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Blaschke SJ, Rautenberg N, Endepols H, Jendro A, Konrad J, Vlachakis S, Wiedermann D, Schroeter M, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Marklund N, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Early Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment as a Pathological Hallmark in a Novel Model of Closed-Head Concussive Brain Injury (CBI) in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4837. [PMID: 38732053 PMCID: PMC11084321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Concussion, caused by a rotational acceleration/deceleration injury mild enough to avoid structural brain damage, is insufficiently captured in recent preclinical models, hampering the relation of pathophysiological findings on the cellular level to functional and behavioral deficits. We here describe a novel model of unrestrained, single vs. repetitive concussive brain injury (CBI) in male C56Bl/6j mice. Longitudinal behavioral assessments were conducted for up to seven days afterward, alongside the evaluation of structural cerebral integrity by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 9.4 T), and validated ex vivo by histology. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity was analyzed by means of fluorescent dextran- as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation, and neuroinflammatory processes were characterized both in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]DPA-714 and ex vivo using immunohistochemistry. While a single CBI resulted in a defined, subacute neuropsychiatric phenotype, longitudinal cognitive testing revealed a marked decrease in spatial cognition, most pronounced in mice subjected to CBI at high frequency (every 48 h). Functional deficits were correlated to a parallel disruption of the BBB, (R2 = 0.29, p < 0.01), even detectable by a significant increase in hippocampal uptake of [18F]DPA-714, which was not due to activation of microglia, as confirmed immunohistochemically. Featuring a mild but widespread disruption of the BBB without evidence of macroscopic damage, this model induces a characteristic neuro-psychiatric phenotype that correlates to the degree of BBB disruption. Based on these findings, the BBB may function as both a biomarker of CBI severity and as a potential treatment target to improve recovery from concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Nora Rautenberg
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-5), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Aileen Jendro
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Jens Konrad
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (J.K.); (B.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Susan Vlachakis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (J.K.); (B.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (J.K.); (B.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria A. Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany; (N.R.); (A.J.); (M.S.); (G.R.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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2
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Morais A, Chung JY, Wu L, Ayata C, Simon B, Whalen MJ. Non-Invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation Pre-Treatment Reduces Neurological Dysfunction After Closed Head Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:150-158. [PMID: 38435077 PMCID: PMC10908330 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) has recently been suggested as a potential therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). We previously demonstrated that nVNS inhibits cortical spreading depolarization, the electrophysiological event underlying migraine aura, and is relevant to TBI. Our past work also suggests a role for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in cognitive deficits after closed head injury (CHI) in mice. We show that nVNS pre-treatment suppresses CHI-associated spatial learning and memory impairment and prevents IL-1β activation in injured neurons, but not endothelial cells. In contrast, nVNS administered 10 min after CHI was ineffective. These data suggest that nVNS prophylaxis might ameliorate neuronal dysfunction associated with CHI in populations at high risk for concussive TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Morais
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Simon
- ElectroCore, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael J. Whalen
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Freire MAM, Rocha GS, Bittencourt LO, Falcao D, Lima RR, Cavalcanti JRLP. Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: What Have We Learned So Far? BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1139. [PMID: 37627023 PMCID: PMC10452099 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-lasting morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a devastating condition related to the impairment of the nervous system after an external traumatic event resulting in transitory or permanent functional disability, with a significant burden to the healthcare system. Harmful events underlying TBI can be classified into two sequential stages, primary and secondary, which are both associated with breakdown of the tissue homeostasis due to impairment of the blood-brain barrier, osmotic imbalance, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptotic cell death, ultimately resulting in a loss of tissue functionality. The present study provides an updated review concerning the roles of brain edema, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress on brain changes resulting from a TBI. The proper characterization of the phenomena resulting from TBI can contribute to the improvement of care, rehabilitation and quality of life of the affected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurelio M. Freire
