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Arao Y, Stumpo DJ, Hoenerhoff MJ, Tighe RM, Yu YR, Sutton D, Kashyap A, Beerman I, Blackshear PJ. Lethal eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in mice expressing a stabilized Csf2 mRNA. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23100. [PMID: 37462673 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte and macrophage precursors. The mouse gene-encoding GM-CSF, Csf2, is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. An adenine-uridine-rich element (ARE) within the 3'-untranslated region of Csf2 mRNA was shown in cell transfection studies to confer instability on this transcript. To explore the physiological importance of this element in an intact animal, we generated mice with a knock-in deletion of the 75-nucleotide ARE. Mice heterozygous for this ARE deletion developed severe respiratory distress and death within about 12 weeks of age. There was dense infiltration of lung alveolar spaces by crystal-containing macrophages. Increased stability of Csf2 mRNA was confirmed in bone marrow-derived macrophages, and elevated GM-CSF levels were observed in serum and lung. These mice did not exhibit notable abnormalities in blood or bone marrow, and transplantation of bone marrow from mutant mice into lethally irradiated WT mice did not confer the pulmonary phenotype. Mice with a conditional deletion of the ARE restricted to lung type II alveolar cells exhibited an essentially identical lethal lung phenotype at the same ages as the mice with the whole-body deletion. In contrast, mice with the same conditional ARE deletion in myeloid cells, including macrophages, exhibited lesser degrees of macrophage infiltration into alveolar spaces much later in life, at approximately 9 months of age. Post-transcriptional Csf2 mRNA stability regulation in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells appears to be essential for normal physiological GM-CSF secretion and pulmonary macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah J Stumpo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yen-Rei Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deloris Sutton
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amogh Kashyap
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging Unit, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabel Beerman
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging Unit, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Radaelli E, Castiglioni V, Recordati C, Gobbi A, Capillo M, Invernizzi A, Scanziani E, Marchesi F. The Pathology of Aging 129S6/SvEvTac Mice. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:477-92. [PMID: 26467077 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815608673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The 129 mouse strain is commonly used for the generation of genetically engineered mice. Genetic drift or accidental contamination during outcrossing has resulted in several 129 substrains. Comprehensive data on spontaneous age-related pathology exist for the 129S4/SvJae substrain, whereas only limited information is available for other 129 substrains. This longitudinal aging study describes the life span and spontaneous lesions of 44 male and 18 female mice of the 129S6/SvEvTac substrain. Median survival time was 778 and 770 days for males and females, respectively. Tumors of lung and Harderian gland were the most common neoplasms in both sexes. Hepatocellular tumors occurred mainly in males. Hematopoietic tumors were observed at low frequency. Suppurative and ulcerative blepharoconjunctivitis was the most common nonneoplastic condition in both sexes. Corynebacteria (primarily Corynebacterium urealyticum and C. pseudodiphtheriticum) were isolated from animals with blepharoconjunctivitis and in some cases from unaffected mice, although a clear causal association between corynebacterial infections and blepharoconjunctivitis could not be inferred. Polyarteritis occurred only in males and was identified as the most common nonneoplastic contributory cause of death. Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia occurred in both sexes and was a relevant cause of death or comorbidity. Epithelial hyalinosis at extrapulmonary sites was noted at higher frequency in females. This study contributes important data on the spontaneous age-related pathology of the 129S6/SvEvTac mouse substrain and is a valuable reference for evaluation of the phenotype in genetically engineered mice obtained with this 129 substrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Radaelli
- VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium InfraMouse, KU Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Castiglioni
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, Filarete Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - C Recordati
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, Filarete Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - A Gobbi
- COGENTECH SCARL, Milan, Italy Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Capillo
- COGENTECH SCARL, Milan, Italy Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - A Invernizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Scanziani
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, Filarete Foundation, Milan, Italy Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Marchesi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Cho SH, Oh SY, Lane AP, Lee J, Oh MH, Lee S, Zheng T, Zhu Z. Regulation of nasal airway homeostasis and inflammation in mice by SHP-1 and Th2/Th1 signaling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103685. [PMID: 25090641 PMCID: PMC4121172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease orchestrated by Th2 lymphocytes. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 is known to be a negative regulator in the IL-4α/STAT-6 signaling pathway of the lung. However, the role of SHP-1 enzyme and its functional relationship with Th2 and Th1 cytokines are not known in the nasal airway. In this study, we aimed to study the nasal inflammation as a result of SHP-1 deficiency in viable motheaten (mev) mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Cytology, histology, and expression of cytokines and chemokines were analyzed to define the nature of the nasal inflammation. Targeted gene depletion of Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines was used to identify the critical pathways involved. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were studied to demonstrate the clearance mechanism of recruited inflammatory cells into the nasal airway. We showed here that mev mice had a spontaneous allergic rhinitis-like inflammation with eosinophilia, mucus metaplasia, up-regulation of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), chemokines (eotaxin), and MMPs. All of these inflammatory mediators were clearly counter-regulated by Th2 and Th1 cytokines. Deletion of IFN-γ gene induced a strong Th2-skewed inflammation with transepithelial migration of the inflammatory cells. These findings suggest that SHP-1 enzyme and Th2/Th1 paradigm may play a critical role in the maintenance of nasal immune homeostasis and in the regulation of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min-Hee Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seakwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Zheng
