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Chou AA, Lin CH, Chang YC, Chang HW, Lin YC, Pi CC, Kan YM, Chuang HF, Chen HW. Antiviral activity of Vigna radiata extract against feline coronavirus in vitro. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-13. [PMID: 38712855 PMCID: PMC11078076 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2349665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal illness caused by a mutated feline coronavirus (FCoV). This disease is characterized by its complexity, resulting from systemic infection, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and challenges in accessing effective therapeutics. Extract derived from Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (VRE) exhibits various pharmacological effects, including antiviral activity. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of VRE against FCoV, addressing the urgent need to advance the treatment of FIP. We explored the anti-FCoV activity, antiviral mechanism, and combinational application of VRE by means of in vitro antiviral assays. Our findings reveal that VRE effectively inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by FCoV, reduced viral proliferation, and downregulated spike protein expression. Moreover, VRE blocked FCoV in the early and late infection stages and was effective under in vitro ADE infection. Notably, when combined with VRE, the polymerase inhibitor GS-441524 or protease inhibitor GC376 suppressed FCoV more effectively than monotherapy. In conclusion, this study characterizes the antiviral property of VRE against FCoV in vitro, and VRE possesses therapeutic potential for FCoV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ai Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hui Lin
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TACS-alliance Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- King’s Ground Biotech Co., Ltd., Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Pi
- King’s Ground Biotech Co., Ltd., Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Kan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Fen Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Animal Resource Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Spiri AM, Meili T, Riond B, Krentz D, Zwicklbauer K, Buchta K, Zuzzi-Krebitz AM, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein Quantification via Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence Assay: Application as Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Serum and Effusions of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Undergoing GS-441524 Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:791. [PMID: 38793672 PMCID: PMC11125897 DOI: 10.3390/v16050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats usually led to euthanasia, but recent research has revealed that antiviral drugs, including the nucleoside analog GS-441524, have the potential to effectively cure FIP. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) has been suggested as a diagnostic marker for FIP. However, AGP quantification methods are not easily accessible. This study aimed to establish a Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence (SPARCLTM) assay on the VetBio-1 analyzer to determine the AGP concentrations in feline serum and effusion samples. Linearity was found in serial dilutions between 1:2000 and 1:32,000; the intra-run and inter-run precision was <5% and <15%, respectively; and AGP was stable in serum stored for at least 8 days at room temperature, at 4 °C and at -20 °C. Cats with confirmed FIP had significantly higher serum AGP concentrations (median: 2954 µg/mL (range: 200-5861 µg/mL)) than those with other inflammatory diseases (median: 1734 µg/mL (305-3449 µg/mL)) and clinically healthy cats (median 235 µg/mL (range: 78-616 µg/mL); pKW < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations were significantly higher in the effusions from cats with FIP than in those from diseased cats without FIP (pMWU < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations in the serum of cats with FIP undergoing GS-441524 treatment showed a significant drop within the first seven days of treatment and reached normal levels after ~14 days. In conclusion, the VetBio-1 SPARCLTM assay offers a precise, fast and cost-effective method to measure the AGP concentrations in serum and effusion samples of feline patients. The monitoring of the AGP concentration throughout FIP treatment provides a valuable marker to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness and identify potential relapses at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Daniela Krentz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Zwicklbauer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Buchta
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Anna-Maria Zuzzi-Krebitz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
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3
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Stranieri A, Lauzi S, Paltrinieri S. Clinicopathological and Molecular Analysis of Aqueous Humor for the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Vet Sci 2024; 11:207. [PMID: 38787179 PMCID: PMC11125769 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to assess the diagnostic utility for FIP of cytology, protein measurement and RT-PCR for feline coronaviruses (FCoV) on aqueous humor (AH), since little information is currently available. METHODS AH samples (n = 85) were collected post-mortem from 13 cats with effusive FIP (E-FIP), 15 with non-effusive FIP (NE-FIP) and 16 without FIP, to perform cytology (n = 83) and RT-PCR (n = 66) and to calculate their sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-). The protein concentration was measured on 80 fluids. RESULTS The proportion of RT-PCR positive samples did not differ among groups, while positive cytology was more frequent in samples with FIP (p = 0.042) or positive RT-PCR (p = 0.007). Compared with other groups, the protein concentration was higher in samples with NE-FIP (p = 0.017), positive RT-PCR (p = 0.005) or positive cytology (p < 0.001). The specificity of cytology together with RT-PCR, cytology alone, RT-PCR alone and cytological proteinaceous background were 90.0%, 84.6%, 70.0%, 61.5%, and the LRs 3.48, 2.65, 1.83, 1.64, respectively. However, their sensitivities were low (34.8-63.0%) and their LR- high (0.60-0.72). CONCLUSIONS Based on the LR+, cytology and/or RT-PCR may support the diagnosis when the pre-test probability of FIP is high. The concentration of intraocular protein is a promising marker, especially in NE-FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (Divas), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (S.L.)
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He M, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Long F, Yin Y, Li Z. One-step triplex TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of feline coronavirus, feline panleukopenia virus, and feline leukemia virus. Vet World 2024; 17:946-955. [PMID: 38911097 PMCID: PMC11188903 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.946-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are prevalent throughout China and significantly threaten cat health. These viruses cause similar manifestations and pathological damage. Rapid and accurate diagnosis depends on detection in the laboratory. This study aimed to establish a reliable and rapid method for accurate detection of FCoV, FPV, and FeLV so that a definite diagnosis can be made and effective measures can be taken to prevent and control viral infection. Materials and Methods We designed three pairs of specific primers and probes for the detection of FCoV 5' untranslated region, FPV viral protein 2, and FeLV pol genes. Recombinant plasmid constructs were generated for use as standard plasmid constructs. Optimal reaction conditions, including primer and probe concentrations, reaction cycles, and annealing temperatures, were obtained on the basis of optimization tests. One-step triplex real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was successfully established to simultaneously detect FCoV, FPV, and FeLV. The specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of the assay were analyzed, and its applicability was validated by testing 1175 clinical samples. Results One-step triplex RT-qPCR had a high degree of specificity only for the detection of FCoV, FPV, and FeLV; it had high sensitivity with limits of detection of 139.904, 143.099, and 152.079 copies/reaction for p-FCoV, p-FPV, and p-FeLV standard plasmid constructs, respectively, and it had reliable repeatability with 0.06%-0.87% intra-assay coefficients of variations. A total of 1175 clinical samples were examined for FCoV, FPV, and FeLV using triplex RT-qPCR, and the FCoV, FPV, and FeLV positivity rates were 18.47%, 19.91%, and 47.57%, respectively. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of one-step triplex RT-qPCR were 93.07% and 97.99%, respectively. Conclusion We developed a rapid and reliable one-step triplex RT-qPCR method for the detection of FCoV, FPV, and FeLV, which could be used as a diagnostic tool for clinical monitoring and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi He
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yandi Shi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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5
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Katayama M, Uemura Y, Katori D. Effect of Nucleic Acid Analog Administration on Fluctuations in the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1322. [PMID: 38731326 PMCID: PMC11083710 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats classified as either effusive ('wet'), non-effusive ('dry'), or a mixture of both forms ('mixed'). The anti-FIP therapeutic effects of Mutian and molnupiravir, two drugs with a nucleic acid analog as an active ingredient, have been confirmed recently. METHODS Of the cats with FIP, we observed a total of 122 and 56 cases that achieved remission after the administration of Mutian and molnupiravir as routine treatments, respectively. Changes in clinical indicators suggested to be correlated with FIP remission (weight, hematocrit, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) before and after the administration of each drug and during follow-up observation were statistically compared for each FIP type. RESULTS In all three FIP types, the administration of either Mutian or molnupiravir resulted in statistically significant increases in these indicators. Furthermore, the effect of Mutian on improving the albumin-to-globulin ratio was not observed at all in wet FIP, as compared with that of molnupiravir, but statistically significant in mixed and dry (p < 0.02 and p < 0.003, respectively). The differences in albumin-to-globulin ratio were all due to those of circulating globulin levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that slight inflammatory responses might be elicited continuously by a residual virus that persisted through molnupiravir treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Katayama
- Bloom Animal Hospital, Kajiyama 1-10-32, Tsurumi, Yokohama City 230-0072, Japan;
| | - Yukina Uemura
- Bloom Animal Hospital, Kajiyama 1-10-32, Tsurumi, Yokohama City 230-0072, Japan;
| | - Daichi Katori
- Katori Animal Hospital, Migawa-cho 2563-16, Mito City 310-0913, Japan;
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Slaviero M, Cony FG, da Silva RC, De Lorenzo C, de Almeida BA, Bertolini M, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP, Sonne L. Pathological findings and patterns of feline infectious peritonitis in the respiratory tract of cats. J Comp Pathol 2024; 210:15-24. [PMID: 38479335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an important cause of death in cats. Thoracic manifestations are less common than abdominal manifestations, and FIP-associated respiratory disease is poorly documented. This study aimed to investigate pathological findings in the respiratory tract of cats with FIP and the occurrence and distribution of feline coronavirus antigen in the respiratory tract using immunohistochemistry. A retrospective study was carried out on 112 cats with FIP, of which 66 had inflammatory histological lesions in the respiratory tract (58.9%) and were included in this study. Three major gross patterns were defined: marked fibrin deposition in the thoracic cavity with lung atelectasis; marked fibrin deposition in the thoracic cavity with lung pyogranulomas; and lung pyogranulomas without thoracic effusion. Histological analysis revealed primary lesions in the visceral pleura and lung parenchyma at a similar frequency, with multifocal to diffuse presentations. Marked lesions were commonly observed. Five major histological patterns were defined: pleuritis; pleuritis and vasculitis/perivascular injury in the lung parenchyma; pleuritis and pneumonia; perivascular injury in the parenchyma without pleuritis; and pneumonia without pleuritis. In the pleura and pulmonary parenchyma, FIP virus antigen was detected in perivascular and peribronchial macrophages and in macrophages within bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue and foci of necrosis and inflammation in the pleura and lung parenchyma. Co-infections with retroviruses were detected in 47 cats (71.2%), mainly with feline leukemia virus (62.2%). Although FIP is a systemic disease, some cats developed significant lesions in the thoracic cavity, including involvement of the upper respiratory tract and presenting respiratory signs, without other classic signs of FIP. This work advances our knowledge of FIP in the respiratory system, helping veterinarians to recognize the various presentations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Slaviero
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda G Cony
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrygo C da Silva
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Cíntia De Lorenzo
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno A de Almeida
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marianna Bertolini
