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Braun C, Badiou C, Guironnet-Paquet A, Iwata M, Lenief V, Mosnier A, Beauclair C, Renucci E, Bouschon P, Cuzin R, Briend Y, Patra V, Patot S, Scharschmidt TC, van Wamel W, Lemmens N, Nakajima S, Vandenesh F, Nicolas JF, Lina G, Nosbaum A, Vocanson M. Staphylococcus aureus-specific skin resident memory T cells protect against bacteria colonization but exacerbate atopic dermatitis-like flares in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 154:355-374. [PMID: 38734386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of Staphylococcus aureus to the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) is widely documented, but its role as a primary trigger of AD skin symptoms remains poorly explored. OBJECTIVES This study sought to reappraise the main bacterial factors and underlying immune mechanisms by which S aureus triggers AD-like inflammation. METHODS This study capitalized on a preclinical model, in which different clinical isolates were applied in the absence of any prior experimental skin injury. RESULTS The development of S aureus-induced dermatitis depended on the nature of the S aureus strain, its viability, the concentration of the applied bacterial suspension, the production of secreted and nonsecreted factors, as well as the activation of accessory gene regulatory quorum sensing system. In addition, the rising dermatitis, which exhibited the well-documented AD cytokine signature, was significantly inhibited in inflammasome adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD domain- and monocyte/macrophage-deficient animals, but not in T- and B-cell-deficient mice, suggesting a major role for the innate response in the induction of skin inflammation. However, bacterial exposure generated a robust adaptive immune response against S aureus, and an accumulation of S aureus-specific γδ and CD4+ tissue resident memory T cells at the site of previous dermatitis. The latter both contributed to worsen the flares of AD-like dermatitis on new bacteria exposures, but also, protected the mice from persistent bacterial colonization. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the induction of unique AD-like inflammation, with the generation of proinflammatory but protective tissue resident memory T cells in a context of natural exposure to pathogenic S aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Braun
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Pédiatrie, Pneumologie, Allergologie, Mucoviscidose, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Cédric Badiou
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Guironnet-Paquet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, Apheresis Unit, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Masashi Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Vanina Lenief
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amandine Mosnier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Charlotte Beauclair
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Renucci
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Bouschon
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roxane Cuzin
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yoann Briend
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vijaykumar Patra
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Patot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Willem van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Lemmens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - François Vandenesh
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service d'Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Gérard Lina
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service d'Allergologie et Immunologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Ding M, Nielsen K. Inbred Mouse Models in Cryptococcus neoformans Research. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:426. [PMID: 38921412 PMCID: PMC11204852 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are frequently used as surrogates to understand human disease. In the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus species complex, several variations of a mouse model of disease were developed that recapitulate different aspects of human disease. These mouse models have been implemented using various inbred and outbred mouse backgrounds, many of which have genetic differences that can influence host response and disease outcome. In this review, we will discuss the most commonly used inbred mouse backgrounds in C. neoformans infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Chen H, Fu X, Wu X, Zhao J, Qiu F, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chen X, Xie D, Huang J, Fan J, Yang X, Song Y, Li J, He D, Xiao G, Lu A, Liang C. Gut microbial metabolite targets HDAC3-FOXK1-interferon axis in fibroblast-like synoviocytes to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis. Bone Res 2024; 12:31. [PMID: 38782893 PMCID: PMC11116389 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Early studies hold an opinion that gut microbiota is environmentally acquired and associated with RA susceptibility. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that genetics also shape the gut microbiota. It is known that some strains of inbred laboratory mice are highly susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), while the others are resistant to CIA. Here, we show that transplantation of fecal microbiota of CIA-resistant C57BL/6J mice to CIA-susceptible DBA/1J mice confer CIA resistance in DBA/1J mice. C57BL/6J mice and healthy human individuals have enriched B. fragilis than DBA/1J mice and RA patients. Transplantation of B. fragilis prevents CIA in DBA/1J mice. We identify that B. fragilis mainly produces propionate and C57BL/6J mice and healthy human individuals have higher level of propionate. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in RA are activated to undergo tumor-like transformation. Propionate disrupts HDAC3-FOXK1 interaction to increase acetylation of FOXK1, resulting in reduced FOXK1 stability, blocked interferon signaling and deactivation of RA-FLSs. We treat CIA mice with propionate and show that propionate attenuates CIA. Moreover, a combination of propionate with anti-TNF etanercept synergistically relieves CIA. These results suggest that B. fragilis or propionate could be an alternative or complementary approach to the current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xiaohao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Junyi Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhenghong Wang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhuqian Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Duoli Xie
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Junyu Fan
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China.
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4
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Jutzeler KS, Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, Anderson TJC. Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:203. [PMID: 38711063 PMCID: PMC11073996 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of pathogen genotype in determining disease severity and immunopathology has been studied intensively in microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses but is poorly understood in parasitic helminths. The medically important blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is an excellent model system to study the impact of helminth genetic variation on immunopathology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that laboratory schistosome populations differ in sporocyst growth and cercarial production in the intermediate snail host and worm establishment and fecundity in the vertebrate host. Here, we (i) investigate the hypothesis that schistosome genotype plays a significant role in immunopathology and related parasite life history traits in the vertebrate mouse host and (ii) quantify the relative impact of parasite and host genetics on infection outcomes. METHODS We infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with four different laboratory schistosome populations from Africa and the Americas. We quantified disease progression in the vertebrate host by measuring body weight and complete blood count (CBC) with differential over a 12-week infection period. On sacrifice, we assessed parasitological (egg and worm counts, fecundity), immunopathological (organ measurements and histopathology) and immunological (CBC with differential and cytokine profiles) characteristics to determine the impact of parasite and host genetics. RESULTS We found significant variation between parasite populations in worm numbers, fecundity, liver and intestine egg counts, liver and spleen weight, and fibrotic area but not in granuloma size. Variation in organ weight was explained by egg burden and intrinsic parasite factors independent of egg burden. We found significant variation between infected mouse lines in cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α), eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocyte counts. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that both parasite and host genotype impact the outcome of infection. While host genotype explains most of the variation in immunological traits, parasite genotype explains most of the variation in parasitological traits, and both host and parasite genotypes impact immunopathology outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S Jutzeler
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
- UT Health, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Winka Le Clec'h
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Frédéric D Chevalier
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Timothy J C Anderson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
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Bullock KK, Shattuck-Brandt R, Scalise C, Luo W, Chen SC, Saleh N, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Garcia G, Sanders ME, Ayers GD, Yan C, Richmond A. Endogenous pAKT activity is associated with response to AKT inhibition alone and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition in murine models of TNBC. Cancer Lett 2024; 586:216681. [PMID: 38311054 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous and challenging-to-treat breast cancer subtype. The clinical introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for TNBC has had mixed results, and very few patients achieved a durable response. The PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently mutated in breast cancer. Given the important roles of the PI3K pathway in immune and tumor cell signaling, there is an interest in using inhibitors of this pathway to increase the response to ICI. This study sought to determine if AKT inhibition could enhance the response to ICI in murine TNBC models. We further sought to understand underlying mechanisms of response or non-response to AKT inhibition in combination with ICI. Using four murine TNBC-like cell lines and corresponding orthotopic mouse tumor models, we found that hyperactivity of the PI3K pathway, as evidenced by levels of phospho-AKT rather than PI3K pathway mutational status, was associated with response to AKT inhibition alone and in combination with ICI. Additional mutations in other growth regulatory pathways could override the response of PI3K pathway mutant tumors to AKT inhibition. Furthermore, we observed that AKT inhibition enhanced the response to ICI in an already sensitive model. However, AKT inhibition failed to convert ICI-resistant tumors, to responsive tumors. These findings suggest that analysis of both the mutational status and phospho-AKT protein levels may be beneficial in predicting which TNBC tumors will respond to AKT inhibition in combination with ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennady K Bullock
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca Shattuck-Brandt
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carly Scalise
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nabil Saleh
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paula I Gonzalez-Ericsson
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guadalupe Garcia
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregory D Ayers
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chi Yan
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veteran Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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6
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Collins CP, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. The immunobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses: potential influences of cross-reactive memory responses and aging on efficacy and off-target effects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345499. [PMID: 38469293 PMCID: PMC10925677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated vaccines have been highly variable within the general population. The increasing evidence of long-lasting symptoms after resolution of infection, called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or "Long COVID," suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms are at play. Closely related endemic common human coronaviruses (hCoV) can induce pre-existing and potentially cross-reactive immunity, which can then affect primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as vaccination responses. The influence of pre-existing immunity from these hCoVs, as well as responses generated from original CoV2 strains or vaccines on the development of new high-affinity responses to CoV2 antigenic viral variants, needs to be better understood given the need for continuous vaccine adaptation and application in the population. Due in part to thymic involution, normal aging is associated with reduced naïve T cell compartments and impaired primary antigen responsiveness, resulting in a reliance on the pre-existing cross-reactive memory cell pool which may be of lower affinity, restricted in diversity, or of shorter duration. These effects can also be mediated by the presence of down-regulatory anti-idiotype responses which also increase in aging. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical data, utilization of preclinical models offers the greatest ability to assess immune responses under a controlled setting. These models should now involve prior antigen/viral exposure combined with incorporation of modifying factors such as age on immune responses and effects. This will also allow for mechanistic dissection and understanding of the different immune pathways involved in both SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and potential vaccine responses over time and how pre-existing memory responses, including potential anti-idiotype responses, can affect efficacy as well as potential off-target effects in different tissues as well as modeling PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P. Collins
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of California (UC) Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William J. Murphy
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), University of California (UC) Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Jutzeler KS, LeClec'h W, Chevalier FD, Anderson TJC. Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3858151. [PMID: 38313261 PMCID: PMC10836121 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858151/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of pathogen genotype in determining disease severity and immunopathology has been studied intensively in microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, but is poorly understood in parasitic helminths. The medically important blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is an excellent model system to study the impact of helminth genetic variation on immunopathology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that laboratory schistosome populations differ in sporocyst growth and cercarial production in the intermediate snail host and worm establishment and fecundity in the vertebrate host. Here, we (i) investigate the hypothesis that schistosome genotype plays a significant role in immunopathology and related parasite life history traits in the vertebrate mouse host and (ii) quantify the relative impact of parasite and host genetics on infection outcomes. Methods We infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with four different laboratory schistosome populations from Africa and the Americas. We quantified disease progression in the vertebrate host by measuring body weight and complete blood count (CBC) with differential over an infection period of 12 weeks. On sacrifice, we assessed parasitological (egg and worm counts, fecundity), immunopathological (organ measurements and histopathology), and immunological (CBC with differential and cytokine profiles) characteristics to determine the impact of parasite and host genetics. Results We found significant variation between parasite populations in worm numbers, fecundity, liver and intestine egg counts, liver and spleen weight, and fibrotic area, but not in granuloma size. Variation in organ weight was explained by egg burden and by intrinsic parasite factors independent of egg burden. We found significant variation between infected mouse lines in cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Conclusions This study showed that both parasite and host genotype impact the outcome of infection. While host genotype explains most of the variation in immunological traits, parasite genotype explains most of the variation in parasitological traits, and both host and parasite genotype impact immunopathology outcomes.