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59607-360, RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sousa Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59607-360, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Falcao
- VCU Health Systems, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23219 Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Jose Rodolfo Lopes P. Cavalcanti
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59607-360, RN, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró 59607-360, RN, Brazil
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4
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Eyolfson E, Carr T, Fraunberger E, Khan A, Clark I, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries in mice cause age- and sex-specific alterations in dendritic spine density. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114172. [PMID: 35863503 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) plague the human population and their prevalence is increasing annually. More so, repeated mTBIs (RmTBI) are known to manifest and compound neurological deficits in vulnerable populations. Age at injury and sex are two important factors influencing RmTBI pathophysiology, but we continue to know little about the specific effects of RmTBI in youth and females. In this study, we directly quantified the effects of RmTBI on adolescent and adult, male and female mice, with a closed-head lateral impact model. We report age- and sex-specific neurobehavioural deficits in motor function and working memory, microglia responses to injury, and the subsequent changes in dendritic spine density in select brain regions. Specifically, RmTBI caused increased footslips in adult male mice as assessed in a beam walk assay and significantly reduced the time spent with a novel object in adolescent male and female mice. RmTBIs caused a significant reduction in microglia density in male mice in the motor cortex, but not female mice. Finally, RmTBI significantly reduced dendritic spine density in the agranular insular cortex (a region of the prefrontal cortex in mice) and increased dendritic spine density in the adolescent male motor cortex. Together, the data provided in this study sheds new light on the heterogeneity in RmTBI-induced behavioural, glial, and neuronal architecture changes dependent on age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Thomas Carr
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Erik Fraunberger
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Isabel Clark
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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5
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McCorkle TA, Romm ZL, Raghupathi R. Repeated Mild TBI in Adolescent Rats Reveals Sex Differences in Acute and Chronic Behavioral Deficits. Neuroscience 2022; 493:52-68. [PMID: 35469970 PMCID: PMC10074545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High school students who participate in contact sports are vulnerable to sustaining multiple concussions and exhibit deficits in cognitive function in both the acute and chronic phases and in emotional behavior in the chronic phase. Further, boys are more likely to suffer cognitive problems whereas girls tend to report depression and anxiety. The effects of repetitive mild TBI in adolescent (35-40-day old) male and female Sprague-Dawley rats on object location and spatial working memory (hippocampal-dependent) and object recognition memory (hippocampal-independent) at 1-and-4-weeks post-injury along with trait-dependent anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors at 5 weeks were examined. Compared to sham-injured rats, male brain-injured rats demonstrated significant impairment in both hippocampal-dependent and -independent memory tasks at both time points, whereas female brain-injured rats only exhibited impairment in these tests at the 4-week time point. In contrast, depressive-like behaviors were present in the forced swim test in only the female brain-injured animals at 5 weeks post-injury; anxiety-like behaviors were not evident in either male or female brain-injured animals. Histological analysis at 6 weeks after injury revealed that repeated mild TBI in male and female adolescent rats resulted in increased reactivity of astrocytes and microglia within the corpus callosum below the impact site and in the stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale of the CA2 region of the dorsal hippocampus. Together, these data are indicative of the differences in the temporal pattern of post-traumatic behavioral deficits between male and female animals and that female animals may be more likely to develop deficits in the chronic post-traumatic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A McCorkle
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Z L Romm
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - R Raghupathi
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
