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Tanaka M, Inoue Y, Gonno M, Nomura T, Oku K, Matsui T, Hiramoto M, Miyazaki T, Koda H, Watanabe Y, Kai Y, Morihara T, Kida N. Relationship between Tilt Sensation Ability and Lower Limb Injuries in Junior Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:947. [PMID: 39063523 PMCID: PMC11276802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to devise a tilt sensation measurement method to evaluate ankle proprioception and to examine its reliability. It was also used to determine the relationship among tilt sensation abilities, physical development, and lower limb injuries in junior athletes. In this study, a step platform created tilt angles. Participants with eye masks answered "yes" or "no" to sensing a tilt, evaluated over nine or seven trials. Experiment 1 involved 22 university students (20.6 ± 0.9 years). The minimum angle at which a tilt could be sensed while standing on both feet was determined, and measurements were taken again to examine reliability. Experiment 2 involved 40 junior athletes (12.3 ± 2.0 years), where the minimum angle for tilt sensation was obtained, and medical checks were conducted to assess injuries in the knee, lower leg, and foot. Reliability studies showed a moderately significant correlation between the first and second sessions (r = 0.504, p = 0.017), suggesting the reliability of the experimental method. The proportion capable of sensing a tilt of 1.1° and 1.6° was significantly higher in junior high school students than in elementary school students (1.1°; χ2 = 8.839, p = 0.003. 1.6°; χ2 = 4.038, p = 0.044). The group unable to sense a tilt of 1.6° and 2.1° had a significantly higher positive rate of knee injuries compared to the sensed group among junior high school students (1.6°; χ2 = 4.622, p = 0.032. 2.1°; χ2 = 4.622, p = 0.032). Our findings suggested that a reduced tilt sensation ability was associated with knee injuries in junior high school students. Utilizing our devised tilt sensation assessment could play a crucial role in preventing and detecting early injuries in junior high school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Tanaka
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Human Development and Education, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Underprograms of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
| | - Megumi Gonno
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Childhood Education, Nagoya Women’s University, 3-40 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-shi 467-8610, Japan;
| | - Teruo Nomura
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (T.N.); (K.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Kyosuke Oku
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (T.N.); (K.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomoyuki Matsui
- Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan; (T.M.); (M.H.); (T.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Machiko Hiramoto
- Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan; (T.M.); (M.H.); (T.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Miyazaki
- Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan; (T.M.); (M.H.); (T.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Hitoshi Koda
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka 3-11-1, Kashiwara-shi 582-0026, Japan;
| | - Yuya Watanabe
- Department of Sports Study, Faculty of Sport Study, Biwako Seikei Sport College, 1204 Kitahira, Otsu-shi 520-0503, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Kai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan;
| | - Toru Morihara
- Marutamachi Rehabilitation Clinic, 12 Nishinokyo Kurumazakacho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8405, Japan; (T.M.); (M.H.); (T.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Noriyuki Kida
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (T.N.); (K.O.); (N.K.)
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Materne O, Bennett F, Sweeney A, Ramsden J, Milne C, Waller M, Chamari K, Drust B. Incidence and burden of 671 injuries in professional women footballers: time to focus on context-specific injury risk reduction strategies. Res Sports Med 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38898686 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2024.2367199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the extent of injury incidence and burden in a professional women football team of the Scottish Women's Premier League during two seasons. All injuries causing time-loss or required medical attention were recorded prospectively. A total of 671 injuries, 570 requiring medical attention and 101 causing time-loss were recorded in 41 players. Injuries occurring with National Team resulted in 12% of the club's international players' lay-off. Overall injury incidence was 11.1/1000-hours and burden was 368.9 days/1000-hours. Injury incidence (23.9/1000-hours vs 8.2/1000-hours) and burden (1049.8 days/1000-hours vs 215.1 days/1000-hours) were higher for match compared to training. Foremost mechanism of match injury burden was indirect-contact, which was different than the non-contact predominantly observed for training injury burden. Injury incidence, burden and patterns differed between training, match and playing positions. Tailoring injury-risk reduction strategies considering context, circumstances and playing position deserve consideration to enhance player's injury resilience in professional women footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Materne
- Sports Medicine Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
| | - Faye Bennett
- Football Performance Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
- Sports Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashley Sweeney
- Football Performance Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jamie Ramsden
- Football Performance Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Milne
- Sports Medicine Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
- Hampden Sports Clinic, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Waller
- Sports Medicine Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karim Chamari
- Biological Science Department, Higher institute of Sport and Physical Education, ISSEP Ksar Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
- Research Department, Naufar, Wellness and Recovery Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Performance Department, The Glasgow Rangers Football Club Ltd, Glasgow, UK
- Sports Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Thorarinsdottir S, Amundsen R, Larmo A, Pedersen R, Andersen TE, Bahr R, Møller M. Groin injuries in women's premier league football in Norway: A two-season prospective cohort study describing clinical and imaging characteristics. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14611. [PMID: 38534061 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence, incidence, and burden of groin injuries in the Norwegian women's premier football league and to describe their clinical and imaging characteristics. METHODS During the 2020 and 2021 seasons, players in the Norwegian women's premier league reported groin injuries weekly, using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC-H2). We calculated weekly prevalence, incidence, and burden of groin injuries. The team physical therapists classified the player-reported injuries based on the Doha classification system. Injuries with more than 3 days' time loss or reported in 2 consecutive weeks were eligible for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS On average, 3.9% (95% CI: 3.4-4.4) of players reported a groin injury at any time; of which 78% caused time loss. The incidence rate was 1.6 injuries/1000 h (95% CI: 1.3-2.0) and their burden was 11 days lost/1000 h. The physical therapists examined 67 of 124 player-reported groin injuries (53%). Adductor-related injury was most common (55%) followed by iliopsoas (15%) and rectus femoris-related (12%). Pubic-related injuries caused most time loss (median: 24 days, IQR: 5-133). In this study, 42 injuries were investigated with MRI; 8 (19%) showed no changes, 6 (14%) an acute musculotendinous lesion, and 32 (76%) a nonacute finding (e.g., central symphyseal disc protrusion, tendinopathies). CONCLUSION The incidence rate and burden of groin injuries were high. Adductor-related injuries were most common, but pubic-related injuries caused most time loss. Most MRI examinations demonstrated nonacute findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Thorarinsdottir
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roar Amundsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian FA Medical Centre (Idrettens helsesenter), Oslo, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Research Unit of Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Gasparin GB, Ribas LO, Flores HN, Bueno GBDB, Vrkoslaw L, Bittencourt NFN, Baroni BM. Uncovering injuries in Brazilian elite women's football: A prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:228-233. [PMID: 38336547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the injury profile in Brazilian elite women's football. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Time-loss injuries, along with match and training exposure, were monitored throughout a full season in four Brazilian elite clubs. RESULTS Sixty-three out of 133 players (47 %) sustained 112 time-loss injuries along the season, leading to 0.8 injuries per player on average. The overall injury incidence rate was 5.0 injuries per 1000 h of exposure. Sudden onset injuries occurred at a rate of 4.2/1000 h of overall exposure, with rates of 15.9/1000 h during matches and 2.9/1000 h during training sessions. Forty-eight percent of the time-loss injuries were attributed to non-contact events. Gradual onset injuries accounted for 16 % of the injuries, resulting in a rate of 0.8/1000 h of overall exposure. The most affected locations were knee and thigh (29 % of all injuries for each), followed by ankle (17 %) and hip/groin (13 %). Muscle/tendon was the most affected tissue (47 % of all injuries), followed by ligament/joint capsule (33 %), bone (10 %), and cartilage/synovium/bursa (7 %). Ankle sprains, hamstring strains, and anterior cruciate ligament injuries accounted for over one-third of the injuries. Mild, moderate, and severe injuries account for 40 %, 43 %, and 17 % of cases, respectively. Overall, 18 % of cases were categorized as re-injuries, and 40 % of those occurred within 2 months of the index injury. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the initial understanding into the injury profile of Brazilian elite women's football. This information should serve as a guiding resource for injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bissani Gasparin