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JUTZELER KS, CLEC’H WLE, CHEVALIER FD, ANDERSON TJ. Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.574230. [PMID: 38260613 PMCID: PMC10802613 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.574230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of pathogen genotype in determining disease severity and immunopathology has been studied intensively in microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, but is poorly understood in parasitic helminths. The medically important blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is an excellent model system to study the impact of helminth genetic variation on immunopathology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that laboratory schistosome populations differ in sporocyst growth and cercarial production in the intermediate snail host and worm establishment and fecundity in the vertebrate host. Here, we (i) investigate the hypothesis that schistosome genotype plays a significant role in immunopathology and related parasite life history traits in the vertebrate mouse host and (ii) quantify the relative impact of parasite and host genetics on infection outcomes. Methods We infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with four different laboratory schistosome populations from Africa and the Americas. We quantified disease progression in the vertebrate host by measuring body weight and complete blood count (CBC) with differential over an infection period of 12 weeks. On sacrifice, we assessed parasitological (egg and worm counts, fecundity), immunopathological (organ measurements and histopathology), and immunological (CBC with differential and cytokine profiles) characteristics to determine the impact of parasite and host genetics. Results We found significant variation between parasite populations in worm numbers, fecundity, liver and intestine egg counts, liver and spleen weight, and fibrotic area, but not in granuloma size. Variation in organ weight was explained by egg burden and by intrinsic parasite factors independent of egg burden. We found significant variation between infected mouse lines in cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Conclusions This study showed that both parasite and host genotype impact the outcome of infection. While host genotype explains most of the variation in immunological traits, parasite genotype explains most of the variation in parasitological traits, and both host and parasite genotype impact immunopathology outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S. JUTZELER
- Host Parasite Interaction program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
- UT Health, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Winka LE CLEC’H
- Host Parasite Interaction program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Frédéric D. CHEVALIER
- Host Parasite Interaction program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy J.C. ANDERSON
- Disease Intervention and Prevention program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
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9
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Volkmer B, Marchetti T, Aichele P, Schmid JP. Murine Models of Familial Cytokine Storm Syndromes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:481-496. [PMID: 39117835 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disease caused by mutations in effectors and regulators of cytotoxicity in cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. The complexity of the immune system means that in vivo models are needed to efficiently study diseases like HLH. Mice with defects in the genes known to cause primary HLH (pHLH) are available. However, these mice only develop the characteristic features of HLH after the induction of an immune response (typically through infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus). Nevertheless, murine models have been invaluable for understanding the mechanisms that lead to HLH. For example, the cytotoxic machinery (e.g., the transport of cytotoxic vesicles and the release of granzymes and perforin after membrane fusion) was first characterized in the mouse. Experiments in murine models of pHLH have emphasized the importance of cytotoxic cells, antigen-presenting cells (APC), and cytokines in hyperinflammatory positive feedback loops (e.g., cytokine storms). This knowledge has facilitated the development of treatments for human HLH, some of which are now being tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Volkmer
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Marchetti
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Aichele
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Zeineddine Y, Friedman MA, Buettmann EG, Abraham LB, Hoppock GA, Donahue HJ. Genetic diversity modulates the physical and transcriptomic response of skeletal muscle to simulated microgravity in male mice. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:86. [PMID: 38040743 PMCID: PMC10692100 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developments in long-term space exploration necessitate advancements in countermeasures against microgravity-induced skeletal muscle loss. Astronaut data shows considerable variation in muscle loss in response to microgravity. Previous experiments suggest that genetic background influences the skeletal muscle response to unloading, but no in-depth analysis of genetic expression has been performed. Here, we placed eight, male, inbred founder strains of the diversity outbred mice (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, C57BL/6J, CAST/EiJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ) in simulated microgravity (SM) via hindlimb unloading for three weeks. Body weight, muscle morphology, muscle strength, protein synthesis marker expression, and RNA expression were collected. A/J and CAST/EiJ mice were most susceptible to SM-induced muscle loss, whereas NOD/ShiLtJ mice were the most protected. In response to SM, A/J and CAST/EiJ mice experienced reductions in body weight, muscle mass, muscle volume, and muscle cross-sectional area. A/J mice had the highest number of differentially expressed genes (68) and associated gene ontologies (328). Downregulation of immunological gene ontologies and genes encoding anabolic immune factors suggest that immune dysregulation contributes to the response of A/J mice to SM. Several muscle properties showed significant interactions between SM and mouse strain and a high degree of heritability. These data imply that genetic background plays a role in the degree of muscle loss in SM and that more individualized programs should be developed for astronauts to protect their skeletal muscles against microgravity on long-term missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Zeineddine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lovell B Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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11
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Lunin SM, Novoselova EG, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Kuzekova AA, Novoselova TV, Sharapov MG, Mubarakshina EK, Goncharov RG, Khrenov MO. Protective effect of exogenous peroxiredoxin 6 and thymic peptide thymulin on BBB conditions in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 746:109729. [PMID: 37633587 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of the immunomodulator thymulin, a thymic peptide with anti-inflammatory effects, and peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), an antioxidant enzyme with dual peroxidase and phospholipase A2 activities, on the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) condition and general health status of animals with relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a model of multiple sclerosis in humans. Both thymulin and Prdx6 significantly improved the condition of the BBB, which was impaired by EAE induction, as measured by Evans blue dye accumulation, tight-junction protein loss in brain tissue, and lymphocyte infiltration through the BBB. The effect was associated with significant amelioration of EAE symptoms. Thymulin treatment was accompanied by a decrease in immune cell activation as judged by interleukin-6, -17, and interferon-gamma cytokine levels in serum and NF-kappaB cascade activation in splenocytes of mice with EAE. Prdx6 did not induce significant immunomodulatory effects but abruptly decreased EAE-induced NOX1 and NOX4 gene expression in brain tissue, which may be one of the possible mechanisms of its beneficial effects on BBB conditions and health status. The simultaneous administration of thymulin and Prdx6 resulted in complete symptomatic restoration of mice with EAE. The results demonstrate prospective strategies for multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lunin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
| | - E G Novoselova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - O V Glushkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - S B Parfenyuk
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - A A Kuzekova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - T V Novoselova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - M G Sharapov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - E K Mubarakshina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - R G Goncharov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - M O Khrenov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
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12
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Palani S, Uddin MB, McKelvey M, Shao S, Sun K. Immune predisposition drives susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia after mild influenza A virus infection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272920. [PMID: 37771584 PMCID: PMC10525308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A frequent sequela of influenza A virus (IAV) infection is secondary bacterial pneumonia. Therefore, it is clinically important to understand the genetic predisposition to IAV and bacterial coinfection. Methods BALB/c and C57BL/6 (B6) mice were infected with high or low-pathogenic IAV and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn). The contribution of cellular and molecular immune factors to the resistance/susceptibility of BALB/c and B6 mice were dissected in nonlethal and lethal IAV/SPn coinfection models. Results Low-virulent IAV X31 (H3N2) rendered B6 mice extremely susceptible to SPn superinfection, while BALB/c mice remained unaffected. X31 infection alone barely induces IFN-γresponse in two strains of mice; however, SPn superinfection significantly enhances IFN-γ production in the susceptible B6 mice. As a result, IFN-γ signaling inhibits neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance, leading to lethal X31/SPn coinfection in B6 mice. Conversely, the diminished IFN-γ and competent neutrophil responses enable BALB/c mice highly resistant to X31/SPn coinfection. Discussion The results establish that type 1 immune predisposition plays a key role in lethal susceptibility of B6 mice to pneumococcal pneumonia after mild IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Palani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael McKelvey
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shengjun Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Keer Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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13
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Hartman SJ, Weiss MA, Temple HM, Donnelly B, Pasula R, Poling HM, McNeal M, Mohanty SK, Tiao GM. Deletion of Interferon Lambda Receptor Elucidates Susceptibility to the Murine Model of Biliary Atresia. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:427-434. [PMID: 37725010 PMCID: PMC10517325 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a life-threatening cholangiopathy occurring in infancy, the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation. The etiology of BA remains unknown; however, a viral etiology has been proposed as multiple viruses have been detected in explants of infants afflicted with BA. In the murine model of BA, Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infection of newborn BALB/c pups results in a cholangiopathy that mirrors human BA. Infected BALB/c pups experience 100% symptomatology and mortality, while C57BL/6 mice are asymptomatic. Interferon-λ (IFN-λ) is an epithelial cytokine that provides protection against viral infection. We demonstrated that IFN-λ is highly expressed in C57BL/6, leading to reduced RRV replication. RRV-infection of C57BL/6 IFN-λ receptor knockout (C57BL/6 IFN-λR KO) pups resulted in 90% developing obstructive symptoms and 45% mortality with a higher viral titer in bile ducts and profound periportal inflammation compared to C57BL/6. Histology revealed complete biliary obstruction in symptomatic C57BL/6 IFN-λR KO pups, while C57BL/6 ducts were patent. These findings suggest that IFN-λ is critical in preventing RRV replication. Deficiency in IFN-λ permits RRV infection, which triggers the inflammatory cascade causing biliary obstruction. Further IFN-λ study is warranted as it may play an important role in infant susceptibility to BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Hartman
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Madeleine A. Weiss
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Haley M. Temple
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajamouli Pasula
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Holly M. Poling
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Greg M. Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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14