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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Jiao Z, Wang P, Hu X, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Wu B, Luo R, Shi Y, Peng G. Feline infectious peritonitis virus ORF7a is a virulence factor involved in inflammatory pathology in cats. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105794. [PMID: 38176470 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A hyperinflammatory response is a prominent feature of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), but the mechanisms behind the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-induced cytokine storm in the host have not been clarified. Studies have shown that coronaviruses encode accessory proteins that are involved in viral replication and associated with viral virulence, the inflammatory response and immune regulation. Here, we found that FIPV ORF7a gene plays a key role in viral infection and host proinflammatory responses. The recombinant FIPV strains lacking ORF7a (rQS-79Δ7a) exhibit low replication rates in macrophages and do not induce dramatic upregulation of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, through animal experiments, we found that the rQS-79Δ7a strain is nonpathogenic and do not cause symptoms of FIP in cats. Unexpectedly, after three vaccinations with rQS-79Δ7a strain, humoral and cellular immunity was increased and provided protection against virulent strains in cats, and the protection rate reaches 40%. Importantly, our results demonstrated that ORF7a is a key virulence factor that exacerbates FIPV infection and inflammatory responses. Besides, our findings will provide novel implications for future development of live attenuated FIPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Benyuan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruxue Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guiqing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Dunbar D, Babayan SA, Krumrie S, Haining H, Hosie MJ, Weir W. Assessing the feasibility of applying machine learning to diagnosing non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2517. [PMID: 38291072 PMCID: PMC10827733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a severe feline coronavirus-associated syndrome in cats, which is invariably fatal without anti-viral treatment. In the majority of non-effusive FIP cases encountered in practice, confirmatory diagnostic testing is not undertaken and reliance is given to the interpretation of valuable, but essentially non-specific, clinical signs and laboratory markers. We hypothesised that it may be feasible to develop a machine learning (ML) approach which may be applied to the analysis of clinical data to aid in the diagnosis of disease. A dataset encompassing 1939 suspected FIP cases was scored for clinical suspicion of FIP on the basis of history, signalment, clinical signs and laboratory results, using published guidelines, comprising 683 FIP (35.2%), and 1256 non-FIP (64.8%) cases. This dataset was used to train, validate and evaluate two diagnostic machine learning ensemble models. These models, which analysed signalment and laboratory data alone, allowed the accurate discrimination of FIP and non-FIP cases in line with expert opinion. To evaluate whether these models may have value as a diagnostic tool, they were applied to a collection of 80 cases for which the FIP status had been confirmed (FIP: n = 58 (72.5%), non-FIP: n = 22 (27.5%)). Both ensemble models detected FIP with an accuracy of 97.5%, an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.969, sensitivity of 95.45% and specificity of 98.28%. This work demonstrates that, in principle, ML can be usefully applied to the diagnosis of non-effusive FIP. Further work is required before ML may be deployed in the laboratory as a diagnostic tool, such as training models on datasets of confirmed cases and accounting for inter-laboratory variation. Nevertheless, these results illustrate the potential benefit of applying ML to standardising and accelerating the interpretation of clinical pathology data, thereby improving the diagnostic utility of existing laboratory tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Dunbar
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Simon A Babayan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sarah Krumrie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Hayley Haining
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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Zhu J, Deng S, Mou D, Zhang G, Fu Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Lyu Y. Analysis of spike and accessory 3c genes mutations of less virulent and FIP-associated feline coronaviruses in Beijing, China. Virology 2024; 589:109919. [PMID: 37939649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in S and 3c genes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) have been associated with the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In the present study, FCoV S and 3c genes mutations were analyzed in healthy and FIP cats. M1058L mutation was found in 13.64% (3/22) feces from FIP cats, but not in feces from healthy cats (0/39). The intact 3c gene was found in feces from both healthy cats (19/19) and FIP cats (12/12). All parenteral samples from FIP cats carried one or more of the M1058L mutation, S1060A mutation and mutated 3c gene. FCoV reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of parenteral samples (including ascites, pleural effusions and tissue) is recommended as the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of FIP rather than detection of the M1058L mutation, but when cats have severe gastrointestinal symptoms and lesions, detection of the M1058L mutation in feces may be helpful in diagnosing FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuqi Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Danxia Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gege Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Huang
- China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Salajegheh Tazerji S, Gharieb R, Ardestani MM, Akhtardanesh B, Kabir F, Vazir B, Duarte PM, Saberi N, Khaksar E, Haerian S, Fawzy M. The risk of pet animals in spreading severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and public health importance: An updated review. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1320. [PMID: 38066661 PMCID: PMC10766024 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in 2019, it has been reported that the virus could infect a variety of animals either naturally or experimentally. This review discusses the occurrence SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats and the role of these animals in transmitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to their owners. The data were collected from epidemiological studies and case reports that focused on studying the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in pet animals and their owners. Epidemiological studies and case reports indicate that dogs and cats are infected with SARS-CoV-2 either naturally or experimentally; however, the global number of naturally infected animals is far lower than the number of people who have COVID-19. These studies demonstrate that pet animals acquire the infection from direct contact with COVID-19-infected owners. Currently, there are no studies reporting that dogs and cats can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other animals and humans, under natural conditions. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals (dogs and cats) in different countries worldwide raises concerns that pets are at higher risk for spreading and transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to humans and other animals, which poses a hazard to the public health. Therefore, investigating the role of dogs and cats in the transmission and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 will help us to design and implement appropriate preventive measures against the further transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Rasha Gharieb
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | | | - Baharak Akhtardanesh
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran
| | - Farrokhreza Kabir
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Bita Vazir
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal BioscienceFederal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE)RecifePernambucoBrazil
| | - Niloufar Saberi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Ehsan Khaksar
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar BranchIslamic Azad UniversityGarmsarIran
| | - Sadegh Haerian
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
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11
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Chawla M, Cuspoca AF, Akthar N, Magdaleno JSL, Rattanabunyong S, Suwattanasophon C, Jongkon N, Choowongkomon K, Shaikh AR, Malik T, Cavallo L. Immunoinformatics-aided rational design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting feline infectious peritonitis virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1280273. [PMID: 38192725 PMCID: PMC10773687 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1280273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a grave and frequently lethal ailment instigated by feline coronavirus (FCoV) in wild and domestic feline species. The spike (S) protein of FCoV assumes a critical function in viral ingress and infection, thereby presenting a promising avenue for the development of a vaccine. In this investigation, an immunoinformatics approach was employed to ascertain immunogenic epitopes within the S-protein of FIP and formulate an innovative vaccine candidate. By subjecting the amino acid sequence of the FIP S-protein to computational scrutiny, MHC-I binding T-cell epitopes were predicted, which were subsequently evaluated for their antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenicity through in silico tools. Our analyses yielded the identification of 11 potential epitopes capable of provoking a robust immune response against FIPV. Additionally, molecular docking analysis demonstrated the ability of these epitopes to bind with feline MHC class I molecules. Through the utilization of suitable linkers, these epitopes, along with adjuvants, were integrated to design a multi-epitope vaccine candidate. Furthermore, the stability of the interaction between the vaccine candidate and feline Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was established via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. This suggests good prospects for future experimental validation to ascertain the efficacy of our vaccine candidate in inducing a protective immune response against FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Chawla
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Felipe Cuspoca
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica de Colombia (GRECO), Universidad Pedagógica yTecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
- Centro de Atención e Investigación Médica–CAIMED, Chía, Colombia
| | - Nahid Akthar
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jorge Samuel Leon Magdaleno
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Nathjanan Jongkon
- Department of Social and Applied Science, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Gerber PF, Cao D, Xiao CT, Chen Q, Lager K, Bosch BJ, Meng XJ, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. Failure to experimentally infect 10 days-old piglets with a cell culture-propagated infectious stock of a classical genotype 1a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1279162. [PMID: 38046573 PMCID: PMC10693406 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes enteric disease in pigs of all ages. PEDV can be grouped into G1 (classical strains) and G2 (variant strains) based on sequence differences in the spike gene. Although several pathogenesis studies using contemporary strains of PEDV have been conducted to date, there is limited information on the pathogenesis of historical PEDV strains in contemporary pigs. This study aimed to investigate the clinical disease course of 10 days-old pigs infected with a classical European G1a PEDV strain from the 1980s which was last passaged in pigs in 1994. Methods Sequencing results confirmed that the virus inoculum was a PEDV strain closely related to the prototype CV777 strain. The PEDV stock was serially passaged three times in Vero cells, and the P3 infectious virus stock was used to inoculate the pigs. A total of 40 pigs were inoculated using the oral route. Results Pigs showed no enteric disease signs, and PEDV shedding was not detected for 44 days post-inoculation (dpi). At necropsy at 3 (5 pigs) or 7 dpi (5 pigs), no lesions were observed in intestinal sections, which were negative for PEDV antigen by immunohistochemistry. In addition, no IgG or IgA PEDV-specific antibodies in serum or fecal samples for 35 dpi further indicates a lack of infection. Titration of the leftover thawed and refrozen PEDV virus stock inoculum showed that the virus stock retained its infectivity in Vero cell culture and the porcine small intestine enterocytes cell line IPEC-J2. Discussion The reasons for the loss of infectivity in pigs are unknown. In conclusion, we showed that a classical G1a PEDV strain successfully propagated in cell cultures could not orally infect 40 piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F. Gerber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dianjun Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly Lager
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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13