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luana Vrkoslaw
- Associação Ferroviária de Esportes, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Raeder C, Kämper M, Praetorius A, Tennler JS, Schoepp C. Metabolic, cognitive and neuromuscular responses to different multidirectional agility-like sprint protocols in elite female soccer players - a randomised crossover study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:64. [PMID: 38448940 PMCID: PMC10916312 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to fatigue is a key factor in injury prevention that needs to be considered in return-to-sport (RTS) scenarios, especially after severe knee ligament injuries. Fatigue should be induced under game-like conditions. The SpeedCourt (SC) is a movement platform for assessing multidirectional sprint performance, typical of game-sports, due to change-of-direction movements in response to a visual stimulus. Designing adequate fatigue protocols requires the suitable arrangement of several loading variables such as number of intervals, sprint distance or work/relief ratio (W:R). Therefore, this study analysed the acute fatigue effects of different SC protocols on metabolic load, cognitive function and neuromuscular performance. METHODS Eighteen female soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 23.1 ± 4.6 years) of the 1st German Division participated in this randomised, crossover study. Using a random allocation sequence, players completed four volume-equated protocols differing in W:R and sprint distance per interval (P1:12 × 30 m, W:R = 1:2 s; P2:12 × 30 m, W:R = 1:3 s; P3:18 × 20 m, W:R = 1:2 s; P4:18 × 20 m, W:R = 1:3 s). Pre- and post-exercise, metabolic load was measured per blood lactate concentration (BLaC), cognitive function per reaction time (RT), and neuromuscular performance including multiple rebound jumps (MRJ height, primary outcome variable; Reactive Strength Index, RSI) and 5 m sprint times (SP5). RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main time effects (p < .05) with improved performance post-exercise in RT (504 vs. 482 ms, d = 1.95), MRJ height (24.0 vs. 24.8 cm, d = 0.77), RSI (1.39 vs. 1.43, d = 0.52), and SP5 (1.19 vs. 1.17 s, d = 0.56). There was significant main time (p < .001) and time x protocol interaction effects in BLaC (p < .001). P1 induced higher BLaC values (4.52 ± 1.83 mmol/L) compared to P2 (3.79 ± 1.83 mmol/L; d = 0.74) and P4 (3.12 ± 1.83 mmol/L; d = 1.06), whereas P3 (4.23 ± 1.69 mmol/L) elicited higher BLaC values compared to P4 (d = 0.74). CONCLUSION All protocols caused an improved cognitive function and neuromuscular performance. The former may be related to enhanced noradrenergic activation or exercise specificity which induced an improved stimulus processing. The latter may be explained by a possible post-activation performance enhancement effect on jump and sprint performance. A shorter relief duration in W:R as opposed to sprint distance per interval produced higher BLaC values. The protocols may serve as reference data for improved RTS decision-making in elite female soccer players. TRIAL REGISTRATION Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS), No.: DRKS00033496 , Registered 19. Februar 2024, Retrospectively Registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Raeder
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Meike Kämper
- Women´s Soccer Department, MSV Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Praetorius
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Janina-Sophie Tennler
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schoepp
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jaenada-Carrilero E, Vicente-Mampel J, Baraja-Vegas L, Thorborg K, Valero-Merlos E, Blanco-Gímenez P, Gargallo P, Bautista IJ. Hip adduction and abduction strength profiles in elite and sub-elite female soccer players according to players level and leg limb-dominance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:53. [PMID: 38383450 PMCID: PMC10882891 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the hip adduction and abduction strength in female soccer players is crucial for performance enhancement and injury prevention. This study compares the strength profiles in these muscle groups between elite and sub-elite female soccer players and assesses the impact of leg limb-dominance. METHODS A descriptive-comparative study was employed. Eighty-two female soccer players were evaluated. Isometric hip-adduction and abduction strength were measured using a handheld dynamometer. RESULTS Female elite and sub-elite soccer players displayed a mean and standard deviation (SD) on isometric hip-adductor strength for dominant (3.19 Nm/kg ± 0.69 vs. 2.40 Nm/kg ± 0.67) and non-dominant leg (3.32 Nm/kg ± 0.76 versus 2.42 Nm/kg ± 0.70), respectively. For isometric hip-abductor strength in elite and sub-elite players, a mean and SD of dominant (2.86 Nm/kg ± 0.56 vs. 2.07 Nm/kg ± 0.50) and non-dominant (2.80 Nm/kg ± 0.59 vs. 2.04 Nm/kg ± 0.43). In essence, elite players were stronger than sub-elite players on isometric hip-adduction (mean difference [MD] = 0.82 Nm/kg, CI95% = 0.42-1.12) and abduction (MD = 0.83 Nm/kg, CI95% = 0.54- 1.12) both in dominant and non-dominant, leg, whereas no differences existed for hip adduction:abduction ratios between groups and legs. CONCLUSIONS Elite female athletes exhibited greater strength than sub-elite female players in both hip adduction and abduction, whereas adduction:abduction ratio values did not differ between the two groups or between different legs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Vicente-Mampel
- Faculty of Science Health, Catholic University of Valencia, Physiotherapy Department., C/ Ramiro de Maetzu 14, Torrent Valencia, Spain.
| | - Luis Baraja-Vegas
- Faculty of Science Health, Catholic University of Valencia, Physiotherapy Department., C/ Ramiro de Maetzu 14, Torrent Valencia, Spain
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Department of Sports, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eloína Valero-Merlos
- Faculty of Nursing. Campus Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Blanco-Gímenez
- Faculty of Science Health, Catholic University of Valencia, Physiotherapy Department., C/ Ramiro de Maetzu 14, Torrent Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Gargallo
- Faculty of Science Health, Catholic University of Valencia, Physiotherapy Department., C/ Ramiro de Maetzu 14, Torrent Valencia, Spain
| | - Iker J Bautista
- Faculty of Science Health, Catholic University of Valencia, Physiotherapy Department., C/ Ramiro de Maetzu 14, Torrent Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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Hallén A, Tomás R, Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Van den Steen E, Hägglund M, Waldén M. UEFA Women's Elite Club Injury Study: a prospective study on 1527 injuries over four consecutive seasons 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 reveals thigh muscle injuries to be most common and ACL injuries most burdensome. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:128-135. [PMID: 38182274 PMCID: PMC10894819 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injuries in women's football (soccer) have scarcely been investigated, and no study has been conducted in the highest competitive level involving club teams from different countries. Our aim was to investigate the time-loss injury epidemiology and characteristics among women's elite football players over four seasons. METHODS 596 players from 15 elite women's teams in Europe were studied prospectively during the 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 seasons (44 team seasons). Medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 playing hours and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS 1527 injuries were recorded in 463 players with an injury incidence of 6.7 (95% CI 6.4 to 7.0) injuries per 1000 hours and a nearly fourfold higher incidence during match play compared with training (18.4, 95% CI 16.9 to 19.9 vs 4.8, 95% CI 4.5 to 5.1; rate ratio 3.8, 95% CI 3.5 to 4.2). Thigh muscle injuries (hamstrings 12%, 188/1527, and quadriceps 11%, 171/1527) were the most frequent injury, while anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury had the highest burden (38.0 days lost per 1000 hours, IQR 29.2-52.1) with median days lost of 292 (IQR 246-334) days. Concussions constituted 3% (47/1527) of all injuries, with more than half of them (55%, 26/47) due to ball-related impact. CONCLUSION An elite women's football team can expect approximately 35 time-loss injuries per season. Thigh muscle injury was the most common injury and ACL injury had the highest injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hallén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rita Tomás
- Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Portugal Football School, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- PM&R Unit, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jan Ekstrand
