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Nicotra R, Lutz C, Messal HA, Jonkers J. Rat Models of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:12. [PMID: 38913216 PMCID: PMC11196369 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of breast cancer among women worldwide, accounting for 70-80% of all invasive cases. Patients with HR+ BC are commonly treated with endocrine therapy, but intrinsic or acquired resistance is a frequent problem, making HR+ BC a focal point of intense research. Despite this, the malignancy still lacks adequate in vitro and in vivo models for the study of its initiation and progression as well as response and resistance to endocrine therapy. No mouse models that fully mimic the human disease are available, however rat mammary tumor models pose a promising alternative to overcome this limitation. Compared to mice, rats are more similar to humans in terms of mammary gland architecture, ductal origin of neoplastic lesions and hormone dependency status. Moreover, rats can develop spontaneous or induced mammary tumors that resemble human HR+ BC. To date, six different types of rat models of HR+ BC have been established. These include the spontaneous, carcinogen-induced, transplantation, hormone-induced, radiation-induced and genetically engineered rat mammary tumor models. Each model has distinct advantages, disadvantages and utility for studying HR+ BC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of all published models to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Nicotra
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catrin Lutz
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik A Messal
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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2
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Dobromylskyj MJ, Hederer R, Smith KC. What ails the pet rat? A retrospective study of more than 300 biopsy samples of externally palpable masses submitted from pet rats for histopathology (2013-2021). J Comp Pathol 2024; 211:36-41. [PMID: 38772057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Biopsy data on externally palpable masses in pet rats (Rattus norvegicus) were retrieved from the archives of a large commercial pathology laboratory between November 2013 and July 2021. A total of 330 samples were submitted from 292 individual animals. Of the 330 samples submitted, 182 (55.2%) were of mammary gland origin and the majority were benign neoplasms, with fibroadenoma most frequent. Of the remaining 148 samples, 101 were neoplastic in nature, with 76 tumours classified as mesenchymal, 23 as epithelial and two classified only as malignant neoplasia not otherwise specified. Malignant neoplasms accounted for 88 of these non-mammary masses, with the most diagnosed tumours including soft tissue sarcoma (including fibrosarcoma) and sarcomas not otherwise specified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hederer
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ken C Smith
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Ferreira T, Azevedo T, Silva J, Faustino-Rocha AI, Oliveira PA. Current views on in vivo models for breast cancer research and related drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:189-207. [PMID: 38095187 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2293152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models play a crucial role in breast cancer research, in particular mice and rats, who develop mammary tumors that closely resemble their human counterparts. These models allow the study of mechanisms behind breast carcinogenesis, as well as the efficacy and safety of new, and potentially more effective and advantageous therapeutic approaches. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each model is crucial to select the most appropriate one for the research purpose. AREA COVERED This review provides a concise overview of the animal models available for breast cancer research, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each one for searching new and more effective approaches to treatments for this type of cancer. EXPERT OPINION Rodent models provide valuable information on the genetic alterations of the disease, the tumor microenvironment, and allow the evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. However, in vivo models have limitations, and one of them is the fact that they do not fully mimic human diseases. Choosing the most suitable model for the study purpose is crucial for the development of new therapeutic agents that provide better care for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago Azevedo
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jessica Silva
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, Comprehensive Health Research Center, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Hirota T, Yonemaru K, Hattori M, Murakami M, Sakai H, Hirata A. Highly malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma in a cat. J Comp Pathol 2024; 208:11-14. [PMID: 38011771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old female Persian cat underwent ovariohysterectomy due to dilation of the uterine cavity with irregular thickening of the wall. Macroscopically, the middle and distal regions of the left uterine horn were swollen and the uterine wall was irregularly thickened due to the development of multiple coalescent, variably sized nodules. Microscopically, the nodules had originated in the endometrium and were composed of round to polygonal neoplastic cells arranged in dense sheets or ill-defined fascicles. The neoplastic cells had locally invaded the myometrium and reached the subserosa, with lymphovascular invasion. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cell population was partially positive for CD10, an established marker of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) in humans, with focal and diffuse nuclear immunopositivity for oestrogen and progesterone receptors and immunonegativity for desmin and α-smooth muscle actin. Based on these findings, the uterine tumour was diagnosed as ESS and was considered to correspond morphologically to high-grade ESS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Hirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kayoko Yonemaru
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Hattori
- Blanco Animal Hospital, 3-35 Tachibana-cho, Tsushima 496-0036, Japan
| | - Mami Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Ferreira T, Gama A, Seixas F, Faustino-Rocha AI, Lopes C, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA. Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:379. [PMID: 37368765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a "One Health" approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Acrylonitrile induction of rodent neoplasia: Potential mechanism of action and relevance to humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211055363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile, an industrial chemical, is a multisite carcinogen in rats and mice, producing tumors in four tissues with barrier function, that is, brain, forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland. To assess mechanism(s) of action (MoA) for induction of neoplasia and to evaluate whether the findings in rodents are indicative of human hazard, data on the potential key effects produced by acrylonitrile in the four rodent target tissues of carcinogenicity were evaluated. A notable finding was depletion of glutathione in various organs, including two target tissues, the brain, and forestomach, suggesting that this effect could be a critical initiating event. An additional combination of oxidative DNA damage and cytotoxic effects of acrylonitrile and its metabolites, cyanide, and 2-cyanoethylene oxide, could initiate pro-inflammatory signaling and sustained cell and tissue injury, leading to compensatory cell proliferation and neoplastic development. The in vivo DNA-binding and genotoxicity of acrylonitrile has been studied in several target tissues with no compelling positive results. Thus, while some mutagenic effects were reported in acrylonitrile-exposed rodents, data to determine whether this mutagenicity stems from direct DNA reactivity of acrylonitrile are insufficient. Accordingly, the induction of tumors in rodents is consistent primarily with a non-genotoxic MoA, although a contribution from weak mutagenicity cannot be ruled out. Mechanistic data to support conclusions regarding human hazard from acrylonitrile exposure is weak. Comparison of metabolism of acrylonitrile between rodents and humans provide little support for human hazard. Three of the tissues affected in bioassays (forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland) are present only in rodents, while the brain is anatomically different between rodents and humans, diminishing relevance of tumor induction in these tissues to human hazard. Extensive epidemiological data has not revealed causation of human cancer by acrylonitrile.