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Gülersoy E, Ok M, Üney K, Durgut MK, Parlak TM, Ekici YE. Intestinal injury and vasculitis biomarkers in cats with feline enteric coronavirus and effusive feline infectious peritonitis. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2420-2429. [PMID: 37872840 PMCID: PMC10650239 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate intestinal injury, repair and vasculitis biomarkers that may illuminate the progression and/or pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 cats with effusive FIP (30 with abdominal effusion, AE group; 10 with thoracic effusion, TE group) and 10 asymptomatic but FECV positive cats (FECV group), all were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction either in faeces or effusion samples. Physical examinations and effusion tests were performed. Trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) and proteinase 3-ANCA (PR3-ANCA) concentrations were measured both in serum and effusion samples. RESULTS Rectal temperature and respiratory rate were highest in the TE group (p < 0.000). Effusion white blood cell count was higher in the AE group than TE group (p < 0.042). Serum TFF-3, IAP and I-FABP concentrations were higher in cats with effusive FIP than the cats with FECV (p < 0.05). Compared with the AE group, TE group had lower effusion MPO-ANCA (p < 0.036), higher IAP (p < 0.050) and higher TFF-3 (p < 0.016) concentrations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Markers of intestinal and epithelial surface injury were higher in cats with effusive FIP than those with FECV. Compared to cats with abdominal effusions, markers of apoptosis inhibition and immunostimulation to the injured epithelium were more potent in cats with thoracic effusion, suggesting the possibility of a poorer prognosis or more advanced disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultyHarran UniversityŞanlıurfaTurkey
| | - Mahmut Ok
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultySelçuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Kamil Üney
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVeterinary FacultySelçuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Murat Kaan Durgut
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultySelçuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Tuğba Melike Parlak
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVeterinary FacultySelçuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Yusuf Emre Ekici
- Department of Internal MedicineVeterinary FacultySelçuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
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14
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Krentz D, Bergmann M, Felten S, Hartmann K. [Options for treatment of feline infectious peritonitis - previously and today]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:351-360.. [PMID: 37956666 DOI: 10.1055/a-2147-3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most common infectious diseases in cats that is fatal when untreated. So far, there is no legally available effective treatment in Germany. Treatment options include only symptomatic treatment (e. g. glucocorticoids, propentofylline), immunomodulatory approaches (e. g. interferons, polyprenyl immunostimulant), and antiviral chemotherapy with protease inhibitors (e. g. GC376) or nucleoside analogues (e. g. GS-441524, remdesivir). Symptomatic treatment does not cure FIP but may lead to a short-term improvement of clinical signs in a subset of cats. Immunomodulatory treatment has also not shown to be very promising. In contrary, the antiviral compounds GS-441524 and GC376 exhibited significant efficacy in several studies and their use saved the lives of many cats suffering from FIP. However, both agents are currently not licensed and thus cannot be legally administered by veterinarians in Germany. Legally, cats may only be legally treated with GS-441524 in a few countries (e.g. Great Britain and Australia). In other countries, GS-441524 is imported by cat owners via the black market and administered on their own. This article provides an overview of the available treatment options and an outlook on the legal use of effective antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Krentz
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Sandra Felten
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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15
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Taylor SS, Coggins S, Barker EN, Gunn-Moore D, Jeevaratnam K, Norris JM, Hughes D, Stacey E, MacFarlane L, O'Brien C, Korman R, McLauchlan G, Salord Torres X, Taylor A, Bongers J, Espada Castro L, Foreman M, McMurrough J, Thomas B, Royaux E, Calvo Saiz I, Bertoldi G, Harlos C, Work M, Prior C, Sorrell S, Malik R, Tasker S. Retrospective study and outcome of 307 cats with feline infectious peritonitis treated with legally sourced veterinary compounded preparations of remdesivir and GS-441524 (2020-2022). J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231194460. [PMID: 37732386 PMCID: PMC10812036 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231194460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a serious disease that arises due to feline coronavirus infection. The nucleoside analogues remdesivir and GS-441524 can be effective in its treatment, but most studies have used unregulated products of unknown composition. The aim of the present study was to describe the treatment of FIP using legally sourced veterinary-prescribed regulated veterinary compounded products containing known amounts of remdesivir (injectable) or GS-441524 (oral tablets). METHODS Cats were recruited via email advice services, product sales contacts and study publicity. Cats were excluded if they were deemed unlikely to have FIP, were not treated exclusively with the veterinary compounded products, or if there was a lack of cat and/or treatment (including response) data. Extensive cat and treatment data were collected. RESULTS Among the 307 cats recruited, the predominant type of FIP was most commonly abdominal effusive (49.5%) and then neurological (14.3%). Three treatment protocols were used; remdesivir alone (33.9%), remdesivir followed by GS-441524 (55.7%) and GS-441524 alone (10.4%). The median (range) initial treatment period duration and longest follow-up time point after starting treatment were 84 (1-330) days and 248 (1-814) days, respectively. The most common side effect was injection pain (in 47.8% of those given subcutaneous remdesivir). Of the 307 cats, 33 (10.8%) relapsed, 15 (45.5%) during and 18 (54.5%) after the initial treatment period. At the longest follow-up time point after completion of the initial treatment period, 84.4% of cats were alive. The cats achieving a complete response within 30 days of starting treatment were significantly more likely to be alive at the end of the initial treatment period than those cats that did not. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Legally sourced remdesivir and GS-441524 products, either alone or used sequentially, were very effective in the treatment of FIP in this group of cats. Variable protocols precluded statistical comparison of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Taylor
- International Society of Feline Medicine, Tisbury, UK
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, UK
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Emi N Barker
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Hughes
- Concord Veterinary Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aimee Taylor
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Work
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Shirley, UK
| | - Cameron Prior
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Shirley, UK
| | | | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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16
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Tasker S, Addie DD, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Truyen U, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Möstl K, Hartmann K. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines. Viruses 2023; 15:1847. [PMID: 37766254 PMCID: PMC10535984 DOI: 10.3390/v15091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Independent Researcher, 64000 Pyrénées Aquitaine, France;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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17
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Stranieri A, Ávila Morales G, Brusasco L, Paltrinieri S. Chitinase-1 Activity in Serum of Cats with FIP. Viruses 2023; 15:1815. [PMID: 37766221 PMCID: PMC10536952 DOI: 10.3390/v15091815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitotriosidase (chitinase 1 or CHIT1) is secreted by activated macrophages. Macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). No reports on CHIT1 activity in cats with FIP are available. OBJECTIVE To preliminarily investigate the possible changes in serum CHIT1 activity in cats with FIP. METHODS CHIT1 activity was measured in serum samples from clinically healthy cats (n = 17), cats with FIP (n = 19) and cats with diseases potentially characterized by macrophage activation (n = 20), after a preliminary assessment of the imprecision and linearity of the method. RESULTS The highest CHIT1 activity was found in cats with FIP, followed by sick cats and clinically healthy cats. The magnitude of the differences between groups was higher than the intra- and inter-assay imprecision of the method (<5% and >57%, respectively). Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, CHIT1 may differentiate sick from clinically healthy cats and, to a lesser extent, cats with FIP from cats without FIP. CONCLUSIONS CHIT1 activity may identify sick cats and, within the appropriate clinical context, cats with FIP, although larger and more standardized studies, coupled with additional information on analytical performances of the method, are required to fully explore the diagnostic or prognostic potential of this test for FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (G.Á.M.); (L.B.)
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18
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Zehr JD, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Millet JK, Olarte-Castillo XA, Lucaci AG, Shank SD, Ceres KM, Choi A, Whittaker GR, Goodman LB, Stanhope MJ. Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic feline coronavirus phenotypes. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead019. [PMID: 37038392 PMCID: PMC10082545 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) commonly cause mild enteric infections in felines worldwide (termed feline enteric coronavirus [FECV]), with around 12 per cent developing into deadly feline infectious peritonitis (FIP; feline infectious peritonitis virus [FIPV]). Genomic differences between FECV and FIPV have been reported, yet the putative genotypic basis of the highly pathogenic phenotype remains unclear. Here, we used state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary genetic statistical techniques to identify and compare differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV sequences, as well as to identify FIPV- and FECV-specific signals of positive selection. We analyzed full-length FCoV protein coding genes thought to contain mutations associated with FIPV (Spike, ORF3abc, and ORF7ab). We identified two sites exhibiting differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV: one within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site (FCS) and the other within the fusion domain of Spike. We also found fifteen sites subject to positive selection associated with FIPV within Spike, eleven of which have not previously been suggested as possibly relevant to FIP development. These sites fall within Spike protein subdomains that participate in host cell receptor interaction, immune evasion, tropism shifts, host cellular entry, and viral escape. There were fourteen sites (twelve novel sites) within Spike under positive selection associated with the FECV phenotype, almost exclusively within the S1/S2 FCS and adjacent to C domain, along with a signal of relaxed selection in FIPV relative to FECV, suggesting that furin cleavage functionality may not be needed for FIPV. Positive selection inferred in ORF7b was associated with the FECV phenotype and included twenty-four positively selected sites, while ORF7b had signals of relaxed selection in FIPV. We found evidence of positive selection in ORF3c in FCoV-wide analyses, but no specific association with the FIPV or FECV phenotype. We hypothesize that some combination of mutations in FECV may contribute to FIP development, and that it is unlikely to be one singular 'switch' mutational event. This work expands our understanding of the complexities of FIP development and provides insights into how evolutionary forces may alter pathogenesis in coronavirus genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Zehr
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas 78352, France
| | - Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander G Lucaci
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen D Shank
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Kristina M Ceres
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annette Choi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Stanhope
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Triratapiban C, Lueangaramkul V, Phecharat N, Pantanam A, Lekcharoensuk P, Theerawatanasirikul S. First study on in vitro antiviral and virucidal effects of flavonoids against feline infectious peritonitis virus at the early stage of infection. Vet World 2023; 16:618-630. [PMID: 37041840 PMCID: PMC10082729 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.618-630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one of the most important infectious diseases in cats is caused by FIP virus (FIPV), a mutated variant of feline coronavirus. Feline infectious peritonitis has a negative impact on feline health, with extremely high mortality in clinical FIP-infected cats, particularly young cats. There are no approved drugs for FIP treatment, and therapeutic possibilities for FIP treatment are limited. This study aimed to utilize nature-derived bioactive flavonoids with antiviral properties to inhibit FIPV infection in Crandell–Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells.
Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity of 16 flavonoids was evaluated on CRFK cells using a colorimetric method (MTS) assay. Viral kinetics of FIPV at 50 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/well was determined during the first 24-h post-infection (HPI). Antiviral activity was evaluated based on the replication steps of the virus life cycle, including pre-compound, attachment, penetration, post-viral entry, and virucidal assays. The antiviral efficacy of flavonoids against FIPV was determined based on positive FIPV-infected cells with the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and viral load quantification using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Results: Two flavonoids, namely, isoginkgetin and luteolin, inhibited FIPV replication during post-viral entry in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% maximal effective concentrations = 4.77 ± 0.09 and 36.28 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. Based on viral kinetics, both flavonoids could inhibit FIPV replication at the early stage of infection at 0–6-HPI for isoginkgetin and 2–6-HPI for luteolin using a time-of-addition assay. Isoginkgetin exerted a direct virucidal effect that reduced the viral titers by 2 and 1.89 log10 TCID50/mL at 60 and 120 min, respectively.
Conclusion: Isoginkgetin interfered with FIPV replication during both post-viral infection and virucidal experiments on CRFK cells, whereas luteolin inhibited the virus after infection. These results demonstrate the potential of herbal medicine for treating FIP.
Keywords: antiviral, feline coronavirus, feline infectious peritonitis virus, flavonoids, infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanittha Triratapiban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nantawan Phecharat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Achiraya Pantanam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Corresponding author: Sirin Theerawatanasirikul, e-mail: Co-authors: CT: , VL: , NP: , AP: , PL:
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20
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Halstead SK, Jackson M, Bianchi E, Rupp S, Granger N, Menchetti M, Galli G, Freeman P, Kaczmarska A, Bhatti SFM, Brocal J, José‐López R, Tipold A, Gutierrez Quintana R, Ives EJ, Liatis T, Nessler J, Rusbridge C, Willison HJ, Rupp A. Serum anti-GM2 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a ganglioside IgG antibodies are biomarkers for immune-mediated polyneuropathies in cats. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:32-40. [PMID: 36573790 PMCID: PMC10946849 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent work identified anti-GM2 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a IgG ganglioside antibodies as biomarkers in dogs clinically diagnosed with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis, in turn considered a canine equivalent of Guillain-Barré syndrome. This study aims to investigate the serum prevalence of similar antibodies in cats clinically diagnosed with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. The sera from 41 cats clinically diagnosed with immune-mediated polyneuropathies (IPN), 9 cats with other neurological or neuromuscular disorders (ONM) and 46 neurologically normal cats (CTRL) were examined for the presence of IgG antibodies against glycolipids GM1, GM2, GD1a, GD1b, GalNAc-GD1a, GA1, SGPG, LM1, galactocerebroside and sulphatide. A total of 29/41 IPN-cats had either anti-GM2 or anti-GalNAc-GD1a IgG antibodies, with 24/29 cats having both. Direct comparison of anti-GM2 (sensitivity: 70.7%; specificity: 78.2%) and anti-GalNAc-GD1a (sensitivity: 70.7%; specificity: 70.9%) antibodies narrowly showed anti-GM2 IgG antibodies to be the better marker for identifying IPN-cats when compared to the combined ONM and CTRL groups (P = .049). Anti-GA1 and/or anti-sulphatide IgG antibodies were ubiquitously present across all sample groups, whereas antibodies against GM1, GD1a, GD1b, SGPG, LM1 and galactocerebroside were overall only rarely observed. Anti-GM2 and anti-GalNAc-GD1a IgG antibodies may serve as serum biomarkers for immune-mediated polyneuropathies in cats, as previously observed in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Halstead
- Neuroimmunology Laboratories, School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Mark Jackson
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBearsdenUK
| | - Ezio Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | | | - Nicolas Granger
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
- CVS ReferralsBristol Veterinary SpecialistsBristolUK
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery DivisionSan Marco Veterinary Clinic and LaboratoryVeggianoItaly
| | - Greta Galli
- Neurology and Neurosurgery DivisionSan Marco Veterinary Clinic and LaboratoryVeggianoItaly
| | - Paul Freeman
- Queens Veterinary School Hospital, Dept of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Adriana Kaczmarska
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Sofie F. M. Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | | | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary Medicine FoundationHannoverGermany
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez Quintana
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Theofanis Liatis
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jasmin Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary Medicine FoundationHannoverGermany
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- School of Veterinary MedicineThe University of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Neuroimmunology Laboratories, School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Angie Rupp
- Division of Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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21
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Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Findings at Different Clinical Stages in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Coronavirus. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infections occur commonly in cats, with entrocyte and monocyte-macrophage tropism. Most FCoV-infected cats remain asymp tomatic, but up to 10% develop fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). This study aims to investigate the diagnostic utility of clinical and laboratory examinations including serum and effusion AGP levels in cats either with symptomatic effusive FIP or asymptomatic feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). The study included 40 cats with effusive FIP and 10 cats with FECV infection. The FIP group was divided into two subgroups: abdominal (AE; n=30) and thoracic effusion (TE; n=10). Clinical and laboratory examinations, including serum or effusion AGP measurement, were performed. Among all the groups, TE group had higher body temperature, heart and respiratory rates (P<0.000). Compared with the FECV group, the FIP group had lower pH and HCO3 levels and higher base excess and lactate levels (P<0.05). The leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were higher and the hematocrit was lower in the AE group among all the groups (P<0.023). MCV was lower in the FIP group compared to the FECV group (P<0.002). In the AE group, total protein level was the lowest and the AST, GGT, total bilirubin and cholesterol levels were the highest (P<0.032) among all the groups. Magnesium level was lower in the FIP group compared to the FECV group (P<0.044). Although the serum AGP level was highest in the TE group among all groups (P<0.004), the AGP levels of cats with FECV were similar to the AE group (P>0.05). Since FECV-positive cats will likely develop FIP, differences in clinical and laboratory findings in FECV-positive cats were identified. Among them, pH, HCO3, base excess, lactate, MCV and magnesium were found to be important in the course of the disease, and AGP in the evaluation of the presence of an inflammatory state. It was concluded that clinical, laboratory and serum AGP evaluation could be used in the index of suspicion of development of FIP and FECV.
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22
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Zehr JD, Pond SLK, Millet JK, Olarte-Castillo XA, Lucaci AG, Shank SD, Ceres KM, Choi A, Whittaker GR, Goodman LB, Stanhope MJ. Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Feline Coronavirus phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523607. [PMID: 36712007 PMCID: PMC9882035 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Feline Coronaviruses (FCoVs) commonly cause mild enteric infections in felines worldwide (termed Feline Enteric Coronavirus [FECV]), with around 12% developing into deadly Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP; Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus [FIPV]). Genomic differences between FECV and FIPV have been reported, yet the putative genotypic basis of the highly pathogenic phenotype remains unclear. Here, we used state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary genetic statistical techniques to identify and compare differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV sequences, as well as to identify FIPV and FECV specific signals of positive selection. We analyzed full length FCoV protein coding genes thought to contain mutations associated with FIPV (Spike, ORF3abc, and ORF7ab). We identified two sites exhibiting differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV: one within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site, and the other within the fusion domain of Spike. We also found 15 sites subject to positive selection associated with FIPV within Spike, 11 of which have not previously been suggested as possibly relevant to FIP development. These sites fall within Spike protein subdomains that participate in host cell receptor interaction, immune evasion, tropism shifts, host cellular entry, and viral escape. There were 14 sites (12 novel) within Spike under positive selection associated with the FECV phenotype, almost exclusively within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site and adjacent C domain, along with a signal of relaxed selection in FIPV relative to FECV, suggesting that furin cleavage functionality may not be needed for FIPV. Positive selection inferred in ORF7b was associated with the FECV phenotype, and included 24 positively selected sites, while ORF7b had signals of relaxed selection in FIPV. We found evidence of positive selection in ORF3c in FCoV wide analyses, but no specific association with the FIPV or FECV phenotype. We hypothesize that some combination of mutations in FECV may contribute to FIP development, and that is unlikely to be one singular "switch" mutational event. This work expands our understanding of the complexities of FIP development and provides insights into how evolutionary forces may alter pathogenesis in coronavirus genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Zehr
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jean K. Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouyen-Josas, France
| | - Ximena A. Olarte-Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander G. Lucaci
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen D. Shank
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Kristina M. Ceres
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Annette Choi
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura B. Goodman
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael J. Stanhope
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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23
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Cao H, Gu H, Kang H, Jia H. Development of a rapid reverse genetics system for feline coronavirus based on TAR cloning in yeast. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1141101. [PMID: 37032894 PMCID: PMC10076789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1141101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reverse genetics has become an indispensable tool to gain insight into the pathogenesis of viruses and the development of vaccines. The yeast-based synthetic genomics platform has demonstrated the novel capabilities to genetically reconstruct different viruses. Methods In this study, a transformation-associated recombination (TAR) system in yeast was used to rapidly rescue different strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus, which causes a deadly disease of cats for which there is no effective vaccine. Results and discussion Using this system, the viruses could be rescued rapidly and stably without multiple cloning steps. Considering its speed and ease of manipulation in virus genome assembly, the reverse genetics system developed in this study will facilitate the research of the feline coronaviruses pathogenetic mechanism and the vaccine development.