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Elmore SA, Hoenerhoff M, Katsuta O, Kokoshima H, Maronpot R, Nagai H, Satoh H, Tanaka Y, Tochitani T, Tsuchiya S, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2013 Joint JSTP/NTP Satellite Symposium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:231-57. [PMID: 23914068 PMCID: PMC3695348 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first joint Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) and National Toxicology
Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held on January
29th at Okura Frontier Hotel in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, in advance of the
JSTP’s 29th Annual Meeting. The goal of this Symposium was to present current
diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This
article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or
nomenclature issues that were presented, select images that were used for audience voting
or discussion, and the voting results. Some lesions and topics covered during the
symposium include: treatment-related atypical hepatocellular foci of cellular alteration
in B6C3F1 mice; purulent ventriculoencephalitis in a young BALB/c mouse; a subcutaneous
malignant schwannoma in a RccHan:WIST rat; spontaneous nasal septum
hyalinosis/eosinophilic substance in B6C3F1 mice; a rare pancreatic ductal cell adenoma in
a young Lewis rat; eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; hyaline
glomerulopathy in two female ddY mice; treatment-related intrahepatic erythrocytes in
B6C3F1 mice; treatment-related subendothelial hepatocytes in B6C3F1 mice; spontaneous
thyroid follicular cell vacuolar degeneration in a cynomolgus monkey; congenital hepatic
fibrosis in a 1-year-old cat; a spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the middle ear in a young
Crl:CD(SD) rat; and finally a series of cases illustrating some differences between
cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in Sprague Dawley and F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Elmore SA, Berridge BR, Boyle MC, Cora MC, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kooistra L, Laast VA, Morrison JP, Rao D, Rinke M, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2012 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:151-80. [PMID: 23262640 PMCID: PMC4195569 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2012 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Boston in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 31st annual meeting. The goal of the NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting or discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; differentiating adrenal cortical cystic degeneration from adenoma; atypical eosinophilic foci of altered hepatocytes; differentiating cardiac schwannoma from cardiomyopathy; diagnosis of cardiac papillary muscle lesions; intrahepatocytic erythrocytes and venous subendothelial hepatocytes; lesions in Rathke's cleft and pars distalis; pernicious anemia and megaloblastic disorders; embryonic neuroepithelial dysplasia, holoprosencephaly and exencephaly; and INHAND nomenclature for select cardiovascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Van Dyken SJ, Locksley RM. Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-mediated alternatively activated macrophages: roles in homeostasis and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:317-43. [PMID: 23298208 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity, assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune responses such as allergic inflammation and helminth infection. This alternatively activated phenotype is induced by the canonical type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which mediate expression of several characteristic markers along with a dramatic shift in macrophage metabolic pathways that influence surrounding cells and tissues. We discuss recent advances in the understanding of IL-4- and IL-13-mediated alternatively activated macrophages and type 2 immune responses; such advances have led to an expanded appreciation for functions of these cells beyond immunity, including maintenance of physiologic homeostasis and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Van Dyken
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Complex oncogene dependence in microRNA-125a-induced myeloproliferative neoplasms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16636-41. [PMID: 23012470 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213196109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression can lead to cancer initiation and progression. However, limited information exists on the function of miRNAs in cancer maintenance. We examined these issues in the case of myeloproliferative diseases and neoplasms (MPN), a collection of hematopoietic neoplasms regarded as preleukemic, thereby representing early neoplastic states. We report here that microRNA-125a (miR-125a)-induced MPN display a complex manner of oncogene dependence. Following a gain-of-function genomics screen, we overexpressed candidate miR-125a in vivo, which led to phenotypes consistent with an atypical MPN characterized by leukocytosis, monocytosis, splenomegaly, and progressive anemia. The diseased MPN state could be recapitulated in a doxycycline-inducible mouse model. Upon doxycycline withdrawal, the primary MPN phenotypes rapidly resolved after the discontinuation of miR-125a overexpression. However, reinduction of miR-125a led to complex phenotypes, with some animals rapidly developing lethal anemia with extensive damages in the spleen. Forced expression of miR-125a resulted in elevated cellular tyrosine phosphorylation and hypersensitivity toward hematopoietic cytokines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-125a targets multiple protein phosphatases. Our data demonstrate that miR-125a-induced MPN is addicted to its sustained overexpression, and highlight the complex nature of oncogenic miRNA dependence in an early neoplastic state.
