Self-reported muscle pain in adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache

Neck pain and distance learning: A pain in the neck for university students during COVID-19

Objective

The shift to online learning during COVID-19 led to increased musculoskeletal discomforts and impacted students' quality of life.Neck pain (NP), once a minor issue, has become more prevalent due to prolonged electronic device use in new learning methods.This study aims to measure the prevalence of NP among University of Sharjah (UOS) students during the COVID-19 online learning period and to investigate the factors that provoked it.

Methods

This study focused on young adult students aged 17-26 and did not consider gender or athletic status due to the university's demographics and pandemic restrictions. Demographic data, Neck Disability Index (NDI) assessments, and pain management information were gathered and analyzed using SPSS 24 through univariate and bivariate methods.

Results

The prevalence of NP during COVID-19, among 325 UOS students was found to be 62.7%, 64.41% of which had NP at the time of doing the survey. NDI scores were found to be skewed. The median was 16% which indicates mild NP while the interquartile range was 19.11.Most participants reported experiencing posterior neck pain (38.77%), primarily attributed to prolonged sitting (81.23%). Factors such as lifting, personal care, and emotional well-being were found to have a significant impact on NDI.Participants who did not seek medical attention exhibited significantly higher levels of neck pain disability, as measured by the NDI. The median NDI score for this group was 20, with an interquartile range of 16.89 while, those who sought medical attention had a higher median NDI score of 34 with interquartile range of 22.

Conclusion

This study highlights the prevalence of neck pain among UOS students, emphasizing the need for postural improvements and further research on prevention strategies in the UAE.

Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Deep Breathing Exercise on Pain, Disability, and Sleep Among Patients With Chronic Tension-Type Headache: A Randomized Control Trial

A randomized control trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing exercises on pain, disability, and sleep quality among patients with chronic tension-type headache. Of the 169 randomly selected patients, 84 performed the intervention and reported less pain severity and disability and better sleep quality after 12 weeks.

Research Progress on the Experimental Model and Underlying Mechanistic Studies of Tension-Type Headaches

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Tension-type headaches (TTH) significantly diminish patients' quality of life and increase absenteeism, thereby imposing a substantial economic burden. Animal models are essential tools for studying disease mechanisms and drug development. However, until now, little focus has been placed on summarizing the animal models of TTH and associated mechanistic studies. This narrative review discusses the current animal models of TTH and related mechanistic studies to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of and treatments for TTH.

RECENT FINDINGS

The primary method for constructing an animal model of TTH involves injecting a solution of pain relievers, such as adenosine triphosphate, nerve growth factor, or a high concentration of salt solution, into the neck to initiate harmful cervical muscle responses. This model enables the examination of the interaction between peripheral muscles and central sensitization, which is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of TTH. Mechanistic studies based on this model have investigated the effect of the P2X receptor antagonist, P2X7 receptor blockade, the P2Y1 receptor agonist 2-MESADP, P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2179, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, and acetylsalicylic acid. Despite notable advancements, the current model of TTH has limitations, including surgical complexity and the inability to replicate chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). To gain a more comprehensive understanding and develop more effective treatment methods, future studies should focus on simplifying surgical procedures, examining other predisposing factors, and establishing a model for chronic TTH. This will offer a deeper insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of TTH and pave the way for improved treatment approaches.

Neuromodulation in Pediatric Migraine using Repetitive Neuromuscular Magnetic Stimulation: A Feasibility Study

Migraine has a relevant impact on pediatric health. Non-pharmacological modalities for its management are urgently needed. This study assessed the safety, feasibility, acceptance, and efficacy of repetitive neuromuscular magnetic stimulation (rNMS) in pediatric migraine. A total of 13 patients with migraine, ≥6 headache days during baseline, and ≥1 myofascial trigger point in the upper trapezius muscles (UTM) received six rNMS sessions within 3 weeks. Headache frequency, intensity, and medication intake were monitored using headache calendars; headache-related impairment and quality of life were measured using PedMIDAS and KINDL questionnaires. Muscular involvement was assessed using pressure pain thresholds (PPT). Adherence yielded 100%. In 82% of all rNMS sessions, no side effects occurred. All participants would recommend rNMS and would repeat it. Headache frequency, medication intake, and PedMIDAS scores decreased from baseline to follow-up (FU), trending towards statistical significance (p = 0.089; p = 0.081, p = 0.055). A total of 7 patients were classified as responders, with a ≥25% relative reduction in headache frequency. PPT above the UTM significantly increased from pre- to post-assessment, which sustained until FU (p = 0.015 and 0.026, respectively). rNMS was safe, feasible, well-accepted, and beneficial on the muscular level. The potential to reduce headache-related symptoms together with PPT changes of the targeted UTM may underscore the interplay of peripheral and central mechanisms conceptualized within the trigemino-cervical complex.

Headache frequency and neck pain are associated with trapezius muscle T2 in tension-type headache among young adults

BACKGROUND

Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most prevalent primary headache disorder. Neck pain is commonly associated with primary headaches and the trigemino-cervical complex (TCC) refers to the convergence of trigeminal and cervical afferents onto neurons of the brainstem, thus conceptualizes the emergence of headache in relation to neck pain. However, no objective biomarkers exist for the myofascial involvement in primary headaches. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the trapezius muscles in primary headache disorders by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to explore associations between muscle T2 values and headache frequency and neck pain.

METHODS

This cohort study prospectively enrolled fifty participants (41 females, age range 20-31 years): 16 subjects with TTH only (TTH-), 12 with mixed-type TTH plus migraine (TTH+), and 22 healthy controls (HC). The participants completed fat-suppressed T2-prepared three-dimensional turbo spin-echo MRI, a headache diary (over 30 days prior to MRI), manual palpation (two weeks before MRI), and evaluation of neck pain (on the day of MRI). The bilateral trapezius muscles were manually segmented, followed by muscle T2 extraction. Associations between muscle T2 and the presence of neck pain as well as the number of days with headache (considering the 30 days prior to imaging using the headache calendar) were analyzed using regression models (adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index).

RESULTS

The TTH+ group demonstrated the highest muscle T2 values (right side: 31.4 ± 1.2 ms, left side: 31.4 ± 0.8 ms) as compared to the TTH- group or HC group (p < 0.001). Muscle T2 was significantly associated with the number of headache days (β-coefficient: 2.04, p = 0.04) and the presence of neck pain (odds ratio: 2.26, p = 0.04). With muscle T2 as the predictor, the area under the curve for differentiating between HC and the TTH+ group was 0.82.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased T2 of trapezius muscles may represent an objective imaging biomarker for myofascial involvement in primary headache disorders, which could help to improve patient phenotyping and therapy evaluation. Pathophysiologically, the increased muscle T2 values could be interpreted as a surrogate of neurogenic inflammation and peripheral sensitization within myofascial tissues.

Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Headache is the most prevalent neurological manifestation in adults and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. In children and adolescents, headaches are arguably responsible for a remarkable impact on physical and psychological issues, yet high-quality evidence is scarce.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We searched cross-sectional and cohort studies in Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases from January 1988 to June 2022 to identify the prevalence of headaches in 8-18 years old individuals. The risk of bias was examined with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scale. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of pediatric headache. Subgroup analyses based on headache subtypes were also conducted.

RESULTS

Out of 5,486 papers retrieved electronically, we identified 48 studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of primary headaches was 11% for migraine overall [95%CI: 9-14%], 8% for migraine without aura (MwoA) [95%CI: 5-12%], 3% for migraine with aura (MwA) [95%CI:2-4%] and 17% for tension-type headache (TTH) [95% CI: 12-23%]. The pooled prevalence of overall primary headache in children and adolescents was 62% [95% CI: 53-70%], with prevalence in females and males of 38% [95% CI: 16-66%] and 27% [95% CI: 11-53%] respectively. After the removal of studies ranked as low-quality according to the JBI scale, prevalence rates were not substantially different. Epidemiological data on less common primary headaches, such as trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, were lacking.

CONCLUSION

We found an overall remarkably high prevalence of primary headaches in children and adolescents, even if flawed by a high degree of heterogeneity. Further up-to-date studies are warranted to complete the picture of pediatric headache-related burden to enhance specific public interventions.

Repetitive Neuromuscular Magnetic Stimulation for Pediatric Headache Disorders: Muscular Effects and Factors Affecting Level of Response

Repetitive neuromuscular magnetic stimulation (rNMS) for pediatric headache disorders is feasible, safe, and alleviates headache symptoms. This study assesses muscular effects and factors affecting response to rNMS. A retrospective chart review included children with headaches receiving six rNMS sessions targeting the upper trapezius muscles. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured before and after rNMS, and at 3-month follow-up (FU). Mean headache frequency, duration, and intensity within the last 3 months were documented. In 20 patients (14.1 ± 2.7 years), PPT significantly increased from pre- to post-treatment (p < 0.001) sustaining until FU. PPT changes significantly differed between primary headache and post-traumatic headache (PTH) (p = 0.019−0.026). Change in headache frequency was significantly higher in patients with than without neck pain (p = 0.032). A total of 60% of patients with neck pain responded to rNMS (≥25%), while 20% of patients without neck pain responded (p = 0.048). 60% of patients receiving rNMS twice a week were responders, while 33% of patients receiving rNMS less or more frequently responded to treatment, respectively. Alleviation of muscular hyperalgesia was demonstrated sustaining for 3 months, which was emphasized in PTH. The rNMS sessions may positively modulate headache symptoms regardless of headache diagnosis. Patients with neck pain profit explicitly well. Two rNMS sessions per week led to the highest reduction in headache frequency.

Repetitive neuromuscular magnetic stimulation in children with headache

INTRODUCTION

Repetitive neuromuscular magnetic stimulation (rNMS) was previously applied in adult patients with episodic migraine, showing beneficial effects on headache characteristics, high safety, and convincing satisfaction. This study aims to assess rNMS as a personalized intervention in pediatric headache.

METHODS

Retrospective chart review including patients with migraine, TTH, mixed type headache, or PTH, who had received at least one test rNMS session targeting the upper trapezius muscles (UTM).

RESULTS

33 patients (13.9 ± 2.5 years; 61% females) were included in the primary analysis, resulting in a total of 182 rNMS sessions. 43 adverse events were documented for 40 of those sessions (22%). Most common side effects were tingling (32.6%), muscle sore (25.5%), shoulder (9.3%) and back pain (9.3%). Secondly, in patients (n = 20) undergoing the intervention, headache frequency (p = 0.017) and minimum and maximum intensities (p = 0.017; p = 0.023) significantly decreased from baseline to 3-month after intervention. 11 patients (44%) were classified as ≥25% responders, with 7 patients (28%) experiencing a ≥75% reduction of headache days. After 73% of interventions, patients reported rNMS helped very well or well. A majority of patients would repeat (88.5%) and recommend rNMS (96.2%) to other patients.

CONCLUSION

rNMS seems to meet the criteria of safety, feasibility, and acceptance among children and adolescents with three age-typical headache disorders. A significant reduction in headache frequency and intensity during a 3 months follow-up was documented. Larger, prospective, randomized, sham-controlled studies are urgently needed to confirm if rNMS may become a new valuable non-invasive, non-pharmacological treatment option for pediatric headache disorders.

Correlation Analysis of Vestibular Symptoms and Migraine and Non-migraine Headaches: An Epidemiological Survey of 708 Female Nurses

Objective

This study is oriented to study the correlation between different vestibular symptoms and migraine and non-migraine headaches.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire containing factors related to vestibular symptoms and migraine was designed to survey nurses in a tertiary hospital. Then, all study subjects were divided into three groups: no headache, migraine, and non-migraine headache, and the general physical condition and incidence of different vestibular symptoms were compared among the three groups.

Results

Among all the 708 subjects, 233 had headaches. The incidence of migraine was 13.3%. There were 235 cases had vestibular symptoms. Dizziness and vertigo are independent factors related to headaches, especially migraine. The risk of migraine and other types of headaches in the vertigo group is 2.808 and 2.526 times of those without vertigo, while in the dizziness group, the risk is 8.248 and 5.732 times of those without dizziness.

Conclusion

Different vestibular symptoms were all related to migraine. And different vestibular symptoms and non-migraine headaches also showed a clear correlation.

Prevalence of neck pain in migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Neck pain is a frequent complaint among patients with migraine and seems to be correlated with the headache frequency. Neck pain is more common in patients with chronic migraine compared to episodic migraine. However, prevalence of neck pain in patients with migraine varies among studies.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the prevalence of neck pain in patients with migraine and non-headache controls in observational studies.

METHODS

A systematic literature search on PubMed and Embase was conducted to identify studies reporting prevalence of neck pain in migraine patients. This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data was extracted by two independent investigators and results were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021264898).

RESULTS

The search identified 2490 citations of which 30 contained relevant original population based and clinic-based data. Among these, 24 studies provided data eligible for the analysis. The meta-analysis for clinic-based studies demonstrated that the pooled relative frequency of neck pain was 77.0% (95% CI: 69.0-86.4) in the migraine group and 23.2% (95% CI:18.6-28.5) in the non-headache control group. Neck pain was more frequent in patients with chronic migraine (87.0%, 95% CI: 77.0-93.0) compared to episodic migraine (77.0%, 95% CI: 69.0-84.0). Neck pain was 12 times more prevalent in migraine patients compared to non-headache controls and two times more prevalent in patients with chronic migraine compared to episodic migraine. The calculated heterogeneity (I² values) ranged from 61.3% to 72.0%.

CONCLUSION

Neck pain is a frequent complaint among patients with migraine. The heterogeneity among the studies emphasize important aspects to consider in future research of neck pain in migraine to improve our understanding of the driving mechanisms of neck pain in a major group of migraine patients.