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24
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Akhtardanesh B, Jajarmi M, Shojaee M, Salajegheh Tazerji S, Khalili Mahani M, Hajipour P, Gharieb R. Molecular screening of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats from households with infected owners diagnosed with COVID-19 during Delta and Omicron variant waves in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:82-90. [PMID: 36495219 PMCID: PMC9856975 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats in different countries worldwide raises concerns that pets are at a higher risk for spreading or transmitting of SARS-CoV-2 to humans and other pets and increased the research works about the zoonotic aspects and natural routes of infection in companion animals. The current study aimed to detect the SARS-CoV-2 in household dogs and cats living with COVID-19 positive owners. METHODS Deep oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from 30 household pets (20 cats and 10 dogs) living with COVID-19 positive owners from April 2021 to 2022 in Kerman, Iran. All dogs' and cats' samples were tested by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Two household cats out of 20 examined (10%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2, whereas none of the examined dogs were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The two cats positive for SARS-CoV-2 were symptomatic and suffered from severe anorexia with maximum contact with their infected owners. CONCLUSION This study reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in household cats in close contact with COVID-19 positive owners during the circulation of new SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta and Omicron) in Iran and suggested that the transmission may have occurred from owners to their cats. Therefore, infected owners should eagerly limit close contact with their pets during COVID-19 illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Akhtardanesh
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran
| | - Maziar Jajarmi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran
| | | | - Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran,Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Maziar Khalili Mahani
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran
| | - Pouneh Hajipour
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar UniversityKermanIran
| | - Rasha Gharieb
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazig44511Egypt
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25
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Černá P, Lobová D, Bubeníková J, Vrábelová J, Molínková D, Hořín P. Shedding persistency and intensity patterns of feline coronavirus (FCoV) in feces of cats living in breeding catteries in the Czech Republic. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:524-529. [PMID: 36179545 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a major problem in multiple-cat households, where many cats are kept together in a small space such as catteries and shelters. Sixty cats from 19 breeding catteries included in the study were evaluated for their shedding persistency and intensity patterns using qPCR identification of FCoV in feces. Cats were identified based on shedding persistency as non-shedders (NS) if all four samples negative, intermittent shedders (IS) when at least one positive and one negative sampling followed by another positive sampling, persistent shedders (PS) if all four samples positive and shedders with unclear status (US) if the shedding patterns could not be determined based on only 4 samples. There were 11 NS (18%), 15 IS (25%) and 15 PS (25%) and in 19/60 cats (32%), the shedding patterns could not be determined based only on four samplings. The intensity of shedding was evaluated based on the total number of FCoV particles shed during the 12 months of the study. There were 11 non-shedders (18%), 2 very low intensity shedders (3%), 9 low intensity shedders (15%), 25 medium intensity shedders (42%) and 13 high intensity shedders (22%). Intermittent shedders were shedding significantly lower FCoV particles compared to the persistent shedders (p = 0.0082). Permanent shedders represent the most important source of FCoV infection in multi-cat households and identifying permanent shedders in is the key to minimize the viral load in the environment to control FCoV in a shelters and breeding catteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Dana Lobová
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bubeníková
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vrábelová
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Hořín
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Thayer V, Gogolski S, Felten S, Hartmann K, Kennedy M, Olah GA. 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:905-933. [PMID: 36002137 PMCID: PMC10812230 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is one of the most important infectious diseases and causes of death in cats; young cats less than 2 years of age are especially vulnerable. FIP is caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). It has been estimated that around 0.3% to 1.4% of feline deaths at veterinary institutions are caused by FIP. SCOPE This document has been developed by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine as the 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines to provide veterinarians with essential information to aid their ability to recognize cats presenting with FIP. TESTING AND INTERPRETATION Nearly every small animal veterinary practitioner will see cases. FIP can be challenging to diagnose owing to the lack of pathognomonic clinical signs or laboratory changes, especially when no effusion is present. A good understanding of each diagnostic test's sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio and diagnostic accuracy is important when building a case for FIP. Before proceeding with any diagnostic test or commercial laboratory profile, the clinician should be able to answer the questions of 'why this test?' and 'what do the results mean?' Ultimately, the approach to diagnosing FIP must be tailored to the specific presentation of the individual cat. RELEVANCE Given that the disease is fatal when untreated, the ability to obtain a correct diagnosis is critical. The clinician must consider the individual patient's history, signalment and comprehensive physical examination findings when selecting diagnostic tests and sample types in order to build the index of suspicion 'brick by brick'. Research has demonstrated efficacy of new antivirals in FIP treatment, but these products are not legally available in many countries at this time. The Task Force encourages veterinarians to review the literature and stay informed on clinical trials and new drug approvals.
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27
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Development of Colorimetric Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detecting Feline Coronavirus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162075. [PMID: 36009664 PMCID: PMC9405184 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feline coronavirus infecting domestic cats can cause feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal infectious disease. Several relevant clinical diagnoses and molecular methods are complicated and often ambiguous for veterinarians. In this work developed a rapid, sensitive, specific, and easy-to-visualize colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay with a novel LAMP primer set that has high specificity was developed using neutral red as an indicator dye. This proposed procedure could reliably detect FCoV RNA from effusion fluids comparable to the conventional PCR method. Considering these advantages, the RT-LAMP developed here has great potential on FIP-associated FCoV surveillance. Together with other sophisticated molecular diagnostic tools, this method can further be exploited in clinical laboratories to inspect suspected cats with effusive FIP. Abstract Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a worldwide fatal disease caused by a mutant feline coronavirus (FCoV). Simple and efficient molecular detection methods are needed. Here, sensitive, specific, rapid, and reliable colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed to detect the ORF1a/1b gene of FCoV from cats with suspected FIP using neutral red as an indicator. Novel LAMP primers were specifically designed based on the gene of interest. The isothermal assay could visually detect FCoV at 58 °C for 50 min. The RT-LAMP assay was highly specific and had no cross-reactivity with other related feline viruses. The detection limit of FCoV detection by RT-LAMP was 20 fg/µL. A blind clinical test (n = 81) of the developed RT-LAMP procedure was in good agreement with the conventional PCR method. In the light of its performance specificity, sensitivity, and easy visualization, this neutral-red-based RT-LAMP approach would be a fruitful alternative molecular diagnostic tool for veterinary inspection of FCoV when combined with nucleotide sequencing or specific PCR to affirm the highly virulent FIP-associated FCoV.
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Tanaka Y, Tanabe E, Nonaka Y, Uemura M, Tajima T, Ochiai K. Ionophore Antibiotics Inhibit Type II Feline Coronavirus Proliferation In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081734. [PMID: 36016355 PMCID: PMC9415497 DOI: 10.3390/v14081734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) infect cats worldwide and cause severe systemic diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP has a high mortality rate, and drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been ineffective for the treatment of FIP. Investigating host factors and the functions required for FCoV replication is necessary to develop effective drugs for the treatment of FIP. FCoV utilizes an endosomal trafficking system for cellular entry after binding between the viral spike (S) protein and its receptor. The cellular enzymes that cleave the S protein of FCoV to release the viral genome into the cytosol require an acidic pH optimized in the endosomes by regulating cellular ion concentrations. Ionophore antibiotics are compounds that form complexes with alkali ions to alter the endosomal pH conditions. This study shows that ionophore antibiotics, including valinomycin, salinomycin, and nigericin, inhibit FCoV proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ionophore antibiotics should be investigated further as potential broad-spectrum anti-FCoV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-422-31-4151
| | - Eri Tanabe
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Nonaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
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Carossino M, Del Piero F, Lee J, Needle DB, Levine JM, Riis RR, Maes R, Wise AG, Mullaney K, Ferracone J, Langohr IM. Relationship between Uveal Inflammation and Viral Detection in 30 Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080883. [PMID: 36015004 PMCID: PMC9415852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus is the most common infectious cause of uveitis in cats. Confirmatory diagnosis is usually only reached at postmortem examination. The relationship between the histologic inflammatory pattern, which depends on the stage of the disease, and the likelihood of detection of the viral antigen and/or RNA has not been investigated. We hypothesized that viral detection rate by either immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization or RT-qPCR is dependent upon the predominant type of uveal inflammatory response (i.e., pyogranulomatous vs. plasmacytic). Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate cases of FIP-induced uveitis, localize the viral antigen and RNA, and assess the relationship between the inflammatory pattern (macrophage- vs. plasma cell-rich) and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and/or RNA. We evaluated 30 cats with FIP-induced uveitis. The viral antigen and/or RNA were detected within uveal macrophages in 11/30 cases, of which 8 tested positive by RT-qPCR. Correlation analysis determined a weak to moderate but significant negative correlation between the degree of plasmacytic uveal inflammation and the likelihood of detecting the FIP antigen and RNA. This study suggests that predominance of plasmacytic inflammation in cases of FIP uveitis reduces the odds of a confirmatory diagnosis through the viral detection methods available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jeongha Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David B. Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ronald R. Riis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Annabel G. Wise
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keenan Mullaney
- Washtenaw Technical Middle College, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ferracone
- PennVet New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.M.L.); Tel.: +1-(225)-578-9604 (M.C.); +1-(508)-270-2521 (I.M.L.)