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Cho SH, Oh SY, Zhu Z, Lee J, Lane AP. Spontaneous eosinophilic nasal inflammation in a genetically-mutant mouse: comparative study with an allergic inflammation model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35114. [PMID: 22509389 PMCID: PMC3324406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic inflammation is a hallmark of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. To model this disease process experimentally, nasal sensitization of mice with ovalbumin or aspergillus has been described. Here, we describe a genetically mutant mouse that develops robust spontaneous nasal eosinophilic inflammation. These mice lack the enzyme SHP-1 that down-regulates the IL-4Rα/stat6 signaling pathway. We compared nasal inflammation and inflammatory mediators in SHP-1 deficient mice (mev) and an ovalbumin-induced nasal allergy model. METHODS A novel technique of trans-pharyngeal nasal lavage was developed to obtain samples of inflammatory cells from the nasal passages of allergic and mev mice. Total and differential cell counts were performed on cytospin preparations. Expression of tissue mRNA for IL-4, IL-13, and mouse beta-defensin-1 (MBD-1) was determined by quantitative PCR. Eotaxin in the lavage fluid was assessed by ELISA. RESULTS Allergic and mev mice had increased total cells and eosinophils compared with controls. Expression of IL-4 was similarly increased in both allergic and mev mice, but expression of IL-13 and eotaxin was significantly greater in the allergic mice than mev mice. Eotaxin was significantly up-regulated in both allergic rhinitis and mev mice. In both models of eosinophilic inflammation, down-regulation of the innate immune marker MBD-1 was observed. CONCLUSIONS The mev mice display spontaneous chronic nasal eosinophilic inflammation with potential utility for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps research. The eosinophilic infiltrate is more robust in the mev mice than allergic mice, but Th2 cytokine expression is not as pronounced. Decreased MBD-1 expression in both models supports the concept that Th2-cytokines down-regulate sinonasal innate immunity in humans, and suggests a role for mouse models in investigating the interaction between adaptive and innate immunity in the sinonasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Szymczak WA, Sellers RS, Pirofski LA. IL-23 dampens the allergic response to Cryptococcus neoformans through IL-17-independent and -dependent mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1547-59. [PMID: 22342846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines IL-23 and IL-17 have been implicated in resistance to cryptococcal disease, but it is not clear whether IL-23-mediated production of IL-17 promotes fungal containment following pulmonary challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans. We used mice lacking IL-23 (IL-23p19(-/-)) or IL-17RA (IL-17RA(-/-)), and wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice to examine the IL-23/IL-17 axis after intranasal infection with the C. neoformans strain 52D. The absence of IL-23 or IL-17RA had no effect on pulmonary or brain fungal burden at 1 or 6 weeks after infection. However, survival of IL-23p19(-/-) mice was reduced compared to IL-17RA(-/-) mice. IL-I7 production by CD4 T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells was impaired in IL-23p19(-/-) lungs, but was not completely abolished. Both IL-23p19(-/-) and IL-17RA(-/-) mice exhibited impaired neutrophil recruitment, increased serum levels of IgE and IgG2b, and increased deposition of YM1/YM2 crystals in the lung, but only IL-23p19(-/-) mice developed persistent lung eosinophilia. Although survival of IL-17RA(-/-) and WT mice was similar after 17 weeks of infection, only surviving IL-17RA(-/-) mice exhibited cryptococcal dissemination to the blood. These data demonstrate that IL-23 dampens the allergic response to cryptococcal infection through IL-17-independent suppression of eosinophil recruitment and IL-17-dependent regulation of antibody production and crystal deposition. Furthermore, IL-23, and to a lesser extent IL-17, contribute to disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Szymczak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is an essential regulatory molecule in many different signaling pathways. The biological importance of SHP-1 is underscored by the motheaten mutant mouse strains with immunological disorders involving multiple organs and by the close association of aberrant SHP-1 expression with several human diseases. Recent studies provided some compelling evidence that supports a role of SHP-1 in regulating mast cell development and function and also in regulating type 2 allergic inflammatory responses in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this article, we summarize the recent advancement of our understanding of this interesting phosphatase in the important area of allergic inflammation.
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Liu Q, Cheng LI, Yi L, Zhu N, Wood A, Changpriroa CM, Ward JM, Jackson SH. p47phox deficiency induces macrophage dysfunction resulting in progressive crystalline macrophage pneumonia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:153-63. [PMID: 19095958 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-deficient (p47(phox-/-)) mice are a model of human chronic granulomatous disease; these mice are prone to develop systemic infections and inflammatory diseases. The use of antibiotic (Bactrim) prophylaxis in a specific pathogen-free environment, however, impedes infection in the majority of p47(phox-/-) mice. We examined infection-free p47(phox-/-) mice between 1 and 14 months of age and found that they developed proliferative macrophage lesions containing Ym1/Ym2 protein and crystals in lung, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Here, we show that the lung lesions progressed from single macrophages with intracellular Ym1/Ym2 protein crystals to severe diffuse crystalline macrophage pneumonia without histological evidence of either granulation tissue or pulmonary fibrosis. Ym1/Ym2 is a chitinase-like secretory protein that is transiently induced in alternatively activated macrophages during T-helper (Th)2-biased pathogenesis and during chemical and traumatic inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage from p47(phox-/-) mice contained significantly higher levels of Th-1 (interferon-gamma), Th-2 (interleukin-4), and Th-17 (interleukin-17)-associated cytokines than wild-type mice, as well as copious amounts of interleukin-12, indicating that Ym1-secreting p47(phox-/-) macrophages are also integrated into classically activated macrophage responses. These results suggest that p47(phox-/-) macrophages are extremely pliable, due in part to an intrinsic dysfunction of macrophage activation pathways that allows for distinct classical or alternative activation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1456, USA