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Kleczko EK, Nguyen DT, Marsh KH, Bauer CD, Li AS, Monaghan MLT, Berger MD, Furgeson SB, Gitomer BY, Chonchol MB, Clambey ET, Zimmerman KA, Nemenoff RA, Hopp K. Immune checkpoint activity regulates polycystic kidney disease progression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161318. [PMID: 37345660 PMCID: PMC10371237 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells modulate the severity of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a common kidney disease with inadequate treatment options. ADPKD has parallels with cancer, in which immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to reactivate CD8+ T cells and slow tumor growth. We have previously shown that in PKD, CD8+ T cell loss worsens disease. This study used orthologous early-onset and adult-onset ADPKD models (Pkd1 p.R3277C) to evaluate the role of immune checkpoints in PKD. Flow cytometry of kidney cells showed increased levels of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on T cells and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/CD80 on macrophages and epithelial cells in Pkd1RC/RC mice versus WT, paralleling disease severity. PD-L1/CD80 was also upregulated in ADPKD human cells and patient kidney tissue versus controls. Genetic PD-L1 loss or treatment with an anti-PD-1 antibody did not impact PKD severity in early-onset or adult-onset ADPKD models. However, treatment with anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4, blocking 2 immune checkpoints, improved PKD outcomes in adult-onset ADPKD mice; neither monotherapy altered PKD severity. Combination therapy resulted in increased kidney CD8+ T cell numbers/activation and decreased kidney regulatory T cell numbers correlative with PKD severity. Together, our data suggest that immune checkpoint activation is an important feature of and potential novel therapeutic target in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Kleczko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
| | - Dustin T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
| | - Kenneth H. Marsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
| | - Colin D. Bauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
| | - Amy S. Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
| | | | | | - Seth B. Furgeson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
| | | | - Michel B. Chonchol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, and
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kurt A. Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Raphael A. Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, and
| | - Katharina Hopp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, and
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15
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Cai L, Rodgers E, Schoenmann N, Raju RP. Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9578. [PMID: 37298529 PMCID: PMC10253762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the development of therapeutic strategies for human diseases, preclinical experimental models have a key role. However, the preclinical immunomodulatory therapies developed using rodent sepsis were not successful in human clinical trials. Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated inflammation and redox imbalance triggered by infection. Human sepsis is simulated in experimental models using methods that trigger inflammation or infection in the host animals, most often mice or rats. It remains unknown whether the characteristics of the host species, the methods used to induce sepsis, or the molecular processes focused upon need to be revisited in the development of treatment methods that will succeed in human clinical trials. Our goal in this review is to provide a survey of existing experimental models of sepsis, including the use of humanized mice and dirty mice, and to show how these models reflect the clinical course of sepsis. We will discuss the strengths and limitations of these models and present recent advances in this subject area. We maintain that rodent models continue to have an irreplaceable role in studies toward discovering treatment methods for human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rodgers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Nick Schoenmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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16
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He H, Luo H, Xu H, Qian B, Zou X, Zhang G, Zeng F, Zou J. Preclinical models and evaluation criteria of prostatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183895. [PMID: 37228599 PMCID: PMC10203503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatitis is a common urological condition that affects almost half of all men at some point in their life. The prostate gland has a dense nerve supply that contributes to the production of fluid to nourish sperm and the mechanism to switch between urination and ejaculation. Prostatitis can cause frequent urination, pelvic pain, and even infertility. Long-term prostatitis increases the risk of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis presents a complex pathogenesis, which has challenged medical research. Experimental studies of prostatitis require appropriate preclinical models. This review aimed to summarize and compare preclinical models of prostatitis based on their methods, success rate, evaluation, and range of application. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of prostatitis and advance basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan He
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Biao Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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17
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Floyd RJ, Ricart Arbona RJ, Carrasco SE, Lipman NS. Examination of Horizontal Transmission of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in Mice to Assess Biosecurity Risks. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:243-253. [PMID: 37137682 PMCID: PMC10230542 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mice are commonly infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) to study their immune responses. However, biosecurity measures have not been established for housing Nb-infected mice and rats. Transmission reportedly does not occur when infected mice are cohoused with naive mice. To test this, we inoculated female NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /Sz(NSG;n = 12) and C57BL/6J (B6;n = 12) mice with 750 Nb L₃ larvae. These mice were then cohoused with naïve NSG ( n = 24) and B6 ( n = 24) mice (1 infected and 2 naïve mice per cage (24 cages) for 28 d in static microisolation cages that were changed every 14 d. We also did several studies to determine the conditions that favor horizontal transmission. First, we assessed in vitro development to the L₃ stage of Nb egg-containing fecal pellets maintained under 4 environmental conditions (dry, moist, soiled bedding, and control). Second, we assessed infection of naïve NSG mice ( n = 9) housed in microisolation cages that contained soiled bedding spiked with infective L₃ larvae (10,000/cage). Third, we gavaged NSG mice ( n = 3) with Nb eggs to model the potential for infection after coprophagy. We found that naïve NSG (9 of 24) and B6 (10 of 24) mice cohoused with an infected cagemate passed Nb eggs in feces as early as 1 d after cohousing and intermittently thereafter for varying periods. This shedding was presumably the result of coprophagy because adult worms were not detected in the shedding mice at euthanasia. Although eggs developed in vitro into L₃ larvae under moist and control environmental conditions, none of the NSG mice housed in cages with L₃ -spiked bedding or gavaged with eggs became infected with Nb. These findings indicate that infectious horizontal transmission does not occur when mice are housed with Nb-shedding cage mates in static microisolation cages with a 14-d cage-changing interval. Results from this study can be used to inform biosecurity practices when working with Nb-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Floyd
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Rodolfo J Ricart Arbona
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; and
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Neil S Lipman
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; and
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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18
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Chen X, Gula H, Pius T, Ou C, Gomozkova M, Wang LX, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. Immunoglobulin G subclasses confer protection against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream dissemination through distinct mechanisms in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220765120. [PMID: 36972444 PMCID: PMC10083571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220765120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies bind target molecules with exquisite specificity. The removal of these targets is mediated by the effector functions of antibodies. We reported earlier that the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3F6 promotes opsonophagocytic killing of Staphylococcus aureus in blood and reduces bacterial replication in animals. Here, we generated mouse immunoglobulin G (mIgG) subclass variants and observed a hierarchy in protective efficacy 3F6-mIgG2a > 3F6-mIgG1 ≥ 3F6-mIgG2b >> 3F6-mIgG3 following bloodstream challenge of C57BL/6J mice. This hierarchy was not observed in BALB/cJ mice: All IgG subclasses conferred similar protection. IgG subclasses differ in their ability to activate complement and interact with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on immune cells. 3F6-mIgG2a-dependent protection was lost in FcγR-deficient, but not in complement-deficient C57BL/6J animals. Measurements of the relative ratio of FcγRIV over complement receptor 3 (CR3) on neutrophils suggest the preferential expression of FcγRIV in C57BL/6 mice and of CR3 in BALB/cJ mice. To determine the physiological significance of these differing ratios, blocking antibodies against FcγRIV or CR3 were administered to animals before challenge. Correlating with the relative abundance of each receptor, 3F6-mIgG2a-dependent protection in C57BL/6J mice showed a greater reliance for FcγRIV while protection in BALB/cJ mice was only impaired upon neutralization of CR3. Thus, 3F6-based clearance of S. aureus in mice relies on a strain-specific contribution of variable FcγR- and complement-dependent pathways. We surmise that these variabilities are the result of genetic polymorphism(s) that may be encountered in other mammals including humans and may have clinical implications in predicting the efficacy of mAb-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen518132, China
| | - Haley Gula
- Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Tonu Pius
- Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Margaryta Gomozkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL60439
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19
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Ryu S, Kim HY. Bone Marrow Progenitors and IL-2 Signaling Contribute to the Strain Differences of Kidney Innate Lymphoid Cells. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e15. [PMID: 37179753 PMCID: PMC10166654 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical immune-response mediators. Although they largely reside in mucosal tissues, the kidney also bears substantial numbers. Nevertheless, kidney ILC biology is poorly understood. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are known to display type-2 and type-1 skewed immune responses, respectively, but it is unclear whether this extends to ILCs. We show here that indeed, BALB/c mice have higher total ILCs in the kidney than C57BL/6 mice. This difference was particularly pronounced for ILC2s. We then showed that three factors contributed to the higher ILC2s in the BALB/c kidney. First, BALB/c mice demonstrated higher numbers of ILC precursors in the bone marrow. Second, transcriptome analysis showed that compared to C57BL/6 kidneys, the BALB/c kidneys associated with significantly higher IL-2 responses. Quantitative RT-PCR also showed that compared to C57BL/6 kidneys, the BALB/c kidneys expressed higher levels of IL-2 and other cytokines known to promote ILC2 proliferation and/or survival (IL-7, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin). Third, the BALB/c kidney ILC2s may be more sensitive to the environmental signals than C57BL/6 kidney ILC2s since they expressed their transcription factor GATA-3 and the IL-2, IL-7, and IL-25 receptors at higher levels. Indeed, they also demonstrated greater responsiveness to IL-2 than C57BL/6 kidney ILC2s, as shown by their greater STAT5 phosphorylation levels after culture with IL-2. Thus, this study demonstrates previously unknown properties of kidney ILC2s. It also shows the impact of mouse strain background on ILC2 behavior, which should be considered when conducting research on immune diseases with experimental mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Ryu
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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20
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Prakash A, Medved J, Arneja A, Niebuhr C, Li AN, Tarrah S, Boscia AR, Burnett ED, Singh A, Salazar JE, Xu W, Santhanakrishnan M, Hendrickson JE, Luckey CJ. Class switching is differentially regulated in RBC alloimmunization and vaccination. Transfusion 2023; 63:826-838. [PMID: 36907655 PMCID: PMC10851675 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of human patients have shown that most anti-RBC alloantibodies are IgG1 or IgG3 subclasses, although it is unclear why transfused RBCs preferentially drive these subclasses over others. Though mouse models allow for the mechanistic exploration of class-switching, previous studies of RBC alloimmunization in mice have focused more on the total IgG response than the relative distribution, abundance, or mechanism of IgG subclass generation. Given this major gap, we compared the IgG subclass distribution generated in response to transfused RBCs relative to protein in alum vaccination, and determined the role of STAT6 in their generation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS WT mice were either immunized with Alum/HEL-OVA or transfused with HOD RBCs and levels of anti-HEL IgG subtypes were measured using end-point dilution ELISAs. To study the role of STAT6 in IgG class-switching, we first generated and validated novel STAT6 KO mice using CRISPR/cas9 gene editing. STAT6 KO mice were then transfused with HOD RBCs or immunized with Alum/HEL-OVA, and IgG subclasses were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS When compared with antibody responses to Alum/HEL-OVA, transfusion of HOD RBCs induced lower levels of IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c but similar levels of IgG3. Class switching to most IgG subtypes remained largely unaffected in STAT6 deficient mice in response to HOD RBC transfusion, with the one exception being IgG2b. In contrast, STAT6 deficient mice showed altered levels of all IgG subtypes following Alum vaccination. DISCUSSION Our results show that anti-RBC class-switching occurs via alternate mechanisms when compared with the well-studied immunogen alum vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Prakash
