1
|
Kang NH, Hyun MK, Bang SY. Reference chemical database for the development and validation of in vitro alternatives to skin irritation and comparison of the performance of RhE models. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105851. [PMID: 38789065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
After EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics in 2013, there has been an increasing global interest in alternatives test methods. To development for alternatives test method, we need to get the toxic data about in vitro and in vivo of chemicals. However, database sometimes provide limited in vivo and in vitro data on chemicals. Further, the data generated using the OECD TG439 (in vitro skin irritation) are scattered in difference databases, and it is not easy to navigate through them. Therefore, we complied 'Reference Chemical Database System for Skin Irritation Alternative Test (RCDS-Skin Irritation)' to allow easy, one-stop access to test chemical information. We established the systematic RCDS-Skin Irritation by collecting physiochemical properties, CAS number, human data, and in vivo (OECD TG404) data from overseas chemicals database including European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) etc., and in vitro data using Reconstructed human Epidermis (RhE) (OECD TG439). As a result, we developed the RCDS-Skin Irritation that contains information on 149 chemicals including the data we generated by performing tests using EpiDerm™ SIT, SkinEthic™ RHE and KeraSkin™ SIT. Therefore, the RCDS-Skin Irritation established based on our study will provide insight for safety assessment of chemicals and for development of alternative test methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hee Kang
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), Nonclinical Resource Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Kyung Hyun
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), Nonclinical Resource Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Bang
- Korean Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (KoCVAM), Nonclinical Resource Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baran MJ, Hof R, Groot A, Eurlings I, Gijsbrechts J, de Jong B, Wulff JE. Safety Evaluation of a Prototypical Diazirine-Based Covalent Crosslinker and Molecular Adhesive. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:146-156. [PMID: 37987615 PMCID: PMC10916352 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231215692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
bis-Diazirine reagents are increasingly being used as polymer crosslinkers, adhesives, and photopatterning agents in the materials sciences literature, but little effort has been made thus far to document their chemical safety profile. Here, we describe the results of a detailed toxicity assessment of a representative bis-diazirine. Safety was evaluated by a series of in vitro assays, which found the product to be non-mutagenic in bacterial tester strains TA98 and TA100, non-corrosive and non-irritating to skin, and requiring no classification for eye irritation or serious damage. While in vitro tests do not capture the integrated whole animal system, and thus cannot completely rule out the possibility of adverse responses, the results of this study suggest a desirable safety profile for bis-diazirine reagents and provide a solid foundation upon which to add in vivo assessment of safety risk and dose-response studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Angelique Groot
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Eurlings
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Jet Gijsbrechts
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Britt de Jong
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Page K, Westerink W, Sullivan K, McDonald T, Roper C. Assessment of the utility of the novel Phenion® full thickness human skin model for detecting the skin irritation potential of antimicrobial cleaning products. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105726. [PMID: 37931828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a potential route of exposure to antimicrobial cleaning products (ACP). Skin irritation, reversible damage to the skin, is an endpoint for protecting consumers and operators accidently exposed to these complex mixtures. To assess skin irritation of 24 ACP formulations, a new protocol was developed and adapted from OECD Test Guideline No. 439 with EpiDerm™ (epidermis model) replaced by Phenion® FT (full thickness tissue, including epidermis and dermis) as the test system. A full thickness tissue was utilized to provide a more human in vivo-like model. Formulations were applied to Phenion® FT and cell viability measured by MTT reduction after a 15-min exposure and 42 h post exposure period. A prediction model was applied, and results compared with in vivo rabbit skin irritation data. Concordance between in vivo and in vitro was demonstrated to be suitable (i.e., sensitivity 78%, specificity 83%, and accuracy 79%) using this modified OECD Test Guideline No. 439 method with a 70% cell viability selected as the most reasonable cut off for discriminating non-irritants (EPA Class IV). These results were considered suitable to develop a draft IATA i.e., with any ACP formulation identified as EPA Category IV in this test. The method will be further refined to distinguish irritant categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Page
- Clorox Services Company, 121 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Walter Westerink
- Charles River Laboratories, Hambakenwetering 7, 's, Hertogenbosch 5231 DD, The Netherlands.