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6
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Wu L, Chan ST, Edmiston WJ, Jin G, Levy ES, Kwong KK, Mannix R, Meehan WP, Chifamba FF, Lipton JO, Whalen MJ, Chen YCI. Persistent CO 2 reactivity deficits are associated with neurological dysfunction up to one year after repetitive mild closed head injury in adolescent mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3260-3272. [PMID: 34229511 PMCID: PMC8669283 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211021771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) deficits in adolescents with concussion may persist after resolution of neurological symptoms. Whether or not CVR deficits predict long term neurological function is unknown. We used adolescent mice closed head injury (CHI) models (54 g, 107 cm or 117 cm drop height), followed by blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)-functional MRI with CO2 challenge to assess CVR and brain connectivity. At one week, 3HD 107 cm mice showed delayed BOLD responses (p = 0.0074), normal striatal connectivity, and an impaired respiratory rate response to CO2 challenge (p = 0.0061 in ΔRmax). The 107 cm group developed rotarod deficits at 6 months (p = 0.02) and altered post-CO2 brain connectivity (3-fold increase in striatum to motor cortex correlation coefficient) by one year, but resolved their CVR and respiratory rate impairments, and did not develop cognitive or circadian activity deficits. In contrast, the 117 cm group had persistent CVR (delay time: p = 0.016; washout time: p = 0.039) and circadian activity deficits (free-running period: 23.7 hr in sham vs 23.9 hr in 3HD; amplitude: 0.15 in sham vs 0.2 in 3HD; peak activity: 18 in sham vs 21 in 3HD) at one year. Persistent CVR deficits after concussion may portend long-term neurological dysfunction. Further studies are warranted to determine the utility of CVR to predict chronic neurological outcome after mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suk-Tak Chan
- Department of Radiology, A. Martino's Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - William J Edmiston
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gina Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily S Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth K Kwong
- Department of Radiology, A. Martino's Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William P Meehan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fortunate F Chifamba
- Department of Neurology, Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin-Ching I Chen
- Department of Radiology, A. Martino's Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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7
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Wu L, Chung JY, Cao T, Jin G, Edmiston WJ, Hickman S, Levy ES, Whalen JA, Abrams ESL, Degterev A, Lo EH, Tozzi L, Kaplan DL, El Khoury J, Whalen MJ. Genetic inhibition of RIPK3 ameliorates functional outcome in controlled cortical impact independent of necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1064. [PMID: 34753914 PMCID: PMC8578385 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability with no specific effective therapy, in part because disease driving mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) are serine/threonine kinases that assemble multi-molecular complexes that induce apoptosis, necroptosis, inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B activation. Prior studies using pharmacological inhibitors implicated necroptosis in the pathogenesis of TBI and stroke, but these studies cannot be used to conclusively demonstrate a role for necroptosis because of the possibility of off target effects. Using a model of cerebral contusion and RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase like knockout (MLKL-/-) mice, we found evidence for activation of RIPK3 and MLKL and assembly of a RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL necrosome complex in pericontusional brain tissue. Phosphorylated forms of RIPK3 and MLKL were detected in endothelium, CD11b + immune cells, and neurons, and RIPK3 was upregulated and activated in three-dimensional human endothelial cell cultures subjected to CCI. RIPK3-/- and MLKL-/- mice had reduced blood-brain barrier damage at 24 h (p < 0.05), but no differences in neuronal death (6 h, p = ns in CA1, CA3 and DG), brain edema (24 h, p = ns), or lesion size (4 weeks, p = ns) after CCI. RIPK3-/-, but not MLKL-/- mice, were protected against postinjury motor and cognitive deficits at 1-4 weeks (RIPK3-/- vs WT: p < 0.05 for group in wire grip, Morris water maze hidden platform trials, p < 0.05 for novel object recognition test, p < 0.01 for rotarod test). RIPK3-/- mice had reduced infiltrating leukocytes (p < 0.05 vs WT in CD11b + cells, microglia and macrophages), HMGB1 release and interleukin-1 beta activation at 24-48 h (p < 0.01) after CCI. Our data indicate that RIPK3 contributes to functional outcome after cerebral contusion by mechanisms involving inflammation but independent of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Tian Cao
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Gina Jin
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - William J. Edmiston
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Suzanne Hickman
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Emily S. Levy