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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McKim KL, Myers MB, Harris KL, Gong B, Xu J, Parsons BL. CarcSeq Measurement of Rat Mammary Cancer Driver Mutations and Relation to Spontaneous Mammary Neoplasia. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:142-158. [PMID: 33822199 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to deduce carcinogenic potential from subchronic, repeat dose rodent studies would constitute a major advance in chemical safety assessment and drug development. This study investigated an error-corrected NGS method (CarcSeq) for quantifying cancer driver mutations (CDMs) and deriving a metric of clonal expansion predictive of future neoplastic potential. CarcSeq was designed to interrogate subsets of amplicons encompassing hotspot CDMs applicable to a variety of cancers. Previously, normal human breast DNA was analyzed by CarcSeq and metrics based on mammary-specific CDMs were correlated with tissue donor age, a surrogate of breast cancer risk. Here we report development of parallel methodologies for rat. The utility of the rat CarcSeq method for predicting neoplastic potential was investigated by analyzing mammary tissue of 16-week-old untreated rats with known differences in spontaneous mammary neoplasia (Fischer 344, Wistar Han, and Sprague Dawley). Hundreds of mutants with mutant fractions ≥ 10-4 were quantified in each strain, most were recurrent mutations, and 42.5% of the nonsynonymous mutations have human homologs. Mutants in the mammary-specific target of the most tumor-sensitive strain (Sprague Dawley) showed the greatest nonsynonymous/synonymous mutation ratio, indicative of positive selection consistent with clonal expansion. For the mammary-specific target (Hras, Pik3ca, and Tp53 amplicons), median absolute deviation correlated with percentages of rats that develop spontaneous mammary neoplasia at 104 weeks (Pearson r = 1.0000, 1-tailed p = .0010). Therefore, this study produced evidence CarcSeq analysis of spontaneously occurring CDMs can be used to derive an early metric of clonal expansion relatable to long-term neoplastic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Binsheng Gong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Joshua Xu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Rosol TJ, Witorsch RJ. Ethyl acrylate (EA) exposure and thyroid carcinogenicity in rats and mice with relevance to human health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104961. [PMID: 34015422 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl acrylate (EA) was classified by IARC as a Group-2B Carcinogen based, in part, on data suggesting increased incidence of thyroid neoplasia in rats and mice exposed chronically to EA vapors. We examined chronic exposure of rats and mice to EA vapors, evaluated the data on the incidence of thyroid follicular neoplasia, and determined the relevance of thyroid tumors to human health risk. The data revealed a small statistically significant increase in thyroid tumors in EA-exposed male rats and mice. The tumor incidences were within the range of historical controls and were not consistently dose-dependent. Most thyroid tumors in exposed animals were benign. Chronic exposure of EA to rats and mice (drinking water or gavage) and dogs (capsules) had no evidence of thyroid neoplasia. Results from chronic studies, in vivo and in vitro data, and ToxCastTM/Tox 21 HTPS did not support genotoxic/mutagenic potential for EA. This suggests that the associations between EA exposure and thyroid neoplasia represent chance or random observations rather than a compound-mediated effect. Due to species-specific physiological differences, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis of rodents is more sensitive to endocrine disruptive chemicals than that of humans which further suggests that findings in rodents have questionable relevance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Rosol
- Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Raphael J Witorsch
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Bischoff NS, de Kok TM, Sijm DT, van Breda SG, Briedé JJ, Castenmiller JJ, Opperhuizen A, Chirino YI, Dirven H, Gott D, Houdeau E, Oomen AG, Poulsen M, Rogler G, van Loveren H. Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010207. [PMID: 33379217 PMCID: PMC7795714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as a food additive (E171) and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums, as well as in personal care products such as toothpaste and pharmaceutical tablets. Along with the ubiquitous presence of TiO2 and recent insights into its potentially hazardous properties, there are concerns about its application in commercially available products. Especially the nano-sized particle fraction (<100 nm) of TiO2 warrants a more detailed evaluation of potential adverse health effects after ingestion. A workshop organized by the Dutch Office for Risk Assessment and Research (BuRO) identified uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2, its distribution, the potential for accumulation, and induction of adverse health effects such as inflammation, DNA damage, and tumor promotion. This review aims to identify and evaluate recent toxicological studies on food-grade TiO2 and nano-sized TiO2 in ex-vivo, in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments along the gastrointestinal route, and to postulate an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) following ingestion. Additionally, this review summarizes recommendations and outcomes of the expert meeting held by the BuRO in 2018, in order to contribute to the hazard identification and risk assessment process of ingested TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaj S. Bischoff
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Dick T.H.M. Sijm
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Simone G. van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jacco J. Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway;
| | - David Gott
- Food Standard Agency, London SW1H9EX, UK;
| | - Eric Houdeau
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), 75338 Paris, France;
| | - Agnes G. Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Morten Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
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11
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Matsushita K, Ishii Y, Kijima A, Takasu S, Kuroda K, Takagi H, Nohmi T, Ogawa K, Umemura T. Background data of 2-year-old male and female F344 gpt delta rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 34:23-31. [PMID: 33627942 PMCID: PMC7890168 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gpt delta rats, as reporter gene-transgenic rats, were
originally developed for in vivo mutation assays, they have also been
used to evaluate chemical carcinogenesis and comprehensive toxicity. Therefore, it is
necessary to accumulate background data on carcinogenicity and general toxicity in
gpt delta rats. Here, we investigated the background data of
110-week-old male and female F344 gpt delta rats and wild-type rats.
There was no effect of reporter gene transfection on animal survival rates and body
weights during the experiment. The relative weight of male gpt delta rat
adrenals was significantly higher than that of wild-type rats, possibly due to the higher
incidence of pheochromocytoma. There were no intergenotype differences in the incidence of
nonneoplastic lesions in both sexes, including chronic progressive nephropathy and focus
of cellular alteration in the liver, which had a higher incidence in both genotypes.