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave NW Ste 400, Washington 20016, USA.
| | - Thomas McDonald
- Clorox Services Company, 121 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Clive Roper
- Roper Toxicology Consulting Limited, 6 St Colme Street, Edinburgh EH3 6AD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Microemulsion system for topical delivery of thai mango seed kernel extract: development, physicochemical characterisation and ex vivo skin permeation studies. Molecules 2014; 19:17107-29. [PMID: 25347456 PMCID: PMC6271960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A microemulsion system containing Thai mango seed kernel extract (MSKE, cultivar “Fahlun”) was developed and characterised for the purpose of topical skin delivery. The MSKE-loaded microemulsions were prepared by using the spontaneous emulsification method. Isopropyl myristate (IPM) was selected as the oil phase. A polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan monododecanoate (1:1, w/w) system was used as the surfactant phase; an aqueous mixture of different cosurfactants (absolute ethanol, 96.3% v/v ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol or 1,2-propanediol) at a weight ratio of 1:1 was used as the aqueous phase. Among the cosurfactants studied, the 1-propanol aqueous mixture had the largest microemulsion region (48.93%) in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Microemulsions containing 1% MSKE demonstrated good physicochemical stability during a six-month study period at 25 ± 2 °C/60% ± 5% RH. The ex vivo skin permeation study demonstrated that the microemulsions exhibited a potent skin enhancement effect allowing MSKE to penetrate skin layers up to 60-fold higher compared with the control. Neither skin irritation nor skin corrosion was observed in ex vivo studies. The present study revealed that IPM-based microemulsion systems may be promising carriers to enhance skin penetration and delivering MSKE for topical treatment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Miles A, Berthet A, Hopf N, Gilliet M, Raffoul W, Vernez D, Spring P. A new alternative method for testing skin irritation using a human skin model: A pilot study. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:240-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Hikima T, Kaneda N, Matsuo K, Tojo K. Prediction of Percutaneous Absorption in Human Using Three-Dimensional Human Cultured Epidermis LabCyte EPI-MODEL. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:362-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hikima
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Noriaki Kaneda
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Kyouhei Matsuo
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Kakuji Tojo
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deters A, Petereit F, Schmidgall J, Hensel A. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine oligosaccharides induce mucin secretion from colonic tissue and induce differentiation of human keratinocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:197-204. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.2.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides (DP2, DP3, DP4, DP5 and DP7) were investigated for their effects on epithelial cells and tissue (skin keratinocytes in-vitro and ex-vivo, and gastrointestinal epithelial membranes ex-vivo). Oligomers DP2, DP3 and DP5 at 10 μg mL−1 significantly stimulated the mitochondrial activity of cultured keratinocytes in-vitro (primary cells and HaCaT cell line), with highest activity observed for the pentamer (150% of untreated control). The effects were dose dependent. This higher energy status of primary cells was triggered into a higher differentiation status, as determined by the early and late differentiation markers keratins K1/K10 and involucrin, respectively. In contrast, increased mitogenic cell proliferation was not induced by the oligosaccharides. Toxic effects on keratinocytes were absent. Additionally for the first time a mucin-stimulating effect of chitin oligosaccharides DP3 and DP5 was observed in an ex-vivo model based on intestinal epithelial mucosa tissue. Mucin secretion was time dependent, leading to the secretion of polymers comparable to those normally secreted under physiological conditions. Mucin induction was observed from colonic tissue isolated from humans and pigs. Also, porcine stomach mucosa was stimulated by DP5, while ileum tissue reacted to only a minor extent. Potential developments towards products with wound-healing capacity and activity against chronic bowel disease are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Deters
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Petereit
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidgall
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstraße 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jírová D, Basketter D, Liebsch M, Bendová H, Kejlová K, Marriott M, Kandárová H. Comparison of human skin irritation patch test data within vitroskin irritation assays and animal data. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:109-16. [PMID: 20136894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Katoh M, Hamajima F, Ogasawara T, Hata KI. Assessment of human epidermal model LabCyte EPI-MODEL for in vitro skin irritation testing according to European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)-validated protocol. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:327-34. [PMID: 19483386 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A validation study of an in vitro skin irritation testing method using a reconstructed human skin model has been conducted by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), and a protocol using EpiSkin (SkinEthic, France) has been approved. The structural and performance criteria of skin models for testing are defined in the ECVAM Performance Standards announced along with the approval. We have performed several evaluations of the new reconstructed human epidermal model LabCyte EPI-MODEL, and confirmed that it is applicable to skin irritation testing as defined in the ECVAM Performance Standards. We selected 19 materials (nine irritants and ten non-irritants) available in Japan as test chemicals among the 20 reference chemicals described in the ECVAM Performance Standard. A test chemical was applied to the surface of the LabCyte EPI-MODEL for 15 min, after which it was completely removed and the model then post-incubated for 42 hr. Cell v iability was measured by MTT assay and skin irritancy of the test chemical evaluated. In addition, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha) concentration in the culture supernatant after post-incubation was measured to provide a complementary evaluation of skin irritation. Evaluation of the 19 test chemicals resulted in 79% accuracy, 78% sensitivity and 80% specificity, confirming that the in vitro skin irritancy of the LabCyte EPI-MODEL correlates highly with in vivo skin irritation. These results suggest that LabCyte EPI-MODEL is applicable to the skin irritation testing protocol set out in the ECVAM Performance Standards.