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Retrospective Survival Analysis of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treated with Polyprenyl Immunostimulant That Survived over 365 Days. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080881. [PMID: 36015002 PMCID: PMC9414324 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) remains a major diagnostic and treatment challenge in feline medicine. An ineffective immune response is an important component of FIP pathophysiology; hence treatment with an immune stimulant such as Polyprenyl Immunostimulant™ (PI), which enhances cell-mediated immunity by upregulating the innate immune response via Toll-like receptors, is a rational approach. Records of cats with FIP treated with PI orally for over 365 days were retrospectively studied. Of these cats (n = 174), records were obtained for n = 103 cats with appropriate clinical signs and clinical pathology. Of these, n = 29 had FIP confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or reverse transcription polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR). Most of the cats (25/29; 86%) had non-effusive FIP, and only 4/29 cats (14%) had effusive FIP. The mean survival time (MST) was 2927 days (eight years); with 55% of the cats (16/29) still being alive at the time data collection, and 45% (13/29) having died. A persistently low hematocrit plus low albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio, despite treatment, was a negative prognostic indicator. It took a mean of ~182 days and ~375 days, respectively, for anemia and low A:G ratio to resolve in the cats that presented with these laboratory changes. This study shows that PI is beneficial in the treatment of FIP, and more studies are needed to establish the best protocols of use.
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Mind the feline coronavirus: Comparison with SARS-CoV-2. Gene 2022; 825:146443. [PMID: 35337854 PMCID: PMC8938304 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both feline coronavirus (FCoV) and SARS-CoV-2 are coronaviruses that infect cats and humans, respectively. However, cats have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and FCoV also had been shown to infect human. To elucidate the relationship between FCoV and SARS-CoV-2, we highlight the main characteristics of the genome, the receptor usage, and the correlation of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike proteins in FCoV and SARS-CoV-2. It is demonstrated that FCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are closely related to the main characteristics of the genome, receptor usage, and RBD of spike proteins with similar furin cleavage sites. In particular, the affinity of the conserved feline angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (fACE2) receptor to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 suggests that cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, cross-species of coronaviruses between cats and humans or other domesticated animals are also discussed. This review sheds light on cats as potential intermediate hosts for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and cross-species transmission or zoonotic infection of FCoV and SARS-CoV-2 between cats and humans was identified.
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Mitchell JL, MacDougall L, Dobromylskyj MJ, Smith K, Stavinohova R, Gunn-Moore DA, Hope JC, Scurrell E. Ocular mycobacterial lesions in cats. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:792-805. [PMID: 35587045 PMCID: PMC9358306 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221098431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular mycobacterial infections are an under-recognized cause of morbidity in the
domestic cat. This study aimed to explore the distribution, histopathological
appearance, and severity of feline ocular mycobacterial lesions, and to
characterize the immune cell population with immunohistochemistry. Routine
histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson’s trichrome, was
performed to identify ocular lesions and assign an inflammation score based on
the number of cells present. Acid-fast bacilli were detected with Ziehl-Neelsen,
and immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba1),
calprotectin, cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), and Pax5 was undertaken on
formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 24 cases of ocular
mycobacteriosis. Posterior or panuveitis with concurrent retinitis was
identified in 20/24 cases (83%), with retinal detachment in 16/20 (80%) of these
cases. Choroidal lesions had the highest median inflammation score.
Ziehl-Neelsen-positive organisms were detected in 20/24 cases (83%), with the
highest prevalence of acid-fast bacilli detected in choroidal lesions (16/20,
80%). Lesions were typically granulomatous to pyogranulomatous, characterized by
abundant numbers of Iba1-positive macrophages, followed by calprotectin-positive
granulocytes and monocytes, fewer T cells, and rarer B cells. However, where
iritis was identified, inflammation was typically lymphoplasmacytic (11/16
cases, 69%). Where diagnostic testing was performed, tuberculosis (ie, infection
with Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium
microti, or a nonspeciated Mycobacterium
tuberculosis-complex pathogen) was diagnosed in 20/22 cats (91%),
with Mycobacterium lepraemurium infection identified in the
other 2/22 cats (9%). These results suggest the choroid is the primary site of
lesion development in most cases of feline ocular mycobacteriosis, and
inflammatory changes are associated with the presence of mycobacteria localized
to ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Meli ML, Spiri AM, Zwicklbauer K, Krentz D, Felten S, Bergmann M, Dorsch R, Matiasek K, Alberer M, Kolberg L, von Both U, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Fecal Feline Coronavirus RNA Shedding and Spike Gene Mutations in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treated with GS-441524. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051069. [PMID: 35632813 PMCID: PMC9147249 DOI: 10.3390/v14051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As previously demonstrated by our research group, the oral multicomponent drug Xraphconn® containing GS-441524 was effective at curing otherwise fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in 18 feline coronavirus (FCoV)-infected cats. The aims of the current study were to investigate, using samples from the same animals as in the previous study, (1) the effect of treatment on fecal viral RNA shedding; (2) the presence of spike gene mutations in different body compartments of these cats; and (3) viral RNA shedding, presence of spike gene mutations, and anti-FCoV antibody titers in samples of 12 companion cats cohabitating with the treated cats. Eleven of the eighteen treated FIP cats (61%) were shedding FCoV RNA in feces within the first three days after treatment initiation, but all of them tested negative by day 6. In one of these cats, fecal shedding reoccurred on day 83. Two cats initially negative in feces were transiently positive 1–4 weeks into the study. The remaining five cats never shed FCoV. Viral RNA loads in feces decreased with time comparable with those in blood and effusion. Specific spike gene mutations linked to systemic FCoV spread were consistently found in blood and effusion from treated FIP cats, but not in feces from treated or companion cats. A new mutation that led to a not yet described amino acid change was identified, indicating that further mutations may be involved in the development of FIP. Eight of the twelve companion cats shed FCoV in feces. All but one of the twelve companion cats had anti-FCoV antibodies. Oral treatment with GS-441524 effectively decreased viral RNA loads in feces, blood, and effusion in cats with FIP. Nonetheless, re-shedding can most likely occur if cats are re-exposed to FCoV by their companion cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Katharina Zwicklbauer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Daniela Krentz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
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Ouyang H, Liu J, Yin Y, Cao S, Yan R, Ren Y, Zhou D, Li Q, Li J, Liao X, Ji W, Du B, Si Y, Hu C. Epidemiology and Comparative Analyses of the S Gene on Feline Coronavirus in Central China. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040460. [PMID: 35456135 PMCID: PMC9031646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infections present as one of two forms: a mild or symptom-less enteric infection (FEC) and a fatal systemic disease termed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The lack of epidemiology of FCoV in central China and the reason why different symptoms are caused by viruses of the same serotype have motivated this investigation. Clinical data of 81 suspected FIP cases, 116 diarrhea cases and 174 healthy cases were collected from veterinary hospitals using body cavity effusion or fecal samples. Risk factors, sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results indicated that FIPV was distinguished from FECV in the average hydrophobicity of amino acids among the cleavage sites of furin, as well as the mutation sites 23,531 and 23,537. FIPV included a higher minimal R-X-X-R recognition motif of furin (41.94%) than did FECV (9.1%). The serotype of FCoV was insignificantly correlated with FIP, and the clade 1 and clade 2 strains that appeared were unique to central China. Thus, it is hypothesized that this, along with the latent variables of an antigenic epitope at positions 1058 and 1060, as well as mutations at the S1/S2 sites, are important factors affecting FCoV transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Jiahao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Yiya Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Rui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Xueyu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Wanfeng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Bingjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Youhui Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (C.H.)
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35
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Healey EA, Andre NM, Miller AD, Whittaker GR, Berliner EA. Outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in shelter-housed cats: molecular analysis of the feline coronavirus S1/S2 cleavage site consistent with a 'circulating virulent-avirulent theory' of FIP pathogenesis. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221074226. [PMID: 35173971 PMCID: PMC8841931 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221074226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series summary This case series describes three shelter-housed cats concurrently diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The cats were from a cohort of seven surrendered from the site of a house fire. The three cats presented with mild upper respiratory signs. Within 10 days they clinically declined: progressive signs included pyrexia, icterus, lethargy, anorexia and cavitary effusions. Necropsy followed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a diagnosis of FIP in all three. Molecular analysis of the causative feline coronavirus (FCoV) revealed varied amino acid alterations in the spike gene both between cats and between sample types in individual cats. A fourth cat from the cohort remained healthy in the shelter but succumbed to FIP 6 weeks post-adoption. Relevance and novel information This case series places FCoV genetic sequences in the context of clinical signs in a small shelter outbreak. Each of the three cats concurrently developed a slightly different clinical presentation. PCR amplification and genetic sequencing revealed that two cats shared an S1/S2 cleavage site mutation (R790S) previously described to be associated with the development of FIP; one of the cats had an additional S1/S2 cleavage site mutation (R793S). The third cat had a single, identical S1/S2 point mutation (R790G) unique from the other two cats; the R790G mutation has not been previously reported. This case series provides interesting data on point mutations associated with the development of FIP and provides support for a 'circulating virulent-avirulent theory' of FIP pathogenesis in a small shelter outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Healey
- Cornell University College of
Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicole M Andre
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine,
Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Master of Public Health Program,
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Berliner
- Department of Population Medicine and
Diagnostic Sciences, Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, Cornell University College
of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Elizabeth A Berliner DVM, DABVP (Shelter
Medicine Practice; Canine and Feline Practice), Department of Population
Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, Cornell
University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 N Campus Rd, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
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36
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Patania OM, Chiba S, Halfmann PJ, Hatta M, Maemura T, Bernard KA, Kawaoka Y, Crawford LK. Pulmonary lesions induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic cats. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:696-706. [PMID: 34963403 PMCID: PMC9208068 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211066840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019, which ranges from fatal disease in some to mild or subclinical in most affected individuals. Many recovered human patients report persistent respiratory signs; however, lung disease in post-acute infection is poorly understood. Our objective was to describe histologic lung lesions and viral loads following experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in 11 cats. Microscopic evaluation at 3, 6, 10, or 28 days postinoculation (DPI) identified mild to moderate patchy interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolar epithelial damage, and occlusive histiocytic bronchiolitis. Based on immunohistochemistry, alveolar septal thickening was due to CD204-positive macrophages, fewer B and T lymphocytes, type II pneumocytes, and capillary proliferation with a relative dearth of fibrosis. In blood vessel endothelium, there was reactive hypertrophy or vacuolar degeneration and increased MHC II expression at all time points. Unexpectedly, one cat from the 28 DPI group had severe subacute regionally extensive lymphohistiocytic pneumonia with multifocal consolidation, vasculitis, and alveolar fibrin. Reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA within the lung at 3 and 6 DPI, and viral RNA was below the limit of detection at 10 and 28 DPI, suggesting that pulmonary lesions persist beyond detection of viral RNA. These findings clarify our comparative understanding of disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that cats can serve as an informative model to study post-acute pulmonary sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiho Chiba
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Masato Hatta
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Capozza P, Pratelli A, Camero M, Lanave G, Greco G, Pellegrini F, Tempesta M. Feline Coronavirus and Alpha-Herpesvirus Infections: Innate Immune Response and Immune Escape Mechanisms. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123548. [PMID: 34944324 PMCID: PMC8698202 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1) can induce infections that are difficult to prevent and to treat due to the involvement of host genetic factors and immune mechanisms. These two viruses areimportant examples of viral immune evasion of the host’s innate immune response. The innate immune system provides an early form of host protection from infectious diseases without pre-exposure and plays an essential role in determining the outcome of viral infections. The mechanisms that the innate immune system utilizes to counteract infections are based on therecognition of a relatively limited set of molecular structures that are either products of microbes (virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites) or expressed by injured or dead host cells. This review provides a brief overview of the main mechanisms achieved by host’s innate immunity, focusing primarily on the immune escape mechanisms developed and carried out by FCoV and FeHV-1 during infection. Abstract Over time, feline viruses have acquired elaborateopportunistic properties, making their infections particularly difficult to prevent and treat. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1), due to the involvement of host genetic factors and immune mechanisms in the development of the disease and more severe forms, are important examples of immune evasion of the host’s innate immune response by feline viruses.It is widely accepted that the innate immune system, which providesan initial universal form of the mammalian host protection from infectious diseases without pre-exposure, plays an essential role in determining the outcome of viral infection.The main components of this immune systembranchare represented by the internal sensors of the host cells that are able to perceive the presence of viral component, including nucleic acids, to start and trigger the production of first type interferon and to activate the cytotoxicity by Natural Killercells, often exploited by viruses for immune evasion.In this brief review, we providea general overview of the principal tools of innate immunity, focusing on the immunologic escape implemented byFCoVand FeHV-1 duringinfection.