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Jordyn A. Whalen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Eliza Sophie LaRovere Abrams
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- grid.67033.310000 0000 8934 4045Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Lorenzo Tozzi
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Michael J. Whalen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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8
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Serpa RO, Ferguson L, Larson C, Bailard J, Cooke S, Greco T, Prins ML. Pathophysiology of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:696510. [PMID: 34335452 PMCID: PMC8319243 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.696510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The national incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exceeds that of any other disease in the pediatric population. In the United States the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports 697,347 annual TBIs in children ages 0–19 that result in emergency room visits, hospitalization or deaths. There is a bimodal distribution within the pediatric TBI population, with peaks in both toddlers and adolescents. Preclinical TBI research provides evidence for age differences in acute pathophysiology that likely contribute to long-term outcome differences between age groups. This review will examine the timecourse of acute pathophysiological processes during cerebral maturation, including calcium accumulation, glucose metabolism and cerebral blood flow. Consequences of pediatric TBI are complicated by the ongoing maturational changes allowing for substantial plasticity and windows of vulnerabilities. This review will also examine the timecourse of later outcomes after mild, repeat mild and more severe TBI to establish developmental windows of susceptibility and altered maturational trajectories. Research progress for pediatric TBI is critically important to reveal age-associated mechanisms and to determine knowledge gaps for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka O Serpa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cooper Larson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julie Bailard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha Cooke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany Greco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Cucullo L. Impact of chronic smoking on traumatic brain microvascular injury: An in vitro study. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7122-7134. [PMID: 34160882 PMCID: PMC8335687 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major reason of cerebrovascular and neurological damage. Premorbid conditions such as tobacco smoking (TS) can worsen post‐TBI injuries by promoting vascular endothelial impairments. Indeed, TS‐induced oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation can hamper the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) endothelium. This study evaluated the subsequence of chronic TS exposure on BBB endothelial cells in an established in vitro model of traumatic cell injury. Experiments were conducted on confluent TS‐exposed mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (mBMEC‐P5) following scratch injury. The expression of BBB integrity–associated tight junction (TJ) proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence imaging (IF), Western blotting (WB) and quantitative RT‐PCR. We evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the nuclear factor 2–related (Nrf2) with its downstream effectors and several inflammatory markers. Thrombomodulin expression was used to assess the endothelial haemostatic response to injury and TS exposure. Our results show that TS significantly decreased Nrf2, thrombomodulin and TJ expression in the BBB endothelium injury models while increased OS and inflammation compared to parallel TS‐free cultures. These data suggest that chronic TS exposure exacerbates traumatic endothelial injury and abrogates the protective antioxidative cell responses. The downstream effect was a more significant decline of BBB endothelial viability, which could aggravate subsequent neurological impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.,Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
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10
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Aykan SA, Xie H, Lai JH, Zheng Y, Chung DY, Kura S, Anzabi M, Sugimoto K, McAllister LM, Yaseen MA, Boas DA, Whalen MJ, Sakadzic S, Ayata C. Focal Subcortical White Matter Lesions Disrupt Resting State Cortical Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4958-4969. [PMID: 34037216 PMCID: PMC8491690 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the largest white matter tract and critical for interhemispheric connectivity. Unfortunately, neurocognitive deficits after experimental white matter lesions are subtle and variable, limiting their translational utility. We examined resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) as a surrogate after a focal lesion in the lateral corpus callosum induced by stereotaxic injection of L-NIO in mice. RSFC was performed via optical intrinsic signal imaging through intact skull before and on days 1 and 14 after injection, using interhemispheric homotopic and seed-based temporal correlation maps. We measured the lesion volumes at 1 month in the same cohort. L-NIO induced focal lesions in the corpus callosum. Interhemispheric homotopic connectivity decreased by up to 50% 24 h after L-NIO, partially sparing the visual cortex. All seeds showed loss of connectivity to the contralateral hemisphere. Moreover, ipsilesional motor and visual cortices lost connectivity within the same hemisphere. Sham-operated mice did not show any lesion or connectivity changes. RSFC imaging reliably detects acute disruption of long interhemispheric and intrahemispheric connectivity after a corpus callosum lesion in mice. This noninvasive method can be a functional surrogate to complement neurocognitive testing in both therapeutic and recovery studies after white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanem A Aykan