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elke Van den Steen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, AZ St Jan, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Amundsen R, Thorarinsdottir S, Larmo A, Pedersen R, Andersen TE, Møller M, Bahr R. #ReadyToplay: hamstring injuries in women's football - a two-season prospective cohort study in the Norwegian women's premier league. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38243669 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2305389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In this two-season prospective cohort study (2020-2021), we aimed to describe the characteristics, clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of hamstring injuries in the Norwegian women's premier league. Hamstring injuries were examined by team physiotherapists using a standardised clinical examination and injury form. Injury location and severity (modified Peetrons classification) were graded based on MRI by two independent radiologists. Fifty-three hamstring injuries were clinically examined, 31 of these with MRI. Hamstring injuries caused 8 days (median) lost from football (interquartile range: 3-15 days, range: 0-188 days), most were non-contact and occurred during sprinting. Gradual-onset (53%) and sudden-onset injuries (47%) were evenly distributed. The injuries examined with MRI were classified as grade 0 (52%), grade 1 (16%) or grade 2 (29%). One proximal tendinopathy case was not graded. Grade 2 injuries caused more time loss than grade 0 (19 ± 8 vs. 7 ± 7 days, p = 0.002). Of injuries with MRI changes, 60% were in the m. biceps femoris, mainly the muscle-tendon junction, and 40% in the m. semimembranosus, most in the proximal tendon. Compared to previous findings from men's football, a higher proportion of hamstring injuries in women's football had a gradual onset and involved the m. semimembranosus, particularly its proximal tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amundsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Thorarinsdottir
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Larmo
- Radiology Department, Evidia Norge AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Pedersen
- Radiology Department, Unilabs Norge AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Football Association Medical Centre (Idrettens helsesenter), The Norwegian Football Association, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Amundsen R, Thorarinsdottir S, Clarsen B, Andersen TE, Møller M, Bahr R. #ReadyToPlay: health problems in women's football-a two-season prospective cohort study in the Norwegian premier league. Br J Sports Med 2023:bjsports-2023-107141. [PMID: 37968072 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence, incidence and burden of all health problems in the Norwegian women's premier league. METHODS During the 2020 and 2021 seasons, players in the Norwegian women's premier league reported all health problems (sudden-onset injuries, gradual-onset injuries and illnesses) weekly, using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems. Team medical staff diagnosed reported problems using the Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System. We calculated average weekly prevalence, incidence and burden of all health problems reported. RESULTS We included 294 players (age: 22±4 years) from 11 teams. Response rate to the weekly questionnaire was 79%. On average, 32% (95% CI: 31% to 33%) of the players reported at least one health problem at any time and 22% (95% CI: 21% to 23%) reported a substantial health problem negatively affecting their training volume or performance. The overall incidence was 10.7 health problems per 1000 hours of football exposure. Sudden-onset injuries were most severe (68% of the total time loss), followed by gradual-onset injuries (25%) and illnesses (8%). Thigh was the most common injury location (26%), while knee injuries were most severe, causing 42% of the total injury time loss. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries alone caused 30% of the total injury time loss. CONCLUSION One in five players had a health problem negatively affecting their training volume or performance at any time. Sudden-onset injuries represented the most burdensome health problem. Thigh injuries were most frequent, while knee injuries, ACL injuries especially, were most severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roar Amundsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Thorarinsdottir
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health and Function, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- FIFA Medical, Federation Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Football Association Medical Centre (Idrettens helsesenter), The Norwegian Football Association, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Gashi F, Kovačič T, Shalaj I, Haxhiu B, Boshnjaku A. Injuries in professional women's elite soccer players in Kosovo: epidemiological injury study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:131. [PMID: 37828567 PMCID: PMC10571249 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emphasis has been given lately towards women's engagement together with their potential in soccer. As this sport develops with athletes becoming more physically fit and skilled, it is unclear what the consequences in terms of injuries are. Having this in mind, this study aimed to investigate the major injuries that occur in women's soccer players. METHODS This descriptive epidemiological study invited all 286 women's soccer players from the 12 participating women clubs in the Kosovo 1st Soccer League (elite football level) during the 2021/2022 season, out of which 142 from 12 clubs participated. Exposure time for 1000 h of playing and training were recorded in addition to the anthropometric data, playing position, and prior injury history during the end of the season, practice, and match. The exact type of injury, severity, and post-injury recovery time, as well as the circumstances surrounding the injuries, were recorded. RESULTS In total 84 injuries were registered with an overall injury ratio (IR) being 3.21 (CI: 2.56, 3.98) injuries/1000 exposure hours. During the competitive season, each player sustained 1.4 injuries on average. IRs were significantly higher during competition (n = 50; IR = 1.57; CI: 1.52, 1.62) compared to training (n = 34; IR = 0.26, CI: 0.25, 0.27). Out of a total of 142 women players, 84 (59.2%) injuries occurred, and no record of injuries was made in 58 (40.8%) players. The overall IR was observed to be 3.21 (CI: 1.24, 3.27), with moderate and severe injuries accounting for 38.1% of total injuries (each), followed by mild (16.7%) and minimal (7.1%) injuries. CONCLUSION The women IR in Kosovo women's soccer players is low while being circa 11% below the international average. Almost 2 out of every 4 injuries were categorized as traumatic, with the IRs being more than 5-fold larger during games than during training. Additionally, these findings emphasize the higher rate of injuries amongst younger athletes, suggesting caution to be taken by the coaches when planning for the match. The collected data may help coaches and trainers create more targeted women's soccer injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feim Gashi
- Physiotherapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, Alma Mater Europaea -ECM, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea Campus College Rezonanca, Prishtina, Kosovo.
| | - Tine Kovačič
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty for Health Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ismet Shalaj
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea Campus College Rezonanca, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Bekim Haxhiu
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea Campus College Rezonanca, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Arben Boshnjaku
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea Campus College Rezonanca, Prishtina, Kosovo
- Physiotherapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, University "Fehmi Agani" in Gjakova, 50000, Gjakova, Kosovo
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11
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Gilhooly M, Cahalan R, O'Sullivan K, Norton C. A systematic literature review of injury epidemiology and surveillance practices in elite adult female field-based team sport. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00080-4. [PMID: 37210318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe injury incidence and surveillance practices in elite adult female field-based team sports. DESIGN Systematic literature review. METHODS This review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42022318642). CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Open Grey and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 30th June inclusive. Peer reviewed original research articles that reported the incidence of injury sustained by females aged ≥18 years in elite field-based team sports were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS Twenty prospective cohort studies investigating injury incidence in Australian football, American football, soccer, field hockey, rugby, rugby-7s and cricket were eligible. A higher injury incidence in match play compared to training was reported with the highest match and training incidence (132.7 and 42.1/1000 h of exposure respectively) in Australian football. The majority of the reported injuries were to the lower limb and involved muscle/tendon or joint/ligaments. There was heterogeneity in definitions of injury, severity and exposure, variations in methods of injury data collection and reporting with, not all data being collected/reported optimally, which limited comparison of studies. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the lack of and need for injury data specific to this cohort. Establishing the incidence of injury with a robust injury surveillance system is the first step in the sequence of injury prevention. It requires consistency in definitions and methodologies, providing accurate and useful injury data, to guide targeted injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marese Gilhooly
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland; Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Ireland.
| | - Roisin Cahalan
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran O'Sullivan
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Sports and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Sports and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland
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12
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The ability to produce a timely explosive force may affect loading rate at landing. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sports injuries are strongly associated with the impact loading at landing. The abilities to produce force and adjust timing are simultaneously required to absorb impact loading.
Aims
Hence, we aimed to examine the hypothesis that the ability to produce an explosive force at the right timing is related to the ability to absorb the impact loading at landing.
