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Kovalik ME, Dacanay MA, Crowley SD, Hall G. Swollen Feet: Considering the Paradoxical Roles of Interleukins in Nephrotic Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:738. [PMID: 38672094 PMCID: PMC11048099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are a family of 40 bioactive peptides that act through cell surface receptors to induce a variety of intracellular responses. While interleukins are most commonly associated with destructive, pro-inflammatory signaling in cells, some also play a role in promoting cellular resilience and survival. This review will highlight recent evidence of the cytoprotective actions of the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)- and common gamma chain receptor (IL-Rγc)-signaling cytokines in nephrotic syndrome (NS). NS results from the injury or loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e., podocytes). Although the causes of podocyte dysfunction vary, it is clear that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in regulating the propagation, duration and severity of disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines signaling through IL-1R and IL-Rγc have been shown to exert anti-apoptotic effects in podocytes through the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/AKT pathway, highlighting the potential utility of IL-1R- and IL-Rγc-signaling interleukins for the treatment of podocytopathy in NS. The paradoxical role of interleukins as drivers and mitigators of podocyte injury is complex and ill-defined. Emerging evidence of the cytoprotective role of some interleukins in NS highlights the urgent need for a nuanced understanding of their pro-survival benefits and reveals their potential as podocyte-sparing therapeutics for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Kovalik
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Monique A. Dacanay
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
| | - Gentzon Hall
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (M.E.K.)
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Abstract
Aging is often associated with chronic inflammation and declining health. Both veterinarians and owners of aging dogs and cats are interested in nutritional solutions and strategies to prevent signs of age-related disease, increase longevity, and improve quality of life. Physiological decreases in muscle mass, decreased immunity, and a decrease in sense acuity are some of the changes often seen in otherwise healthy senior pets; however, there may also be an increase in risk for pathologies such as renal, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neoplastic diseases. Aging may also lead to cognitive decline and even cognitive dysfunction. Some nutritional strategies that may be helpful with the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases include supplementation with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant nutrients that can help modulate inflammation and benefit osteoarthritis, renal disease, cancer, and more. Supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides shows promise in the treatment of canine cognitive dysfunction as these may be metabolized to ketone bodies that are utilized as an alternative energy source for the central nervous system. Additionally, a high intake of dietary phosphorus in soluble and bioavailable forms can lead to renal disease, which is of greater concern in senior pets. There are no published guidelines for nutritional requirements specific to senior pets and as a result, products marketed for senior dogs and cats are highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stockman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Old Brookville, NY, 11548, US.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, US.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, US.
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3
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Chevalier RL. Why is chronic kidney disease progressive? Evolutionary adaptations and maladaptations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F595-F617. [PMID: 37675460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in renal physiology, the global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to increase. The emergence of multicellular organisms gave rise to increasing complexity of life resulting in trade-offs reflecting ancestral adaptations to changing environments. Three evolutionary traits shape CKD over the lifespan: 1) variation in nephron number at birth, 2) progressive nephron loss with aging, and 3) adaptive kidney growth in response to decreased nephron number. Although providing plasticity in adaptation to changing environments, the cell cycle must function within constraints dictated by available energy. Prioritized allocation of energy available through the placenta can restrict fetal nephrogenesis, a risk factor for CKD. Moreover, nephron loss with aging is a consequence of cell senescence, a pathway accelerated by adaptive nephron hypertrophy that maintains metabolic homeostasis at the expense of increased vulnerability to stressors. Driven by reproductive fitness, natural selection operates in early life but diminishes thereafter, leading to an exponential increase in CKD with aging, a product of antagonistic pleiotropy. A deeper understanding of the evolutionary constraints on the cell cycle may lead to manipulation of the balance between progenitor cell renewal and differentiation, regulation of cell senescence, and modulation of the balance between cell proliferation and hypertrophy. Application of an evolutionary perspective may enhance understanding of adaptation and maladaptation by nephrons in the progression of CKD, leading to new therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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4