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - James Han Lai
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.,Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maryam Anzabi
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Kazutaka Sugimoto
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
| | - Lauren M McAllister
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - M Abbas Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sava Sakadzic
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA.,Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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11
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O'Brien WT, Symons GF, Bain J, Major BP, Costello DM, Sun M, Kimpton JS, Chen Z, Brady RD, Mychasiuk R, O'Brien TJ, Monif M, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ. Elevated Serum Interleukin-1β Levels in Male, but not Female, Collision Sport Athletes with a Concussion History. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1350-1357. [PMID: 33308001 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly reported that a history of concussion may be associated with chronic deleterious consequences. While the pathophysiology that contributes to these consequences is not well understood, neuroinflammation is postulated to be critical. Activation of multi-protein complexes termed inflammasomes, a key component of this inflammatory response, has been reported in more severe TBIs; however, it has not been investigated in milder TBIs, such as concussion. This study investigated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 (key proteins activated downstream of these inflammasomes) at acute, sub-acute, and chronic time-points post-concussion. We recruited 105 Australian footballers (65 male, 40 female) during the pre-season, then prospectively followed these players for the occurrence of concussion during the season. At baseline, 58 footballers reported a previous concussion history, and 47 reported no previous concussion history. Additionally, 25 players sustained a mid-season concussion and were sampled at 2, 6, and 13 days post-concussion. Serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were quantified using highly sensitive Simoa HD-X Analyzer assays. At baseline, IL-1β levels were higher in male, but not female, footballers with a previous concussion history compared with footballers with no concussion history. There was also a positive correlation between years of collision sport participation and IL-18 levels in males. No evidence was found in males or females to indicate that IL-1β or IL-18 levels differed at 2, 6, or 13 days post-concussion. These findings provide novel insights into potential sex-specific physiological consequences of concussion, and suggest that neuroinflammation may be persistent chronically following concussion in male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia F Symons
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse Bain
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan P Major
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel M Costello
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua S Kimpton
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Neuroinflammation before Tau Pathology in Adolescent P301S Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020907. [PMID: 33477535 PMCID: PMC7831108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive closed head injury (rCHI) is commonly encountered in young athletes engaged in contact and collision sports. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) including rCHI has been reported to be an important risk factor for several tauopathies in studies of adult humans and animals. However, the link between rCHI and the progression of tau pathology in adolescents remains to be elucidated. We evaluated whether rCHI can trigger the initial acceleration of pathological tau in adolescent mice and impact the long-term outcomes post-injury. To this end, we subjected adolescent transgenic mice expressing the P301S tau mutation to mild rCHI and assessed tau hyperphosphorylation, tangle formation, markers of neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits at 40 days post rCHI. We report that rCHI did not accelerate tau pathology and did not worsen behavioral outcomes compared to control mice. However, rCHI induced cortical and hippocampal microgliosis and corpus callosum astrocytosis in P301S mice by 40 days post-injury. In contrast, we did not find significant microgliosis or astrocytosis after rCHI in age-matched WT mice or sham-injured P301S mice. Our data suggest that neuroinflammation precedes the development of Tau pathology in this rCHI model of adolescent repetitive mild TBI.