Methods
Twenty-nine healthy young men volunteered to participate in the study. We proposed a new test to measure the rate of force development (RFD) in accordance with the countdown signal. To evaluate the ability to produce explosive force at the right time, we measured the rate of change between the RFD at the standard start signal and the RFD at the countdown signal. Furthermore, to evaluate the ability to land from a jump, we measured the loading rate at single-leg drop landing (20 cm).
Results
We divided the participants into two groups based on the timing effect: the positive group (participants with increased RFD at the countdown signal, n = 11) and the negative group (participants with decreased RFD at the countdown signal, n = 18). The loading rate was significantly greater (P < .01) in the negative group (47.4 ± 11.2 body weight (BW)/s) than in the positive group (34.7 ± 7.1 BW/s).
Conclusions
Participants with increased RFD at the countdown signal had a lower loading rate at landing. Our results suggest that the ability to produce a timely explosive force may be a determinant of safe landing ability.
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13
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Bonnette S, Riley MA, Riehm C, DiCesare C, Christy M, Wilson J, Schille A, Diekfuss JA, Kiefer AW, Jayanthi N, Myer GD. Differences in Lower Extremity Coordination Patterns as a Function of Sports Specialization. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:245-255. [PMID: 36642425 PMCID: PMC11187714 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2166453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The practice of early sport specialization, defined as intense year-round training in a single sport at the exclusion of others, is increasing in youth athletics. Despite potential benefits, sport specialization may be detrimental to the health of young athletes, as specialization may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries-particularly overuse injuries. However, there remains limited knowledge about how sports specialization uniquely alters underlying sports-related motor behavior. The purpose of this study was to compare the variability of movement patterns exhibited by highly sports specialized youth athletes to that of nonspecialized athletes during performance of a sport-specific, virtual reality based cutting task. It was hypothesized that highly specialized athletes would display different patterns of movement coordination compared to nonspecialized athletes during both the run-up phase and cut-and-decelerate phase. In support of the hypothesis, specialized athletes exhibited both intra- and inter-limb coordination that were significantly different than unspecialized athletes. Overall, the results indicate that the highly specialized athletes tended to exhibit greater degrees of coordination but also the ability to break the coordinated patterns of joint angle changes to execute a cutting maneuver, which requires asymmetric demands on the lower extremities while planting on one leg and changing direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bonnette
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Michael A. Riley
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, & Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Christopher Riehm
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
| | | | - Michele Christy
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John Wilson
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Schille
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
| | - Jed A. Diekfuss
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam W. Kiefer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Neeru Jayanthi
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
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14
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Ferguson H, Piquet J, Jemni M, Delextrat A. Effects of a Football Simulated Exercise on Injury Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury in Amateur Female Players. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010124. [PMID: 36671816 PMCID: PMC9855934 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Females are more at risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries than males; however, there is limited literature on neuromuscular risk factors such as angle-specific hamstring/quadriceps functional strength ratios (Hecc/Qcon) and rate of torque development (RTD) in female footballers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on these neuromuscular risk factors. Thirty-three amateur players (20.3 ± 2.0 years old, 1.67 ± 9.31 m, 63.4 ±8.1 kg, 23.6 ± 5.7% body fat) performed strength assessments of the quadriceps (concentrically, Qcon) and hamstrings (eccentrically, Hecc) on both legs on an isokinetic dynamometer, before and immediately after a football-specific exercise. Results showed significantly lower peak Hecc (-15.1 to -15.5%), peak Hecc/Qcon (-8.8 to -12.9%) and RTD (-14.0 to -17.0%) for hamstring eccentric contractions after fatigue in the dominant and non-dominant legs. Furthermore, significant decreases in Hecc/Qcon were observed at 10° only in the dominant leg (-15.5%), and at 10°, 20° and 30° in the non-dominant leg (-15.1 to -21.8%). These results suggest a reduced capacity of the hamstrings to stabilise the knee joint with fatigue. Unlike results previously shown on men, the non-dominant leg seemed more affected, highlighting the need to consider specific prevention measures in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Ferguson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 8HU, UK
| | - Jessica Piquet
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 8HU, UK
| | - Monèm Jemni
- The Carrick Institute of Neuroscience, Cap Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 8HU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1865-48-3610
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15
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Aiello F, Impellizzeri FM, Brown SJ, Serner A, McCall A. Injury-Inciting Activities in Male and Female Football Players: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:151-176. [PMID: 36315396 PMCID: PMC9807506 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive examination of the sport-specific activities performed around the time of injury is important to hypothesise injury mechanisms, develop prevention strategies, improve management, and inform future investigations. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the current literature describing the activities performed around the time of injury in football (soccer). METHODS A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and OpenGrey. Studies were included if participants were football players aged > 13 years old and the activities performed at the time of injury were reported together with the total number of injuries. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of checklists developed for prevalence studies. The activities reported by the studies were grouped to account for inconsistent reporting, and the proportion of each injury activity was calculated. Data were not meta-analysed due to high heterogeneity of methods and classification criteria. RESULTS We included 64 studies reporting on 56,740 injuries in total. ACL injures were analysed by 12 studies, ankle/foot and knee injuries were analysed by five studies, thigh injuries were analysed by four studies, hip/groin injuries were analysed by three studies, and hamstring injuries were analysed by two studies. Five studies analysed more than one type of injury and 38 studies did not specify the type of injuries analysed. Running and kicking were the predominant activities leading to thigh and hamstring injuries. Changing direction and kicking were the predominant activities leading to hip and groin injuries and duels were the predominant activities leading to ankle injuries. Duels and pressing seem the predominant activities leading to ACL injuries, while results for other knee and general injuries were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS A qualitative summary of the activities performed at the time of injury has been reported. The results need to be interpreted carefully due to the risk of bias observed in the included studies. If we are to meaningfully progress our knowledge in this area, it is paramount that future research uses consistent methods to record and classify injuries and activities leading up to and performed at the time of injury. REGISTRATION The protocol of this systematic review was registered at the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U96KV ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Aiello
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- Faculty of Health, Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan J Brown
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreas Serner
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan McCall
- Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK.