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Cowgill LD, Segev G, Vaden S, Ross S, Dufayet C, Cohn LA, Nabity M, Farace G, Szlosek D, Ouyang Z, Peterson S, Beall M, Yerramilli M, Polzin D. Differentiation of stable kidney function versus progressive dysfunction in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2241-2250. [PMID: 37861343 PMCID: PMC10658543 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are biomarkers of kidney function that have been used variously to define stable vs progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Slope monitoring of inverse biomarker values (creatinine-1 or SDMA-1 ) has shown promise, but quantitative criteria to distinguish stable vs progressive CKD using this approach are lacking. OBJECTIVE Assessment of creatinine-1 and SDMA-1 slope cutoffs to distinguish stable vs progressive CKD. ANIMALS One hundred ten clinically healthy university staff-owned dogs and 29 male colony dogs with progressive X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN). METHODS Retrospective analysis combining 2 prospective observational studies, 1 tracking kidney function biomarkers in healthy dogs (HDs) to a maximum of 3 years, and 1 tracking kidney function biomarkers in male colony dogs with progressive XLHN to a maximum of 1 year. The minimum slope of creatinine-1 or SDMA-1 as measured using the IDEXX SDMA test from HD was assigned as the slope cutoff for stable kidney function. RESULTS The stable vs progressive slope cutoff was -0.0119 week × dL/mg for creatinine-1 and -0.0007 week × dL/μg for SDMA-1 . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In the studied CKD population, progressive dysfunction can be distinguished from stable kidney function by using the slope of creatinine-1 or SDMA-1 . These criteria may serve to characterize CKD in other cohorts of dogs and to establish guidelines for degrees of progression rate in dogs with naturally occurring CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shelly Vaden
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sheri Ross
- University of Prince Edward IslandCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | - Cedric Dufayet
- University of California Veterinary Medical Center‐San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leah A. Cohn
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
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5
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McGlynn A, Mrofchak R, Madan R, Madden C, Jahid MJ, Mollenkopf D, Wittum T, Justice SS, Rudinsky A, Hokamp J, Hale V. Longitudinal examination of urine pH, specific gravity, protein, culture, and antimicrobial resistance profiles in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2219-2229. [PMID: 37682015 PMCID: PMC10658500 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is routinely evaluated in dogs to assess health. Reference ranges for many urine properties are well established, but the scope of variation in these properties over time within healthy dogs is not well characterized. OBJECTIVES Longitudinally characterize urine properties in healthy dogs over 3 months. ANIMALS Fourteen healthy client-owned dogs. METHODS In this prospective study, dogs were evaluated for health; then, mid-stream free-catch urine was collected from each dog at 12 timepoints over 3 months. Urine pH, urine specific gravity (USG), protein, cultures, and antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed at each timepoint. RESULTS Urine pH varied within and between dogs over time (Friedman's test: within P = .03; between P < .005). However, USG, protein, and bacterial diversity of urine were consistent within dogs over time, and only varied between dogs (Kruskal-Wallis: between all P < .005). Antimicrobial resistant isolates were identified in 12 out of 14 dogs with 34 of 48 of the isolates demonstrating resistance to amoxicillin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Urine pH should be assessed at multiple timepoints via pH meter before making clinical decisions. Mid-stream free-catch urine with high concentrations of bacteria (>105 CFU/mL) should not be considered the only indicator of urinary tract infection. Bacterial isolates from dogs in this study had widespread resistance to amoxicillin/oxacillin underscoring the need for antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McGlynn
- College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ryan Mrofchak
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Rushil Madan
- College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- College of Public HealthThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Christopher Madden
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mohammad Jawad Jahid
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Dixie Mollenkopf
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Thomas Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Adam Rudinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jessica Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Vanessa Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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6