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13
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Eyolfson E, Khan A, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Microglia dynamics in adolescent traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:326. [PMID: 33121516 PMCID: PMC7597018 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive, mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBIs) are increasingly common in adolescents and encompass one of the largest neurological health concerns in the world. Adolescence is a critical period for brain development where RmTBIs can substantially impact neurodevelopmental trajectories and life-long neurological health. Our current understanding of RmTBI pathophysiology suggests key roles for neuroinflammation in negatively regulating neural health and function. Microglia, the brain’s resident immune population, play important roles in brain development by regulating neuronal number, and synapse formation and elimination. In response to injury, microglia activate to inflammatory phenotypes that may detract from these normal homeostatic, physiological, and developmental roles. To date, however, little is known regarding the impact of RmTBIs on microglia function during adolescent brain development. This review details key concepts surrounding RmTBI pathophysiology, adolescent brain development, and microglia dynamics in the developing brain and in response to injury, in an effort to formulate a hypothesis on how the intersection of these processes may modify long-term trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Asher Khan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada. .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
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14
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Wu Y, Wu H, Guo X, Pluimer B, Zhao Z. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence From Preclinical Murine Models. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1030. [PMID: 32973558 PMCID: PMC7472692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents more than 80% of total TBI cases and is a robust environmental risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Besides direct neuronal injury and neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is also a hallmark event of the pathological cascades after mTBI. However, the vascular link between BBB impairment caused by mTBI and subsequent neurodegeneration remains undefined. In this review, we focus on the preclinical evidence from murine models of BBB dysfunction in mTBI and provide potential mechanistic links between BBB disruption and the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Haijian Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brock Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Sifat A, Cucullo L. The cerebrovascular and neurological impact of chronic smoking on post-traumatic brain injury outcome and recovery: an in vivo study. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:133. [PMID: 32340626 PMCID: PMC7184717 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most prevalent causes of cerebrovascular and neurological damage worldwide. To this end, tobacco smoke (TS) has been shown to promote vascular inflammation, neurovascular impairments, and risk of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders through oxidative stress (OS) stimuli targeting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium among others. It has been recently suggested that premorbid conditions such as TS may exacerbate post-TBI brain damage and impact recovery. METHODS Our study investigated the mechanisms underlying the exacerbation of TBI injury by TS using a weight drop model. For this purpose, male C57BL/6J mice, age range 6-8 weeks, were chronically exposed to premorbid TS for 3 weeks. Test animals were then subjected to TBI by guided vertical head weight drop using a 30 g metal weight free felling from an 80 cm distance before reaching the target. We analyzed the physical activity and body weight of the mice before TBI and 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h post-injury. Finally, mice were sacrificed to collect blood and brain samples for subsequent biochemical and molecular analysis. Western blotting was applied to assess the expression of Nrf2 (a critical antioxidant transcription factor) as well as tight junction proteins associated with BBB integrity including ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5 from brain tissues homogenates. Levels of NF-kB (a pro-inflammatory transcript factor which antagonizes Nrf2 activity) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were assessed in blood samples. RESULTS Our data revealed that premorbid TS promoted significantly increased inflammation and loss of BBB integrity in TBI when compared to TS-Free test mice. Additionally, mice chronically exposed to TS before TBI experienced a more significant weight loss, behavioral and motor activity deficiency, and slower post-TBI recovery when compared to TS-free TBI mice. CONCLUSION The effects of premorbid TS appear consequential to the abrogation of physiological antioxidative and anti-inflammatory response to TBI leading to worsening impairments of the BBB, OS damage, and inflammation. These factors are also likely responsible for the retardation of post-traumatic recovery observed in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center | Jerry H. Hodge School of pharmacy, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center | Jerry H. Hodge School of pharmacy, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center | Jerry H. Hodge School of pharmacy, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
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16
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Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113257. [PMID: 32092298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic physiological interface between brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature. It is composed of closely interacting cells and signaling molecules that regulate movement of solutes, ions, nutrients, macromolecules, and immune cells into the brain and removal of products of normal and abnormal brain cell metabolism. Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors. BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. In addition, cerebral vascular dysfunction with persistent alterations in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling contribute to brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. While the idea of TBI as a risk factor for dementia is supported by many shared pathological features, it remains a hypothesis that needs further testing in experimental models and in human studies. The current review focusses on pathological mechanisms shared between TBI and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We discuss critical knowledge gaps in the field that need to be explored to clarify the relationship between TBI and risk for dementia and emphasize the need for longitudinal in vivo studies using imaging and biomarkers of BBB dysfunction in people with single or multiple TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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17