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jelena Medved
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Abhinav Arneja
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Conrad Niebuhr
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andria N. Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Soraya Tarrah
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexis R. Boscia
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily D. Burnett
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Aanika Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Juan E. Salazar
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Manjula Santhanakrishnan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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21
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Somi Sankaran P, Cui Y. High-fat-diet induced obesity and diabetes mellitus in Th1 and Th2 biased mice strains: A brief overview and hypothesis. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2023; 9:14-19. [PMID: 36926255 PMCID: PMC10011668 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are common metabolic diseases prevalent worldwide. Mice are commonly used to study the pathogenesis of these two conditions. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are induced by administering a high-fat diet in many studies although other diet-induced models are also used. Several factors may influence the outcome of the studies done to study diet-induced obesity in mice. The immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility of mice to develop obesity and metabolic disease. In this article, the reasons for differences in susceptibility to develop obesity and diabetes mellitus in mice in response to high-fat-diet feeding and the influence of immunological bias of the mice strain used in studies are evaluated. Mice strains that induce proinflammatory and Th1-type immune responses are found to be susceptible to high-fat-diet-induced obesity. A few studies which directly compared the effect of a high-fat diet on obesity and diabetic phenotype in Th1- and Th2-biased mice strains were briefly analyzed. Based on the observations, it is proposed that the liver and adipose tissue may respond differently to high-fat-diet feeding regimens in Th1- and Th2-biased mice strains. For instance, in Th1-biased mice, adipose tissue fat content was high both in the baseline as well as in response to a high-fat diet whereas in the liver, it was found to be less. It can be inferred that the immune responses to diet-induced models may provide insights into the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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22
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Iwadate Y, Golubeva YA, Slauch JM. Cation Homeostasis: Coordinate Regulation of Polyamine and Magnesium Levels in Salmonella. mBio 2023; 14:e0269822. [PMID: 36475749 PMCID: PMC9972920 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02698-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are organic cations that are important in all domains of life. Here, we show that in Salmonella, polyamine levels and Mg2+ levels are coordinately regulated and that this regulation is critical for viability under both low and high concentrations of polyamines. Upon Mg2+ starvation, polyamine synthesis is induced, as is the production of the high-affinity Mg2+ transporters MgtA and MgtB. Either polyamine synthesis or Mg2+ transport is required to maintain viability. Mutants lacking the polyamine exporter PaeA, the expression of which is induced by PhoPQ in response to low Mg2+, lose viability in the stationary phase. This lethality is suppressed by blocking either polyamine synthesis or Mg2+ transport, suggesting that once Mg2+ levels are reestablished, the excess polyamines must be excreted. Thus, it is the relative levels of both Mg2+ and polyamines that are regulated to maintain viability. Indeed, sensitivity to high concentrations of polyamines is proportional to the Mg2+ levels in the medium. These results are recapitulated during infection. Polyamine synthesis mutants are attenuated in a mouse model of systemic infection, as are strains lacking the MgtB Mg2+ transporter. The loss of MgtB in the synthesis mutant background confers a synthetic phenotype, confirming that Mg2+ and polyamines are required for the same process(es). Mutants lacking PaeA are also attenuated, but deleting paeA has no phenotype in a polyamine synthesis mutant background. These data support the idea that the cell coordinately controls both the polyamine and Mg2+ concentrations to maintain overall cation homeostasis, which is critical for survival in the macrophage phagosome. IMPORTANCE Polyamines are organic cations that are important in all life forms and are essential in plants and animals. However, their physiological functions and regulation remain poorly understood. We show that polyamines are critical for the adaptation of Salmonella to low Mg2+ conditions, including those found in the macrophage phagosome. Polyamines are synthesized upon low Mg2+ stress and partially replace Mg2+ until cytoplasmic Mg2+ levels are restored. Indeed, it is the sum of Mg2+ and polyamines in the cell that is critical for viability. While Mg2+ and polyamines compensate for one another, too little of both or too much of both is lethal. After cytoplasmic Mg2+ levels are reestablished, polyamines must be exported to avoid the toxic effects of excess divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Iwadate
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yekaterina A. Golubeva
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - James M. Slauch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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23
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Amalia R, Panenggak NSR, Doohan D, Rezkitha YAA, Waskito LA, Syam AF, Lubis M, Yamaoka Y, Miftahussurur M. A comprehensive evaluation of an animal model for Helicobacter pylori-associated stomach cancer: Fact and controversy. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12943. [PMID: 36627714 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Even though Helicobacter pylori infection was the most causative factor of gastric cancer, numerous in vivo studies failed to induce gastric cancer using H. pylori infection only. The utilization of established animal studies in cancer research is crucial as they aim to investigate the coincidental association between suspected oncogenes and pathogenesis as well as generate models for the development and testing of potential treatments. The methods to establish gastric cancer using infected animal models remain limited, diverse in methods, and showed different results. This study investigates the differences in animal models, which highlight different pathological results in gaster by literature research. Electronic databases searched were performed in PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane, without a period filter. A total of 135 articles were used in this study after a full-text assessment was conducted. The most frequent animal models used for gastric cancer were Mice, while Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice were the most susceptible model for gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. Additionally, transgenic mice showed that the susceptibility to gastric cancer progression was due to genetic and epigenetic factors. These studies showed that in Mongolian gerbil models, H. pylori could function as a single agent to trigger stomach cancer. However, most gastric cancer susceptibilities were not solely relying on H. pylori infection, and numerous factors are involved in cancer progression. Further study using Mongolian gerbils and Transgenic mice is crucial to conduct and establish the best models for gastric cancer associated H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Amalia
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nur Syahadati Retno Panenggak
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dalla Doohan
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yudith Annisa Ayu Rezkitha
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ari Fahrial Syam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Lubis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, Houston, USA
| | - Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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24
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Curry S, Kaufhold RM, Monslow MA, Zhang Y, McGuinness D, Kim E, Nawrocki DK, McHugh PM, Briggs ML, Smith WJ, He J, Joyce JG, Skinner JM. Preclinical evaluation of an investigational 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, V116, in adult-rhesus monkey, rabbit, and mouse models. Vaccine 2023; 41:903-913. [PMID: 36566163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the overall incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, the global epidemiological landscape continues to be transformed by residual disease from non-vaccine serotypes, thus highlighting the need for vaccines with expanded disease coverage. To address these needs, we have developed V116,an investigational 21-valent non-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV),containingpneumococcal polysaccharides (PnPs) 3, 6A, 7F, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A,12F, 15A, 16F, 17F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23A, 23B, 24F, 31, 33F, 35B, anda de-O-acetylated 15B(deOAc15B) individually conjugated to the nontoxic diphtheria toxoid CRM197 carrier protein. Preclinical studies evaluated the immunogenicity of V116 inadult monkeys, rabbits, and mice. Following one dose, V116 was found to be immunogenic in preclinical animal species and induced functional antibodies for all serotypes included in the vaccine, in addition to cross-reactive functional antibodies to serotypes 6C and 15B. In these preclinical animal studies, the increased valency of V116 did not result in serotype-specific antibody suppression when compared to lower valent vaccines V114 or PCV13. In addition, when compared with naïve controls, splenocytes from V116 to immunized animals demonstrated significant induction of CRM197-specific T cells in both IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISPOT assays, as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokine induction through in vitro stimulation assays, thus suggesting the ability of V116 to engage T cell dependent immune response pathways to aid in development of memory B cells. V116 also demonstrated significant protection in mice from intratracheal challenge with serotype 24F, a novel serotype not contained in any currently licensed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Curry
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Robin M Kaufhold
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Morgan A Monslow
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Non-clinical Statistics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Debra McGuinness
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Ellie Kim
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Denise K Nawrocki
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M McHugh
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Marie L Briggs
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - William J Smith
- Vaccine Drug Product Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jian He
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph G Joyce
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Julie M Skinner
- Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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25
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Prakash A, Medved J, Arneja A, Niebuhr C, Li AN, Tarrah S, Boscia AR, Burnett ED, Singh A, Salazar JE, Xu W, Santhanakrishnan M, Hendrickson JE, Luckey CJ. Class switching is differentially regulated in RBC alloimmunization and vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523608. [PMID: 36712006 PMCID: PMC9882062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Studies of human patients have shown that most anti-RBC alloantibodies are IgG1 or IgG3 subclasses, though it is unclear why transfused RBCs preferentially drive these subclasses over others. Though mouse models allow for the mechanistic exploration of class-switching, previous studies of RBC alloimmunization in mice have focused more on the total IgG response than the relative distribution, abundance, or mechanism of IgG subclass generation. Given this major gap, we compared the IgG subclass distribution generated in response to transfused RBCs relative to protein in alum vaccination, and determined the role of STAT6 in their generation. Study Design and Methods WT mice were either immunized with Alum/HEL-OVA or transfused with HOD RBCs and levels of anti-HEL IgG subtypes were measured using end-point dilution ELISAs. To study the role of STAT6 in IgG class-switching, we first generated and validated novel STAT6 KO mice using CRISPR/cas9 gene editing. STAT6 KO mice were then transfused with HOD RBCs or immunized with Alum/HEL-OVA, and IgG subclasses were quantified by ELISA. Results When compared to antibody responses to Alum/HEL-OVA, transfusion of HOD RBCs induced lower levels of IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c but similar levels of IgG3. Class switching to most IgG subtypes remained largely unaffected in STAT6 deficient mice in response to HOD RBC transfusion, with the one exception being IgG2b. In contrast, STAT6 deficient mice showed altered levels of all IgG subtypes following Alum vaccination. Discussion Our results show that anti-RBC class-switching occurs via alternate mechanisms when compared to the well-studied immunogen alum vaccination.