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of mono and diacylglycerol amino acid-based surfactants. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3837-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
The usefulness of toxicogenomics for predicting acute skin irritation on in vitro reconstructed human epidermis. Toxicology 2007; 241:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Kidd D, Johnson M, Clements J. Development of an in vitro corrosion/irritation prediction assay using the EpiDerm™ skin model. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
The increasing demands on toxicology of large-scale risk assessment programmes for chemicals and emerging or expanding areas of chemical use suggest it is timely to review the toxicological toolbox. Like in clinical medicine, where an evidence-based medicine (EBM) is critically reviewing traditional approaches, toxicology has the opportunity to reshape and enlarge its methodology and approaches on the basis of compounded scientific knowledge. Such revision would have to be based on structured reviews of current practice, ie, assessment of test performance characteristics, mechanistic understanding, extended quality assurance, formal validation and the use of integrated testing strategies. This form of revision could optimize the balance between safety, costs and animal welfare, explicitly stating and, where possible, quantifying uncertainties. After a self-critical reassessment of current practices and evaluation of the thus generated information, such an evidence-based toxicology (EBT) promises to make better use of resources and to increase the quality of results, facilitating their interpretation. It shall open up hazard and also risk assessments to new technologies, flexibly accommodating current and future mechanistic understanding. An EBT will be better prepared to answer the continuously growing safety demands of modern societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hoffmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, 21020 Ispra VA, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Loussouarn G, Haubrechts C, Léger DS, Piérard GE. Skin capacitance imaging and corneosurfametry. A comparative assessment of the impact of surfactants on stratum corneum. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:249-53. [PMID: 16689808 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Silicon image sensor (SIS) technology was recently introduced as an innovative tool (SkinChip, L'Oréal) providing sensitive imaging of the skin capacitance. This method can detect discrete focal variations in skin surface hydration, and thus early discrete manifestations of skin irritation induced by surfactants. In the present in vivo study, 2 neat and diluted shampoos, and 5% and 10% sodium laurylsulfate solutions were tested on human skin. Each surfactant solution was gently rubbed on the skin using wet hair wicks mimicking the casual use of a shampoo on the scalp. Clinical and SIS evaluations were carried out. In addition, the same products were tested using the ex vivo corneosurfametry bioassay performed on human stratum corneum (SC) harvested by cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings. The colourimetric index of mildness (CIM) was measured on these samples. The product reactivity with the SC was recognized by darker skin capacitance images, and by both lowered SkinChip-generated values and lowered CIM values. The extent in changes varied according to the nature of the test products and their concentrations. The SkinChip image changes likely corresponded to the acute surfactant-induced water swelling of the corneocytes. Skin capacitance imaging and corneosurfametry allow to disclose discrete surfactant-induced alterations of corneocytes.