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Oh SY, Zheng T, Kim YK, Cohn L, Homer RJ, McKenzie ANJ, Zhu Z. A critical role of SHP-1 in regulation of type 2 inflammation in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:568-74. [PMID: 18952567 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0225oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Type 2 T helper (Th) cell-dominated inflammation in the lung is a hallmark of asthma. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 is a negative regulator in the signaling pathways of many growth factor and cytokine receptors. However, a direct role of SHP-1 in the IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathway has not been established. In this study, we sought to define the function of SHP-1 in the lung by characterizing the pulmonary inflammation of viable motheaten (mev) mice, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Pulmonary histology, physiology, and cytokine expression of mev mice were analyzed to define the nature of the inflammation, and the gene-deletion approach was used to identify critical molecules involved. In mev mice, we observed spontaneous Th2-like inflammatory responses in the lung, including eosinophilia, mucus metaplasia, airway epithelial hypertrophy, pulmonary fibrosis, and increased airway resistance and airway hyperresponsiveness. The pulmonary phenotype was accompanied by up-regulation of Th2 cytokines and chemokines. Selective deletion of IL-13 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, key genes in the Th2 signaling pathway, significantly reduced, but did not completely eliminate, the inflammation in the lung. These findings suggest that SHP-1 plays a critical role in regulating the IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathway and in maintaining lung homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Hoenerhoff MJ, Starost MF, Ward JM. Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia as a major cause of death in 129S4/SvJae mice. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:682-8. [PMID: 16966445 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia is an idiopathic disease that occurs in many strains and stocks of mice, more commonly in strains on a C57BL/6 background. The disease occurs sporadically in most strains of mice and varies from mild and subclinical to severe and fulminating, sometimes resulting in respiratory distress and death. In this study, 94 aged male and female 129S4/SvJae mice were evaluated for eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia lesions. There was an 87% incidence, with females overrepresented. Histologically, there were multifocal to coalescing inflammatory infiltrates composed of numerous large eosinophilic macrophages and multinucleate cells admixed with eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells within alveolar and bronchiolar spaces, associated with refractile, brightly eosinophilic, angular crystals. Alveolar macrophages and multinucleate cells contained fine needlelike to rectangular intracytoplasmic crystalline material. Similar crystals were often free within alveoli and conducting airways, often associated with mucous metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. This disease may occur spontaneously or in concert with other pulmonary lesions, such as pulmonary adenomas, lymphoproliferative disease, allergic pulmonary disease, and parasitic or fungal infections. The characteristic crystals morphologically resemble Charcot-Leyden crystals, which represent eosinophil breakdown products in humans with eosinophil-related disease. However, crystals in eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia are composed predominantly of Ym1 protein, a chitinase-like protein associated with neutrophil granule products and secreted by activated macrophages. The function of Ym1 protein is not fully understood but is believed to be involved in host immune defense, eosinophil recruitment, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions consistent with tissue repair. The mechanism of induction of eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia with Ym1 crystal formation is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hoenerhoff
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, 41 Library Drive, Building 41, Room C619, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Rauh MJ, Ho V, Pereira C, Sham A, Sly LM, Lam V, Huxham L, Minchinton AI, Mui A, Krystal G. SHIP represses the generation of alternatively activated macrophages. Immunity 2005; 23:361-74. [PMID: 16226502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that SHIP restrains LPS-induced classical (M1) activation of in vitro differentiated, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMPhis) and that SHIP upregulation is essential for endotoxin tolerance. Herein, we show that in vivo differentiated SHIP-/- peritoneal (PMPhis) and alveolar (AMPhis) macrophages, unlike their wild-type counterparts, are profoundly M2 skewed (alternatively activated), possessing constitutively high arginase I (ArgI) and Ym1 levels and impaired LPS-induced NO production. Consistent with this, SHIP-/- mice display M2-mediated lung pathology and enhanced tumor implant growth. Interestingly, BMMPhis from SHIP-/- mice do not display this M2 phenotype unless exposed to TGFbeta within normal mouse plasma (MP) during in vitro differentiation. Our results suggest that SHIP functions in vivo to repress M2 skewing and that macrophage polarization can occur during differentiation in response to TGFbeta if progenitors have elevated PIP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rauh
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
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15
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Abstract
'Phenotype' means different things, but whatever the measure, phenotype can be profoundly influenced by genetic, environmental and infectious variables. The laboratory mouse is a complex multisystemic organism which, despite its genetically inbred nature, as highly variable pathophysiologic characteristics. Mouse strains have background characteristics that can influence genomics research. In addition to the mouse itself, different approaches toward creating mutant mice each create variables that influence phenotype. Different background strains of mice are utilized for these different approaches, and various strains are preferred among different laboratories. Background genotype significantly influences phenotype of gene mutations, as can insufficient genetic stabilization of a mutation. Research programs engaged in functional mouse genomics not only must use genetically well-defined mice, but also must incorporate environmental and infectious disease quality assurance/prevention programs. Laboratory mice are subject to over 60 different infectious disease agents, including a wide variety of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and metazoa. Although these agents can be readily diagnosed and prevented, a number of forces are resulting in their rise in prevalence in mouse colonies. Infectious disease, including clinically silent infections, can and do influence phenotype, and can jeopardize research considerably through lost time, wasted effort, cost, and even loss of valuable strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Barthold