The Enduring Controversy of Cervicogenic Vertigo, and Its Place among Positional Vertigo Syndromes

The idea of cervicogenic vertigo (CV) was proposed nearly a century ago, yet despite considerable scrutiny and research, little progress has been made in clarifying the underlying mechanism of the disease, developing a confirmatory diagnostic test, or devising an appropriately targeted treatment. Given the history of this idea, we offer a review geared towards understanding why so many attempts at clarifying it have failed, with specific comments regarding how CV fits into the broader landscape of positional vertigo syndromes, what a successful diagnostic test might require, and some practical advice on how to approach this in the absence of a diagnostic test.

Neck and shoulder pain in adolescents seldom occur alone: Results from the Norwegian Ungdata Survey

BACKGROUND

No previous studies have investigated the prevalence of co-occurring neck/shoulder pain, other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depressive symptoms in adolescents. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of isolated neck/shoulder pain and the co-occurrence of neck/shoulder pain with other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Norwegian Ungdata survey (2017-2019). Adolescents from almost all municipalities in Norway answered a comprehensive questionnaire, including physical complaints. We investigated the prevalence of self-reported neck/shoulder pain in isolation and neck/shoulder pain in combination with other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depressive symptoms. The results were presented with per cent and stratified by school level and sex.

RESULTS

In total, 253,968 adolescents (50% girls) participated in the study, of which 56.5% were from lower secondary school. The total prevalence of neck/shoulder pain was 24%, but only 5% reported isolated neck/shoulder pain. Among students reporting neck/shoulder pain, half of them also reported other musculoskeletal pain, and 50% of the boys and 70% of the girls reported co-occurring headache. Depressive symptoms were reported in 28% of the boys and 45% of the girls with neck/shoulder pain.

CONCLUSION

Neck/shoulder pain in adolescents is seldom isolated, but seems to co-occur with headache, other musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms. Researchers and clinicians should keep a broader health perspective in mind when approaching adolescents with neck/shoulder pain.

SIGNIFICANCE

One in five adolescents reported neck/shoulder pain in this large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents. A majority of adolescents reported neck/shoulder pain in co-occurrence with other musculoskeletal pain, headache and depression. Researchers and clinicians should assess these comorbidities when assessing adolescents with neck/shoulder pain.

The bottom-up approach: Non-invasive peripheral neurostimulation methods to treat migraine: A scoping review from the child neurologist's perspective

Migraine is a common and invalidating disorder worldwide. Patients of all ages experience the disorder as very impairing regarding their personal and occupational lives. The current approach in migraine therapy is multimodal including lifestyle management, psychoeducation and, if available, psychotherapeutic interventions, and pharmacotherapy. The lack of non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment options call for new and innovative therapeutic approaches. Peripheral neurostimulation is a relatively new method in migraine management offering a painless and non-pharmacological way of targeting specific mechanisms involved in migraine. This review summarizes 15 recent randomized clinical trials to provide an overview of non-invasive peripheral neurostimulation methods currently available for the treatment of migraine. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of the different interventions and their feasibility in the pediatric setting are evaluated. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), remote electrical neuromodulation (REN) and supraorbital nerve stimulation (SNS) are considered effective in treating acute migraine attacks, the latter being more pronounced in migraine without aura. Regarding migraine prevention, occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) and supraorbital nerve stimulation (SNS) demonstrated efficacy, whereas repetitive neuromuscular magnetic stimulation (rNMS) may represent a further effective option in episodic migraine. REN and rNMS were found to be well-accepted with fewer patients discontinuing treatment than those receiving direct cranial nerve stimulation. In summary, peripheral neurostimulation represents a promising option to complement the multimodal therapy concept for pediatric migraine. In particular, rNMS opens a new field for research and treatment fitting the requirements of "non-invasiveness" for children. Given the reported efficacy, safety, and feasibility, the therapy decision should be made on an individual level.

A pilot study on non-invasive treatment of migraine: The self-myofascial release

The aims of this paper was to determine the effect of self-myofascial release (SMFR) on postural stability and to analyze if it can influence migraine condition. Twenty-five subjects (age 49.7± 12.5) affected by migraine were enrolled. Assessments included a stabilometric analysis in order to evaluate balance and plantar support, with eyes open (OE) and closed (CE); cervical ROM measurement; evaluation of upper limb strength through handgrip. All the analysis were carried out before and after the administration of a single SMFR protocol, using medium density small balls laid in the three most painful trigger points in migraine patients: trapezius, sternocleidomastoids and suboccipital muscles. Performing a T test for paired samples, there was a significant increase in two ranges of the stabilometric analysis: ellipse surface, both with open and closed eyes (p value EO = 0.05; p value EC = 0.04) and length of the sway path, but just with closed eyes (p value = 0.05). SMFR might have a positive impact on postural stability in subjects with migraine. Further investigation should be conducted to confirm the hypothesis.

Patients with episodic migraine show increased T2 values of the trapezius muscles - an investigation by quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Background

Neck pain is frequent in patients with migraine. Likewise, evidence for inflammatory processes in the trapezius muscles is accumulating. However, non-invasive and objectively assessable correlates are missing in vivo.

Methods

Twenty-one subjects with episodic migraine (mean age: 24.6 ± 3.1 years, 18 females) and 22 controls (mean age: 23.0 ± 2.2 years, 17 females) without any history of headache prospectively underwent physical examination and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the trapezius muscles. A T2‐prepared turbo spin-echo sequence was acquired for manual segmentation of the trapezius muscles and extraction of mean T2 values.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences regarding age, sex, body mass index, or number of myofascial trigger points (mTrPs) between groups. All patients with migraine presented with mTrPs in the trapezius muscles. T2 of the entire trapezius muscles was significantly higher in the migraine group when compared to controls (31.1 ± 0.8 ms vs. 30.1 ± 1.1 ms; p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Elevated T2 values of the trapezius muscles may indicate subtle inflammatory processes within musculature among patients with migraine because T2 increase is likely to stem from edematous changes. Future work may validate this finding in larger cohorts, but muscle T2 might have potential to develop into a viable in vivo biomarker for muscular affection in migraine.

A pilot study on non-invasive treatment of migraine: The self-myofascial release

The aims of this paper was to determine the effect of self-myofascial release (SMFR) on postural stability and to analyze if it can influence migraine condition. Twenty-five subjects (age 49.7± 12.5) affected by migraine were enrolled. Assessments included a stabilometric analysis in order to evaluate balance and plantar support, with eyes open (OE) and closed (CE); cervical ROM measurement; evaluation of upper limb strength through handgrip. All the analysis were carried out before and after the administration of a single SMFR protocol, using medium density small balls laid in the three most painful trigger points in migraine patients: trapezius, sternocleidomastoids and suboccipital muscles. Performing a T test for paired samples, there was a significant increase in two ranges of the stabilometric analysis: ellipse surface, both with open and closed eyes (p value EO = 0.05; p value EC = 0.04) and length of the sway path, but just with closed eyes (p value = 0.05). SMFR might have a positive impact on postural stability in subjects with migraine. Further investigation should be conducted to confirm the hypothesis.