Collapse
|
15
|
ELsinghorst T. Analysis of the 96 most often cited articles published in veterinary journals in 2002 and 2003. Vet Q 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2002.9695199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|
16
|
Uhoda E, Lévêque JL, Piérard GE. Silicon Image Sensor Technology for in vivo Detection of Surfactant-Induced Corneocyte Swelling and Drying. Dermatology 2005; 210:184-8. [PMID: 15785044 DOI: 10.1159/000083507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several instrumental methods can indirectly assess some specific aspects of cutaneous irritation at the level of the stratum corneum (SC). OBJECTIVE There is a need for developing more sensitive approaches in this field. METHODS We assessed a recently introduced innovative tool (SkinChip) based on capacitive pixel-sensing technology in its potential to detect early discrete manifestations of skin irritation. The sensor generates a detailed non-optical picture corresponding to a capacitance map of the skin surface reaching 50 microm pixel resolution. Some topographical details can be easily disclosed and the SC hydration as well. Two surfactant solutions were tested on volunteers. These solutions were applied under test patches for 2 days on the volar forearms. Clinical and SkinChip assessments were performed 3 h after removing the patch. RESULTS The generated images allowed a precise observation of skin irritation which appeared as a two-step process. Early changes consisted of darker pixels corresponding to overhydrated swollen corneocytes at the irritated sites. Two days later, the same area appeared as white pixels, indicating the loss of corneocyte hydration. CONCLUSION The SkinChip device appears to be a very sensitive tool for detecting the early steps of surfactant-induced skin irritation affecting the SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Uhoda
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hoffmann S, Cole T, Hartung T. Skin irritation: prevalence, variability, and regulatory classification of existing in vivo data from industrial chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 41:159-66. [PMID: 15748793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo rabbit data for skin irritation registered in the European New Chemicals Database (NCD) and an ECETOC Database were evaluated to characterise the distribution of irritation potential among chemicals and to assess the variability of the animal test. These databases could be used to determine experimental and rudimentarily within-laboratory variability, but not between-laboratory variability. Our evaluation suggests that experimental variability is small. Using two classification systems--the system currently used in Europe and the Globally Harmonised System (GHS)--the prevalence of skin irritation data obtained from NCD was analysed. This analysis revealed that out of 3121 chemicals tested, less than 10% showed an irritation potential in rabbits which would require an appropriate hazard label and 64% did not cause any irritation. Furthermore, it appears that in practical use the European classification system introduces bias towards overclassification. Based on these findings, we conclude, that the classification systems should be refined taking prevalence into account. Additionally, prevalence should be incorporated into the design and analysis of validation studies for in vitro test methods and in the definition of testing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hoffmann
- European Commission, JRC-Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, ECVAM-European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Benavides T, Martínez V, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Moran C, Clapés P, Clothier R, Vinardell MP. Assessment of the potential irritation and photoirritation of novel amino acid-based surfactants by in vitro methods as alternative to the animal tests. Toxicology 2004; 201:87-93. [PMID: 15297023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ultraviolet-A radiation damage effects on skin and eyes will be increased by phototoxic compounds which could be present in pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations. Great efforts have been made in the last years to find surfactants to replace those with phototoxic potential in commercial use. Series of different in vitro models for phototoxicity, included to validated neutral red uptake (NRU) 3T3 phototoxicity assay are useful screening tools. The phototoxic effects of a novel family of glycerol amino acid-based surfactant compounds were examined via these assays. Human red blood cells and two immortalised cell lines, murine fibroblast cell line 3T3, and one human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, were the in vitro models employed to predict potential photoirritation. The phototoxic end-points assessed were hemolysis (human red blood cell test) and resazurin transformation to resorufin and NRU in cell culture methods. The results suggest that no phototoxic effects by any new amino acid derived-surfactants, could be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Benavides