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26
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Lim S, Park JH, Chang H. Enhanced anti-tumor immunity of vaccine combined with anti-PD-1 antibody in a murine bladder cancer model. Investig Clin Urol 2023; 64:74-81. [PMID: 36629068 PMCID: PMC9834567 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are important immune-suppressive regulators in the tumor microenvironment. A vaccine-induced immune effect on tumor cells is blunted by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we hypothesized that a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine combined with anti-PD-1 (αPD-1) antibodies could elicit a synergistic anti-tumor immunity in bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We produced a model of subcutaneous transplantation in C3H/HeJ mice by transplanting murine MBT-2 bladder cancer cells. DCs were isolated from normal C3H/HeJ mice, followed by stimulation against MBT-2 lysate before injection. Two weeks later of MBT-2 inoculation, αPD-1 and stimulated DCs were injected two times at one-week interval intraperitoneally and intravenously, respectively. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells and splenocytes were analyzed using flow cytometry. T-cell-mediated anti-tumor responses were measured by interferon (IFN)-γ ELISPOT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. RESULTS The mice treated with DC+αPD-1 showed a significant decrease in tumor volume compared to the DC-treated mice and IgG-treated group. Survival of the DC+αPD-1-treated group was improved compared with that of the IgG-treated mice. IFN-γ secretion from splenocytes against tumor cells was significantly increased in the DC+αPD-1 group compared with that of αPD-1-treated mice. The frequency of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells in spleens was statistically increased in the DC+αPD-1-treated mice compared to those receiving monotherapy (DC- or αPD-1-treated group). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that the combination therapy of a DC vaccine and αPD-1 antibodies could enhance the anti-tumor immune response against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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27
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Bucknor MC, Gururajan A, Dale RC, Hofer MJ. A comprehensive approach to modeling maternal immune activation in rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1071976. [PMID: 36590294 PMCID: PMC9800799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal brain development is a highly orchestrated process, making it a very vulnerable window to perturbations. Maternal stress and subsequent inflammation during pregnancy leads to a state referred to as, maternal immune activation (MIA). If persistent, MIA can pose as a significant risk factor for the manifestation of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. To further elucidate this association between MIA and NDD risk, rodent models have been used extensively across laboratories for many years. However, there are few uniform approaches for rodent MIA models which make not only comparisons between studies difficult, but some established approaches come with limitations that can affect experimental outcomes. Here, we provide researchers with a comprehensive review of common experimental variables and potential limitations that should be considered when designing an MIA study based in a rodent model. Experimental variables discussed include: innate immune stimulation using poly I:C and LPS, environmental gestational stress paradigms, rodent diet composition and sterilization, rodent strain, neonatal handling, and the inclusion of sex-specific MIA offspring analyses. We discuss how some aspects of these variables have potential to make a profound impact on MIA data interpretation and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Bucknor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anand Gururajan
- The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Markus J. Hofer,
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28
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Mostafa DHD, Hemshekhar M, Piyadasa H, Altieri A, Halayko AJ, Pascoe CD, Mookherjee N. Characterization of sex-related differences in allergen house dust mite-challenged airway inflammation, in two different strains of mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20837. [PMID: 36460835 PMCID: PMC9718733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological sex impacts disease prevalence, severity and response to therapy in asthma, however preclinical studies often use only one sex in murine models. Here, we detail sex-related differences in immune responses using a house dust mite (HDM)-challenge model of acute airway inflammation, in adult mice of two different strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6NJ). Female and male mice were challenged (intranasally) with HDM extract (~ 25 μg) for 2 weeks (N = 10 per group). Increase in serum HDM-specific IgE showed a female bias, which was statistically significant in BALB/c mice. We compared naïve and HDM-challenged mice to define immune responses in the lungs by assessing leukocyte accumulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and profiling the abundance of 29 different cytokines in BALF and lung tissue lysates. Our results demonstrate specific sex-related and strain-dependent differences in airway inflammation. For example, HDM-driven accumulation of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages were significantly higher in females compared to males, in BALB/c mice. In contrast, HDM-mediated eosinophil accumulation was higher in males compared to females, in C57BL/6NJ mice. Differences in lung cytokine profiles indicated that HDM drives a T-helper (Th)17-biased response with higher IL-17 levels in female BALB/c mice compared to males, whereas female C57BL/6NJ mice elicit a mixed Th1/Th2-skewed response. Male mice of both strains showed higher levels of specific Th2-skewed cytokines, such as IL-21, IL-25 and IL-9, in response to HDM. Overall, this study details sex dimorphism in HDM-mediated airway inflammation in mice, which will be a valuable resource for preclinical studies in allergic airway inflammation and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina H. D. Mostafa
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ,grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Hadeesha Piyadasa
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ,grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Anthony Altieri
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ,grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Andrew J. Halayko
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada ,grid.460198.20000 0004 4685 0561Biology of Breathing Group, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Christopher D. Pascoe
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada ,grid.460198.20000 0004 4685 0561Biology of Breathing Group, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Neeloffer Mookherjee
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ,grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada ,grid.460198.20000 0004 4685 0561Biology of Breathing Group, The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
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Rudenko N, Karatovskaya A, Zamyatina A, Shepelyakovskaya A, Semushina S, Brovko F, Shpirt A, Torgov V, Kolotyrkina N, Zinin A, Kasimova A, Perepelov A, Shneider M, Knirel Y. Immune Response to Conjugates of Fragments of the Type K9 Capsular Polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii with Carrier Proteins. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0167422. [PMID: 35980044 PMCID: PMC9602423 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01674-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonal bacterial species Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen which causes high-lethality infections. Cells of A. baumannii are surrounded by the type-specific capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which provides resistance to the protective mechanisms of the host and is considered a target for immunization. The conjugates of three inert carrier proteins and A. baumannii type K9 CPS fragments, which contained various numbers of oligosaccharide repeats (K-units), were synthesized by periodate oxidation and squaric acid chemistry. The conjugates were applied to immunize mice, and chemical synthesis by squaric acid was shown to significantly improve the immunogenic properties of glycoconjugate. In BALB/c mice, IgG antibodies were predominant among type K9 CPS reactive antibodies, and their total content was several times higher than that of IgM. Immune sera were characterized by their opsonization ability during practically the entire lives of the experimental mice. The sera were cross-reactive, but the highest specificity was observed against the antigen (type K9 CPS) used for immunization. The immunization of BALB/c and ICR-1 mice with a glycoconjugate without adjuvants led to varying degrees of stimulation of IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α production, but not IL-4 production in the ICR-1 mice. This is in contrast to the BALB/c mice, in which γ-IFN production was also activated. The protective effectiveness of the glycoconjugates obtained by squaric acid chemistry was demonstrated by experiments that involved challenging immunized and nonimmunized animals with a lethal dose of A. baumannii K9. IMPORTANCE Immunization by glycoconjugates with A. baumannii type K9 CPS fragments induced a high level of antibodies (predominantly IgG) in sera, which reacted specifically with the CPS of A. baumannii type K9, as well as a long immunological memory. The sera of immunized animals efficiently opsonized A. baumannii type K9. Immunization resulted in the balanced production of pro/anti-inflammatory lymphokines and protective antibodies to ensure the survival of the mice infected with A. baumannii. The level of specific antibodies was sufficient to provide protective immunity against the challenge by A. baumannii, making this approach applicable in the development of vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rudenko
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Karatovskaya
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Zamyatina
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Shepelyakovskaya
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Svetlana Semushina
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Fedor Brovko
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Shpirt
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Torgov
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Kolotyrkina
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Zinin
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kasimova
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Perepelov
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shneider
- Laboratory of Molecular Bioengineering, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Knirel
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Biocides, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Menees KB, Lee JK. New Insights and Implications of Natural Killer Cells in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S83-S92. [PMID: 35570499 PMCID: PMC9535577 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein into Lewy bodies. It is established that there is an association between inflammation and PD; however, the time course of the inflammatory process as well as the immune cells involved are still debated. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with numerous functions including targeting and killing infected or malignant cells, antimicrobial defense, and resolving inflammation. NK cell subsets differ in their effector function capacities which are modulated by activating and inhibitory receptors expressed at the cell surface. Alterations in NK cell numbers and receptor expression have been reported in PD patients. Recently, NK cell numbers and frequency were shown to be altered in the periphery and in the central nervous system in a preclinical mouse model of PD. Moreover, NK cells have recently been shown to internalize and degrade α-syn aggregates and systemic NK cell depletion exacerbated synuclein pathology in a preclinical mouse model of PD, indicating a potential protective role of NK cells. Here, we review the inflammatory process in PD with a particular focus on alterations in NK cell numbers, phenotypes, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Menees