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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Hickman-Davis JM, Gibbs-Erwin J, Lindsey JR, Matalon S. Role of surfactant protein-A in nitric oxide production and mycoplasma killing in congenic C57BL/6 mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:319-25. [PMID: 12959946 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0246oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated congenic surfactant protein A (SP-A)-deficient (SP-A[-/-]) mice on the mycoplasma resistant C57BL/6 background (B6.SP-A[-/-]) and characterized their response to mycoplasma infection in comparison to C57BL/6 (B6) mice. B6.SP-A(-/-) mice infected with 10(6) colony-forming units (cfu) of Mycoplasma pulmonis had significantly higher bacterial lung loads than B6 mice at 72 h postinfection (p.i.). At the higher infection dose of 10(7), B6.SP-A(-/-) mice had significantly higher lung cfu at 24 h; however, no difference in mycoplasma cfu was observed between B6 and B6.SP-A(-/-) mice at 48 and 72 h p.i. We found that uninfected B6 mice had lower bronchoalveolar lavage nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) levels as compared with B6.SP-A(-/-) mice. On the other hand, infection of B6 mice with mycoplasmas resulted in significantly higher bronchoalveolar lavage NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) as compared with B6.SP-A(-/-) mice. These data indicate that SP-A may help regulate NO production in response to a specific stimulus, i.e., suppression of NO in the absence of bacteria and increased NO in the presence of bacteria. These data indicate that the contribution of SP-A to mycoplasma killing may be limited to lower doses of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy M Hickman-Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Dept. of Anesthesiology, 1530 3rd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2172, USA
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17
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Gardai SJ, Xiao YQ, Dickinson M, Nick JA, Voelker DR, Greene KE, Henson PM. By binding SIRPalpha or calreticulin/CD91, lung collectins act as dual function surveillance molecules to suppress or enhance inflammation. Cell 2003; 115:13-23. [PMID: 14531999 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) are lung collectins composed of two regions, a globular head domain that binds PAMPs and a collagenous tail domain that initiates phagocytosis. We provide evidence that SP-A and SP-D act in a dual manner, to enhance or suppress inflammatory mediator production depending on binding orientation. SP-A and SP-D bind SIRPalpha through their globular heads to initiate a signaling pathway that blocks proinflammatory mediator production. In contrast, their collagenous tails stimulate proinflammatory mediator production through binding to calreticulin/CD91. Together a model is implied in which SP-A and SP-D help maintain a non/anti-inflammatory lung environment by stimulating SIRPalpha on resident cells through their globular heads. However, interaction of these heads with PAMPs on foreign organisms or damaged cells and presentation of the collagenous tails in an aggregated state to calreticulin/CD91, stimulates phagocytosis and proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra J Gardai
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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18
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Marchesi F, Monestiroli SV, Capillo M, Gobbi A, Minucci S, Pelicci PG, Scanziani E. Eosinophilic crystals as a distinctive morphologic feature of a hyaline droplet nephropathy in a mouse model of acute myelogenous leukaemia. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:103-7. [PMID: 12667201 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic crystals have been described in the upper and lower respiratory tract, gall bladder, intrahepatic bile ducts and glandular stomach of different laboratory mice strains. They have been recently identified as chitinase-like (Ym1/Ym2) proteins. Here we describe the occurrence of eosinophilic crystals in the renal tubules of mice with experimentally induced acute myelogenous leukaemia. Fourteen FVB/N and 29 129Sv mice of both sexes, 8-10 weeks of age, were employed to establish a model of human acute myelogenous leukaemia. Nine mice that developed a widespread acute myelogenous leukaemia revealed the presence of eosinophilic crystals in renal tubules. The presence of eosinophilic crystals in the kidneys was constantly associated with a hyaline droplet nephropathy. Immunohistochemistry showed that the crystals and the hyaline droplets were composed of chitinase-like (Ym1/Ym2) proteins. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for Ym1/Ym2 proteins was also detected in the crystalline material stored in the cytoplasm of large macrophage-like cells or in extracellular localization within the leukaemic infiltrates. On the basis of our results we hypothesize that the detection of the Ym1/Ym2 proteins in the urine of mice might represent a feasible indicator of the burden and progression of the leukaemic condition in our murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marchesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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19
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Joliat MJ, Lang PA, Lyons BL, Burzenski L, Lynes MA, Yi T, Sundberg JP, Shultz LD. Absence of CD5 dramatically reduces progression of pulmonary inflammatory lesions in SHP-1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase-deficient 'viable motheaten' mice. J Autoimmun 2002; 18:105-17. [PMID: 11908943 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2001.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice homozygous for the viable motheaten (Hcph(me-v)) mutation are deficient in SHP-1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase, resulting in severe systemic autoimmunity and immune dysfunction. A high percentage of B-cells in viable motheaten mice express the cell surface glycoprotein CD5, in contrast to wild type mice that express CD5 on only a small percentage of B-cells. CD5(+) B-cells have been associated with autoantibody production. To determine the role of CD5 in the development of the inflammatory disease in me(v)/ me(v) mice, we created a stock of CD5(null)me(v)/ me(v) mice. The longevity of CD5(null)me(v)/ me(v) mice was increased 69% in comparison to me(v)/ me(v) mice on a similar (B6;129) background. The increased lifespan was associated with a marked reduction in pulmonary inflammation. Flow cytometry analysis of spleen cells from CD5(null)me(v)/ me(v) mice at 9-12 weeks of age revealed significant decreases in percentages of IgM/B220 double positive B-cells, Mac-1/Gr-1 double positive cells and CD4(+) T-cells compared with me(v)/ me(v) mice. CD5(null)me(v)/ me(v) mice also had significantly lower serum IgM levels in comparison to me(v)/ me(v) mice. Study of CD5(null)me(v)/ me(v) mice may provide further insight into the role of CD5 in cell signaling and may help explain the observed association of CD5(+) B-cells with autoimmune disease.