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38
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Reeves SJ, Kirejczyk SGM, Howerth EW. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1278-1281. [PMID: 34727051 DOI: 10.2460/javma.19.03.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Reeves
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Shannon G M Kirejczyk
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Parkhe P, Verma S. Evolution, Interspecies Transmission, and Zoonotic Significance of Animal Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:719834. [PMID: 34738021 PMCID: PMC8560429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.719834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that affect humans and a wide variety of animal species, including livestock, wild animals, birds, and pets. These viruses have an affinity for different tissues, such as those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of most mammals and birds and the hepatic and nervous tissues of rodents and porcine. As coronaviruses target different host cell receptors and show divergence in the sequences and motifs of their structural and accessory proteins, they are classified into groups, which may explain the evolutionary relationship between them. The interspecies transmission, zoonotic potential, and ability to mutate at a higher rate and emerge into variants of concern highlight their importance in the medical and veterinary fields. The contribution of various factors that result in their evolution will provide better insight and may help to understand the complexity of coronaviruses in the face of pandemics. In this review, important aspects of coronaviruses infecting livestock, birds, and pets, in particular, their structure and genome organization having a bearing on evolutionary and zoonotic outcomes, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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40
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Establishment of Full-Length cDNA Clones and an Efficient Oral Infection Model for Feline Coronavirus in Cats. J Virol 2021; 95:e0074521. [PMID: 34406859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00745-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is the etiologic agent of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and causes fatal disease in cats of almost all ages. Currently, there are no clinically approved drugs or effective vaccines for FIP. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of FIP is still not fully understood. There is an urgent need for an effective infection model of feline infectious peritonitis induced by FIPV. Here, we constructed a field type I FIPV full-length cDNA clone, pBAC-QS, corresponding to the isolated FIPV QS. By replacing the FIPV QS spike gene with the commercially available type II FIPV 79-1146 (79-1146_CA) spike gene, we established and rescued a recombinant virus, designated rQS-79. Moreover, we constructed 79-1146_CA infectious full-length cDNA pBAC-79-1146_CA, corresponding to recombinant feline coronavirus (FCoV) 79-1146_CA (r79-1146_CA). In animal experiments with 1- to 2-year-old adult cats orally infected with the recombinant virus, rQS-79 induced typical FIP signs and 100% mortality. In contrast to cats infected with rQS-79, cats infected with 79-1146_CA did not show obvious signs. Furthermore, by rechallenging rQS-79 in surviving cats previously infected with 79-1146_CA, we found that there was no protection against rQS-79 with different titers of neutralizing antibodies. However, high titers of neutralizing antibodies may help prolong the cat survival time. Overall, we report the first reverse genetics of virulent recombinant FCoV (causing 100% mortality in adult cats) and attenuated FCoV (causing no mortality in adult cats), which will be powerful tools to study pathogenesis, antiviral drugs, and vaccines for FCoV. IMPORTANCE Tissue- or cell culture-adapted feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) usually loses pathogenicity. To develop a highly virulent FIPV, we constructed a field isolate type I FIPV full-length clone with the spike gene replaced by the 79-1146 spike gene, corresponding to a virus named rQS-79, which induces high mortality in adult cats. rQS-79 represents the first described reverse genetics system for highly pathogenic FCoV. By further constructing the cell culture-adapted FCoV 79-1146_CA, we obtained infectious clones of virulent and attenuated FCoV. By in vitro and in vivo experiments, we established a model that can serve to study the pathogenic mechanisms of FIPV. Importantly, the wild-type FIPV replicase skeleton of serotype I will greatly facilitate the screening of antiviral drugs, both in vivo and in vitro.
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41
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Stout AE, Guo Q, Millet JK, Whittaker1 GR. Viral and Host Attributes Underlying the Origins of Zoonotic Coronaviruses in Bats. Comp Med 2021; 71:442-450. [PMID: 34635199 PMCID: PMC8594259 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With a presumed origin in bats, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a major source of morbidity and mortality in the hu- man population, and the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, aligns most closely at the genome level with the bat coronaviruses RaBtCoV4991/RaTG13 and RmYN02. The ability of bats to provide reservoirs of numerous viruses in addition to coronaviruses remains an active area of research. Unique aspects of the physiology of the chiropteran immune system may contribute to the ability of bats to serve as viral reservoirs. The coronavirus spike protein plays important roles in viral pathogenesis and the immune response. Although much attention has focused on the spike receptor-binding domain, a unique aspect of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with its closest relatives is the presence of a furin cleavage site in the S1-S2 region of the spike protein. Proteolytic activation is likely an important feature that allows SARS-CoV-2-and other coronaviruses-to overcome the species barriers and thus cause human disease. The diversity of bat species limits the ability to draw broad conclusions about viral pathogenesis, but comparisons across species and with reference to humans and other susceptible mammals may guide future research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qinghua Guo
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; and
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gary R Whittaker1
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; and
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42
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Sun L, Xu Z, Wu J, Cui Y, Guo X, Xu F, Li Y, Wang Y. A duplex SYBR green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for concurrent detection of feline parvovirus and feline coronavirus. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114294. [PMID: 34547343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) contains two serotypes, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). FECV and feline parvovirus (FPV) can cause similar clinical symptoms in cats, such as diarrhea. The objective of this study was to establish a duplex SYBR Green I-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for rapid and simultaneous detection of FPV and FCoV. Two pairs of specific PCR primers were designed to target fragments of the VP2 gene of FPV and of the 5' UTR gene of FCoV, respectively. The assay distinguished between the two viruses based on the melting curves (melting temperatures 77.0 ± 0.5 °C [FPV] and 80.5 ± 0.5 °C [FCoV]). The minimum limits of FPV and FCoV detection were 4.74 × 101 copies/μL and 7.77 × 101 copies/μL, respectively. The assay showed excellent reproducibility and reliability, based on the mean coefficient of variation. In conclusion, this novel duplex SYBR Green I-based qPCR assay is sensitive and can specifically, reliably, and rapidly detect FPV and FCoV (co-)infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Junhuang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Fazhi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Virology, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningb, 315010, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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43
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Zhou Q, Li Y, Huang J, Fu N, Song X, Sha X, Zhang B. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34524074 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis and diarrhoea in kittens worldwide. In this study, a total of 173 feline diarrhoeal faecal and ascetic samples were collected from 15 catteries and six veterinary hospitals in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. FCoV was detected in 80.35 % (139/173) of the samples using the RT-nPCR method; these included infections with 122 type I FCoV and 57 type II FCoV. Interestingly, 51 cases had co-infection with types I and II, the first such report in mainland China. To further analyse the genetic diversity of FCoV, we amplified 23 full-length spike (S) genes, including 18 type I and five type II FCoV. The type I FCoV and type II FCoV strains shared 85.5-98.7% and 97.4-98.9% nucleotide (nt) sequence identities between one another, respectively. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of 23 FCoV strains showed a high degree of variation (73.6-80.3 %). There was six type I FCoV strains with two amino acid insertions (159HL160) in the NTD. In addition, 18 strains of type I FCoV belonged to the Ie cluster, and five strains of type II FCoV were in the IIb cluster based on phylogenetic analysis. Notably, it was first time that two type I FCoV strains had recombination in the NTD, and the recombination regions was located 140-857 nt of the S gene. This study constitutes a systematic investigation of the current infection status and molecular characteristics of FCoV in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Nengsheng Fu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Song
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xue Sha
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Chaintoutis SC, Thomou Z, Mouchtaropoulou E, Tsiolas G, Chassalevris T, Stylianaki I, Lagou M, Michailidou S, Moutou E, Koenen JJH, Dijkshoorn JW, Paraskevis D, Poutahidis T, Siarkou VI, Sypsa V, Argiriou A, Fortomaris P, Dovas CI. Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in naturally infected mink farms: Impact, transmission dynamics, genetic patterns, and environmental contamination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009883. [PMID: 34492088 PMCID: PMC8448373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection outbreaks in minks have serious implications associated with animal health and welfare, and public health. In two naturally infected mink farms (A and B) located in Greece, we investigated the outbreaks and assessed parameters associated with virus transmission, immunity, pathology, and environmental contamination. Symptoms ranged from anorexia and mild depression to respiratory signs of varying intensity. Although the farms were at different breeding stages, mortality was similarly high (8.4% and 10.0%). The viral strains belonged to lineages B.1.1.218 and B.1.1.305, possessing the mink-specific S-Y453F substitution. Lung histopathology identified necrosis of smooth muscle and connective tissue elements of vascular walls, and vasculitis as the main early key events of the acute SARS-CoV-2-induced broncho-interstitial pneumonia. Molecular investigation in two dead minks indicated a consistently higher (0.3-1.3 log10 RNA copies/g) viral load in organs of the male mink compared to the female. In farm A, the infected farmers were responsible for the significant initial infection of 229 out of 1,000 handled minks, suggesting a very efficient human-to-mink transmission. Subsequent infections across the sheds wherein animals were being housed occurred due to airborne transmission. Based on a R0 of 2.90 and a growth rate equal to 0.293, the generation time was estimated to be 3.6 days, indicative of the massive SARS-CoV-2 dispersal among minks. After the end of the outbreaks, a similar percentage of animals were immune in the two farms (93.0% and 93.3%), preventing further virus transmission whereas, viral RNA was detected in samples collected from shed surfaces and air. Consequently, strict biosecurity is imperative during the occurrence of clinical signs. Environmental viral load monitoring, in conjunction with NGS should be adopted in mink farm surveillance. The minimum proportion of minks that need to be immunized to avoid outbreaks in farms was calculated at 65.5%, which is important for future vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Thomou