The intersection of COVID-19, school, and headaches: Problems and solutions

OBJECTIVE

To equip clinicians with recommendations specific to concerns related to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which impact the physical, emotional, and social health of youth with headache disorders.

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 has affected societies on a global scale including children and youth with chronic headache disorders. Many concerns are predicted to arise in the 2020-2021 school year, whether classes are conducted in-person or virtually.

METHODS

Clinical impressions were combined with a review of the literature, although limited due to the recent nature of this issue.

RESULTS

We describe recommendations to support caregivers and youth as they face changes expected with the return to school in the fall of 2020.

CONCLUSION

Although there are significant concerns for caregivers and youth with migraine given the context of changes related to the pandemic, there are many recommendations that can help minimize exacerbations of the physical, emotional, and social health of youth with chronic migraine.

New Mobile Device to Measure Verticality Perception: Results in Young Subjects with Headaches

The subjective visual vertical (SVV) test has been frequently used to measure vestibular contribution to the perception of verticality. Recently, mobile devices have been used to efficiently perform this measurement. The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of verticality in subjects with migraines and headaches. A cross-sectional study was conducted that included 28 patients with migraine, 74 with tension-type headache (TTH), and 93 healthy subjects. The SVV test was used through a new virtual reality system. The mean absolute error (MAE) of degrees deviation was also measured to qualify subjects as positive when it was greater than 2.5°. No differences in the prevalence of misperception in verticality was found among healthy subjects (31.18%), migraineurs (21.43%), or those with TTH (33.78%) (p = 0.480). The MAE was not significantly different between the three groups (migraine = 1.36°, TTH = 1.61°, and healthy = 1.68°) (F = 1.097, p = 0.336, and η2 = 0.011). The perception of verticality could not be explained by any variable usually related to headaches. No significant differences exist in the vestibular contribution to the perception of verticality between patients with headaches and healthy subjects. New tests measuring visual and somatosensory contribution should be used to analyze the link between the perception of verticality and headaches.

Misperception of Visual Verticality in Patients with Primary Headache Disorders: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are the two most prevalent primary headache disorders (PHDs) that may involve visual and vestibular impairments, neck pain, and postural unsteadiness. The perception of visual verticality (VV) has been studied in patients diagnosed with PHD to assess balance disorders showing varying findings. Our study aimed to assess the VV perception in patients diagnosed with PHD in comparison to healthy controls. A systematic review with meta-analysis was carried out in PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, WOS, CINAHL, and SciELO. The Cohen standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to estimate the differences between exposed and healthy controls. Seven studies with 816 participants were included. The quality of included studies, according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), was moderate (mean score of 5.2). Patients diagnosed with PHD showed a moderate misperception of VV as assessed with the subjective visual vertical (SVV) test (SMD = 0.530; 95% CI = 0.225, 0.836; p < 0.001). Specifically, a misperception of the SVV was found in patients with migraine (SMD = 0.369; 95% CI = 0.1, 0.638; p = 0.007) and with TTH (SMD = 1.122; 95% CI = 0.540, 1.704; p < 0.001). This review shows a misperception of VV in patients with migraine and TTH when assessed with the SVV test, being higher in patients with TTH, although the THH sample size was low.

[Migraine in childhood and adolescence-neurostimulation as a future innovative approach in terms of a multimodal treatment regimen]

Although migraine is a relevant health issue in children and adolescents, clinical care and research are still underrepresented and underfunded in this field. Quality of life can be significantly reduced when living with frequent episodes of pain. Due to the high level of vulnerability of the developing brain during adolescence, the risk of chronification and persistence into adulthood is high. In this narrative review, we describe the corner stones of a patient-centered, multimodular treatment regimen. Further, an update on the pathophysiology of migraine is given considering the concept of a periodically oscillating functional state of the brain in migraine patients ("migraine is a brain state"). Besides central mechanisms, muscular structures with the symptoms of muscular pain, tenderness, or myofascial trigger points play an important role. Against this background, the currently available nonpharmacological and innovative neuromodulating approaches are presented focusing on the method of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation.

Neck Pain- and Unsteadiness-Inducing Activities and their Relationship to the Presence, Intensity, Frequency, and Disability of Headaches

(1) Background: Headache is a significant public health problem. Despite the association between headache and neck pain, little is known about the relationships among specific activities that generate neck pain and headache. The aim of this study was to identify the specific activities that result in neck pain and unsteadiness, and determine how they are linked to headache in university students. (2) Methods: One hundred and six patients with physician-diagnosed headache and 92 healthy university students completed surveys assessing demographics; the presence, frequency, intensity, and disability of headaches; and activities generating neck pain and unsteadiness. (3) Results: The presence of headache was related to female gender (p = 0.001), neck pain when reading or watching television (p = 0.024), and unsteadiness when moving the head (p = 0.005). Headache-related disability was associated with intensity of neck pain (p < 0.001), neck pain when reading or watching television (p = 0.033), and stumbling (p < 0.001). Headache frequency was related to smoking (p = 0.004), the duration of neck pain-associated symptoms (p = 0.047), and neck pain when driving (p = 0.039). Intensity of headache was associated with female gender (p = 0.002), smoking (p = 0.013), and neck pain-related sleep alterations (p = 0.024). (4) Conclusions: Female gender, smoking, neck pain, and unsteadiness when moving the head are factors related to headache in university students.

Involvement of cervical disability in migraine: a literature review

Background

The trigeminal nerve theory has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism of migraine; however, its association with the triggers of migraine remains unclear. Cervical disability such as neck pain and restricted cervical rotation, have been associated with not only cervicogenic headaches but also migraine. The presence of cervical disability could worsen of the migraine, and also the response to pharmacologic treatment may be reduced. The aim in this review is to highlight the involvement of cervical disability in migraine, considering contributing factors.

Findings

In recent years, evidence of neck pain complaints in migraine has been increasing. In addition, there is some recent evidence of cervical musculoskeletal impairments in migraine, as detected by physical assessment. However, the main question of whether neck pain or an associated cervical disability can act as an initial factor leading to migraine attacks still remains. Daily life imposes heavy loads on cervical structures (i.e. muscles, joints and ligaments), for instance, in the forward head position. The repetitive nociceptive stimulation initiating those cervical skeletal muscle positions may amplify the susceptibility to central migraine and contribute to chronicity via the trigeminal cervical complex.

Conclusion

Further studies are needed to explain the association between cervical disability as a source of pain and the development of migraine. However, evidence suggests that cervical disability needs to be considered in the prevention and treatment of migraine.