Additionally, the significantly higher incidence of adrenal pheochromocytoma in male
gpt delta rats than that in wild-type rats was likely incidental
because of the lack of differences in the incidences of preneoplastic (male and female)
and neoplastic (female) adrenal lesions in both genotypes. Other neoplastic lesions in
both sexes showed no intergenotype differences in incidence rates, although large granular
lymphocytic leukemia in the spleen and Leydig cell tumors in the testes of males showed
higher incidence rates. Overall, there were no effects of reporter gene transfection on
the spectrum of spontaneous lesions in F344 gpt delta rats, thus
supporting their applicability in evaluating chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Aki Kijima
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Ken Kuroda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Takagi
- Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1 Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8114, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.,Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan
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12
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Quality assessment tests for tumorigenicity of human iPS cell-derived cartilage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12794. [PMID: 32732907 PMCID: PMC7393378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage does not heal spontaneously and causes joint dysfunction. The implantation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cartilage (iPS-Cart) is one candidate treatment to regenerate the damaged cartilage. However, concerns of tumorigenicity are associated with iPS-Cart, because the iPSC reprogramming process and long culture time for cartilage induction could increase the chance of malignancy. We evaluated the tumorigenic risks of iPS-Cart using HeLa cells as the reference. Spike tests revealed that contamination with 100 HeLa cells in 150 mg of iPS-Cart accelerated the cell growth rate. On the other hand, 150 mg of iPS-Cart without HeLa cells reached growth arrest and senescence after culture, suggesting less than 100 tumorigenic cells, assuming they behave like HeLa cells, contaminated iPS-Cart. The implantation of 10,000 or fewer HeLa cells into joint surface defects in the knee joint of nude rat did not cause tumor formation. These in vitro and in vivo studies collectively suggest that the implantation of 15 g or less iPS-Cart in the knee joint does not risk tumor formation if assuming that the tumorigenic cells in iPS-Cart are equivalent to HeLa cells and that nude rat knee joints are comparable to human knee joints in terms of tumorigenicity. However, considering the limited immunodeficiency of nude rats, the clinical amount of iPS-Cart for implantation needs to be determined cautiously.
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13
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Okado N, Sugi M, Kasamoto S, Mizuhashi F, Roberts A, Danielewska‐Nikiel B, Sulaiman C, Pham S. Safety evaluation of arabinase (arabinan endo-1,5-α-L-arabinanase) from Aspergillus tubingensis. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:456-478. [PMID: 31993171 PMCID: PMC6977434 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinase is an enzyme recognized for its ability to degrade arabinan, a plant cell wall constituent. It has been applied in the food industry most commonly for juice processing. One commercial source of arabinase is Aspergillus tubingensis (A. tubingensis), a black Aspergillus species. Given the intended use in food for human consumption, and noting its potential presence at trace levels in finished products, a series of safety studies including in vitro Ames and chromosome aberration assays, in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus and alkaline comet assays, and a 90-day rat oral toxicity study were conducted. No test article-related mutagenic activity was observed in the Ames assay. Although positive activity was observed in the chromosome aberration assay, this was not replicated in the in vivo genotoxicity assays including in preabsorptive cells. In the subchronic toxicity study, no test article-related adverse effects were observed following oral administration of arabinase at doses of 15.3, 153, or 1,530 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight/day to Sprague Dawley rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was considered to be the highest dose tested (1,530 mg TOS/kg body weight/day). The results of the genotoxicity studies and the subchronic toxicity study support the safe use of arabinase from A. tubingensis in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mai Sugi
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides (currently BioSafety Research Center Inc.)ShizuokaJapan
| | - Sawako Kasamoto
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides (currently BioSafety Research Center Inc.)ShizuokaJapan
| | - Fukutaro Mizuhashi
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides (currently BioSafety Research Center Inc.)ShizuokaJapan
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory ConsultancyMississaugaONCanada
| | | | | | - Sa Pham
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory ConsultancyMississaugaONCanada
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14
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Ogawa S, Kuroda H, Kinomoto T, Kawabata Y, Kawabe M, Suguro M, Oishi Y. Verification of a false positive in a two-year rat carcinogenicity study using dual control groups. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:557-563. [PMID: 30185696 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There is sometimes controversy over whether or not statistically significant responses produced in carcinogenicity studies have biologically significance. Ambiguous results from our previous two-year oral carcinogenicity study on acotiamide hydrochloride hydrate (acotiamide-HH), a prokinetic drug for functional dyspepsia, in rats made it unclear whether the drug may exhibit uterine carcinogenicity. To check this finding, we performed a second long-term carcinogenicity study using two identical control groups to more accurately evaluate uterine carcinogenesis by considering the incidence of spontaneous neoplasms. Female Fischer 344 rats were divided into three groups: the two control groups (control 1 and 2) were administered vehicle (0.5% w/v methylcellulose) and the acotiamide-HH-treated group was administered 2,000 mg/kg/day of acotiamide-HH by oral gavage for two years. Among all groups, the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma (EmA) was highest in the control 2 group, followed by the acotiamide-HH-treated group and the control 1 group. Moreover, acotiamide-HH did not affect the incidence of precursor lesions of EmA. In cases where an ambiguous difference is observed, the use of two control groups allows for a more informed interpretation of the findings in the drug-treated groups. The outcomes in this study strongly support the hypothesis that the increase in EmA in rats treated with acotiamide-HH in our previous study is unrelated to administration of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogawa
- Central Research Laboratories, Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuji Oishi
- Department Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University
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15
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Funahashi S, Okazaki Y, Nagai H, Chew SH, Ogawa K, Toyoda T, Cho YM, Toyokuni S. Twist1 was detected in mesenchymal cells of mammary fibroadenoma and invasive components of breast carcinoma in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 32:19-26. [PMID: 30739992 PMCID: PMC6361665 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroadenoma (FA) is a common mammary fibroepithelial tumor. The tumor size of the FA is
increased by estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and pregnancy, whereas it decreases after
menopause. These observations in humans indicate that FA is hormone dependent. In rats,
the most common mammary neoplasm is also FA. Expression levels of Twist1, a
transcriptional regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, were examined in
paraffin-embedded tissue sections of an experimental rat breast model to find
physiological alternations coincident with reproductive hormonal changes. Twenty-three
Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats were used as 14‐ to 16-week-old adolescent rats
(n=3), pregnant rats (n=4), and lactating rats (n=6) in addition to rats over
100-weeks-old that exhibited aging (n=3) and FA (n=7). Seventy-six cases of chemically
induced breast carcinoma and two cases of FA in Sprague Dawley rats were also examined.