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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31
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Multiparametric Flow Cytometry-Based Immunophenotyping of Mouse Liver Immune Cells. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5050070. [PMID: 36136816 PMCID: PMC9498390 DOI: 10.3390/mps5050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complex organ that governs many types of metabolisms, including energy metabolism and other cellular processes. The liver also plays a crucial role in important functions in immunity, and the activity of liver tissue-associated immunity affects the outcome of many liver pathologies. A thorough characterization of the liver immune microenvironment may contribute to a better understanding of immune signaling, the mechanisms of specific immune responses, and even to improved predictions about therapy outcomes. In this paper, we present an optimized, simple, and rapid protocol to characterize the liver-associated immune cell milieu. We believe that the most suitable technique for obtaining a complex immune cell suspension and for removing contaminating blood cells is to perform mouse liver perfusion, using only phosphate buffer saline. Combining an enzymatic digestion and a mechanical dissociation of liver tissue, followed by cell purification, improves downstream applications. This combination is an essential prerequisite for immune cell determination and characterization. We then demonstrate a flow cytometry-based multiparametric immunophenotyping along with a gating strategy to detect and quantify liver endothelial cells, T cells (helper and cytotoxic), B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, monocytes (subsets included), dendritic cells (subsets included), macrophages and Kupffer cells.
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32
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Huda MN, Salvador AC, Barrington WT, Gacasan CA, D'Souza EM, Deus Ramirez L, Threadgill DW, Bennett BJ. Gut microbiota and host genetics modulate the effect of diverse diet patterns on metabolic health. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896348. [PMID: 36061898 PMCID: PMC9434023 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are major public health issues worldwide and are responsible for disproportionately higher healthcare costs and increased complications of many diseases including SARS-CoV-2 infection. The Western Diet (WD) specifically is believed to be a major contributor to the global metabolic disease epidemic. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet (MeD), Ketogenic diet (KD), and Japanese diet (JD) are often considered beneficial for metabolic health. Yet, there is a growing appreciation that the effect of diet on metabolic health varies depending on several factors including host genetics. Additionally, poor metabolic health has also been attributed to altered gut microbial composition and/or function. To understand the complex relationship between host genetics, gut microbiota, and dietary patterns, we treated four widely used metabolically diverse inbred mouse strains (A/J, C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ, and NOD/ShiLtJ) with four human-relevant diets (MeD, JD, KD, WD), and a control mouse chow from 6 weeks to 30 weeks of age. We found that diet-induced alteration of gut microbiota (α-diversity, β-diversity, and abundance of several bacteria including Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Turicibacter, Faecalibaculum, and Akkermansia) is significantly modified by host genetics. In addition, depending on the gut microbiota, the same diet could have different metabolic health effects. Our study also revealed that C57BL/6J mice are more susceptible to altered gut microbiota compared to other strains in this study indicating that host genetics is an important modulator of the diet-microbiota-metabolic health axis. Overall, our study demonstrated complex interactions between host genetics, gut microbiota, and diet on metabolic health; indicating the need to consider both host genetics and the gut microbiota in the development of new and more effective precision nutrition strategies to improve metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nazmul Huda
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anna C. Salvador
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - William T. Barrington
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - C. Anthony Gacasan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Edeline M. D'Souza
- Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom,School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Deus Ramirez
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Brian J. Bennett
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Correa VA, Portilho AI, De Gaspari E. Immunological Effects of Dimethyldioctadecylammonium Bromide and Saponin as Adjuvants for Outer Membrane Vesicles from Neisseria meningitidis. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10030046. [PMID: 35892740 PMCID: PMC9326571 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The meningococcal disease is a global health threat, but is preventable through vaccination. Adjuvants improve meningococcal vaccines and are able to trigger different aspects of the immune response. The present work evaluated the immune response of mice against Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles (OMV) complexed with the adjuvants aluminium hydroxide (AH), via subcutaneous route; and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) or Saponin (Sap), via intranasal/subcutaneous routes. ELISA demonstrated that all adjuvants increased IgG titers after the booster dose, remaining elevated for 18 months. Additionally, adjuvants increased the avidity of the antibodies and the bactericidal titer: OMVs alone were bactericidal until 1:4 dilution but, when adjuvanted by Alum, DDA or Sap, it increased to 1/32. DDA and Sap increased all IgG isotypes, while AH improved IgG1 and IgG2a levels. Thus, Sap led to the recognition of more proteins in Immunoblot, followed by DDA and AH. Sap and AH induced higher IL-4 and IL-17 release, respectively. The use of adjuvants improved both cellular and humoral immune response, however, each adjuvant contributed to particular parameters. This demonstrates the importance of studying different adjuvant options and their suitability to stimulate different immune mechanisms, modulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Araujo Correa
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11th Floor, Room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (A.I.P.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB Hall III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11th Floor, Room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (A.I.P.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB Hall III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11th Floor, Room 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (V.A.C.); (A.I.P.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, ICB Hall III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3068-2898
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Liposomes Bearing Non-Bilayer Phospholipid Arrangements Induce Specific IgG Anti-Lipid Antibodies by Activating NK1.1+, CD4+ T Cells in Mice. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070643. [PMID: 35877846 PMCID: PMC9319584 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are artificial models of cellular membranes that are used as delivery systems for genes, drugs and protein antigens. We have previously used them to study the antigenic properties of their phospholipids. Here, we used them to induce the production of IgG anti-non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements (NPAs) antibodies in mice; these antibodies cause cell lysis and trigger a lupus-like disease in mice. We studied the mechanisms that lead to the production of these antibodies, and provide evidence that NK1.1+, CD4+ T cells respond to NPA-bearing liposomes and deliver the help required for specific B cell activation and antibody class-switching to IgG. We found increased numbers of IL-4-producing NK1.1+, CD4+ T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of mice administered with NPAs, and these cells also expressed CD40L, which is required for B cell activation. Additionally, we isolated and purified NK1.1+, CD4+ T cells from spleens and determined that they over-expressed 40 genes, which are key players in inflammatory processes and B cell stimulation and have TRAF6 and UNC39B1 as key nodes in their network. These results show that liposomes are membrane models that can be used to analyze the immunogenicity of lipids.
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35
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Larval exposure to parasitic Varroa destructor mites triggers specific immune responses in different honey bee castes and species. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100257. [PMID: 35710070 PMCID: PMC9418504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune systems are key defenses of animals and particularly important in species that lack the sophisticated adaptive immune systems as found in vertebrates. Here, we were interested to quantify variation in innate immune responses of insects in hosts that differ in their parasite susceptibility. To do this, we studied immune responses in honey bees, which can host a remarkable number of different parasites, which are major contributors of declining bee health and colony losses. The most significant parasite of honey bees is the mite Varroa destructor, which has infested the majority of global honey bee populations, and its control remains a major challenge for beekeepers. However, a number of nonmanaged honey bees seem able to control Varroa infections, for example, the Eastern honey bee Apis ceranacerana or the African honey bee Apis mellifera scutellata. These bees therefore make interesting study subjects to identify underlaying resistance traits, for example, by comparing them to more susceptible bee genotypes such as Western honey bees (A. melliferaligustica). We conducted a series of interlinked experiments and started with behavioral assays to compare the attractiveness of bee larvae to mites using different honey bee genotypes and castes. We found that 6-day-old larvae are always most attractive to mites, independently of genotype or castes. In a next step, we compared volatile profiles of the most attractive larvae to test whether they could be used by mites for host selection. We found that the abundance of volatile compounds differed between larval ages, but we also found significant differences between genotypes and castes. To further study the expected underlaying physiological differences between potentially resistant and susceptible host larvae, we compared the larval hemolymph proteomes of the three honey bee genotypes and two castes in response to mite exposure. We identified consistent upregulation of immune and stress-related genes in Varroa-exposed larvae, which differed between genotypes and castes. Tolerant honey bee castes and genotypes were characterized by stronger or more distinct immune esponses. In summary, we provide first insights into the complex involvement of the innate immune system of tolerant honey bees against mite infestations, which could be used for future breeding purposes. Honey bee larvae are most susceptible to mite infestations shortly before brood cell capping. Larval attractiveness to mites is independent of bee caste or genotype. Volatile compound abundance differed between genotypes, castes, and larval ages. Mite exposure induces specific immune and stress responses in different genotypes and castes.