Alleviation of migraine symptoms by application of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation to myofascial trigger points of neck and shoulder muscles - A randomized trial

Migraine is a burdensome disease with an especially high prevalence in women between the age of 15 and 49 years. Non-pharmacological, non-invasive therapeutic methods to control symptoms are increasingly in demand to complement a multimodal intervention approach in migraine. Thirty-seven subjects (age: 25.0 ± 4.1 years; 36 females) diagnosed with high-frequency episodic migraine who presented at least one active myofascial trigger point (mTrP) in the trapezius muscles and at least one latent mTrP in the deltoid muscles bilaterally prospectively underwent six sessions of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) over two weeks. Patients were randomly assigned to receive rPMS applied to the mTrPs of the trapezius (n = 19) or deltoid muscles (n = 18). Whereas the trapezius muscle is supposed to be part of the trigemino-cervical complex (TCC) and, thus, involved in the pathophysiology of migraine, the deltoid muscle was not expected to interfere with the TCC and was therefore chosen as a control stimulation site. The headache calendar of the German Migraine and Headache Society (DMKG) as well as the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire were used to evaluate stimulation-related effects. Frequency of headache days decreased significantly in both the trapezius and the deltoid group after six sessions of rPMS (trapezius group: p = 0.005; deltoid group: p = 0.003). The MIDAS score decreased significantly from 29 to 13 points (p = 0.0004) in the trapezius and from 31 to 15 points (p = 0.002) in the deltoid group. Thus, rPMS applied to mTrPs of neck and shoulder muscles offers a promising approach to alleviate headache frequency and symptom burden. Future clinical trials are needed to examine more profoundly these effects, preferably using a sham-controlled setting.

Factors Influencing Pain Dimensions in Patients with Chronic Tension-Type Headache: An Exploratory Survey

BACKGROUND

Chronic tension type headache (CTTH) is one of the common cause of hospital visits among adolescents and adults. Chronic tension type headache produces pain, sleep disturbances, and disability among patients leading to a poor quality of life. Knowledge pattern of headache and various associated factors will aid appropriate management.

AIMS

To identify the headache dimensions and their various influencing factors among patients of chronic tension-type headache.

METHODS

Using consecutive sampling techniques, 169 patients with chronic tension-type headache were recruited in this cross-sectional survey. Approval was obtained from the Institute's Ethics Committee. The Wong-Baker Foundation Pain intensity scale was used to assess the pain severity.

RESULTS

A pain severity score of 6 out of 10 was reported by 56% of the patients, and the mean pain score reported by the patients was 6.62 ± 1.16. The mean weekly headache frequency was 4.95 ± 0.38, and the mean daily headache duration was 8.68 ± 1.68 hours. Significantly more patients who are married, patients who had a duration of illness less than two years, and patients who were treated with only analgesics reported higher headache severity. Higher headache frequency was reported by significantly more patients who were male, married, from a nuclear family, educated, unskilled laborers or employed, urban inhabitants, or only on analgesics, or had illness duration less than two years. Headache duration was significantly higher in patients who were unskilled laborers or only on analgesics, or had illness duration less than two years.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with chronic tension-type headache experience moderate to high severity of headache, along with substantial duration and frequency, an outcome that was associated with various lifestyle-related factors that can result in stress. Lifestyle modification and nonpharmacological management are thus essential to reduce the severity, frequency, and duration of headache in patients with a chronic tension-type headache and medication overuse.

Repetitive Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation (rPMS) in Subjects With Migraine-Setup Presentation and Effects on Skeletal Musculature

Purpose: Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) has been successfully applied recently in migraineurs to alleviate migraine symptoms. Symptom relief has been achieved by stimulating myofascial trigger points (mTrPs) of the trapezius muscles, which are considered part of the trigemino-cervical complex (TCC). However, effects on musculature have not been assessed in detail, and the specificity of effects to muscles considered part of the TCC yet has to be elucidated. Against this background, this study presents the setup of rPMS in migraine and evaluates effects on skeletal musculature. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven adults (mean age: 25.0 ± 4.1 years, 36 females) suffering from migraine and presenting mTrPs according to physical examination underwent rPMS either to mTrPs in the trapezius muscles (considered part of the TCC; n = 19) or deltoid muscles (considered not part of the TCC; n = 18) during six sessions over the course of 2 weeks. Standardized questionnaires were filled in to assess any adverse events and experience with rPMS as well as satisfaction and benefits from stimulation. Algometry was performed to evaluate changes in pressure pain thresholds (PPTs). Results: All stimulation sessions were successfully performed without adverse events, with 84.2% of subjects of the trapezius group and 94.4% of subjects of the deltoid group describing rPMS as comfortable (p = 0.736). Muscular pain or tension improved in 73.7% of subjects of the trapezius group and in 61.1% of subjects of the deltoid group (p = 0.077). PPTs of the trapezius muscles clearly increased from the first to the last stimulation sessions-regardless of the stimulated muscle (rPMS to the trapezius or deltoid muscles). However, depending on the examined muscles the increase of PPTs differed significantly (subjects with stimulation of trapezius muscles: p = 0.021; subjects with stimulation of deltoid muscles: p = 0.080). Conclusion: rPMS is a comfortable method in migraineurs that can improve local muscular pain or tension. Furthermore, it is able to increase directly and indirectly the PPTs of the trapezius muscles (considered part of the TCC) when applied over mTrPs, supporting the role of the TCC in migraineurs.

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the upper trapezius muscles - assessment of myofascial trigger points in patients with migraine

Background

Research in migraine points towards central-peripheral complexity with a widespread pattern of structures involved. Migraine-associated neck and shoulder muscle pain has clinically been conceptualized as myofascial trigger points (mTrPs). However, concepts remain controversial, and the identification of mTrPs is mostly restricted to manual palpation in clinical routine. This study investigates a more objective, quantitative assessment of mTrPs by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2 mapping.

Methods

Ten subjects (nine females, 25.6 ± 5.2 years) with a diagnosis of migraine according to ICHD-3 underwent bilateral manual palpation of the upper trapezius muscles to localize mTrPs. Capsules were attached to the skin adjacent to the palpated mTrPs for marking. MRI of the neck and shoulder region was performed at 3 T, including a T2-prepared, three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence. The T2-prepared 3D TSE sequence was used to generate T2 maps, followed by manual placement of regions of interest (ROIs) covering the trapezius muscles of both sides and signal alterations attributable to mTrPs.

Results

The trapezius muscles showed an average T2 value of 27.7 ± 1.4 ms for the right and an average T2 value of 28.7 ± 1.0 ms for the left side (p = 0.1055). Concerning signal alterations in T2 maps attributed to mTrPs, nine values were obtained for the right (32.3 ± 2.5 ms) and left side (33.0 ± 1.5 ms), respectively (p = 0.0781). When comparing the T2 values of the trapezius muscles to the T2 values extracted from the signal alterations attributed to the mTrPs of the ipsilateral side, we observed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0039). T2 hyperintensities according to visual image inspection were only reported in four subjects for the right and in two subjects for the left side.

Conclusions

Our approach enables the identification of mTrPs and their quantification in terms of T2 mapping even in the absence of qualitative signal alterations. Thus, it (1) might potentially challenge the current gold-standard method of physical examination of mTrPs, (2) could allow for more targeted and objectively verifiable interventions, and (3) could add valuable models to understand better central-peripheral mechanisms in migraine.