Using tissue sections, we observed that Twist1-positive mesenchymal cells were
predominantly located in the periductal region in adolescent and pregnant rats and in the
terminal duct lobular unit in pregnant and elderly rats. Twist1 was also expressed
diffusely in the mesenchymal cells of FA rats. Twist1-positive cancer-associated
mesenchymal cells were found more frequently in the invasive components of breast
carcinomas than in intraductal components. The expressions of Twist1 in mesenchymal cells
were induced by physiological and pathological stimuli, suggesting the biological role of
Twist1 in tissue structure. Further study may reveal the role of Twist1 in mesenchymal
cells of mammary glands in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Funahashi
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okazaki
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nagai
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shan Hwu Chew
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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16
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Bartsch R, Brinkmann B, Jahnke G, Laube B, Lohmann R, Michaelsen S, Neumann I, Greim H. Human relevance of follicular thyroid tumors in rodents caused by non-genotoxic substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:199-208. [PMID: 30076866 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stimulation of the thyroid gland of rodents by TSH leads to thyroid follicular hyperplasia and subsequently to thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas. However, the interpretations of rodent thyroid tumors are contradictory. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that findings with drugs that lead to increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rats are not relevant to humans, whereas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) concluded that chemicals that produce rodent thyroid tumors may pose a carcinogenic hazard for humans although the thyroid of rodents appears to be more sensitive to a carcinogenic stimulus than that of humans. Meanwhile, based on the CLP Criteria of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), rodent thyroid tumors caused by the induction of uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferases (UDGT) were assessed as not relevant to humans. To clarify these discrepant positions, the function and regulation of the thyroid gland are described and the types of thyroid tumors and the causes of their development in humans and animals are examined. Based on these data and the evidence that so far, except radiation, no chemical is known to increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in humans, it is concluded that rodent thyroid tumors resulting from continuous stimulation of the thyroid gland by increased TSH levels are not relevant to humans. Consequently, compounds that induce such tumors do not warrant classification as carcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Bartsch
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Brinkmann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Laube
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ruth Lohmann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandra Michaelsen
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ingrid Neumann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Helmut Greim
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Weber K. Differences in Types and Incidence of Neoplasms in Wistar Han and Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:64-75. [PMID: 28068893 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A substantial quantity of data on Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Hannover Wistar rats strains have been published concerning their source, diet, and housing conditions, as well as the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasms observed in different laboratories. Differences between the commonly used rat strains provided by different breeders (i.e., CD (SD) vs. Harlan Sprague-Dawley strain or Crl: WI(Han) vs. Wistar Hannover (Han)-derived strain, continued breeding by RCC Ltd., Switzerland, thereafter continued breeding by Harlan) may include, but are not limited to, body weight, incidence, and onset of major nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasms, and these can impact the development of a nonclinical safety program. Fisher 344 (F344) and SD rat strains generally have the highest tumor incidences, exceeding that in Wistar rats. Certain tumors are more commonly observed in one strain, and for some, the difference in incidence may be so significant that the tumor may even be considered characteristic for a specific strain (e.g., thymoma in Wistar and amphophilic renal adenoma in SD).
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Abstract
The number of exotic companion pet rodents seen in veterinary practices is growing very rapidly. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association's surveys, more than 2,093,000 pet rodents were kept in US households in 2007 and in 2012 it was more than 2,349,000 animals. This article summarizes the most important evidence-based knowledge in exotic pet rodents (diagnostics of the hyperadrenocorticism in guinea pigs, pituitary tumors in rats, urolithiasis in guinea pigs, use of itopride as prokinetics, use of deslorelin acetate in rodents, cause of dental disease, and prevention of mammary gland tumors in rats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jekl
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Hauptman
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Knotek
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tr. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
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Neal BH, Bus J, Marty MS, Coady K, Williams A, Staveley J, Lamb JC. Weight-of-the-evidence evaluation of 2,4-D potential for interactions with the estrogen, androgen and thyroid pathways and steroidogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:345-401. [PMID: 28303741 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1272094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive weight-of-the-evidence evaluation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was conducted for potential interactions with the estrogen, androgen and thyroid pathways and with steroidogenesis. This assessment was based on an extensive database of high quality in vitro, in vivo ecotoxicological and in vivo mammalian toxicological studies. Epidemiological studies were also considered. Toxicokinetic data provided the basis for determining rational cutoffs above which exposures were considered irrelevant to humans based on exceeding thresholds for saturation of renal clearance (TSRC); extensive human exposure and biomonitoring data support that these boundaries far exceed human exposures and provide ample margins of exposure. 2,4-D showed no evidence of interacting with the estrogen or androgen pathways. 2,4-D interacts with the thyroid axis in rats through displacement of thyroxine from plasma binding sites only at high doses exceeding the TSRC in mammals. 2,4-D effects on steroidogenesis parameters are likely related to high-dose specific systemic toxicity at doses exceeding the TSRC and are not likely to be endocrine mediated. No studies, including high quality studies in the published literature, predict significant endocrine-related toxicity or functional decrements in any species at environmentally relevant concentrations, or, in mammals, at doses below the TSRC that are relevant for human hazard and risk assessment. Overall, there is no basis for concern regarding potential interactions of 2,4-D with endocrine pathways or axes (estrogen, androgen, steroidogenesis or thyroid), and thus 2,4-D is unlikely to pose a threat from endocrine disruption to wildlife or humans under conditions of real-world exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Neal
- a Exponent® , Alexandria , VA , USA
| | - J Bus
- a Exponent® , Alexandria , VA , USA
| | - M S Marty
- b Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - K Coady
- b Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | | | | | - J C Lamb
- a Exponent® , Alexandria , VA , USA
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20
