundant, eosinophilic cytoplasm and scarce fibrovascular stroma; epithelioid and sarcomatous areas were also present. The mitotic activity was moderate. Tumor cells expressed vimentin immunoreactivity and were negative for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), silver impregnation for reticulin, chromogranin A, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cytokeratin (CK) and S-100 protein. The diagnosis of malignant spinal meningioma was based on the morphologic features of the neoplasm, the evidence of local invasion and the immunohistochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Balme
- Department of pathology, Veterinary School of Alfort, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rodriguez FJ, Scheithauer BW. Anaplastic medulloblastoma with granular cell change. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:95-9. [PMID: 16896903 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Granular cell change secondary to lysosomal accumulation has been described in a variety of tumors of the nervous system of presumed glial or schwannian derivation. Herein we report the case of a 15-year-old female with an anaplastic medulloblastoma which histologically demonstrated areas with granular cell change. These granular cells co-expressed neuronal immunohistochemical markers, including synaptophysin, chromogranin, and Neu-N, and demonstrated accumulation of lysosomes and dense core granules in the same cells at the ultrastructural level. This unusual finding suggests that the spectrum of granular cell change should be expanded to include tumors with primarily neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) was injected intravenously into Sprague-Dawley rats on day 15 of gestation at doses of 0, 2.50, 6.25 and 10.00 mg/kg. The resulting 1980 progeny were observed for up to 24 months in a life-time study (900 rats) or for periods of 171-325 days in a serial sacrifice study (1080 rats). The rats in both studies were randomized into three groups, one exposed to a radiofrequency, one sham-exposed and one cage control. Since no effects of the radiofrequency were observed on the ENU-induced tumors, the exposure groups were combined to facilitate study of the tumors by dose rate over time. All rats were necropsied and major organs were examined histologically including the brain, entire spinal cord, trigeminal nerves and all tumors. A total of 48 spinal cord tumors (SCT), 251 spinal nerve tumors, 264 cranial nerve tumors and 1058 brain tumors were studied. The tumors were characterized by incidence, histologic type, volume, malignancy and multiplicity. Ethylnitrosouria, as given in this study, was determined to be an effective carcinogen reliably inducing (in order of frequency) brain, cranial nerve, spinal nerve and SCT. Dose of ENU correlated positively with the frequency, multiplicity, volume, malignancy, and negatively with latency of brain tumors and to a lesser extent with nerve tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Zook
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Pérez V, Vidal E, González N, Benavides J, Ferreras MC, Villagrasa M, Pumarola M. Orbital Meningioma with a Granular Cell Component in a Dog, with Extracranial Metastasis. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:212-7. [PMID: 16045918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A meningioma with a significant component of granular cells is described in the left ocular orbit of a 5-year-old male Golden retriever dog that presented with exophthalmos. The neoplastic mass surrounded the optic nerve. Microscopically, the tumour was characterized by nests of large, round to polygonal cells, variable in size, with eccentric nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, containing PAS-positive granules. In focal areas, cells were smaller and occasionally formed whorl-like structures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that neoplastic cells reacted positively for vimentin and, with less intensity, for neuron specific enolase and S-100, whereas they were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein and cytokeratins. Metastatic growths, formed by similar cells, were seen in the lung and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pérez
- Departamento de Patología Animal: Medicina Animal (Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Mennel HD, Kosse N, Heverhagen JT, Alfke H. Primary and transplanted ENU induced rat tumors in neurooncology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 56:25-35. [PMID: 15581272 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In neurooncology transplanting, tumors can be used for many purposes e.g. to solve questions concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of such tumors or their management. Experimentally induced and transplanted tumors of the nervous system become reproducible in their morphology and growth parameters after about 12 subsequent intracerebral passages. During the period from the first to the 12th intracerebral generations, a simplification of the histology and a reduction of the induction times take place. Nowadays the growth behavior of such tumors can be followed by imaging methods such as MRI if specially adapted to small animals. Our results are based on the investigation of over 2350 experimentally induced tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system that were diagnosed according to the rules of human and rodent brain tumor classification and various subgroups of this sample, analyzed by electron microscopy, postmortal angiography and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Mennel
- Abteilung für Neuropathologie, Medizinisches Zentrum für Pathologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Pruimboom-Brees IM, Brees DJJE, Shen AC, Ibebunjo C. Malignant astrocytoma with binucleated granular cells in a Sprague-Dawley rat. Vet Pathol 2004; 41:287-90. [PMID: 15133182 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-3-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old Sprague-Dawley rat with hindlimb paralysis was diagnosed with a cerebral malignant astrocytoma. The distinctive feature of this astrocytoma was the presence of scattered binucleated cells that contained hypereosinophilic, 1-2 micro m in diameter, cytoplasmic granules. The neoplastic astrocytes stained positively for vimentin (VIM), lysozyme, and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH). Within the binucleated cells, granules stained with PTAH and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) before and after diastase digestion. Ultrastructurally, neoplastic astrocytes were characterized by cytoplasmic aggregates of electron-dense intermediate filaments consistent with VIM and desmin. The cytoplasm of binucleated cells contained numerous phagolysosomes enlarged by myelin figures and glycoprotein or glycolipid. Intermediate filaments were not present. This is the first description, in the rat, of a neoplasm with features resembling the human granular cell astrocytoma. Our findings suggest that an astrocytic origin should be considered for the binucleated cells in this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Pruimboom-Brees
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Technology Center, Eastern Point Road MS 8274-1219, Groton, CT 06340-8014, USA.
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Liu CH, Liu CI, Liang SL, Cheng CH, Huang SC, Lee CC, Hsu WC, Lin YC. Intracranial Granular Cell Tumor in a Dog. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:77-9. [PMID: 14960817 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old female miniature poodle showed a 3-month history of neurological signs. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a high intensity tumor mass in the right cerebral hemisphere with compression of the lateral ventricle. At necropsy, a 2 x 3 cm white, friable mass was found in the right ventral pyriform lobe. Microscopically, the tumor cells were large, polygonal to round cells supported by a sparse fibrovascular stroma. The tumor cells typically possessed finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm with strongly positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. The tumor cells were immunopositive for vimentin, NSE and S-100. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells showed large amounts of granules in the cytoplasm, and absence of basement membrane. Based on the above-mentioned findings, the intracranial granular cell tumor was diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
A large variety of mass lesions have been reported in the region of the pineal gland. Pineal parenchymal tumors and germ cell tumors (GCTs) are especially characteristic of this region. Despite their rarity, a number of excellent studies on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of pineal parenchymal tumors and pineal region GCTs have been published. These studies draw attention to a number of distinct genomic regions recurrently involved in the various subtypes of malignancies of the pineal gland. Outcomes for tumors in this location vary widely between patients and among differing histologies. Development of novel therapies for patients with poor prognoses will depend on the acquisition of a more detailed understanding of the molecular basis associated with the etiopathogenesis of these neoplasms. We review the literature on cytogenetics, familial syndromes, animal models and molecular genetics of pineal region neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
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