Painful Craniofacial/Cervical Surface Area and Continuous Headache After Military Concussion: A Morphometric Retrospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

In this retrospective study of active duty service members (ADSMs), possible relationships were examined between extent of headache pain depicted on head/neck diagrams and headache phenomenology.

BACKGROUND

The signature injury of US military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Blast injury, especially from improvised explosive devices, was the most common cause during the height of the wars; the most persistent symptom remains posttraumatic headache (PTH). Neurologic patients were asked to draw pain diagrams/maps, a method of pain assessment in several clinical settings.

METHODS

Thirty-four ADSMs attributing PTH to both blast and non-blast sources underwent clinical evaluations; diagnoses and headache characteristics were obtained. They completed 58 drawings depicting craniofacial/cervical headache pain on non-standardized templates. Drawings were of 29 continuous and 29 non-continuous headaches (CHA and NCHA, respectively). Surface area was calculated using a grid and expressed as a percentage.

RESULTS

The sample was male (100%), primarily white (83%), with an average age of 30.3 years. Evidence for statistical independence of observations is provided (intra-class correlation = 0.004). Percent surface area was larger for CHA (median [mdn] = 35.2, interquartile range [IQR] = 9.0, 78.3) than NCHA (mdn = 9.1, IQR = 5.4, 34.1, P = .029). In those with blast injury, CHA percent surface areas (mdn = 45.9, IQR = 27.0, 100) were larger than NCHA (mdn = 11.6, IQR = 5.8, 28.9; P = .0012), a relationship not observed in patients with PTH from non-blasts (CHA: mdn = 26.8, IQR = 8.5, 52.0; NCHA: mdn = 9.1, IQR = 5.0, 47.6, P = .050). This pattern is observed after pooling at the median (blast, P < .012; non-blast: P = .264).

CONCLUSION

Painful craniofacial/cervical surface area, as shown on patient drawings, is related to PTH phenomenology (continuous versus non-continuous headache). This relationship is stronger after blast injury.

Comparison Between Chronic Migraine and Temporomandibular Disorders in Pain-Related Disability and Fear-Avoidance Behaviors

Objective

To compare patients with chronic migraine (CM) and chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD) on disability, pain, and fear avoidance factors and to associate these variables within groups.

Design

Descriptive, cross-sectional study.

Settings

A neurology department and a temporomandibular disorders consult in a tertiary care center.

Subjects

A total of 50 patients with CM and 51 patients with chronic TMD, classified by international criteria classifications.

Methods

The variables evaluated included pain intensity (visual analog scale [VAS]), neck disability (NDI), craniofacial pain and disability (CF-PDI), headache impact (HIT-6), pain catastrophizing (PCS), and kinesiophobia (TSK-11).

Results

Statistically significant differences were found between the CM group and the chronic TMD group in CF-PDI (P < 0.001), PCS (P = 0.03), and HIT-6 (P < 0.001); however, there were no differences between the CM group and the VAS, NDI, and TSK-11 groups (P > 0.05). For the chronic TMD group, the combination of NDI and TSK-11 was a significant covariate model of CF-PDI (adjusted R2 = 0.34). In the CM group, the regression model showed that NDI was a significant predictive factor for HIT-6 (adjusted R2 = 0.19).

Conclusions

Differences between the CM group and the chronic TMD group were found in craniofacial pain and disability, pain catastrophizing, and headache impact, but they were similar for pain intensity, neck disability, and kinesiophobia. Neck disability and kinesiophobia were covariates of craniofacial pain and disability (34% of variance) for chronic TMD. In the CM group, neck disability was a predictive factor for headache impact (19.3% of variance).

Vertigo and dizziness in adolescents: Risk factors and their population attributable risk

OBJECTIVES

To assess potential risk factors for vertigo and dizziness in adolescents and to evaluate their variability by different vertigo types. The role of possible risk factors for vertigo and dizziness in adolescents and their population relevance needs to be addressed in order to design preventive strategies.

STUDY DESIGN

The study population consisted of 1482 school-children between the age of 12 and 19 years, who were instructed to fill out a questionnaire on different vertigo types and related potential risk factors. The questionnaire specifically asked for any vertigo, spinning vertigo, swaying vertigo, orthostatic dizziness, and unspecified dizziness. Further a wide range of potential risk factors were addressed including gender, stress, muscular pain in the neck and shoulder region, sleep duration, migraine, coffee and alcohol consumption, physical activity and smoking.

RESULTS

Gender, stress, muscular pain in the neck and shoulder region, sleep duration and migraine were identified as independent risk factors following mutual adjustment: The relative risk was 1.17 [1.10-1.25] for female sex, 1.07 [1.02-1.13] for stress, 1.24 [1.17-1.32] for muscular pain, and 1.09 [1.03-1.14] for migraine. The population attributable risk explained by these risk factors was 26%, with muscular pain, stress, and migraine accounting for 11%, 4%, and 3% respectively.

CONCLUSION

Several established risk factors in adults were also identified in adolescents. Risk factors amenable to prevention accounted for 17% of the total population risk. Therefore, interventions targeting these risk factors may be warranted.

[Botulinum toxin type A in headache treatment : Established and experimental indications]

In recent years botulinum toxin type A has been used increasingly more in the treatment of specific headache disorders. Especially regarding chronic migraine with and without combined medication overuse, convincing randomized studies have proven the efficacy of this treatment option and have led to approval for this indication. Regarding other headache entities, such as episodic migraine, tension-type headache, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC), neuralgic, neuropathic and myofascial pain, currently available scientific data on the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A are scarce and often ambiguous. The exact underlying mechanisms of the influence of botulinum toxin type A on the pathophysiology of headache are not completely clear but an influence on the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) seems to play a crucial role. This article summarizes the most important studies as well as experiences of treatment with botulinum toxin type A regarding different headache entities.

THE EFFECT OF BODY AWARENESS THERAPY AND AEROBIC EXERCISES ON PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE PATIENTS WITH TENSION TYPE HEADACHE

BACKGROUND

This study is to investigate the effect of Body Awareness Therapy (BAT) and Aerobic Exercises on pain and quality of life in patients with Tension-Type Headache (TTH).

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Sixty individuals with TTH diagnosis who referred Neurologist were incorporated into study. The individuals were randomly grouped into 3 as BAT (n=20), aerobic exercise (n=20) and control group (n=20). Pain severity of the individuals was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and pain diary, disability with ache; by Pain Disability Index (PDI) and Headache Impact Tests (HIT) and quality of life was evaluated by SF-36. Subsequent to first assessments, 3 sessions of 60 minutes per week throughout 6 weeks totally.

RESULTS

When the groups were compared at the end of the study, a significant decrease was observed in VAS, PDI and HIT values in the individuals in the BAT and aerobic exercise groups. With the individuals in group BAT and aerobic exercise all parameters of quality of life were observed to be increased significantly.