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Castiglioni MCR, Rahal SC, Silva JP, Mamprim MJ. Comparison of ultrasonographic renal measurements in kittens up to 3 months of age and young cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e465-e471. [PMID: 36062612 PMCID: PMC10812376 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221119392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate renal measurements by B-mode ultrasound in kittens during their first 3 months and compare them with those of young adult cats. METHODS Forty-eight healthy mixed-breed cats (24 males and 24 females) were enrolled in this study. The cats were divided into six age groups: groups 1-5 (kittens) and group 6 (young adult cats). Each kidney was examined using B-mode imaging and the following measurements taken: renal length (RL), renal height (RH), renal width (RW), cortical thickness (CoT), medullary thickness (MdT) and corticomedullary ratio (CMr). The ratio and correlation of RL to aortic diameter (AoD) and the length of the fifth/sixth lumbar vertebrae (LLV) were also determined. RESULTS Among groups, there was a statistically significant difference between RW, renal volume (RV), CoT, MdT and CMr. The smallest renal dimensions were obtained in the youngest kittens (up to 10 days of age), including RL (1.84 ± 0.40 cm), RH (1.14 ± 0.17 cm), RW (1.25 ± 0.20 cm) and RV (1.47 ± 0.68 ml). A strong correlation was observed between RL:AoD and RL:LLV, allowing for linear regression equations and reference intervals for RL:AoD and RL:LLV to be created for each age group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE B-mode ultrasound showed that renal measurements in kittens differed from those in young adult cats, and that the renal dimensions, renal CoT and CMr increased with the growth of the cat. The RL-LLV ratio is a reliable method for measuring RL according to age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria CR Castiglioni
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Quimby JM, McLeland SM, Cianciolo RE, Lunn KF, Lulich JP, Erikson A, Barron LB. Frequency of histologic lesions in the kidneys of cats without kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e472-e480. [PMID: 36475921 PMCID: PMC10812332 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221123768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans, renal aging is associated with an increased frequency of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation and tubular atrophy. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of renal histopathologic lesions in cats without kidney disease. METHODS A cross-sectional study of archival kidney tissue from 74 cats without kidney disease (serum creatinine <1.6 mg/dl; urine specific gravity >1.035) was carried out: 0-4 years (young, n = 18); 5-9 years (mature, n = 16); 10-14 years (senior, n = 34), 15+ years (geriatric, n = 6). Glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and the presence or absence of lipid in the interstitium and tubules were scored by a pathologist masked to clinical data. Statistical analyses were performed as appropriate. RESULTS Geriatric cats had significantly more glomerulosclerosis than mature (P = 0.01) and young cats (P = 0.004). Senior cats had significantly more glomerulosclerosis than young cats (P = 0.006). Glomerulosclerosis was weakly positively correlated with age (r = 0.48; P <0.0001). Geriatric cats had significantly more tubular atrophy than mature (P = 0.02) and young cats (P <0.0001). Senior cats had significantly more tubular atrophy than young cats (P <0.0001). Geriatric cats had significantly more inflammation than senior cats (P = 0.02), mature cats (P = 0.01) and young cats (P <0.0001). Senior cats had significantly more inflammation than young cats (P = 0.004). Geriatric and senior cats had significantly more fibrosis than young cats (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). Frequency of tubular lipid increased with age (young: 28%; mature: 56%; senior: 79%; geriatric: 100%) as did the frequency of interstitial lipid (young: 22%, mature: 56%, senior: 85%, geriatric: 100%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Evidence of renal aging exists in cats. These changes imply that the aging kidney may be more susceptible to injury and impaired healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shannon M McLeland
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katharine F Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jody P Lulich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Andrea Erikson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lara B Barron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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McKenzie BA, Chen F, LaCroix-Fralish ML. The phenotype of aging in the dog: how aging impacts the health and well-being of dogs and their caregivers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:963-970. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.02.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the single most important cause of disease, disability, and death in adult dogs. Contrary to the common view of aging as a mysterious and inevitable natural event, it is more usefully understood as a set of complex but comprehensible biological processes that are highly conserved across species. Although the phenotypic expression of these processes is variable, there are consistent patterns both within and between species.