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
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16
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McQuilliam SJ, Clark DR, Erskine RM, Brownlee TE. Mind the gap! A survey comparing current strength training methods used in men's versus women's first team and academy soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:597-604. [PMID: 35473477 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2070267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Much less is known about strength and conditioning (S&C) practice in women's versus men's soccer. The aim of this study was to compare S&C practice between coaches working in men's or women's soccer, at first team or academy level, worldwide. METHODS A total of 170 participants, who were involved with S&C support at their soccer club (in Europe, USA and South America, within men's or women's first team or academy settings) completed a comprehensive online survey, designed to evaluate (i) their academic qualifications and S&C coaching experience; and their preferred methods for (ii) physical testing; (iii) strength and power development; (iv) plyometric training; (v) speed development; and (vi) periodization. RESULTS Women's academies had fewer weekly in-season S&C sessions than men's academies (1.6±0.6 vs. 2.3±0.9, p=0.005). Relatively, fewer women's academy S&C coaches (6%) used Olympic weightlifting movements than men's academy S&C coaches (32%, p=0.030). Relatively, more women's academy coaches (47%) used the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) compared to men's academy coaches (15%, p=0.006), but relatively more women's vs. men's first team coaches (61% vs. 38%, p=0.028) and women's vs. men's academy (61% vs. 38% coaches, p=0.049) utilised rating of perceived exertion-based load prescriptions. CONCLUSION Notable differences in S&C practice exist between coaches of men's and women's soccer squads, particularly at academy level. Fewer weekly S&C sessions in women academy players may have implications for physical development, while the greater use of subjective load prescriptions in both academy and first team women's squads may lead to sub-optimal performance gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McQuilliam
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Performance of male and female soccer players in field-based tests for screening the anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Horan D, Büttner F, Blake C, Hägglund M, Kelly S, Delahunt E. Injury incidence rates in women's football: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective injury surveillance studies. Br J Sports Med 2022; 57:471-480. [PMID: 36229168 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature to establish overall, match and training injury incidence rates (IIRs) in senior (≥18 years of age) women's football (amateur club, elite club and international). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of overall, match and training IIRs in senior women's football, stratified by injury location, type and severity. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE via PubMed; EMBASE via Ovid; CINAHL via EBSCO and Web of Science were searched from earliest record to July 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES (1) football players participating in a senior women's football league (amateur club or elite club) or a senior women's international football tournament; (2) the study had to report IIRs or provide sufficient data from which this outcome metric could be calculated through standardised equations; (3) a full-text article published in a peer-reviewed journal before July 2021; (4) a prospective injury surveillance study and (5) case reports on single teams were ineligible. RESULTS 17 articles met the inclusion criteria; amateur club (n=2), elite club (n=10), international (n=5). Overall, match and training 'time-loss' IIRs are similar between senior women's elite club football and international football. 'Time-loss' training IIRs in senior women's elite club football and international football are approximately 6-7 times lower than their equivalent match IIRs. Overall 'time-loss' IIRs stratified by injury type in women's elite club football were 2.70/1000 hours (95% CI 1.12 to 6.50) for muscle and tendon, 2.62/1000 hours (95% CI 1.26 to 5.46) for joint and ligaments, and 0.76/1000 hours (95% CI 0.55 to 1.03) for contusions. Due to the differences in injury definitions, it was not possible to aggregate IIRs for amateur club football. CONCLUSION Lower limb injuries incurred during matches are a substantial problem in senior women's football. The prevention of lower limb joint, ligament, muscle and tendon injuries should be a central focus of injury prevention interventions in senior women's amateur club, elite club and international football. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020162895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Horan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,High Performance Department, Football Association of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionn Büttner
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Football Research Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Seamus Kelly
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Xiao M, Lemos JL, Hwang CE, Sherman SL, Safran MR, Abrams GD. Increased Risk of ACL Injury for Female but Not Male Soccer Players on Artificial Turf Versus Natural Grass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221114353. [PMID: 35990873 PMCID: PMC9382072 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Both natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT) are popular playing surfaces
for soccer. Biomechanical studies have found increased frictional forces on
AT that may lead to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The increased
risk of ACL injury during soccer in female participants may amplify this
effect. Purpose: To systematically review the literature for studies comparing ACL injury risk
in soccer players on AT versus NG and to specifically determine whether
there were differences in injury risk in male versus female players when
considering the playing surface. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Three databases were
searched for studies with evidence level 1 to 3 that compared the incidence
of ACL injuries on AT versus NG in soccer players. Data recorded included
study characteristics, sex, competition level, exposure setting (games or
practices), turf type, and ACL injury information. Study methodological
quality was analyzed using the methodological index for non-randomized
studies (MINORS) score, and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were
calculated. Results: Included were 7 articles (3 studying professional soccer, 3 collegiate
soccer, 1 youth-level soccer; 4 male cohorts, 2 female cohorts, and 1 male
and female cohort; mean MINORS score, 20 ± 0.8). Pooled ACL injury IRRs
demonstrated no significant differences in overall ACL injury risk when
playing soccer on AT compared with NG (IRR = 0.57 [95% CI, 0.21-1.53];
P = .31). A significantly increased risk of ACL injury
in games played on AT compared with NG was detected for female (IRR = 1.18
[95% CI, 1.05-1.31]; P = .004) but not for male players
(IRR = 1.18 [95% CI, 0.97-1.42]; P = .09). Subgroup
analyses showed no significant differences in injury risk for games (IRR =
1.07 [95% CI, 0.97-1.18]; P = .20) or practices (IRR = 0.21
[95% CI, 0.04-1.23]; P = .09). Conclusion: Findings indicated that female soccer players had a significantly higher risk
of ACL injury when playing games on AT versus NG, whereas no significant
difference was seen in male players. No differences were found for the
combined male/female cohort or for soccer games or training sessions played
on AT compared with NG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jacie L Lemos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Calvin E Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Abrams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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20
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Nakahira Y, Taketomi S, Kawaguchi K, Mizutani Y, Hasegawa M, Ito C, Uchiyama E, Ikegami Y, Fujiwara S, Yamamoto K, Nakamura Y, Tanaka S, Ogata T. Kinematic Differences Between the Dominant and Nondominant Legs During a Single-Leg Drop Vertical Jump in Female Soccer Players. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2817-2823. [PMID: 35850117 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soccer, the roles of the dominant (kicking) and nondominant (supporting) legs are different. The kinematic differences between the actions of the dominant and nondominant legs in female soccer players are not clear. PURPOSE To clarify the kinematic differences between dominant and nondominant legs during a single-leg drop vertical jump (DVJ) in female soccer players. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 64 female high school and college soccer players were included in this study. Participants performed a single-leg DVJ test utilizing video motion capture with artificial intelligence during the preseason period. This study assessed the knee flexion angles, knee valgus angles, hip flexion angles, and lower leg anterior inclination angle at 3 time points (initial contact, maximum flexion of the knee, and toe-off) and compared them between the dominant and nondominant legs. These angles were calculated from motion capture data and analyzed in 3 dimensions. A paired t test was used to analyze the differences between legs, and the significance level was set at P < .05. RESULTS The knee valgus angle at initial contact was greater in the nondominant leg (mean ± SD, 0.8°± 5.2°) than the dominant leg (-0.9°± 4.9°) (P < .01). There were no differences between legs for any other angles at any of the time points. CONCLUSION The kinematics of the dominant and nondominant legs of female soccer players in a single-leg DVJ differ in knee valgus angle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Leg dominance is associated with the risk of sports injuries. Kinematic differences between the dominant and nondominant legs may be a noteworthy factor in elucidating the mechanisms and risk of sports injury associated with leg dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakahira
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- Tokyo Sports Science Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Tokyo Sports Science Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Mizutani
- Tokyo Sports Science Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Ito
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Uchiyama
- The Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ikegami
- The Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fujiwara
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Yamamoto
- Tokyo Sports Science Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakamura
- Tokyo Sports Science Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; The Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Sports Science Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Investigation performed at The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Chia L, Silva DDO, Whalan M, McKay MJ, Sullivan J, Fuller CW, Pappas E. Epidemiology of gradual-onset knee injuries in team ball-sports: A systematic review with meta-analysis of prevalence, incidence, and burden by sex, sport, age, and participation level. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:834-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Rodrigues LG, Vianna KB, de Oliveira NT, Chaves ADC, Severo-Silveira L, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Carvalho P, Baroni BM. Sex-related differences in muscular factors previously identified in the literature as potentially associated with hamstring strain injury in professional football players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Chia L, De Oliveira Silva D, Whalan M, McKay MJ, Sullivan J, Fuller CW, Pappas E. Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Team-Ball Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis by Sex, Age, Sport, Participation Level, and Exposure Type. Sports Med 2022; 52:2447-2467. [PMID: 35622227 PMCID: PMC9136558 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts. Objective To synthesize the evidence on the incidence and proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries by sex, age, sport, participation level and exposure type in team ball-sports. Methods Six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2021. Cohort studies of team ball-sports reporting number of knee injuries as a function of exposure and injury mechanism were included. Results Forty-five studies covering 13 team ball-sports were included. The overall proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries was 55% (95% CI 48–62, I2 = 82%; females: 63%, 95% CI 53–71, I2 = 84%; males: 50%, 95% CI 42–58, I2 = 86%). The overall incidence of non-contact ACL injuries was 0.07 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI 0.05–0.10, I2 = 77%), and 0.05 per 1000 player-exposures (95% CI 0.03–0.07, I2 = 97%). Injury incidence was higher in female athletes (0.14 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.10–0.19, I2 = 40%) than male athletes (0.05 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.03–0.07, I2 = 48%), and this difference was significant. Injury incidence during competition was higher (0.48 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.32–0.72, I2 = 77%; 0.32 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.15–0.70, I2 = 96%) than during training (0.04 per 1000 player-hours, 95% CI 0.02–0.07, I2 = 63%; 0.02 per 1000 player-exposures, 95% CI 0.01–0.05, I2 = 86%) and these differences were significant. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high. Conclusion This study quantifies several key epidemiological findings for ACL injuries in team ball-sports. Non-contact ACL injuries represented over half of all ACL injuries sustained. The proportion of non-contact to total ACL injuries and injury incidence were higher in female than in male athletes. Injuries mostly occurred in competition settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01697-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Chia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Cleveland Guardians Baseball Company, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Danilo De Oliveira Silva