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Manservisi F, Marquillas CB, Buscaroli A, Huff J, Lauriola M, Mandrioli D, Manservigi M, Panzacchi S, Silbergeld EK, Belpoggi F. An Integrated Experimental Design for the Assessment of Multiple Toxicological End Points in Rat Bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:289-295. [PMID: 27448388 PMCID: PMC5332192 DOI: 10.1289/ehp419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For nearly five decades long-term studies in rodents have been the accepted benchmark for assessing chronic long-term toxic effects, particularly carcinogenicity, of chemicals. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have pointed out that the current set of internationally utilized test methods capture only some of the potential adverse effects associated with exposures to these agents over the lifetime. OBJECTIVES In this paper, we propose the adaption of the carcinogenicity bioassay to integrate additional protocols for comprehensive long-term toxicity assessment that includes developmental exposures and long-term outcomes, capable of generating information on a broad spectrum of different end points. DISCUSSION An integrated study design based on a stepwise process is described that includes the priority end points of the Economic Co-operation and Development and the National Toxicology Program guidelines on carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity and developmental and reproductive toxicity. Integrating a comprehensive set of relevant toxicological end points in a single protocol represents an opportunity to optimize animal use in accordance with the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). This strategy has the potential to provide sufficient data on multiple windows of susceptibility of specific interest for risk assessments and public health decision-making by including prenatal, lactational, neonatal exposures and evaluating outcomes over the lifespan. CONCLUSION This integrated study design is efficient in that the same generational cohort of rats used for evaluating long-term outcomes can be monitored in satellite parallel experiments to measure biomarkers and other parameters related to system-specific responses including metabolic alterations and endocrine disturbances. Citation: Manservisi F, Babot Marquillas C, Buscaroli A, Huff J, Lauriola M, Mandrioli D, Manservigi M, Panzacchi S, Silbergeld EK, Belpoggi F. 2017. An integrated experimental design for the assessment of multiple toxicological end points in rat bioassays. Environ Health Perspect 125:289-295; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clara Babot Marquillas
- Leonardo da Vinci Programme at the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buscaroli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - James Huff
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelina Lauriola
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marco Manservigi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ellen K. Silbergeld
- Leonardo da Vinci Programme at the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Solano MDLM, Rocha NS, Barbisan LF, Franchi CADS, Spinardi-Barbisan ALT, de Oliveira MLCS, Salvadori DMF, Ribeiro LR, de Camargo JLV. Alternative Multiorgan Initiation–Promotion Assay for Chemical Carcinogenesis in the Wistar Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:1146-1159. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316678931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The medium-term multiorgan initiation–promotion chemical bioassay (diethylnitrosamine, methyl-nitrosourea, butyl-hydroxybutylnitrosamine, dihydroxypropylnitrosamine, dimethylhydrazine [DMBDD]) with the Fischer 344 rat was proposed as an alternative to the conventional 2-year carcinogenesis bioassay for regulatory purposes. The acronym DMBDD stands for the names of five genotoxic agents used for initiation of multiorgan carcinogenesis. The Brazilian Agency for the Environment officially recognized a variation of this assay (DMBDDb) as a valid method to assess the carcinogenic potential of agrochemicals. Different from the original protocol, this DMBDDb is 30-week long, uses Wistar rats and two positive control groups exposed to carcinogenesis promoters sodium phenobarbital (PB) or 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). This report presents the experience of an academic laboratory with the DMBDDb assay and contributes to the establishment of this alternative DMBDD bioassay in a different rat strain. Frequent lesions observed in positive groups to evaluate the promoting potential of pesticides and the immunohistochemical expressions of liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1/2B2 and CYP1A2 enzymes were assessed. Commonly affected organs were liver, kidney, intestines, urinary bladder, and thyroid. PB promoting activity was less evident than that of 2-AAF, especially in males. This study provides a repository of characteristic lesions occurring in positive control animals submitted to a modified alternative 2-stage multiorgan protocol for carcinogenesis in Wistar rat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noeme Souza Rocha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Bioscience Institute, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lúcia Regina Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Lauro Viana de Camargo
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Vergneau-Grosset C, Keel MK, Goldsmith D, Kass PH, Paul-Murphy J, Hawkins MG. Description of the prevalence, histologic characteristics, concomitant abnormalities, and outcomes of mammary gland tumors in companion rats (Rattus norvegicus): 100 cases (1990–2015). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:1170-1179. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.10.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Haussmann HJ, Fariss MW. Comprehensive review of epidemiological and animal studies on the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:701-34. [PMID: 27278157 PMCID: PMC5020336 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1182116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term use of nicotine per se on cancer risk, in the absence of tobacco extract or smoke, are not clearly understood. This review evaluates the strength of published scientific evidence, in both epidemiological and animal studies, for the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotine per se; that is to act as a complete carcinogen or as a modulator of carcinogenesis. For human studies, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a carcinogenic effect due to the limited information available. In animal studies, limited evidence suggests an association between long-term nicotine exposure and a lack of a complete carcinogenic effect. Conclusive studies using current bioassay guidelines, however, are missing. In studies using chemical/physical carcinogens or transgenic models, there appears to be inadequate evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and the presence of or lack of a modulating (stimulating) effect on carcinogenesis. This is primarily due to the large number of conflicting studies. In contrast, a majority of studies provides sufficient evidence for an association between nicotine exposure and enhanced carcinogenesis of cancer cells inoculated in mice. This modulating effect was especially prominent in immunocompromized mice. Overall, taking the human and animal studies into consideration, there appears to be inadequate evidence to conclude that nicotine per se does or does not cause or modulate carcinogenesis in humans. This conclusion is in agreement with the recent US Surgeon General's 2014 report on the health consequences of nicotine exposure.
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Bogen KT, Heilman JM. Reassessment of MTBE cancer potency considering modes of action for MTBE and its metabolites. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 45 Suppl 1:1-56. [PMID: 26414780 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1052367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1999 California state agency cancer potency (CP) evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) assumed linear risk extrapolations from tumor data were plausible because of limited evidence that MTBE or its metabolites could damage DNA, and based such extrapolations on data from rat gavage and rat and mouse inhalation studies indicating elevated tumor rates in male rat kidney, male rat Leydig interstitial cells, and female rat leukemia/lymphomas. More recent data bearing on MTBE cancer potency include a rodent cancer bioassay of MTBE in drinking water; several new studies of MTBE genotoxicity; several similar evaluations of MTBE metabolites, formaldehyde, and tert-butyl alcohol or TBA; and updated evaluations of carcinogenic mode(s) of action (MOAs) of MTBE and MTBE metabolite's. The lymphoma/leukemia data used in the California assessment were recently declared unreliable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Updated characterizations of MTBE CP, and its uncertainty, are currently needed to address a variety of decision goals concerning historical and current MTBE contamination. To this end, an extensive review of data sets bearing on MTBE and metabolite genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and tumorigenicity was applied to reassess MTBE CP and related uncertainty in view of MOA considerations. Adopting the traditional approach that cytotoxicity-driven cancer MOAs are inoperative at very low, non-cytotoxic dose levels, it was determined that MTBE most likely does not increase cancer risk unless chronic exposures induce target-tissue toxicity, including in sensitive individuals. However, the corresponding expected (or plausible upper bound) CP for MTBE conditional on a hypothetical linear (e.g., genotoxic) MOA was estimated to be ∼2 × 10(-5) (or 0.003) per mg MTBE per kg body weight per day for adults exposed chronically over a lifetime. Based on this conservative estimate of CP, if MTBE is carcinogenic to humans, it is among the weakest 10% of chemical carcinogens evaluated by EPA.