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20
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Webb DC, McKenzie AN, Foster PS. Expression of the Ym2 lectin-binding protein is dependent on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signal transduction: identification of a novel allergy-associated protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41969-76. [PMID: 11553626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106223200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma pathophysiology is intimately regulated by CD4(+) Th2 lymphocytes and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. However, the mechanisms by which these cytokines promote disease have not been fully elucidated. In order to identify novel molecular mediators of allergy, a comparison was made of the bronchoalveolar lavage, which demonstrated that the Ym2 protein was abundantly up-regulated in the lung during the development of allergy. Low levels of the Ym1 isomer were also detected. Importantly, neither Ym1 nor Ym2 has been characterized previously in the context of allergic pulmonary inflammation. Western immunoblot showed that enhanced expression of these proteins was dependent on CD4(+) T cells and IL-4 or IL-13 signaling via the IL-4Ralpha subunit. In addition, intratracheal instillation of IL-13 into naive mice was sufficient to induce expression. Ym1 is homologous to eosinophil chemotactic factor L. However, only weak eosinophil chemotaxis was observed in response to Ym protein in both in vitro and in vivo assays. By contrast, the homology of Ym1 and Ym2 to proteins associated with tissue remodeling, together with the previous findings that Ym1 is homologous to chitinase and binds heparin sulfate and GlcN oligomers (chitobiose, chitotriose, and chitotetraose), strongly suggests these proteins play an important role in airway wall remodeling in the allergic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Webb
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
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21
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Feldmesser M, Kress Y, Casadevall A. Intracellular crystal formation as a mechanism of cytotoxicity in murine pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2723-7. [PMID: 11254641 PMCID: PMC98213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2723-2727.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod-like crystalline structures formed during eosinophilic Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia in C57BL/6 mice. Crystals were found associated with yeast cells and free in host cell cytoplasm. The crystals apparently formed because of the interaction of a host protein with the cryptococcal polysaccharide. Crystal formation likely contributes to pathogenesis by causing cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feldmesser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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22
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Ward JM, Yoon M, Anver MR, Haines DC, Kudo G, Gonzalez FJ, Kimura S. Hyalinosis and Ym1/Ym2 gene expression in the stomach and respiratory tract of 129S4/SvJae and wild-type and CYP1A2-null B6, 129 mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:323-32. [PMID: 11141507 PMCID: PMC1850245 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6, 129, and B6,129 mouse strains or stocks have been commonly used to generate targeted mutant mice. The pathology of these mice is not well characterized. In studies of these aging mice, we found high incidences of hyalinosis (eosinophilic cytoplasmic change) in the glandular stomach, respiratory tract, bile duct, and gall bladder of B6,129 CYP1A2-null and wild-type mice as well as in both sexes of the background 129S4/SvJae strain. The gastric lesions of the glandular stomach were found in 95.7% of female CYP1A2-null mice as well as in 45.7% of female 129S4/SvJae animals. The eosinophilic protein isolated from characteristic hyaline gastric lesions was identified as Ym2, a member of the chitinase family. Immunohistochemistry, using rabbit polyclonal antibodies to oligopeptides derived from the Ym1 sequence, detected focal to diffuse reactivity within both normal and abnormal nasal olfactory and respiratory epithelium, pulmonary alveolar macrophages, bone marrow myeloid cells, and the squamous epithelium of the forestomach and epithelium of the glandular stomach. Alveolar macrophages in acidophilic pneumonia, a major cause of death of aging 129 mice, and in mice with the me mutation also were highly immunoreactive. The possible cause of this protein excess in gastric and other lesions and its possible functions are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Female
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hyalin/metabolism
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Electron
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Respiratory System/metabolism
- Respiratory System/pathology
- Stomach/pathology
- Stomach/ultrastructure
- Survival Analysis
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/genetics
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ward
- Veterinary and Tumor Pathology Section, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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23
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Guo L, Johnson RS, Schuh JC. Biochemical characterization of endogenously formed eosinophilic crystals in the lungs of mice. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8032-7. [PMID: 10713123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.8032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals seldom form spontaneously within tissues of mammals, except in the urinary tract or in association with eosinophil-rich diseases in humans (Charcot-Leyden crystals). Endogenously formed eosinophilic crystals have been reported in respiratory tract and other tissues of several strains of mice, but the biochemical characterization of these crystals has not been reported. In this study, eosinophilic crystal formation was examined in homozygous C57BL/6J viable motheaten mice, lung-specific surfactant apoprotein C promoter/soluble human tumor necrosis factor p75 receptor type II fusion protein transgenic mice (C57BL/6NTac x Sv/129), and CD40L-deficient mice with spontaneous Pneumocystis carinii infection. In viable motheaten but not wild type mice, rapidly developing crystals represented a major feature of the fatal lung injury induced by macrophage dysregulation. Conversely, eosinophilic crystals did not form until 4-8 months of age in transgenic and CD40L-deficient mice and were present in 10-30% of age-matched wild type controls. Mass spectrometry analysis of proteins from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid identified the crystals as Ym1, sometimes referred to as T-lymphocyte-derived eosinophil chemotactic factor. The Ym1 sequence was homologous to chitinase, and enzymatic assays indicated a 3-5-fold increase in chitinase activity compared with control mice. Intracellular and extracellular crystals associated with epithelial damage suggested that the crystals may contribute to lung inflammation through mechanical damage and enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guo