The purpose of this feature is to describe the patterns currently recognized in the physical and behavioral manifestations of aging in the dog and how these impact the health and welfare of companion dogs and their human caregivers. Important gaps in our knowledge of the canine aging phenotype will be identified, and current research efforts to better characterize aging in the dog will be discussed. This will help set the context for future efforts to develop clinical assessments and treatments to mitigate the negative impact of aging on dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances Chen
- Cellular Longevity Inc dba Loyal, San Francisco, CA
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Shankland SJ, Wang Y, Shaw AS, Vaughan JC, Pippin JW, Wessely O. Podocyte Aging: Why and How Getting Old Matters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2697-2713. [PMID: 34716239 PMCID: PMC8806106 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of healthy aging on the kidney, and how these effects intersect with superimposed diseases, are highly relevant in the context of the population's increasing longevity. Age-associated changes to podocytes, which are terminally differentiated glomerular epithelial cells, adversely affect kidney health. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying podocyte aging, how these mechanisms might be augmented by disease in the aged kidney, and approaches to mitigate progressive damage to podocytes. Furthermore, we address how biologic pathways such as those associated with cellular growth confound aging in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrey S. Shaw
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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10
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Li H, Wang B, Li D, Li J, Luo Y, Dan J. Roles of telomeres and telomerase in age‑related renal diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:96. [PMID: 33300081 PMCID: PMC7723152 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‑related renal diseases, which account for various progressive renal disorders associated with cellular and organismal senescence, are becoming a substantial public health burden. However, their aetiologies are complicated and their pathogeneses remain poorly understood. Telomeres and telomerase are known to be essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of eukaryotic genomes and serve crucial roles in numerous related signalling pathways that activate renal functions, such as repair and regeneration. Previous studies have reported that telomere dysfunction served a role in various types of age‑related kidney disease through various different molecular pathways. The present review aimed to summarise the current knowledge of the association between telomeres and ageing‑related kidney diseases and explored the contribution of dysfunctional telomeres to these diseases. The findings may help to provide novel strategies for treating patients with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Boyuan Wang
- The Key Lab of Sports and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Daoqun Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Ying Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Juhua Dan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Chacar FC, Kogika MM, Zafalon RVA, Brunetto MA. Vitamin D Metabolism and Its Role in Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans, Dogs and Cats. Metabolites 2020; 10:E499. [PMID: 33291777 PMCID: PMC7761928 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some differences regarding Vitamin D metabolism are described in dogs and cats in comparison with humans, which may be explained by an evolutionary drive among these species. Similarly, vitamin D is one of the most important regulators of mineral metabolism in dogs and cats, as well as in humans. Mineral metabolism is intrinsically related to bone metabolism, thus disturbances in vitamin D have been implicated in the development of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in people, in addition to dogs and cats. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT), which is the most common mineral disorder in later stages of CKD in dogs and cats. Herein, we review the peculiarities of vitamin D metabolism in these species in comparison with humans, and the role of vitamin D disturbances in the development of CKD-MBD among dogs, cats, and people. Comparative studies may offer some evidence to help further research about vitamin D metabolism and bone disorders in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C. Chacar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS), Muzambinho 37890-000, Brazil;
| | - Márcia M. Kogika
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Rafael V. A. Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcio A. Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, Nutrition and Production Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
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12
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Abstract
Cellular senescence is a cell cycle arrest in damaged or aged cells. Although this represents a critical mechanism of tumor suppression, persistence of senescent cells during aging induces chronic inflammation and tissue dysfunction through the adoption of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This has been shown to promote the progression of age-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. As the global population ages, the role of cellular senescence in disease is becoming a more critical area of research. In this review, mechanisms, biomarkers, and pathology of cellular senescence and SASP are described with a brief discussion of literature supporting a role for cellular senescence in veterinary diseases. Cell culture and mouse models used in senescence studies are also reviewed including the senescence-accelerated mouse-prone (SAMP), senescence pathway knockout mice (p53, p21 [CDKN1A], and p16 [CDKN2A]), and the more recently developed senolysis mice, which allow for direct visualization and elimination (or lysis) of senescent cells in live mice (p16-3MR and INK-ATTAC). These and other mouse models have demonstrated the importance of cellular senescence in embryogenesis and wound healing but have also identified a therapeutic benefit for targeting persistent senescent cells in age-associated diseases including neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beck
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, 313611National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Izumi Horikawa