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Brandão J, Jones KL, Seals SL, Tully TN, Nevarez JG, Evans D. Zymbal Gland (Auditory Sebaceous Gland) Carcinoma Presenting as Otitis Externa in a Pet Rat (Rattus norvegicus). J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kinoshita Y, Yoshizawa K, Emoto Y, Yuki M, Yuri T, Shikata N, Elmore SA, Tsubura A. A spontaneously occurring malignant ovarian Sertoli cell tumor in a young Sprague Dawley rat. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:53-9. [PMID: 26989303 PMCID: PMC4766523 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian tumors are generally uncommon in rats used in toxicologic studies. A malignant Sertoli cell tumor was present in the ovary of a 19-week-old female Sprague Dawley rat. Macroscopically, the mass was white and firm, 10 × 13 × 17 mm in size, and located in the right ovary. Histopathologically, the mass was composed of nests of pleomorphic cells, which formed seminiferous-like tubules separated by a thin fibrovascular stroma. The tubules were lined by tumor cells, which had basally located nuclei and abundant eosinophilic and vacuolated cytoplasm. In some areas, the tumor cells were arranged in a retiform growth pattern, mimicking a rete testis/ovarii. Disseminated metastases to the surfaces of the mesentery, spleen and liver were also present. Immunohistochemically, many tumor cells were strongly positive for vimentin, estrogen receptor α and Ki 67. Some tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratin and inhibin α. These findings closely resemble those of an ovarian-derived human malignant Sertoli cell tumor. From our review of the literature, we believe this is the first report of a spontaneous malignant Sertoli cell tumor in the ovary of a young laboratory rat. This case might provide useful historical control information for rat toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, Fumizono 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yuko Emoto
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Michiko Yuki
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shikata
- Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, Fumizono 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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Young LJ, Morfeld P. Statistical considerations for a chronic bioassay study: Exposure to Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and incidence of uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas in a 2-year inhalation study with Fischer rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74 Suppl:S14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Klaunig JE, Dekant W, Plotzke K, Scialli AR. Biological relevance of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) induced rat uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis: Mode of action and relevance to humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74 Suppl:S44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yoshizawa K, Kinoshita Y, Emoto Y, Tsubura A. Spontaneously occurring lymphohematopoietic tumors in three young Sprague Dawley rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:301-5. [PMID: 26830545 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the toxicological and pharmacological effects of chemicals, it is important to know what kinds of neoplasms naturally occur in the early life of laboratory animals. In the present study, we identified three spontaneous hematopoietic tumors in three of 52 young female Sprague-Dawley rats used in a pharmacological study. These cases included two rats (Case 1 and 2) from a sesame oil-treated group and one rat (Case 3) from a chemical-treated group in the same single gavage study. Case 1 rapidly lost body weight at 13 weeks of age without any clinical signs and died. Round lymphoid tumor cells were found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and pancreas. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for CD3 and PCNA, which is suggestive of malignant T-cell lymphoma. Cases 2 and 3 had rapid body weight loss at 14 and 16 weeks of age, respectively, exhibited severe anemia, hypolocomotion, and decreased body temperature, and were euthanized due to a poor prognosis based on severe clinical signs. Pleomorphic large tumor cells were found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, heart, kidneys, lung, pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, ovaries, Harderian gland, and/or eyes. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for CD34, lysozyme, and PCNA, which is suggestive of myeloid leukemia. These cases might provide useful historical control information for rat toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Division of Diagnostic Cytopathology and Histopathology, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, Fumizono 10-15, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Emoto
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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Ohta R, Kumagai F, Marumo H, Usumi K, Saito Y, Kuwagata M. Stress-reactive rats (high-avoidance female rats) have a shorter lifespan than stress-nonreactive rats (low-avoidance female rats). J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 29:77-84. [PMID: 27182111 PMCID: PMC4866005 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Hatano high-avoidance and low-avoidance rats (HAA and LAA, respectively) have been selectively bred for good versus poor avoidance learning, HAA rats are known to be more reactive to stress than LAA rats. In this study, HAA and LAA female rats were compared during reproductive aging by observing estrous cycles from 8 to 11 months of age. Furthermore, these rats were allowed to live out their natural lifespans, that is, until 24 months of age, in order to compare their survival and to clarify the relationship between reproductive aging and tumor development. At eight months of age, 2 of 35 HAA rats and 20 of 35 LAA rats had abnormal estrous cycles. The median lifespan of the HAA rats (673 days) was shorter than that of the LAA rats (733 days). The incidence of pituitary neoplasia was higher in the HAA rats than in the LAA rats. These results suggest that HAA female rats (i.e., stress-reactive rats) have a shorter lifespan than LAA female rats (i.e., stress-nonreactive rats) and develop pituitary neoplasia, which was one of the causal factors in their accelerated mortality. However, the onset of an age-matched abnormal cycle did not correspond with their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kumagai
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Hideki Marumo
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kenji Usumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Makiko Kuwagata
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
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Gutiérrez A, Gámez R, Noa M, Mas R, Valle M, Mendoza N, Nodal C, Pérez Y, Oyarzábal Á, Bucarano I, Goicochea E, Jiménez S, García H. Long-Term (24 Months) Carcinogenicity Study of D-004, a Lipid Extract From Roystonea regia Fruits, in Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:138-50. [PMID: 25823441 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815576375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Gutiérrez
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rafael Gámez
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Miriam Noa
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rosa Mas
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Valle
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nilda Mendoza
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos Nodal
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yohani Pérez
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ámbar Oyarzábal
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Isury Bucarano
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Edy Goicochea
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Sonia Jiménez
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
| | - Haydee García
- Centre of Natural Products, National Centre for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba
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Empl MT, Kammeyer P, Ulrich R, Joseph JF, Parr MK, Willenberg I, Schebb NH, Baumgärtner W, Röhrdanz E, Steffen C, Steinberg P. The influence of chronic L-carnitine supplementation on the formation of preneoplastic and atherosclerotic lesions in the colon and aorta of male F344 rats. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2079-87. [PMID: 25164827 PMCID: PMC7079849 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine, a key component of fatty acid oxidation, is nowadays being extensively used as a nutritional supplement with allegedly "fat burning" and performance-enhancing properties, although to date there are no conclusive data supporting these claims. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between exogenous supplementation and bioavailability, i.e., fairly high oral doses are not fully absorbed and thus a significant amount of carnitine remains in the gut. Human and rat enterobacteria can degrade unabsorbed L-carnitine to trimethylamine or trimethylamine-N-oxide, which, under certain conditions, may be transformed to the known carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine. Recent findings indicate that trimethylamine-N-oxide might also be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We therefore investigated whether a 1-year administration of different L-carnitine concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 5 g/l) via drinking water leads to an increased incidence of preneoplastic lesions (so-called aberrant crypt foci) in the colon of Fischer 344 rats as well as to the appearance of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of these animals. No significant difference between the test groups regarding the formation of lesions in the colon and aorta of the rats was observed, suggesting that, under the given experimental conditions, L-carnitine up to a concentration of 5 g/l in the drinking water does not have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal and vascular system of Fischer 344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Empl