CONCLUSION

BAT and aerobic exercise programs to be applied on TTH patients were concluded to be important in decreasing the pain, in increasing the quality of life and in reducing pain-related daily constraints of the individuals.

Magnetic stimulation of the upper trapezius muscles in patients with migraine - A pilot study

BACKGROUND

Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) has been applied to musculoskeletal pain conditions. Since recent data show that migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) might be closely related to peripheral muscular pain in the neck and shoulder region (supporting the concept of the trigemino-cervical complex (TCC)), this pilot study explores the acceptance of rPMS to the upper trapezius muscles in migraine (partly in combination with TTH).

METHODS

We used rPMS to stimulate active myofascial trigger points (aTrPs) of the upper trapezius muscles in 20 young adults suffering from migraine. Acceptance was assessed by a standardized questionnaire, whereas self-rated effectiveness was evaluated by headache calendars and the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS). Algometry was performed to explore the local effect of rPMS on the muscles.

RESULTS

Acceptance of rPMS was shown in all subjects without any adverse events, and rPMS had a statistically significant impact on almost every parameter of the headache calendar and MIDAS. Among others, the number of migraine attacks (p < 0.001) and migraine intensity (p = 0.001) significantly decreased regarding pre- and post-stimulation assessments. Accordingly, 100.0% of subjects would repeat the stimulation, while 90.0% would recommend rPMS as a treatment option for migraine.

CONCLUSIONS

rPMS might represent a promising tool to alleviate migraine symptoms within the context of myofascial pain. This might be due to stimulation-dependent modulation of the peripheral sensory effect within the TCC in migraine. However, sham-controlled studies with larger and more homogeneous cohorts are needed to prove a potential beneficial effect. Ethics Committee Registration Numbers: 356-14 and 447/14.

Headache: an important factor associated with muscle soreness/pain at the two-year follow-up point among patients with major depressive disorder

BACKGROUND

No study has compared the associations of headache, anxiety, and depression at baseline with muscle soreness or pain (MS/P) at baseline and at the two-year follow-up point among outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to investigate the above issue.

METHODS

This study enrolled 155 outpatients with MDD at baseline, and 131 attended a two-year follow-up appointment. At baseline, migraine was diagnosed based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2(nd) edition. MDD and anxiety disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. The visual analog scale was used to evaluate the intensities of headache and MS/P in the neck, shoulder, back, upper limbs, and lower limbs. Depression and anxiety were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multiple linear regressions were used to compare the associations of these factors with MS/P.

RESULTS

Compared with anxiety disorders, migraine was more strongly associated with MS/P in all areas at baseline and in the upper and lower limbs at follow-up. Headache intensity at baseline was the factor most strongly associated with MS/P in all areas at baseline and follow-up after controlling for depression and anxiety. Headache intensity at baseline predicted MS/P at baseline and follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Migraine and headache intensity are important factors related to MS/P at baseline and follow-up among patients with MDD. Integrating depression and headache treatment might be indicated to improve MS/P.

Self-reported neck and shoulder pain in adolescents is associated with episodic and chronic migraine

Aim

The aim of this study was to verify the association between self-reported neck/shoulder pain and migraine and to compare findings of chronic and episodic migraine in adolescents.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 601 secondary-school students filled in questionnaires about headache appearance, type and frequency, neck and shoulder pain and lifestyle factors.

Results

The adjusted strength of the association between reported neck and shoulder pain and migraine (assessed in multinomial regression models) increased with the frequency of migraine: less than once a week (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = (0.85–2.30)), weekly (OR = 2.14; 95% CI = (1.42–3.24)), and at least 15 days/month (OR = 7.27; 95% CI = (3.42–15.44)).

Conclusion

In adolescents the association between self-reported neck and shoulder pain and migraine is most pronounced in migraine with a high attack frequency.

A cross sectional study between the prevalence of chronic pain and academic pressure in adolescents in China (Shanghai)

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of four types of chronic pain (headache, abdominal pain, neck and shoulder pain (NSP), and low back pain (LBP)) and to explore the relationship between the prevalence of chronic pain and self-reported academic pressure in high school students in Shanghai, China.

Method

Three thousand students were randomly surveyed on related issues using a questionnaire, and the results were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results

Among the 2849 high school students who completed the questionnaire, the overall prevalence rates of headache, abdominal pain, NSP, and LBP were 30.3, 20.9, 32.8, and 41.1 %, respectively. The students in general experienced a heavy burden of learning, a high level of stress, and sleep deprivation, which were closely related to the four types of chronic pain.

Conclusion

Chronic pain is a common condition in Chinese adolescents and is closely related to self-reported academic pressure.

Headache in school children: prevalence and risk factors

BACKGROUND

Recurrent headache is a common problem in school children. Evaluation generally leads to the diagnosis of a primary headache syndrome (migraine or tension-type headache). This review is addressed to the question whether headaches in school children are becoming more common and, if so, what risk factors are associated with the rise in frequency.

METHOD

We selectively searched the PubMed database for pertinent publications that contained the terms "primary headache AND children/adolescent AND risk factors/prevalence." Articles published in either English or German up to April 2013 were considered. Articles on secondary types of headache were excluded.

RESULTS

Headaches are becoming more common among school children. At present, 66% to 71% of 12- to 15- year-olds have at least one headache every three months, and 33% to 40% have at least one per week. Headache is often accompanied by other physical and/or emotional manifestations. Studies from Scandinavia reveal increasing prevalence in age groups from 8 years of age and upward. Various studies have identified the following risk factors for headache or for its chronification (up to 5.8-fold elevation of risk): a dysfunctional family situation, the regular consumption of alcohol, caffeine ingestion, smoking, a low level of physical activity, physical or emotional abuse, bullying by peers, unfair treatment in school, and insufficient leisure time.

CONCLUSION

Headaches are becoming more common among children and adolescents. They are often associated with other physical and emotional complaints.

The impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on painful physical symptoms among patients with major depressive disorder

Background

No study has simultaneously investigated the impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on painful physical symptoms (PPS) among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The study aimed to investigate this issue.

Methods

This open-label study enrolled 155 outpatients with MDD, who were then treated with venlafaxine 75 mg per day for four weeks. Eighty-five participants with good compliance completed the treatment. Migraine was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders. MDD and anxiety disorders were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the severity of eight PPS. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to investigate the impacts of migraine and anxiety disorders on PPS.

Results

Compared with patients without migraine, patients with migraine had a greater severity of PPS at baseline and post-treatment. After controlling for demographic variables and depressive severity, migraine independently predicted the intensities of eight PPS at baseline and four PPS post-treatment. Moreover, migraine independently predicted poorer treatment responses of chest pain and full remission of pains in the head, chest, neck and/or shoulder. Anxiety disorders predicted less full remission of pains in the abdomen and limbs.

Conclusion

Migraine and anxiety disorders have negative impacts on PPS among patients with MDD. Integrating the treatment of migraine and anxiety disorders into the management of depression might help to improve PPS and the prognosis of MDD.