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Whalan
- Research and Development Department, Football Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marnee J McKay
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Sullivan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Evangelos Pappas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Physiotherapy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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24
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Change of Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Prediction of Injury in Football; Prospective Analysis over One Half-Season. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030440. [PMID: 35326918 PMCID: PMC8949270 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Agility is an important factor in football (soccer), but studies have rarely examined the influences of different agility components on the likelihood of being injured in football. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the possible influences of sporting factors, i.e., flexibility, reactive agility (RAG), and change of direction speed (CODS), on injury occurrence over one competitive half-season, in professional football players. Participants were 129 football professional players (all males, 24.4 ± 4.7 years), who underwent anthropometrics, flexibility, and RAG and CODS (both evaluated on non-dominant and dominant side) at the beginning of second half-season 2019/20 (predictors). Over the following half-season, occurrence of injury was registered (outcome). To identify the differences between groups based on injury occurrence, t-test was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were calculated to identify the associations between predictors and outcome. Results showed incidence of 1.3 injuries per 1000 h of training/game per player, with higher likelihood for injury occurrence during game than during training (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.63–5.88) Univariate logistic regression showed significant associations between players’ age (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.25–2.22), playing time (OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.560–2.58), and RAG (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09–1.35, and OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04–1.33 for RAG on dominant- and non-dominant side, respectively), and injury occurrence. The multivariate logistic regression model identified higher risk for injury in those players with longer playing times (OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.55–2.11), and poorer results for RAG for the non-dominant side (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02–1.28). To target those players who are more at risk of injury, special attention should be paid to players who are more involved in games, and those who with poorer RAG. Development of RAG on the non-dominant side should be beneficial for reducing the risk of injury in this sport.
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25
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Jones PA, Dos'Santos T, McMahon JJ, Graham-Smith P. Contribution of Eccentric Strength to Cutting Performance in Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:525-533. [PMID: 31800471 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jones, PA, Dos'Santos, T, McMahon, JJ, and Graham-Smith, P. Contribution of eccentric strength to cutting performance in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 525-533, 2022-The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of eccentric strength to performance of a 70-90° cutting task (CUT) (time to complete: 5 m approach, 70-90° cut, 3 m exit). Nineteen female soccer players (mean ± SD age, height, and mass; 21.7 ± 4.3 years, 1.67 ± 0.07 m, and 60.5 ± 6.1 kg) from the top 2 tiers of English women's soccer participated in the study. Each player performed 6 trials of the CUT task whereby three-dimensional motion data from 10 Qualisys proreflex cameras (240 Hz) and ground reaction forces from 2 Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc. force platforms (1,200 Hz) were collected. Relative eccentric knee extensor (ECC-KE) and flexor peak moments (ECC-KF) were collected from both limbs at 60°·s-1 using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that minimum center of mass (CM) and approach velocities (CM velocity at touchdown of penultimate foot contact) could explain 82% (79% adjusted) of the variation in CUT completion time (F(1,16) = 36.086, p < 0.0001). ECC-KE was significantly (p < 0.05) moderately associated (R ≥ 0.610) with velocities at key instances during the CUT. High (upper 50th percentile) ECC-KE individuals (n = 9) had significantly (p ≤ 0.01; d ≥ 1.34) greater velocities at key instances during the CUT. The findings suggest that individuals with higher ECC-KE produce faster CUT performance, by approaching with greater velocity and maintaining a higher velocity during penultimate and final contact, as they are better able to tolerate the larger loads associated with a faster approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Jones
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; and
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26
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McBride C, Bronner S. Injury characteristics in professional modern dancers: A 15-year analysis of work-related injury rates and patterns. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:821-837. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Ruiz-Pérez I, López-Valenciano A, Elvira JL, García-Gómez A, De Ste Croix M, Ayala F. Epidemiology of injuries in elite male and female futsal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 5:59-71. [PMID: 35073234 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1789203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying the incidence of injuries in futsal players. A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases and subsequently, six studies (14 cohorts) were selected. Separate meta-analyses for male and female players were conducted using a Poisson random-effect regression model approach. The overall and match incidence rates in elite male futsal players were 6.8 (95% CI = 0.0-15.2) and 44.9 (95% CI = 17.2-72.6) injuries/1000 hours of exposure. Pooled training injury rate in male players was not calculated due to the lack of studies reporting training injuries in this cohort. For females, an overall, training and match incidence rates of 5.3 (95% CI = 3.5-7), 5.1 (95% CI = 2.7-7.6) and 10.3 (95% CI = 0.6-20.1) injuries/1000 hours of exposure were reported. In males, match incidence rate in International tournaments was 8.5 times higher than in national leagues (77.2 [95% CI = 60.0-94.5] vs 9.1 [95% CI = 0.0-19.3] for international tournaments and national leagues, respectively). Elite male and female futsal players are exposed to a substantial risk of sustaining injuries, especially during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - José Ll Elvira
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Mark De Ste Croix
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Francisco Ayala
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.,Postdoctoral fellow, Seneca Foundation, Murcia, Spain
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28
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Tranaeus U, Weiss N, Lyberg V, Hagglund M, Waldén M, Johnson U, Asker M, Skillgate E. Study protocol for a prospective cohort study identifying risk factors for sport injury in adolescent female football players: the Karolinska football Injury Cohort (KIC). BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055063. [PMID: 35022175 PMCID: PMC8756291 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Football is a popular sport among young females worldwide, but studies concerning injuries in female players are scarce compared with male players. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for injury in adolescent female football players. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Karolinska football Injury Cohort (KIC) is an ongoing longitudinal study that will include approximately 400 female football academy players 12-19 years old in Sweden. A detailed questionnaire regarding demographics, health status, lifestyle, stress, socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors and various football-related factors are completed at baseline and after 1 year. Clinical tests measuring strength, mobility, neuromuscular control of the lower extremity, trunk and neck are carried out at baseline. Players are followed prospectively with weekly emails regarding exposure to football and other physical activity, health issues (such as stress, recovery, etc), pain, performance and injuries via the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O). Players who report a substantial injury in the OSTRC-O, that is, not being able to participate in football activities, or have reduced their training volume performance to a moderate or major degree, are contacted for full injury documentation. In addition to player data, academy coaches also complete a baseline questionnaire regarding coach experience and education. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Authority at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (2016/1251-31/4). All participating players and their legal guardians give their written informed consent. The study will be reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology. The results will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals and disseminated to the Swedish football movement through stakeholders and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Tranaeus
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan Weiss
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Lyberg
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Hagglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hässleholm-Kristianstad Hospitals, Hässleholm, Sweden
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Asker
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Scandinavian College of Naprapathic Manual Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Skillgate
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tranaeus U, Ivarsson A, Johnson U, Weiss N, Samuelsson M, Skillgate E. The Role of the Results of Functional Tests and Psychological Factors on Prediction of Injuries in Adolescent Female Football Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010143. [PMID: 35010400 PMCID: PMC8750218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Football is a popular sport among adolescent females. Given the rate of injuries in female footballers, identifying factors that can predict injuries are important. These injuries are often caused by complex reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate if the combination of demographic (age, number of training and match play hours/week), psychosocial (perceived stress, adaptive coping strategies) and physiological factors (functional performance) can predict a traumatic injury in adolescent female footballers. A cohort consisting of 419 female football players aged 13-16 years was established. Baseline questionnaires covered potential risk factors for sport injuries, and measurements included football-related functional performance tests. Data were collected prospectively with a weekly online questionnaire for 52 weeks covering, e.g., injuries, training, and match play hours/week. A total of 62% of the players reported at least one traumatic injury during the 52 weeks. The coping strategy "positive reframing" had the strongest association with the risk of traumatic injuries. The combination of more frequent use of the coping strategy, positive reframing, and high levels of physical performance capacity may prevent a traumatic injury in adolescent female footballers. Coaches are encouraged to adopt both physiological and psychological factors when preventing injuries in young female footballers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Tranaeus
- Department of PNB, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 144 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.W.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Center of Research on Welfare Health and Sport, Halmstad University, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden; (A.I.); (U.J.)