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36
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Patel SR, Lundgren TS, Baldwin WH, Cox C, Parker ET, Healey JF, Jajosky RP, Zerra PE, Josephson CD, Doering CB, Stowell SR, Meeks SL. Neutralizing Antibodies Against Factor VIII Can Occur Through a Non-Germinal Center Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880829. [PMID: 35634288 PMCID: PMC9132091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity to factor VIII (FVIII) represents a significant challenge for the treatment of patients with hemophilia A. Current paradigms indicate that neutralizing antibodies against FVIII (inhibitors) occur through a classical CD4 T cell, germinal center (GC) dependent process. However, clinical observations suggest that the nature of the immune response to FVIII may differ between patients. While some patients produce persistent low or high inhibitor titers, others generate a transient response. Moreover, FVIII reactive memory B cells are only detectable in some patients with sustained inhibitor titers. The determinants regulating the type of immune response a patient develops, let alone how the immune response differs in these patients remains incompletely understood. One hypothesis is that polymorphisms within immunoregulatory genes alter the underlying immune response to FVIII, and thereby the inhibitor response. Consistent with this, studies report that inhibitor titers to FVIII differ in animals with the same F8 pathogenic variant but completely distinct backgrounds; though, how these genetic disparities affect the immune response to FVIII remains to be investigated. Given this, we sought to mechanistically dissect how genetics impact the underlying immune response to FVIII. In particular, as the risk of producing inhibitors is weakly associated with differences in HLA, we hypothesized that genetic factors other than HLA influence the immune response to FVIII and downstream inhibitor formation. Our data demonstrate that FVIII deficient mice encoding the same MHC and F8 variant produce disparate inhibitor titers, and that the type of inhibitor response formed associates with the ability to generate GCs. Interestingly, the formation of antibodies through a GC or non-GC pathway does not appear to be due to differences in CD4 T cell immunity, as the CD4 T cell response to an immunodominant epitope in FVIII was similar in these mice. These results indicate that genetics can impact the process by which inhibitors develop and may in part explain the apparent propensity of patients to form distinct inhibitor responses. Moreover, these data highlight an underappreciated immunological pathway of humoral immunity to FVIII and lay the groundwork for identification of biomarkers for the development of approaches to tolerize against FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R Patel
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taran S Lundgren
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wallace Hunter Baldwin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Courtney Cox
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ernest T Parker
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John F Healey
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ryan P Jajosky
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia E Zerra
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon L Meeks
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta/Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Werner A, Schäfer S, Gleußner N, Nimmerjahn F, Winkler TH. Determining immunoglobulin-specific B cell receptor repertoire of murine splenocytes by next-generation sequencing. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101277. [PMID: 35434659 PMCID: PMC9010798 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Werner
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommelstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Simon Schäfer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Nina Gleußner
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erwin-Rommelstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author
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38
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Mulder PPG, Koenen HJPM, Vlig M, Joosten I, de Vries RBM, Boekema BKHL. Burn-Induced Local and Systemic Immune Response: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3093-3109.e15. [PMID: 35623415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
As burn injuries are often followed by a derailed immune response and excessive inflammation, a thorough understanding of the occurring reactions is key to prevent secondary complications. This systematic review, that includes 247 animal studies, shows the post-burn response of 14 different immune cell types involved in immediate and long-term effects, in both wound tissue and circulation. Peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte numbers increased directly after burns, whereas thrombocyte numbers increased near the end of the first week. Lymphocyte numbers, however, were decreased for at least two weeks. In burn wound tissue, neutrophil and macrophage numbers accumulated during the first three weeks. Burns also altered cellular functions as we found increased migratory potential of leukocytes, impaired antibacterial activity of neutrophils and enhanced inflammatory mediator production by macrophages. Neutrophil surges were positively associated with burn size and were highest in rats. Altogether, this comprehensive overview of the temporal immune cell dynamics shows that unlike normal wound healing, burn injury induces a long-lasting inflammatory response. It provides a fundamental research basis to improve experimental set-ups, burn care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
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39
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Oyesola OO, Souza COS, Loke P. The Influence of Genetic and Environmental Factors and Their Interactions on Immune Response to Helminth Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869163. [PMID: 35572520 PMCID: PMC9103684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection currently affect over 2 billion people worldwide, with those with the most pathologies and morbidities, living in regions with unequal and disproportionate access to effective healthcare solutions. Host genetics and environmental factors play critical roles in modulating and regulating immune responses following exposure to various pathogens and insults. However, the interplay of environment and genetic factors in influencing who gets infected and the establishment, persistence, and clearance of helminth parasites remains unclear. Inbred strains of mice have long been used to investigate the role of host genetic factors on pathogenesis and resistance to helminth infection in a laboratory setting. This review will discuss the use of ecological and environmental mouse models to study helminth infections and how this could be used in combination with host genetic variation to explore the relative contribution of these factors in influencing immune response to helminth infections. Improved understanding of interactions between genetics and the environment to helminth immune responses would be important for efforts to identify and develop new prophylactic and therapeutic options for the management of helminth infections and their pathogenesis.
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40
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Dong MB, Tang K, Zhou X, Zhou JJ, Chen S. Tumor immunology CRISPR screening: present, past, and future. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:210-225. [PMID: 34920978 PMCID: PMC8854335 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy have fundamentally changed the landscape of cancer treatment by leveraging the specificity and selectivity of the adaptive immune system to kill cancer cells. These successes have ushered in a new wave of research aimed at understanding immune recognition with the hope of developing newer immunotherapies. The advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technologies and advancement of multiomics modalities have greatly accelerated the discovery process. Here, we review the current literature surrounding CRISPR screens within the context of tumor immunology, provide essential components needed to conduct immune-specific CRISPR screens, and present avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA,Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA,Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Tang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA,Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA,Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA,Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jingjia J. Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA,Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA; Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; M.D.-Ph.D. Program, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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41
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Rodriguez SE, Hawman DW, Sorvillo TE, O'Neal TJ, Bird BH, Rodriguez LL, Bergeron É, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Spengler JR. Immunobiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res 2022; 199:105244. [PMID: 35026307 PMCID: PMC9245446 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human infection with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a tick-borne pathogen in the family Nairoviridae, can result in a spectrum of outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic infection through mild clinical signs to severe or fatal disease. Studies of CCHFV immunobiology have investigated the relationship between innate and adaptive immune responses with disease severity, attempting to elucidate factors associated with differential outcomes. In this article, we begin by highlighting unanswered questions, then review current efforts to answer them. We discuss in detail current clinical studies and research in laboratory animals on CCHF, including immune targets of infection and adaptive and innate immune responses. We summarize data about the role of the immune response in natural infections of animals and humans and experimental studies in vitro and in vivo and from evaluating immune-based therapies and vaccines, and present recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Teresa E Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T Justin O'Neal
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian H Bird
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, New York, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Collignon L, Verhoye L, Hakze-Van der Honing R, Van der Poel WHM, Meuleman P. Study of Hepatitis E Virus-4 Infection in Human Liver-Chimeric, Immunodeficient, and Immunocompetent Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:819877. [PMID: 35295314 PMCID: PMC8919074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.819877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for 20 million infections worldwide per year. Although, HEV infection is mostly self-limiting, immunocompromised individuals may evolve toward chronicity. The lack of an efficient small animal model has hampered the study of HEV and the discovery of anti-HEV therapies. Furthermore, new HEV strains, infectious to humans, are being discovered. Human liver-chimeric mice have greatly aided in the understanding of HEV, but only two genotypes (HEV-1 and HEV-3) have been studied in this model. Moreover, the immunodeficient nature of this mouse model does not allow full investigation of the virus and all aspects of its interaction with the host. Recent studies have shown the susceptibility of regular and nude Balb/c mice to a HEV-4 strain (KM01). This model should allow the investigation of the interplay between HEV and the adaptive immune system of its host, and potential immune-mediated complications. Here, we assess the susceptibility of human liver-chimeric and non-humanised mice to a different HEV-4 strain (BeSW67HEV4-2008). We report that humanised mice could be readily infected with this isolate, resulting in an infection pattern comparable to HEV-3 infection. Despite these results and in contrast to KM01, non-humanised mice were not susceptible to infection with this viral strain. Further investigation, using other HEV-4 isolates, is needed to conclusively determine HEV-4 tropism and mouse susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Collignon
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Verhoye
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wim H. M. Van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Philip Meuleman,
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43
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Herman KE, Yoshida T, Hughson A, Grier A, Gill SR, Beck LA, Fowell DJ. IL-17-Dependent Dysregulated Cutaneous Immune Homeostasis in the Absence of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817427. [PMID: 35265075 PMCID: PMC8900519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is characterized by recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. Here, we show that WASp-deficient mice on a BALB/c background have dysregulated cutaneous immune homeostasis with increased leukocyte accumulation in the skin, 1 week after birth. Increased cutaneous inflammation was associated with epithelial abnormalities, namely, altered keratinization, abnormal epidermal tight junctional morphology and increased trans-epidermal water loss; consistent with epidermal barrier dysfunction. Immune and physical barrier disruption was accompanied by progressive skin dysbiosis, highlighting the functional significance of the disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. Interestingly, the dysregulated immunity in the skin preceded the systemic elevation in IgE and lymphocytic infiltration of the colonic lamina propria associated with WASp deficiency. Mechanistically, the enhanced immune cell accumulation in the skin was lymphocyte dependent. Elevated levels of both Type 2 (IL-4, IL-5) and Type 17 (IL-17, IL-22, IL-23) cytokines were present in the skin, as well as the 'itch' factor IL-31. Unexpectedly, the canonical WAS-associated cytokine IL-4 did not play a role in the immune dysfunction. Instead, IL-17 was critical for skin immune infiltration and elevation of both Type 2 and Type 17 cytokines. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized IL-17-dependent breakdown in immune homeostasis and cutaneous barrier integrity in the absence of WASp, targeting of which may provide new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of skin pathologies in WAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Herman