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Kammeyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan F Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria K Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Willenberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils H Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elke Röhrdanz
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steffen
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
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Edler L, Hart A, Greaves P, Carthew P, Coulet M, Boobis A, Williams GM, Smith B. Selection of appropriate tumour data sets for Benchmark Dose Modelling (BMD) and derivation of a Margin of Exposure (MoE) for substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic: considerations of biological relevance of tumour type, data quality and uncertainty assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 70:264-89. [PMID: 24176677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses a number of concepts related to the selection and modelling of carcinogenicity data for the calculation of a Margin of Exposure. It follows up on the recommendations put forward by the International Life Sciences Institute - European branch in 2010 on the application of the Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. The aims are to provide practical guidance on the relevance of animal tumour data for human carcinogenic hazard assessment, appropriate selection of tumour data for Benchmark Dose Modelling, and approaches for dealing with the uncertainty associated with the selection of data for modelling and, consequently, the derived Point of Departure (PoD) used to calculate the MoE. Although the concepts outlined in this article are interrelated, the background expertise needed to address each topic varies. For instance, the expertise needed to make a judgement on biological relevance of a specific tumour type is clearly different to that needed to determine the statistical uncertainty around the data used for modelling a benchmark dose. As such, each topic is dealt with separately to allow those with specialised knowledge to target key areas of guidance and provide a more in-depth discussion on each subject for those new to the concept of the Margin of Exposure approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Edler
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andy Hart
- The Food and Environment Research Agency - FERA, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ York, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Greaves
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, LE2 7LX Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Philip Carthew
- Unilever, Colworth House Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Myriam Coulet
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alan Boobis
- Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Ducane Road, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gary M Williams
- New York Medical College, Basic Science Building, Room 413, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Firmenich, Rue de la Bergere 7, 1217-Meyrin 2, Switzerland.
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Nagatani M, Kudo K, Yamakawa S, Ohira T, Yamaguchi Y, Ikezaki S, Suzuki I, Saito T, Hoshiya T, Tamura K, Uchida K. Occurrence of Spontaneous Tumors in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of F344 and SD Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:263-73. [PMID: 24155559 PMCID: PMC3787604 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to accurately assess the carcinogenicity of chemicals with regard to rare
tumors such as rat CNS tumors, sufficient information about spontaneous tumors are very
important. This paper presents the data on the type, incidence and detected age of CNS
tumors in F344/DuCrlCrlj (a total of 1363 males and 1363 females) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (a
total of 1650 males and 1705 females) collected from in-house background data-collection
studies and control groups of carcinogenicity studies at our laboratory, together with
those previously reported in F344 and SD rats. The present data on F344/DuCrlCrlj rats
(F344 rats) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (SD rats) clarified the following. (1) The incidences of
all CNS tumors observed in F344 rats were less than 1%. (2) The incidences of malignant
astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in male SD rats than in female SD rats.
(3) The incidences of astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in SD rats than in
F344 rats. (4) Among astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and granular cell tumor,
oligodendroglioma was detected at the youngest age, followed by astrocytoma, and
ultimately, granular cell tumor developed in both strains. The incidences observed in our
study were almost consistent with those previously reported in F344 and SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nagatani
- Hamamatsu Branch of Pathology Division, BOZO Research Center Inc., 164-2 Wada-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0016, Japan
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Kuroiwa Y, Ando R, Kasahara K, Nagatani M, Yamakawa S, Okazaki S. Transition of historical control data for high incidence tumors in f344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:227-30. [PMID: 23914067 PMCID: PMC3695347 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical control data of tumor incidence were collected from the control groups (215
animals of each sex) in four recent carcinogenicity studies that were started between 2005
to 2009 (terminally sacrificed between 2007 and 2011) at BoZo Research Center Inc.
(Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan) using Fischer 344 rats (F344/DuCrlCrlj). These data were
compared to the previous historical control data (from 1990 to 2004, previously reported)
in the same facility. In the results, the incidence of C-cell adenoma in the thyroid
tended to increase in both sexes in recent years (30.8% for males and 24.4% for females in
2005-2009) as compared with the previous data (17.4% and 20.1% for males and 11.5% and
11.8% for females in 1990–1999 and 2000–2004, respectively). In addition, the incidences
of pancreatic islet cell adenoma in males and uterine adenocarcinoma tended to increase
from around 2000 and remained high in recent years (incidences of islet cell adenoma in
males of 10.5%, 17.1% and 20.5% in 1990–1999, 2000–2004 and 2005–2009; incidences of
uterine adenocarcinoma of 3.3%, 12.0% and 13.5% in 1990–1999, 2000–2004 and 2005–2009,
respectively). There was no apparent difference in the incidence of other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kuroiwa
- Toxicology Division, Gotemba Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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Shirota M, Kawashima J, Nakamura T, Ogawa Y, Kamiie J, Shirota K. Vascular hamartoma in the uterus of a female Sprague-Dawley rat with an episode of vaginal bleeding. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1011-5. [PMID: 23416960 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313476575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An annular, reddened lesion with mild serosal hemorrhage and no tumorous mass formation was detected in the right uterine horn of a 37-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rat that had postpubertal vaginal bleeding. Histological examination revealed prominent proliferation of the endometrium, which occupied the uterine lumen. There were numerous aberrant vascular spaces filled with erythrocytes, proliferation of stromal cells, and inflammatory infiltrates including hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the endometrium. These vasculatures extended into the myometrium, and in a transverse section of the lesion, they were mostly distributed throughout the circumference of the uterus. They were irregular in shape and interconnected, forming a large vascular sinus and anastomosing reticular channels. In the area with serosal hemorrhage, the muscular layer covering the large irregular vascular space had undergone degeneration and necrosis. The lining cells of the vasculatures were often plump, and they protruded into the lumen and were arranged in a tombstone or hobnail manner. Immunostaining revealed that these cells were positive for von Willebrand factor and CD34. The aberrant vasculatures were not accompanied by pericytes or muscular layer, although a discontinuous muscular wall was present around some of them. From these results, the uterine lesion was diagnosed as a vascular hamartoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shirota