Headache cessation by an educational intervention in grammar schools: a cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Headache is a common health problem in adolescents. There are a number of risk factors for headache in adolescents that are amenable to intervention. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a low-level headache prevention programme in the classroom setting to prevent these risk factors.

METHODS

In all, 1674 students in 8th-10th grade at 12 grammar schools in greater Munich, Germany, were cluster randomized into intervention and control groups. A standardized 60-min prevention lesson focusing on preventable risk factors for headache (physical inactivity, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption and smoking) and providing instructions on stress management and neck and shoulder muscle relaxation exercises was given in a classroom setting. Seven months later, students were reassessed. The main outcome parameter was headache cessation. Logistic regression models with random effects for cluster and adjustment for baseline risk factors were calculated.

RESULTS

Nine hundred students (intervention group N = 450, control group N = 450) with headache at baseline and complete data for headache and confounders were included in the analysis. Headache cessation was observed in 9.78% of the control group compared with 16.22% in the intervention group (number needed to treat = 16). Accounting for cluster effects and confounders, the probability of headache cessation in the intervention group was 1.77 (95% confidence interval = [1.08; 2.90]) higher than in the control group. The effect was most pronounced in adolescents with tension-type headache: odds ratio = 2.11 (95% confidence interval = [1.15; 3.80]).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of a one-time, classroom-based headache prevention programme.

Neck pain disability is related to the frequency of migraine attacks: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Migraine and neck pain can be critical causes of disability. The contribution of neck pain for the overall disability of individuals with migraine remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To contrast the disability experienced by individuals with episodic and chronic migraine with and without neck pain as captured by the Neck Disability Index.

METHODS

Disability due to neck pain was assessed using the Neck Disability Index in individuals with episodic or chronic migraine seen at a university-based headache center. Neck disability was defined as mild (score ranging from 5 to 14 points), moderate (15-24 points), severe (25-34 points) or complete (35 points or higher). To compare differences between groups, a chi-square test was applied. Log-binomial logistic regression was used to estimate disability as a function of headache status after adjustments for age, time since migraine onset, and headache intensity.

RESULTS

Sample consisted of 169 individuals, 104 with episodic migraine and 65 with chronic migraine. Any disability due to neck pain happened in 69% of those with episodic migraine, relative to 92% in chronic migraine (P < .001). Individuals with chronic migraine were at a significantly increased risk to have mild (RR = 2.5; CI 95% 1.1-6.1), moderate (RR = 3.7; CI 95% 1.5-8.8) and severe (RR = 5.1; CI 95%2.1-11.9) cervical disability relative to those with episodic migraine. Relative risks remained significant after adjustments. Time since episodic or chronic migraine onset significantly influenced the model (P = .035), but age and headache intensity did not (P = .27; P = .46).

CONCLUSION

Neck pain significantly adds to the overall disability of individuals with episodic and chronic migraine.

Prevalence of neck pain in migraine and tension-type headache: a population study

BACKGROUND

We assessed the prevalence of neck pain in the population in relation to headache.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, a total of 797 individuals completed a headache interview and provided self-reported data on neck pain. We identified migraine, TTH or both migraine and TTH (M+TTH) groups. Pericranial tenderness was recorded in 496 individuals. A total tenderness score (TTS) was calculated as the sum of local scores with a maximum score of 48.

RESULTS

The one-year prevalence of neck pain was 68.4% and higher in those with vs. without primary headache (85.7% vs. 56.7%; adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.0-4.4, p<0.001). Adjusting for age, gender, education and poor self-rated health, in comparison with those without headaches, the prevalence of neck pain (56.7%) was significantly higher in those with M+TTH (89.3%), pure TTH (88.4%) and pure migraine (76.2%) (p<0.05 for all three group comparisons). Individuals with neck pain had higher TTS than individuals without neck pain (15.1±10.5 vs. 8.4±8.0, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Neck pain is highly prevalent in the general population and even more prevalent in individuals with primary headaches. Prevalence is highest in coexistent M+TTH, followed by pure TTH and migraine. Myofascial tenderness is significantly increased in individuals with neck pain.

Occipital and craniocervical pain and brain MRI in children with migraine

BACKGROUND

Both cervical and occipital pain has been reported in pediatric patients with migraine. There are no descriptions of anatomical changes on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging that can explain the pathophysiology of headache with cervical and occipital pain in this age group. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of cervical and occipital pain in children and adolescents with migraine as opposed to other types of headache and to seek corresponding anatomic abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging.

METHODS

The cohort included 194 patients with headache attending the ambulatory headache clinic of a pediatric tertiary medical center. Data were collected by medical file review and revision of conventional magnetic resonance scans.

RESULTS

Patients were divided into two groups: migraine headache (n = 125) and other types of headache (n = 69). Occipital pain was reported by 16.4% of the patients and cervical pain by 4.1%; neither type of pain was characteristic of migraine headache in particular. Brain magnetic resonance imaging did not show any anatomic changes specific to migraine or other headache types, regardless of the presence of occipital or cervical pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Occipital and cervical pain are not characteristic symptoms of any headache group in the pediatric age group, and their presence or absence does not correspond to changes on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging.

Self-reported neck pain is associated with migraine but not with tension-type headache in adolescents

Aim

The aim of the present analysis is to confirm or refute the association of neck pain to migraine or tension-type headache and to assess whether this association is independent of other risk factors for headache.

Methods

Secondary school students were invited to complete a questionnaire on headache and lifestyle factors in a cross-sectional study. Neck pain was assessed via (a) a screening question concerning neck pain and (b) denoting affected areas in schematic drawings of the human body.

Results

Absolute increment in prevalence of headache with pain in the shoulder-neck region was between 7.5% and 9.6%. Gender, grade, stress and lifestyle factors were assessed as potential confounding factors. Nearly all factors were associated with shoulder-neck pain and most with headache. After adjustment for confounders, the association of neck pain with headache was almost completely confined to migraine (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.48–3.85) and migraine + tension-type headache (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.50–2.99), whereas the association with isolated tension-type headache was negligible (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.87–1.69).

Conclusion

Neck pain is associated with migraine but not with tension-type headache. A possible link between migraine and neck pain may be the cervico-trigeminal convergence of neck and meningeal sensory afferents or a disturbed descending inhibition in migraine.

Functional somatic symptoms in childhood and adolescence

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Functional somatic symptoms (FSS) are common in children and adolescents, but explanatory models that synthesize research findings are lacking. This article reviews the studies published from January 2012 to March 2013 that investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms that may underlie FSS.

RECENT FINDINGS

Studies from diverse medical disciplines suggest that FSS are associated with functional differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, imbalances in vagal-sympathetic tone, upregulation of immune-inflammatory function, and primed cognitive-emotional responses that serve to amplify reactivity to threatening stimuli, thereby contributing to the subjective experience of somatic symptoms.

SUMMARY

FSS appear to reflect dysregulations of the stress system. When seemingly disparate research findings are interpreted together within an overarching 'stress-system' framework, a coherent explanatory model begins to emerge.