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Angela Hughson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alex Grier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Deborah J. Fowell,
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44
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Upregulation of CD14 in mesenchymal stromal cells accelerates lipopolysaccharide-induced response and enhances antibacterial properties. iScience 2022; 25:103759. [PMID: 35141503 PMCID: PMC8814754 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have broad-ranging therapeutic properties, including the ability to inhibit bacterial growth and resolve infection. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating these antibacterial properties in MSCs are largely unknown. Here, we utilized a systems-based approach to compare MSCs from different genetic backgrounds that displayed differences in antibacterial activity. Although both MSCs satisfied traditional MSC-defining criteria, comparative transcriptomics and quantitative membrane proteomics revealed two unique molecular profiles. The antibacterial MSCs responded rapidly to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and had elevated levels of the LPS co-receptor CD14. CRISPR-mediated overexpression of endogenous CD14 in MSCs resulted in faster LPS response and enhanced antibacterial activity. Single-cell RNA sequencing of CD14-upregulated MSCs revealed a shift in transcriptional ground state and a more uniform LPS-induced response. Our results highlight the impact of genetic background on MSC phenotypic diversity and demonstrate that overexpression of CD14 can prime these cells to be more responsive to bacterial challenge. MSCs from different genetic backgrounds have distinct responses to bacteria Upregulating CD14 in MSCs enhances LPS-induced response and antibacterial traits CD14 upregulation homogenizes MSC transcriptional profiles across individual cells
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45
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Ju C, Liang J, Zhang M, Zhao J, Li L, Chen S, Zhao J, Gao X. The mouse resource at National Resource Center for Mutant Mice. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:143-156. [PMID: 35138443 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are essential for dissecting disease mechanisms and defining potential drug targets. There are more than 18,500 mouse strains available for research communities in National Resource Center for Mutant Mice (NRCMM) of China, affiliated with Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and Gempharmatech Company. In 2019, Gempharmatech launched the Knockout All Project (KOAP) aiming to generate null mutants and gene floxed strains for all protein-coding genes in mouse genome within 5 years. So far, KOAP has generated 8,004 floxed strains and 9,769 KO (knockout) strains (updated to Oct, 2021). NRCMM also created hundreds of Cre transgenic lines, mutant knock-in models, immuno-deficient models, and humanized mouse models. As a member of the international mouse phenotyping consortium (IMPC), NRCMM provides comprehensive phenotyping services for mouse models. In summary, NRCMM will continue to support biomedical community with new mouse models as well as related services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shuai Chen
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- GemPharmatech Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, China. .,GemPharmatech Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China. .,Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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46
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Hatt LP, Thompson K, Helms JA, Stoddart MJ, Armiento AR. Clinically relevant preclinical animal models for testing novel cranio-maxillofacial bone 3D-printed biomaterials. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e690. [PMID: 35170248 PMCID: PMC8847734 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly developing field with potential for the regeneration of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bones, with 3D printing being a suitable fabrication tool for patient-specific implants. The CMF region includes a variety of different bones with distinct functions. The clinical implementation of tissue engineering concepts is currently poor, likely due to multiple reasons including the complexity of the CMF anatomy and biology, and the limited relevance of the currently used preclinical models. The 'recapitulation of a human disease' is a core requisite of preclinical animal models, but this aspect is often neglected, with a vast majority of studies failing to identify the specific clinical indication they are targeting and/or the rationale for choosing one animal model over another. Currently, there are no suitable guidelines that propose the most appropriate animal model to address a specific CMF pathology and no standards are established to test the efficacy of biomaterials or tissue engineered constructs in the CMF field. This review reports the current clinical scenario of CMF reconstruction, then discusses the numerous limitations of currently used preclinical animal models employed for validating 3D-printed tissue engineered constructs and the need to reduce animal work that does not address a specific clinical question. We will highlight critical research aspects to consider, to pave a clinically driven path for the development of new tissue engineered materials for CMF reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan P. Hatt
- Regenerative Orthopaedics ProgramAO Research Institute DavosDavos, PlatzSwitzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and TechonologyInstitute for BiomechanicsETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Keith Thompson
- Regenerative Orthopaedics ProgramAO Research Institute DavosDavos, PlatzSwitzerland
| | - Jill A. Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryDepartment of Surgery, Stanford School of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCalifornia
| | - Martin J. Stoddart
- Regenerative Orthopaedics ProgramAO Research Institute DavosDavos, PlatzSwitzerland
| | - Angela R. Armiento
- Regenerative Orthopaedics ProgramAO Research Institute DavosDavos, PlatzSwitzerland
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Whitesell JC, Lindsay RS, Olivas-Corral JG, Yannacone SF, Schoenbach MH, Lucas ED, Friedman RS. Islet Lymphocytes Maintain a Stable Regulatory Phenotype Under Homeostatic Conditions and Metabolic Stress. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814203. [PMID: 35145521 PMCID: PMC8821107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells and B cells have been identified in human and murine islets, but the phenotype and role of islet lymphocytes is unknown. Resident immune populations set the stage for responses to inflammation in the islets during homeostasis and diabetes. Thus, we sought to identify the phenotype and effector function of islet lymphocytes to better understand their role in normal islets and in islets under metabolic stress. Lymphocytes were located in the islet parenchyma, and were comprised of a mix of naïve, activated, and memory T cell and B cell subsets, with an enrichment for regulatory B cell subsets. Use of a Nur77 reporter indicated that CD8 T cells and B cells both received local antigen stimulus, indicating that they responded to antigens present in the islets. Analysis of effector function showed that islet T cells and B cells produced the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The regulatory phenotype of islet T cells and B cells and their response to local antigenic stimuli remained stable under conditions of metabolic stress in the diet induced obesity (DIO) model. T cells present in human islets retained a similar activated and memory phenotype in non-diabetic and T2D donors. Under steady-state conditions, islet T cells and B cells have a regulatory phenotype, and thus may play a protective role in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Whitesell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robin S. Lindsay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jessica G. Olivas-Corral
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Seth F. Yannacone
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Mary H. Schoenbach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Erin D. Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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48
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Arunachalam AB, Vile S, Rosas A. A Mouse Immunogenicity Model for the Evaluation of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814088. [PMID: 35126397 PMCID: PMC8812382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of an appropriate animal model for use in the development of meningococcal vaccines has been a challenge as humans are the only natural host for Neisseria meningitidis. Small animal models have been developed and are widely used to study the efficacy or immunogenicity of vaccine formulations generated against various diseases. Here, we describe the development and optimization of a mouse model for assessing the immunogenicity of candidate tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide (MenACYW-TT) protein conjugate vaccines. Three inbred (BALB/c [H-2d], C3H/HeN [H-2k], or C57BL/6 [H-2b]) and one outbred (ICR [H-2g7]) mouse strains were assessed using serial two-fold dose dilutions (from 2 µg to 0.03125 µg per dose of polysaccharide for each serogroup) of candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Groups of 10 mice received two doses of the candidate vaccine 14 days apart with serum samples obtained 14 days after the last dose for the evaluation of serogroup-specific anti-polysaccharide IgG by ELISA and bactericidal antibody by serum bactericidal assay (SBA). C3H/HeN and ICR mice had a more dose-dependent antibody response to all four serogroups than BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. In general, ICR mice had the greatest antibody dose-response range (both anti-polysaccharide IgG and bactericidal antibodies) to all four serogroups and were chosen as the model of choice. The 0.25 µg per serogroup dose was chosen as optimal since this was in the dynamic range of the serogroup-specific dose-response curves in most of the mouse strains evaluated. We demonstrate that the optimized mouse immunogenicity model is sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between conjugated polysaccharides, against unconjugated free polysaccharides and, to degradation of the vaccine formulations. Following optimization, this optimized mouse immunogenicity model has been used to assess the impact of different conjugation chemistries on immunogenicity, and to screen and stratify various candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccines to identify those with the most desirable profile to progress to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey Vile
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
| | - Angel Rosas
- Sanofi Medical Affairs, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
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49
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Genetic background affects the mucosal SIgA levels, parasite burden, lung inflammation and susceptibility of male mice to Ascaris suum infection. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0059521. [PMID: 34807734 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00595-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease, widespread in the world and causing important socioeconomic impacts. The presence of various stages of worm development in the pulmonary and intestinal mucosa induces a humoral and cellular immune response. However, although there is much evidence of the protective role of mucosal immunity against various pathogens, including helminthes, there is still a gap in the knowledge about the immune response and the mechanisms of action that are involved in protection against diseases, especially in the initial phase of ascariasis. Then, the aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic aspects of the immune parasitological parameters in intestinal and pulmonary mucosa in male mice with early ascariasis. Therefore, two mice strains showed a different susceptibility to ascariasis (BALB/c and C57BL6/j), when experimentally infected with 2,500 infective eggs of Ascaris suum from time-point 0 and the immune parasitological parameters evaluated each two days after infection, during the period of 12 days. The results were suggestive of a synergetic action of intestinal and pulmonary SIgA contributing for the protection against early ascariasis by reducing the amount of migrating larval as well as the influx of leukocytes in the lung and the consequent impair of the pulmonary capacity.
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