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, 313611National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Curtis Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, 313611National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Wang Y, Eng DG, Kaverina NV, Loretz CJ, Koirala A, Akilesh S, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Global transcriptomic changes occur in aged mouse podocytes. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1160-1173. [PMID: 32592814 PMCID: PMC7606654 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes undergo structural and functional changes with advanced age, that increase susceptibility of aging kidneys to worse outcomes following superimposed glomerular diseases. To delineate transcriptional changes in podocytes in aged mice, RNA-seq was performed on isolated populations of reporter-labeled (tdTomato) podocytes from multiple young (two to three months) and advanced aged mice (22 to 24 months, equivalent to 70 plus year old humans). Of the 2,494 differentially expressed genes, 1,219 were higher and 1,275 were lower in aged podocytes. Pathway enrichment showed that major biological processes increased in aged podocytes included immune responses, non-coding RNA metabolism, gene silencing and MAP kinase signaling. Conversely, aged podocytes showed downregulation of developmental, morphogenesis and metabolic processes. Canonical podocyte marker gene expression decreased in aged podocytes, with increases in apoptotic and senescence genes providing a mechanism for the progressive loss of podocytes seen with aging. In addition, we revealed aberrations in the podocyte autocrine signaling network, identified the top transcription factors perturbed in aged podocytes, and uncovered candidate gene modulations that might promote healthy aging in podocytes. The transcriptional signature of aging is distinct from other kidney diseases. Thus, our study provides insights into biomarker discovery and molecular targeting of the aging process itself within podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol J Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abbal Koirala
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Renal accumulation of prooxidant mineral elements and CKD in domestic cats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3160. [PMID: 32081923 PMCID: PMC7035273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Felids have a high incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), for which the most common renal lesion is chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN). CIN can be induced by tissue oxidative stress, which is determined by the cellular balance of pro- and anti-oxidant metabolites. Fish-flavoured foods are more often fed to cats than dogs, and such foods tend to have higher arsenic content. Arsenic is a pro-oxidant metallic element. We propose that renal accumulation of pro-oxidant elements such as arsenic and depletion of anti-oxidant elements such as zinc, underpin the high incidence of CIN in domestic cats. Total arsenic and other redox-reactive metal elements were measured in kidneys (after acid-digestion) and urine (both by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) of domestic cats (kidneys, n = 56; urine, n = 21), domestic dogs (kidneys, n = 54; urine, n = 28) and non-domesticated Scottish Wildcats (kidneys, n = 17). Renal lesions were graded by severity of CIN. In our randomly sampled population, CIN was more prevalent in domestic cat versus domestic dog (51%, n = 32 of 62 cats; 15%, 11 of 70 dogs were positive for CIN, respectively). CIN was absent from all Scottish wildcats. Tissue and urinary (corrected for creatinine) arsenic content was higher in domestic cats, relative to domestic dogs and wildcats. Urine arsenic was higher in domestic cats and dogs with CIN. Arsenobetaine, an organic and relatively harmless species of arsenic, was the primary form of arsenic found in pet foods. In summary, the kidneys of domestic cats appear to have greater levels of pro-oxidant trace elements, as compared to dogs and wildcats. Since there was no difference in renal arsenic levels in cats with or without CIN, renal arsenic accumulation does not appear a primary driver of excess CIN in cats. Given clear differences in renal handling of pro vs. anti-oxidant minerals between cats and dogs, further in vivo balance studies are warranted. These may then inform species-specific guidelines for trace element incorporation into commercial diets.
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Lippi I, Bonelli F, Meucci V, Vitale V, Sgorbini M. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy horses of various ages. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2765-2769. [PMID: 31663649 PMCID: PMC6872606 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma clearance of iohexol is a reliable method to assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The relationship between aging and GFR in horses is unclear. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare GFR estimated by iohexol clearance in horses of different ages. Animals Twenty‐one clinically healthy horses were enrolled. Methods Prospective study. Groups: (A) composed by 8 young horses (≤14 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, (B) by 7 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, and (C) by 6 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL. Iohexol was injected (75.5 mg/kg) through an IV catheter, and plasma samples were collected 5, 30, and 90 minutes later. Plasma clearance of iohexol was obtained by the high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet method. Results The GFR was 2., 2.1, and 1.45 mL/min/kg (median value) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Statistical analysis showed differences between Group A versus C for urea, Group A versus B and A versus C for creatinine, and A versus C for GFR. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced in aged horses with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL compared to young horses with creatinine <1.5 mg/dL; no differences were obtained between young and aged horses with creatinine <1.5 mg/dL. Glomerular filtration rate evaluation should be considered in aged horses even if the plasma creatinine values are normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Vitale