- Departament Fisiologia-Farmàcia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (BCN), Avinguda Joan XXIII s/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rogers JV, Siegel GL, Pollard DL, Rooney AD, McDougal JN. The cytotoxicity of volatile JP-8 jet fuel components in keratinocytes. Toxicology 2004; 197:113-21. [PMID: 15003322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models are being used to evaluate the toxic and irritating effects of JP-8, a kerosene-based jet fuel. JP-8 components are volatile, which makes in vitro studies difficult to evaluate dose-response relationships due to changes in chemical dosimetry caused by evaporation from the exposure medium. An in vitro approach testing volatile chemical toxicity that we have recently developed was used to evaluate the toxicity of the JP-8 components m-xylene, 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN), and n-nonane in keratinocytes. Partition coefficients were measured and used to estimate the chemical concentration in the keratinocytes. The EC50 for m-xylene and 1-MN decreased significantly (P < or = 0.05) at 1, 2, and 4h. For n-nonane, no significant decreases in the EC50 values were observed over time; marginal cytotoxicity of n-nonane in keratinocytes was observed at 1h. Within 4h, about 75-90% of each volatile chemical was observed to be lost from the exposure medium when tissues were exposed in unsealed 24-well plates. This decrease resulted in significantly higher medium chemical concentrations needed to obtain EC50 values when compared to tissues exposed in sealed vials. This study demonstrates that chemical evaporation during in vitro exposures can significantly affect toxicological endpoint measurements. Ultimately, relating target cell chemical concentration to cellular responses in vitro could be used in determining an equivalent external dose using a biologically-based mathematical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James V Rogers
- Geo-Centers, Inc., 2856 G. Street, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Singh S, Singh J. Dermal toxicity and microscopic alterations by JP-8 jet fuel components in vivo in rabbit. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 16:153-161. [PMID: 21782702 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the skin irritation, macroscopic and microscopic barrier alteration in vivo in rabbits from aliphatic and aromatic components of jet propellant-8 (JP-8) jet fuel. Macroscopic barrier properties were evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, and skin temperature; microscopic changes were observed by light microscopy. Draize visual scoring system was used to measure skin irritation. We found significant (P<0.05) increase in temperature at the site of all chemically saturated patches immediately after patch removal in comparison to the control site. Tridecane (TRI) produced a greater increase in temperature and capacitance at all time points than all the other components of JP-8. Both the aliphatic and aromatic components increased the TEWL at all time points. Tridecane produced greater increase in TEWL followed by naphthalene (NAP), 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN), 2-metylnaphthalene (2-MN), tetradecane (TET), and dodecane (DOD). All of the above components of JP-8 caused moderate to severe erythema and edema, which were not resolved to the baseline even after 24h of patch removal. Light microscopy revealed an increase in epidermal thickness (ET), and decrease in length and thickness of collagen fibers' bundle by the above components of JP-8. These results suggest potential dermatotoxicity from the JP-8 components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Coleman CA, Hull BE, McDougal JN, Rogers JV. The effect of m-xylene on cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant status in rat dermal equivalents. Toxicol Lett 2003; 142:133-42. [PMID: 12765247 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of the skin to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) can lead to irritation, inflammation and cytotoxicity. Since VOCs are used in industrial, commercial and military applications, concern is mounting with respect to VOC safe exposure limits. Although traditional toxicological assessment of VOCs has utilized animal models, the use of alternative in vitro models is becoming more widespread. We have previously developed a sealed exposure system that prevents chemical loss through evaporation and enables calculation of target cell chemical dose. The present study utilized this in vitro exposure method to assess m-xylene-induced cytotoxicity and antioxidant status in dermal equivalents (dermal fibroblasts in a collagen matrix). At the end of a 1- or 4-h exposure, cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and the EC50 values determined were 1481 +/- 88 and 930 +/- 33, respectively. Decreases in cellular thiols and catalase activity were observed, which occurred in a time and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of dermal equivalents with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and catalase provided some protection against m-xylene-induced cytotoxicity. When compared to m-xylene exposures, treatment with either 1.0 or 5.0 mM NAC led to increases in the EC50 values at 1 and 4 h. Increases in these EC50 values ranged from 1.22- to 1.32-fold at 1 h and 1.27- to 1.54-fold at 4 h. Although treatment with catalase (1000 U/ml) led to a 1.35-fold increase in cell viability at 1 h, no significant differences were observed at either 1 or 4 h when compared to dermal equivalents exposed to m-xylene alone. These results suggest that exposure to m-xylene leads to a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cellular antioxidants and that cellular thiols may provide protection against the cytotoxic properties of m-xylene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clint A Coleman
- ManTech, 2856 G Street, Building 79, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|