- Immunex Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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24
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Finch GL, March TH, Hahn FF, Barr EB, Belinsky SA, Hoover MD, Lechner JF, Nikula KJ, Hobbs CH. Carcinogenic responses of transgenic heterozygous p53 knockout mice to inhaled 239PuO2 or metallic beryllium. Toxicol Pathol 1998; 26:484-91. [PMID: 9715507 DOI: 10.1177/019262339802600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The transgenic heterozygous p53+/- knockout mouse has been a model for assessing the tumorigenicity of selected carcinogens administered by noninhalation routes of exposure. The sensitivity of the model for predicting cancer by inhaled chemicals has not been examined. This study addresses this issue by acutely exposing p53+/- mice of both sexes by nose-only inhalation to either air (controls), or to 1 of 2 levels of 239PuO2 (500 or 100 Bq 239Pu) or beryllium (Be) metal (60 or 15 micrograms). Additional wild-type p53+/+ mice were exposed by inhalation to either 500 Bq of 239PuO2 or 60 micrograms of Be metal. These carcinogens were selected because they operate by differing mechanisms and because of their use in other pulmonary carcinogenesis studies in our laboratory. Four or 5 of the 15 mice per sex from each group were sacrificed 6 mo after exposure, and only 2 pulmonary neoplasms were observed. The remainder of the mice were held for life-span observation and euthanasia as they became moribund. Survival of the p53+/- knockout mice was reduced compared to the p53+/+ wild-type mice. No lung neoplasms were observed in p53+/- mice exposed to air alone. Eleven of the p53+/- mice inhaling 239PuO2 developed pulmonary neoplasms. Seven p53+/+ mice exposed to 239PuO2 also developed pulmonary neoplasms, but the latency period for pulmonary neoplasia was significantly shorter in the p53+/ mice. Four pulmonary neoplasms were observed in p53+/- mice exposed to the higher dose of Be, whereas none were observed in the wild-type mice or in the heterozygous mice exposed to the lower dose of Be. Thus, both p53+/- and p53+/+ mice were susceptible to 239Pu-induced carcinogenesis, whereas the p53+/- but not the p53+/+ mice were susceptible to Be-induced carcinogenesis. However, only 2 pulmonary neoplasms (1 in each of the 239PuO2 exposure groups) were observed in the 59 p53+/ mice that were sacrificed or euthanatized within 9 mo after exposure, indicating that the p53+/- knockout mouse might not be appropriate for a 6-mo model of carcinogenesis for these inhaled carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Finch
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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25
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Huffnagle GB, Boyd MB, Street NE, Lipscomb MF. IL-5 Is Required for Eosinophil Recruitment, Crystal Deposition, and Mononuclear Cell Recruitment During a Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Genetically Susceptible Mice (C57BL/6). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.5.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CBA/J (highly resistant), BALB/c (moderately resistant), and C57BL/6 (susceptible) mice displayed three resistance patterns following intratracheal inoculation of Cryptococcus neoformans 52. The inability to clear the infection correlated with the duration of the eosinophil infiltrate in the lungs. The role of IL-5 in promoting the pulmonary eosinophilia and subsequent inflammatory damage in susceptible C57BL/6 mice was investigated. C57BL/6 mice developed a chronic alveolar, peribronchiolar, and perivascular eosinophilia following C. neoformans infection. This resulted in the accumulation of intracellular Charcot-Leyden-like crystals in alveolar macrophages by wk 4 and the extracellular deposition of these crystals in the bronchioles with associated destruction of airway epithelium by wk 6. IL-5 mRNA was expressed in the lungs, and injections of anti-IL-5 mAb prevented eosinophil recruitment and crystal deposition but did not alter cryptococcal clearance. Depletion of CD4+ T cells (but not CD8+) ablated IL-5 production by lung leukocytes in vitro and eosinophil recruitment in vivo. Neutralization of IL-5 also inhibited the recruitment of macrophages, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes by 47 to 57%. Anti-IL-5 mAb inhibited CD4+ T lymphocyte recruitment by 30% but did not affect neutrophil recruitment. Thus, the development of a chronic eosinophil infiltrate in the lungs of C. neoformans-infected C57BL/6 mice is a nonprotective immune response that causes significant lung pathology. Furthermore, IL-5 promotes the recruitment and activation of eosinophils, resulting in the recruitment of additional macrophages and lymphocytes into the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B. Huffnagle
- *Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael B. Boyd
- *Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nancy E. Street
- †Cancer Immunobiology Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235; and
| | - Mary F. Lipscomb
- ‡Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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26
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Perry WL, Hustad CM, Swing DA, O'Sullivan TN, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG. The itchy locus encodes a novel ubiquitin protein ligase that is disrupted in a18H mice. Nat Genet 1998; 18:143-6. [PMID: 9462742 DOI: 10.1038/ng0298-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-agouti-lethal 18H (a18H) mice are dark agouti with black pinna hairs. What makes these mice unique is that they develop a spectrum of immunological diseases not seen in other agouti mutant mice. On the JU/Ct background, a18H mice develop an inflammatory disease of the large intestine. On the C57BL/6J background, they develop a fatal disease characterized by pulmonary chronic interstitial inflammation and alveolar proteinosis, inflammation of the glandular stomach and skin resulting in scarring due to constant itching, and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells, haematopoietic cells and the forestomach epithelium. Previous studies suggested that the a18H mutation results from a paracentric inversion that affects two loci: agouti and another, as yet unidentified locus designated itchy (the provisional gene symbol is Itch), that is responsible for the immunological phenotype of a18H mice. Here we confirm that a18H results from an inversion and show that Itch encodes a novel E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, a protein involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Our results indicate that ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is an important mediator of the immune response in vivo and provide evidence for Itch's role in inflammation and the regulation of epithelial and haematopoietic cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Perry