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Defauw P, Daminet S, Leisewitz A, Goddard A, Paepe D, Duchateau L, Schoeman J. Renal azotemia and associated clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with Babesia rossi infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Clinical use of submaximal treadmill exercise testing and assessments of cardiac biomarkers NT-proBNP and cTnI in dogs with presymptomatic mitral regurgitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199023. [PMID: 29902265 PMCID: PMC6002043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise intolerance is the first symptom of heart disease. Yet an objective and standardised method in canine cardiology to assess exercise capacity in a clinical setting is lacking. In contrast, exercise testing is a powerful diagnostic tool in humans, providing valuable information on prognosis and impact of therapeutic intervention. To investigate whether an exercise test reveals differences between dogs with early stage mitral regurgitation (MR) and dogs without cardiac disease, 12 healthy beagles (healthy group, HG) and 12 dogs with presymptomatic MR (CHIEF B1 / B2, patient group, PG) underwent a six-stage submaximal exercise test (ET) on a motorised treadmill. They trotted in their individual comfort speed for three minutes per stage, first without incline, afterwards increasing it by 4% for every subsequent stage. Blood samples were taken at rest and during two 3-minute breaks in the course of the test. Further samples were taken after the completion of the exercise test and again after a 3-hour recovery period. Measured parameters included heart rate, lactate and the cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide and cardiac Troponin I. The test was performed again under the same conditions in the same dogs three weeks after the first trial to evaluate individual repeatability. Cardiac biomarkers increased significantly in both HG and PG in the course of the test. The increase was more pronounced in CHIEF B1 / B2 dogs than in the HG. N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide increased from 435 ± 195 to 523 ± 239 pmol/L (HG) and from 690 to 815 pmol/L (PG). cTnI increased from 0.020 to 0.024 ng/mL (HG) and from 0.06 to 0.08 ng/ml (PG). The present study provides a method to assess exercise-induced changes in cardiac biomarkers under clinical conditions. The increase of NT-proBNP and cTnI is more pronounced in dogs with early-stage MR than in healthy dogs. Results indicate that measuring the parameters before and after exercise is adequate and taking blood samples between the different stages of the ET does not provide additional information. Also, stress echocardiography was inconclusive. It can be concluded that exercise testing, especially in combination with measuring cardiac biomarkers, could be a helpful diagnostic tool in canine cardiology.
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18
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Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Franks A, O'Neill DG, Promislow DEL. The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12737. [PMID: 29457329 PMCID: PMC5946068 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, human populations have experienced large increases in average lifespan over the last 150 years, and while individuals are living longer, they are spending more years of life with multiple chronic morbidities. Researchers have used numerous laboratory animal models to understand the biological and environmental factors that influence aging, morbidity, and longevity. However, the most commonly studied animal species, laboratory mice and rats, do not experience environmental conditions similar to those to which humans are exposed, nor do we often diagnose them with many of the naturally occurring pathologies seen in humans. Recently, the companion dog has been proposed as a powerful model to better understand the genetic and environmental determinants of morbidity and mortality in humans. However, it is not known to what extent the age‐related dynamics of morbidity, comorbidity, and mortality are shared between humans and dogs. Here, we present the first large‐scale comparison of human and canine patterns of age‐specific morbidity and mortality. We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human populations (obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes), and which are associated with comorbidities, are also associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs. We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disease risk in humans and dogs, with neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death showing similar age trajectories between the two species. Overall, our study suggests that the companion dog may be an ideal translational model to study the many complex facets of human morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Kate E. Creevy
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Alexander Franks
- Department of Statistics; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Dan G. O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Health; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - Daniel E. L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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19
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Stock E, Paepe D, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Saunders JH, Vanderperren K. Influence of ageing on quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the kidneys in healthy cats. Vet Rec 2018; 182:515. [PMID: 29445015 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The degenerative effects of ageing on the kidneys have been extensively studied in humans. However, only recently interest has been focused on renal ageing in veterinary medicine. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows non-invasive evaluation of renal perfusion in conscious cats. Renal perfusion parameters were obtained in 43 healthy cats aged 1-16 years old, and the cats were divided in four age categories: 1-3 years, 3-6 years, 6-10 years and over 10 years. Routine renal parameters as serum creatinine, serum urea, urine-specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio and systolic blood pressure were also measured. No significant differences in any of the perfusion parameters were observed among the different age categories. A trend towards a lower peak enhancement and wash-in area under the curve with increasing age, suggestive for a lower blood volume, was detected when comparing the cats over 10 years old with the cats of 1-3 years old. Additionally, no significant age-effect was observed for the serum and urine parameters, whereas a higher blood pressure was observed in healthy cats over 10 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ward JM, Youssef SA, Treuting PM. Why Animals Die: An Introduction to the Pathology of Aging. Vet Pathol 2017; 53:229-32. [PMID: 26936750 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815612151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ward
- Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | - S A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P M Treuting
- School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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