- 1Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Greaves P, Chouinard L, Ernst H, Mecklenburg L, Pruimboom-brees IM, Rinke M, Rittinghausen S, Thibault S, Von erichsen J, Yoshida T. Proliferative and non-proliferative lesions of the rat and mouse soft tissue, skeletal muscle and mesothelium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:1S-26S. [PMID: 25035576 PMCID: PMC4091527 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in the soft tissues including skeletal muscle as well as the mesothelium of rats and mice. The standardized nomenclature of lesions presented in this document is also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous developmental and aging lesions as well as those induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in soft tissues, skeletal muscle and mesothelium in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists. (DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.1S; J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26: 1S-26S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Greaves
- University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies,
Leicester, UK
| | | | - Heinrich Ernst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental
Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Rittinghausen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental
Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
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Schorsch F. Serious inadequacies regarding the pathology data presented in the paper by Séralini et al. (2012). Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:465-6. [PMID: 23142396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Grunewald W, Bury J. Comment on "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize" by Séralini et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:447-8. [PMID: 23142390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tribe D. My comments about the paper do not adequately describe the serious failures that have occurred in the peer review process at FCT. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:467-72. [PMID: 23142389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kuzutani K, Shibanushi T, Kangawa Y, Kihara T. Spontaneous Mammary Adenocarcinoma in a Twelve-week-old Female Sprague-Dawley Rat. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 25:221-4. [PMID: 22988341 PMCID: PMC3434338 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma was observed in a 12-week-old female SD rat. A
movable mass in the right cervical region was found at 11 weeks of age, and the rat was
sacrificed the following week. The mass was located in the vicinity of the right salivary
gland and measured 38 mm × 26 mm × 16 mm in gross size. It was a firm whitish mass, with a
cut surface that was also whitish in appearance. Histopathologically, neoplastic cells
formed glandular structures that contained secreted eosinophilic material.
Ultrastructurally, similar secreted material and lipid droplets were in the cytoplasm of
the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for
cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18 and estrogen receptor α. Based on these findings, the tumor
was diagnosed as a mammary gland adenocarcinoma, and we therefore conclude that this tumor
type can occur spontaneously in female SD rats as young as 12 weeks of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuzutani
- Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pharmacokinetics and Safety Research Department, 301 Gensuke, Fujieda-Shi,Shizuoka 426-8646, Japan
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Review of the Séralini et al. (2012) publication on a 2‐year rodent feeding study with glyphosate formulations and GM maize NK603 as published online on 19 September 2012 in Food and Chemical Toxicology. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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McCoy A, Besch-Williford CL, Franklin CL, Weinstein EJ, Cui X. Creation and preliminary characterization of a Tp53 knockout rat. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:269-78. [PMID: 22917926 PMCID: PMC3529357 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor TP53 plays a crucial role in cancer biology, and the TP53 gene is the most mutated gene in human cancer. Trp53 knockout mouse models have been widely used in cancer etiology studies and in search for a cure of cancer with some limitations that other model organisms might help overcome. Via pronuclear microinjection of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), we created a Tp53 knockout rat that contains an 11-bp deletion in exon 3, resulting in a frameshift and premature terminations in the open reading frame. In cohorts of 25 homozygous (Tp53Δ11/Δ11), 37 heterozygous (Tp53Δ11/+) and 30 wild-type rats, the Tp53Δ11/Δ11 rats lived an average of 126 days before death or removal from study because of clinical signs of abnormality or formation of tumors. Half of Tp53Δ11/+ were removed from study by 1 year of age because of tumor formation. Both Tp53Δ11/+ and Tp53Δ11/Δ11 rats developed a wide spectrum of tumors, most commonly sarcomas. Interestingly, there was a strikingly high incidence of brain lesions, especially in Tp53Δ11/Δ11 animals. We believe that this mutant rat line will be useful in studying cancer types rarely observed in mice and in carcinogenicity assays for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron McCoy
- Sigma Advanced Genetic Engineering Labs, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St Louis, MO 63146, USA
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Yan HX, Wu HP, Ashton C, Tong C, Ying QL. Rats deficient for p53 are susceptible to spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2001-5. [PMID: 22791818 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene is highly mutated in human cancers. Individuals who inherit one p53 mutant allele are susceptible to a wide range of tumor types, including breast cancer and sarcoma. We recently generated p53 knockout rats through gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Here we show that rats homozygous for the null allele are prone to early onset spontaneous sarcomas and lymphoma with high incidence of metastases. Heterozygous rats are also highly predisposed to cancer, but with a delayed onset and a wider spectrum of tumor types compared with homozygotes. Importantly, up to 20% of female heterozygotes developed breast cancer and about 70% of the tumors were positive for estrogen receptor. Exposing p53-deficient rats to a low dose of the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine dramatically decreased the latency for sarcoma development and survival time compared with equivalently treated wild-type rats. These unique features make this knockout line a valuable model for investigating human malignancy and in vivo carcinogenicity of chemicals and therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xin Yan
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Davis B. Endometrial stromal polyps in rodents: biology, etiology, and relevance to disease in women. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:419-24. [PMID: 22215514 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311431466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal polyps (ESP) are a common spontaneous reproductive tract lesion in the female rat. However, there is limited information concerning the etiology, biology, and significance of these polyps as an end point in toxicology and carcinogenicity studies. This paper reviews relevant literature to address these aspects of ESP with respect to potential relevance to human uterine tumors. Endometrial stromal polyps in rodents appear as age-related lesions. There are only a few chemicals tested for carcinogenicity in rat and mouse cancer bioassays associated with increased incidence of ESP with no common characteristics or mechanism of action. Uterine endometrial polyps that occur in women and the uterine stromal polyps that occur in rodents have distinct characteristics, although both types of uterine lesions are common, benign, and noncancerous. Human endometrial polyps develop from both endometrial and stromal components, whereas rodent polyps develop from the stromal component of the uterus. Endometrial polyps in women are hormone sensitive, but there is no scientific or experimental evidence to date that suggests that uterine stromal polyps in rodents are hormone sensitive. Therefore, based on differences in their etiology and biology, endometrial stromal polyps observed in rodent toxicity and carcinogenicity studies appear to have limited relevance to human endometrial polyps occurring in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Davis
- Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA.
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