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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27
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Dixon D, Horton J, Haseman JK, Talley F, Greenwell A, Nettesheim P, Hook GE, Maronpot RR. Histomorphology and ultrastructure of spontaneous pulmonary neoplasms in strain A mice. Exp Lung Res 1991; 17:131-55. [PMID: 1646706 DOI: 10.3109/01902149109064407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of spontaneous pulmonary neoplasms in strain A (strA) mice are described. Fifty-one spontaneous lung tumors were identified in 34 out of 57, 11-23-month-old male strA/Hen mice. Grossly, all tumors appeared as yellow-white, discrete nodules ranging in size from 1.0-10 mm. Tumor types were randomly distributed throughout the lung; however, the right lung lobes were most frequently involved. Histologically, tumors were classified as adenoma (34/51) or carcinoma (17/51) as defined by standard histopathologic criteria. Adenomas were usually less than 4 mm in diameter and had solid (16/34), papillary (10/34), or mixed (8/34) histologic growth patterns. Carcinomas were usually greater than 4 mm in diameter and had papillary (13/17) or mixed (4/17) histologic growth patterns. Ultrastructurally, benign tumors consisted of solid or papillary areas of neoplastic type II-like cells. Cells comprising malignant tumors had varying ultrastructural characteristics ranging from well-differentiated alveolar cell types to undifferentiated cells having intracytoplasmic osmiophilic dense bodies, vacuoles, or few specialized organelles commonly observed in mature nonneoplastic pulmonary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dixon
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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28
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Abstract
Use of genetically engineered mice offers a unique approach to identifying and investigating factors that may influence tumor development. We have used conventional histopathologic and ultrastructural techniques to characterize lung tumors in three lines of transgenic mice bearing an albumin enhancer/promoter linked to a mutated human H-ras gene. Mice in all three lines developed multiple alveolar-bronchiolar (A/B) adenocarcinomas that are eventually lethal. The large diversity in tumor morphological features and differential tumor growth rates suggests that secondary events contribute to tumor phenotype and biological behavior. Two of the transgenic lines developed numerous A/B neoplasms within 6 to 8 weeks and thus may be useful animal models for testing potential anticancer chemotherapeutic agents. The other line lived for approximately 10 months, had fewer A/B tumors, but also developed bronchiogenic tumors. All three transgenic lines may be useful models for studying factors that affect lung tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Maronpot
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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29
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Abstract
Acidophilic macrophage pneumonia, characterized by an accumulation of characteristic crystalloid-laden alveolar macrophages, was seen in 30/7,500 NMRI, 7/600 T x HT, 2/100 C57BL and in no cases of 1,500 CBA and 1,100 BALB/c mice. Histologically, there was a focal accumulation of large numbers of eosinophilic macrophages, generally associated with granulocytes. Macrophages could be mononucleate or multinucleate and had a crystalline cytoplasm. Free-lying crystals were sometimes observed. Ultrastructurally, macrophages had a cytoplasmic accumulation of needle-shaped and rhomboidal crystals, often showing a clear lattice structure with a repeat of 3-5 nm. The crystalloid inclusions may be derived from the breakdown products of granulocytes and appear similar to inclusions in macrophages in other parts of the hematopoietic system. That these inclusions are probably derived from eosinophils is based on the appearance within macrophages of structures resembling eosinophil granules at various stages of degradation and the similarity between the lattice repeat of the crystalloids and that of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. The crystalloid inclusions may be related to the Charcot-Leyden crystals found in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Murray
- GSF-Institut für Pathologie, Neuherberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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30
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Rehm S, Sommer R, Deerberg F. Spontaneous nonneoplastic gastric lesions in female Han:NMRI mice, and influence of food restriction throughout life. Vet Pathol 1987; 24:216-25. [PMID: 3300004 DOI: 10.1177/030098588702400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A life span study of 900 female virgin Han:NMRI mice (300 outbred controls, 300 of a fat subline, and 300 of a lean subline) was done to determine the occurrence of spontaneous disease with ad libitum or restricted feeding. Major nonneoplastic lesions in the glandular stomach were erosions, ulcers and adenomatous hyperplasia of the fundus. Ulcers, ranging in incidence with ad libitum feeding from 5 to 9% and with food restriction from 13 to 34%, either occurred secondary to other diseases or were due to stress associated with food restriction, causing death mainly in the lean subline. Adenomatous hyperplasia was most common in the control group (41%); the frequency increased with age and was significantly reduced by food restriction. The etiology of adenomatous gastric hyperplasia is yet unknown. However, a lack of antiparietal cell antibodies, as determined by an immunofluorescent technique, indicates that an autoimmune disorder is not involved and an increase in antral gastrin cells, as determined by avidin-biotin peroxidase immunocytochemistry, suggests a hormonal involvement in pathogenesis.
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Selected Nonneoplastic Diseases. Diseases 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-262502-2.50030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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