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Li F, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Gao P. Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Neuroinflammatory-Induced Apoptosis after Traumatic Brain Injury via Nrf2 signaling pathway. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1825-1835. [PMID: 31478596 PMCID: PMC6764501 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dexmedetomidine (DEX) exhibits neuroprotective effects as a multifunctional neuroprotective agent in numerous neurological disorders. However, in traumatic brain injury (TBI), the molecular mechanisms of these neuroprotective effects remain unclear. The present study investigated whether DEX, which has been reported to exert protective effects against TBI, could attenuate neuroinflammatory‐induced apoptosis and clarified the underlying mechanisms. Methods A weight‐drop model was established, and DEX was intraperitoneally injected 30 min after inducing TBI in rats. The water content in the brain tissue was measured. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed on histopathological tissue sections to evaluate neuronal apoptosis. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and PCR were applied to detect the levels of the inflammatory factors, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and NF‐κB. Results TBI–challenged rats exhibited significant neuronal apoptosis, which was characterized via the wet‐to‐dry weight ratio, neurobehavioral functions, TUNEL assay results and the levels of cleaved caspase‐3, Bax upregulation and Bcl‐2, which were attenuated by DEX. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and PCR results revealed that DEX promoted Nrf2 expression and upregulated expression of the Nrf2 downstream factors, HO‐1 and NQO‐1. Furthermore, DEX treatment markedly prevented the downregulation of inflammatory response factors, TNF‐α, IL‐1β and NF‐κB, and IL‐6. Interpretation Administering DEX attenuated inflammation‐induced brain injury in a TBI model, potentially via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huaian, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huaian, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huaian, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huaian, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huaian, 223002, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Sankar SB, Pybus AF, Liew A, Sanders B, Shah KJ, Wood LB, Buckley EM. Low cerebral blood flow is a non-invasive biomarker of neuroinflammation after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:544-554. [PMID: 30592976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that non-invasive optical measurement of low cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an acute biomarker of poor long-term cognitive outcome after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI). Herein, we explore the relationship between acute cerebral blood flow and underlying neuroinflammation. Specifically, because neuroinflammation is a driver of secondary injury after TBI, we hypothesized that both glial activation and inflammatory signaling are associated with acute CBF and, by extension, with long-term cognitive outcome after rmTBI. To test this hypothesis, cortical CBF was non-invasively measured in anesthetized mice 4 h after 3 repetitive closed head injuries spaced once-daily, at which time brains were collected. Right hemispheres were fixed for immunohistochemical staining for glial activation markers Iba1 and GFAP while left hemispheres were used to quantify Iba1 and GFAP expression via Western blot as well as 32 cytokines and 21 phospho-proteins in the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB pathways using a Luminex multiplexed immunoassay. N = 8/7 injured/sham C57/black-6 adult male mice were studied. Within the injured group, CBF inversely correlated with Iba1 expression (R = -0.86, p < .01). Further, partial least squares regression analysis revealed significant correlations between CBF and expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including RANTES and IL-17. Finally, within the injured group, phosphorylation of specific signals in the MAPK and NF-κB intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., p38 MAPK and NF-κB) were significantly positively correlated with Iba1. In total, our data indicate that acute cerebral blood flow after rmTBI is a biomarker of underlying neuroinflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara B Sankar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Alyssa F Pybus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Amanda Liew
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Bharat Sanders
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Kajol J Shah
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Erin M Buckley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, USA.
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Sathialingam E, Lee SY, Sanders B, Park J, McCracken CE, Bryan L, Buckley EM. Small separation diffuse correlation spectroscopy for measurement of cerebral blood flow in rodents. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5719-5734. [PMID: 30460158 PMCID: PMC6238900 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) has shown promise as a means to non-invasively measure cerebral blood flow in small animal models. Here, we characterize the validity of DCS at small source-detector reflectance separations needed for small animal measurements. Through Monte Carlo simulations and liquid phantom experiments, we show that DCS error increases as separation decreases, although error remains below 12% for separations > 0.2 cm. In mice, DCS measures of cerebral blood flow have excellent intra-user repeatability and strongly correlate with MRI measures of blood flow (R = 0.74, p<0.01). These results are generalizable to other DCS applications wherein short-separation reflectance geometries are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eashani Sathialingam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- co-first authorship
| | - Seung Yup Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- co-first authorship
| | - Bharat Sanders
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jaekeun Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Courtney E. McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Leah Bryan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erin M. Buckley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Research Scholar, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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