- Pecon Hellas PC, Dispilio, Kastoria, Greece
| | | | - George Tsiolas
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre of Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi, Greece
| | - Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stylianaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Lagou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre of Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi, Greece
| | - Evangelia Moutou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria I. Siarkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vana Sypsa
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre of Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Greece
| | - Paschalis Fortomaris
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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45
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Tuanthap S, Chiteafea N, Rattanasrisomporn J, Choowongkomon K. Comparative sequence analysis of the accessory and nucleocapsid genes of feline coronavirus strains isolated from cats diagnosed with effusive feline infectious peritonitis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2779-2787. [PMID: 34363535 PMCID: PMC8346774 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal infectious disease of domestic cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is a mutant type of FCoV that is characterized by causing fibrinous serositis with effusions in the pleural and abdominal cavities (wet form) and/or granulomatous-necrotizing inflammatory lesions in several organs (dry form). There have been numerous studies on FIP worldwide, whereas information about this disease in Thailand is still limited. Most studies involving molecular surveillance and evaluation of FCoV field strains have examined the genetic diversity of the spike and accessory ORF3c coding regions. Of these, the S gene is more divergent and is responsible for the two FCoV serotypes, while ORF3c harbors mutations that result either in early termination or destruction of the protein. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among the current Thai and global FCoV strains in the accessory and nucleocapsid genes using a virus-specific PCR method. Comparative sequence analysis suggested that the Thai FCoV isolates were most closely related to strains reported in the Netherlands, the USA, and China. In the ORF3ab sequences, some Thai strains were more than 99% identical to the DF-2 prototype strain. Truncation of the 3a gene product was found in Thai FCoV strains of group 2. Amino acid deletions were observed in the N, ORF3c, and ORF7b proteins of Thai FCoV sequences. The accessory gene sequence divergence may be responsible for driving the periodic emergence and continued persistence of FCoVs in Thai domestic cat populations. Our findings provide updated information about the molecular characteristics of the accessory and nucleocapsid genes of FCoV strains in circulation that were not previously documented in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supansa Tuanthap
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Natdaroon Chiteafea
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Klaus J, Zini E, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Kipar A, Bergmann M, Palizzotto C, Zhao S, Rossi F, Franco V, Porporato F, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats from Southern Germany and Northern Italy during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:1453. [PMID: 34452319 PMCID: PMC8402904 DOI: 10.3390/v13081453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people globally since its first detection in late 2019. Besides humans, cats and, to some extent, dogs were shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the need for surveillance in a One Health context. Seven veterinary clinics from regions with high incidences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were recruited during the early pandemic (March to July 2020) for the screening of patients. A total of 2257 oropharyngeal and nasal swab specimen from 877 dogs and 260 cats (including 18 animals from COVID-19-affected households and 92 animals with signs of respiratory disease) were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) targeting the viral envelope (E) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes. One oropharyngeal swab from an Italian cat, living in a COVID-19-affected household in Piedmont, tested positive in RT-qPCR (1/260; 0.38%, 95% CI: 0.01-2.1%), and SARS-CoV-2 infection of the animal was serologically confirmed six months later. One oropharyngeal swab from a dog was potentially positive (1/877; 0.1%, 95% CI: 0.002-0.63%), but the result was not confirmed in a reference laboratory. Analyses of convenience sera from 118 animals identified one dog (1/94; 1.1%; 95% CI: 0.02-5.7%) from Lombardy, but no cats (0/24), as positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies and neutralizing activity. These findings support the hypothesis that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pet cat and dog populations, and hence, the risk of zoonotic transmission to veterinary staff, was low during the first wave of the pandemic, even in hotspot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klaus
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell′Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Carlo Palizzotto
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
- Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Francesco Rossi
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Vittoria Franco
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Federico Porporato
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.P.); (F.R.); (V.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
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Kelly DL, Kasperbauer KA, Sakamoto K, Camus MS, Mayer J, Divers SJ, Cazzini P. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:257-260. [PMID: 34242081 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Two Inhibitors Against the 3C-Like Proteases of Swine Coronavirus and Feline Coronavirus. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1421-1430. [PMID: 34228261 PMCID: PMC8258280 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human and animal pathogens that cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED), characterized by severe diarrhoea and vomiting in pigs, is a highly lethal disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and causes substantial losses in the swine industry worldwide. However, currently available commercial drugs have not shown great therapeutic effects. In this study, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay was applied to screen a library containing 1,590 compounds and identified two compounds, 3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-phenylpyridinium and 2,3-dichloronaphthoquinone, that target the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of PEDV. These compounds are of low molecular weight (MW) and greatly inhibited the activity of this enzyme (IC50 values were obtained in this study). Furthermore, these compounds exhibited antiviral capacity against another member of the CoV family, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Here, the inhibitory effects of these compounds against CoVs on Vero cells and feline kidney cells were identified (with EC50 values) and cell viability assays were performed. The results of putative molecular docking models indicate that these compounds, labeled compound 1 and compound 2, contact the conserved active sites (Cys144, Glu165, Gln191) of 3CLpro via hydrogen bonds. These findings provide insight into the antiviral activities of compounds 1 and 2 that may facilitate future research on anti-CoV drugs.
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The Population Diversity of Candidate Genes for Resistance/Susceptibility to Coronavirus Infection in Domestic Cats: An Inter-Breed Comparison. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060778. [PMID: 34205589 PMCID: PMC8234589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a complex pathogen causing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Host genetics represents a factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Differential susceptibility of various breeds to FIP was reported with controversial results. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of different breeds on a panel of candidate genes potentially affecting FCoV infection. One hundred thirteen cats of six breeds were genotyped on a panel of sixteen candidate genes. SNP allelic/haplotype frequencies were calculated; pairwise FST and molecular variance analyses were performed. Principal coordinate (PCoA) and STRUCTURE analyses were used to infer population structure. Interbreed differences in allele frequencies were observed. PCoA analysis performed for all genes of the panel indicated no population substructure. In contrast to the full marker set, PCoA of SNP markers associated with FCoV shedding (NCR1 and SLX4IP) showed three clusters containing only alleles associated with susceptibility to FCoV shedding, homozygotes and heterozygotes for the susceptibility alleles, and all three genotypes, respectively. Each cluster contained cats of multiple breeds. Three clusters of haplotypes were identified by PCoA, two clusters by STRUCTURE. Haplotypes of a single gene (SNX5) differed significantly between the PCoA clusters.
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50
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Wasissa M, Lestari FB, Salasia SIO. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus finding in confirmed feline infectious peritonitis cat patient. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07268. [PMID: 34189311 PMCID: PMC8219751 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease in cat, caused by mutated feline coronavirus (FCoV). Due to its difficulties in diagnosis, FIP is sometimes underdiagnosed. Therefore, several laboratory procedures were performed to gain high index suspicion of FIP. However, through several laboratory findings, not only FIP but also SEZ infection was confirmed in this case. CASE DESCRIPTION A-year-old male, domestic cat was admitted to Veterinary Medicine Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Universitas Gadjah Mada, for further effusion examination due to its high suspicion of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Further examination using molecular and post-mortem analysis resulted on confirmed SEZ infection and FIP. This study informed the manifestation and pathological changes in patient with SEZ and FIP in the same time. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that viral infection followed by bacterial infection could be fatal and untreatable. After these findings, clinicians may consider SEZ infection in cat with respiratory disorder followed by thoracic effusion besides FIP. Companion animal, especially outdoor-kept animal, possibly become infected from its contact to another human or animal in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madarina Wasissa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Budi Lestari
- Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Inter-Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siti Isrina Oktavia Salasia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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