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Urban Johnson
- Center of Research on Welfare Health and Sport, Halmstad University, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden; (A.I.); (U.J.)
| | - Nathan Weiss
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.W.); (E.S.)
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Musculoskeletal & Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Sophiahemmet University, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Samuelsson
- Naprapathögskolan—Scandinavian College of Naprapathic Manual Medicine, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Eva Skillgate
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (N.W.); (E.S.)
- Department of Health Promotion Science, Musculoskeletal & Sports Injury Epidemiology Center, Sophiahemmet University, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Horan D, Blake C, Hägglund M, Kelly S, Roe M, Delahunt E. Injuries in elite-level women's football-a two-year prospective study in the Irish Women's National League. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:177-190. [PMID: 34719066 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the pattern of injuries in elite-level women's football in Ireland, during a two-season prospective injury surveillance study in the Women's National League (WNL). Seven out of the eight clubs (271 players) in the WNL were followed prospectively during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The injury incidence rate in matches (19.2/1000 h) was 7.5 times higher than in training (2.5/1000 h). Players, on average, sustained 0.69 injuries per season (266 injuries/383 player seasons), which equates to 15 time-loss injuries per season for a squad of 22 players. The majority of the injuries sustained by players were lower extremity injuries (85%), of which, 46% had a non-contact injury mechanism. Muscle, ligament, and contusion injuries were the most common injury types, while the ankle, knee, and thigh were the most commonly injured body sites. The most common injuries sustained over the two seasons were lateral ankle sprains (13.9%), hamstring strains (12.4%), knee meniscus/cartilage injuries (7.5%), adductor strains (6%), quadriceps strains (4.5%), and ankle contusions (4.5%). The injuries with the highest injury burden were ACL injuries (59 days lost/1000 h), knee meniscus/cartilage injuries (23/1000 h), lateral ankle sprains (21/1000 h), hamstring strains (12/1000 h), MCL sprains (11/1000 h), and quadriceps strains (11/1000 h). There were 8 ACL tears documented over the 2 seasons, which accounted for 28% of all time lost to injury with a mean days lost per injury of 247. We recommend that clubs in the WNL in Ireland should implement injury risk mitigation strategies, with a particular focus on injuries with a high injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Horan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,High Performance Department, Football Association of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Seamus Kelly
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Roe
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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The dominant leg is more likely to get injured in soccer players: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:397-435. [PMID: 34475623 PMCID: PMC8329968 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In soccer (football), dominant limb kicking produces higher ball velocity and is used with greater frequency than the non-dominant limb. It is unclear whether limb dominance has an effect on injury incidence. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to examine the relationship between limb dominance and soccer injuries. Studies were identified from four online databases according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies of soccer players that reported lower extremity injuries by limb dominance. Relevant studies were assessed for inclusion and retained. Data from retained studies underwent meta-analyses to determine relative risk of dominant versus non-dominant limb injuries using random-effects models. Seventy-four studies were included, with 36 of them eligible for meta-analysis. For prospective lower extremity injury studies, soccer players demonstrated a 1.6 times greater risk of injury to the dominant limb (95% CI [1.3-1.8]). Grouped by injury location, hamstring (RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.4]) and hip/groin (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3-2.7]) injuries were more likely to occur to the dominant limb. Greater risk of injury was present in the dominant limb across playing levels (amateurs RR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1-3.2]; youths RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.26-1.67]; professionals RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.14-1.46]). Both males (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.33-1.68)] and females (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.14-1.89]) were more likely to sustain injuries to the dominant limb. Future studies investigating soccer injury should adjust for this confounding factor by using consistent methods for assigning limb dominance and tracking use of the dominant versus non-dominant limb.
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Mayhew L, Johnson MI, Francis P, Lutter C, Alali A, Jones G. Incidence of injury in adult elite women's football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001094. [PMID: 34422291 PMCID: PMC8323459 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To estimate the incidence of injury in adult elite women's football and to characterise the nature and anatomical location of injuries. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Combinations of the key terms were entered into the following electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct and Discover) from inception to May 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES (1) Used a prospective cohort design; (2) captured data on elite adult women players; (3) reported injury incidence by anatomical site; (4) captured data of at least one season or national team tournament; (5) included a definition of injury; and (6) written in English. RESULTS The search identified 1378 records. Twelve studies published between 1991 and 2018 were included in our review and sampled 129 teams. In domestic club football, injury incidence rate was estimated to be 5.7/1000 hours (total), 19.5/1000 hours (match) and 3.1/1000 hours (training). In tournament, football match incidence was estimated to be 55.7/1000 hours. The knee (22.8%; 368/1822) was the most common site of injury in domestic club football. The ankle (23.7%, 105/443) was the most common site of injury in tournament football. Ligament sprains were the most common type of injury (27.8%), followed by muscle strains (19.1%). Severn studies (58%) had a high risk of bias associated with exposure definition and measurement and considerable heterogeneity exists between the included studies (I2=49.7%-95%). SUMMARY/CONCLUSION Ligament sprains occur more frequently in adult elite women football players. We advise caution in interpretating point estimates of the incidence of injury due to high statistical heterogeneity. Standardising injury reporting and the accurate recording of match and training exposure will overcome such limitations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019130407.su.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mayhew
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark I Johnson
- Centre for Pain Research, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Francis
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Christoph Lutter
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ali Alali
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Zago M, David S, Bertozzi F, Brunetti C, Gatti A, Salaorni F, Tarabini M, Galvani C, Sforza C, Galli M. Fatigue Induced by Repeated Changes of Direction in Élite Female Football (Soccer) Players: Impact on Lower Limb Biomechanics and Implications for ACL Injury Prevention. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:666841. [PMID: 34291039 PMCID: PMC8287513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.666841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury in women football results from the interaction of several extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors. Extrinsic factors change dynamically, also due to fatigue. However, existing biomechanical findings concerning the impact of fatigue on the risk of ACL injuries remains inconsistent. We hypothesized that fatigue induced by acute workload in short and intense game periods, might in either of two ways: by pushing lower limbs mechanics toward a pattern close to injury mechanism, or alternatively by inducing opposed protective compensatory adjustments. Aim In this study, we aimed at assessing the extent to which fatigue impact on joints kinematics and kinetics while performing repeated changes of direction (CoDs) in the light of the ACL risk factors. Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional associative study. Twenty female players (age: 20-31 years, 1st-2nd Italian division) performed a continuous shuttle run test (5-m) involving repeated 180°-CoDs until exhaustion. During the whole test, 3D kinematics and ground reaction forces were used to compute lower limb joints angles and internal moments. Measures of exercise internal load were: peak post-exercise blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion. Continuous linear correlations between kinematics/kinetics waveforms (during the ground contact phase of the pivoting limb) and the number of consecutive CoD were computed during the exercise using a Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) approach. Results The test lasted 153 ± 72 s, with a rate of 14 ± 2 CoDs/min. Participants reached 95% of maximum HR and a peak lactate concentration of 11.2 ± 2.8 mmol/L. Exercise duration was inversely related to lactate concentration (r = -0.517, p < 0.01), while neither%HR max nor [La-] b nor RPE were correlated with test duration before exhaustion (p > 0.05). Alterations in lower limb kinematics were found in 100%, and in lower limb kinetics in 85% of the players. The most common kinematic pattern was a concurrent progressive reduction in hip and knee flexion angle at initial contact (10 players); 5 of them also showed a significantly more adducted hip. Knee extension moment decreased in 8, knee valgus moment increased in 5 players. A subset of participants showed a drift of pivoting limb kinematics that matches the known ACL injury mechanism; other players displayed less definite or even opposed behaviors. Discussion Players exhibited different strategies to cope with repeated CoDs, ranging from protective to potentially dangerous behaviors. While the latter was not a univocal effect, it reinforces the importance of individual biomechanical assessment when coping with fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy
| | - Sina David
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Filippo Bertozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Brunetti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Gatti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Salaorni
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Tarabini
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy
| | - Christel Galvani
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy.,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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35
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Dix C, Arundale A, Silvers-Granelli H, Marmon A, Zarzycki R, Snyder-Mackler L. Biomechanical Changes During a 90º Cut in Collegiate Female Soccer Players With Participation in the 11. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:671-680. [PMID: 34123519 PMCID: PMC8168994 DOI: 10.26603/001c.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valgus collapse and high knee abduction moments have been identified as biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury. It is unknown if participation in the 11+, a previously established, dynamic warm-up that emphasizes biomechanical technique and reduces ACL injury rates, reduces components of valgus collapse during a 90º cut. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To determine whether participation in the 11+ during a single soccer season reduced peak knee abduction moment and components of valgus collapse during a 90º cut in collegiate female soccer players. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Forty-six participants completed preseason and postseason motion analysis of a 90º cut. During the season, 31 players completed the 11+ and 15 players completed their typical warm-up (control group). Peak knee abduction moment, components of valgus collapse (hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee abduction angles), and a novel measure of knee valgus collapse were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVAs to determine differences between preseason and postseason. Smallest detectable change (SDC) and minimal important difference (MID) values were applied to contextualize results. RESULTS There was a significant main effect of time for non-dominant knee valgus collapse (p=0.03), but decreases in non-dominant knee valgus collapse only exceeded the SDC in the intervention team. CONCLUSIONS Clinically meaningful decreases in knee valgus collapse may indicate a beneficial biomechanical effect of the 11+. Participation in the 11+ may lower ACL injury risk by reducing valgus collapse during a 90º cut. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelia Arundale
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware; Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System
| | - Holly Silvers-Granelli
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware; Director of Research Major League Soccer Medical Assessment Research Committee; Velocity Physical Therapy
| | | | - Ryan Zarzycki
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware; Physical Therapy, Arcadia University
| | - Lynn Snyder-Mackler
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware; Physical Therapy, University of Delaware
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Dos'Santos T, Thomas C, McBurnie A, Comfort P, Jones PA. Biomechanical Determinants of Performance and Injury Risk During Cutting: A Performance-Injury Conflict? Sports Med 2021; 51:1983-1998. [PMID: 33811615 PMCID: PMC8363537 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cutting biomechanical studies investigate performance and knee joint load determinants independently. This is surprising because cutting is an important action linked to performance and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cutting biomechanics and cutting performance (completion time, ground contact time [GCT], exit velocity) and surrogates of non-contact ACL injury risk (knee abduction [KAM] and internal rotation [KIRM] moments) during 90° cutting. DESIGN Mixed, cross-sectional study following an associative design. 61 males from multidirectional sports performed six 90° pre-planned cutting trials, whereby lower-limb and trunk kinetics and kinematics were evaluated using three-dimensional (3D) motion and ground reaction force analysis over the penultimate (PFC) and final foot contact (FFC). Pearson's and Spearman's correlations were used to explore the relationships between biomechanical variables and cutting performance and injury risk variables. Stepwise regression analysis was also performed. RESULTS Faster cutting performance was associated (p ≤ 0.05) with greater centre of mass (COM) velocities at key instances of the cut (r or ρ = 0.533-0.752), greater peak and mean propulsive forces (r or ρ = 0.449-0.651), shorter FFC GCTs (r or ρ = 0.569-0.581), greater FFC and PFC braking forces (r = 0.430-0.551), smaller hip and knee flexion range of motion (r or ρ = 0.406-0.670), greater knee flexion moments (KFMs) (r = 0.482), and greater internal foot progression angles (r = - 0.411). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that exit velocity, peak resultant propulsive force, PFC mean horizontal braking force, and initial foot progression angle together could explain 64% (r = 0.801, adjusted 61.6%, p = 0.048) of the variation in completion time. Greater peak KAMs were associated with greater COM velocities at key instances of the cut (r or ρ = - 0.491 to - 0.551), greater peak knee abduction angles (KAA) (r = - 0.468), and greater FFC braking forces (r = 0.434-0.497). Incidentally, faster completion times were associated with greater peak KAMs (r = - 0.412) and KIRMs (r = 0.539). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that FFC mean vertical braking force and peak KAA together could explain 43% (r = 0.652, adjusted 40.6%, p < 0.001) of the variation peak KAM. CONCLUSION Techniques and mechanics associated with faster cutting (i.e. faster COM velocities, greater FFC braking forces in short GCTs, greater KFMs, smaller hip and knee flexion, and greater internal foot progression angles) are in direct conflict with safer cutting mechanics (i.e. reduced knee joint loading, thus ACL injury risk), and support the "performance-injury conflict" concept during cutting. Practitioners should be conscious of this conflict when instructing cutting techniques to optimise performance while minimising knee joint loading, and should, therefore, ensure that their athletes have the physical capacity (i.e. neuromuscular control, co-contraction, and rapid force production) to tolerate and support the knee joint loading during cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Building, Manchester Campus John Dalton Building, Manchester Campus, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK. .,Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul Comfort
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Jones
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
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37
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Vianna KB, Rodrigues LG, Oliveira NT, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Baroni BM. A Preseason Training Program With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise Increases Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength and Fascicle Length in Professional Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:459-467. [PMID: 33842041 PMCID: PMC8016438 DOI: 10.26603/001c.19452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training programs that include the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) have been shown to increase eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris fascicle length in male athletes. However, the effect of NHE on female athletes remains unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the collective and individual responses of professional female soccer players engaged in a preseason training program with the NHE regarding eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris long head fascicle length. STUDY DESIGN Quasi-experimental study. METHODS Sixteen amateur female soccer players (without a NHE training routine) were evaluated 8-weeks apart to: (1) assess reliability of eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris fascicle length measures; and (2) determine the typical error of measures that would be used to discriminate training responders and non-responders. The NHE training group had 17 professional female soccer players who performed an 8-week training program with the NHE during preseason. Within-group analysis was performed with paired sample t-tests (pre- vs. post-training), and individual responses were determined using the typical error criteria. RESULTS The non-trained group's data demonstrated that measures of strength (ICC=0.82-0.87, typical error = 12-13 N) and fascicle length (ICC=0.92-0.97; typical error = 0.19-0.38 cm) were reliable. In the NHE training group, both limbs increased the eccentric knee flexor strength (~13%; ES=0.74-0.82) and the biceps femoris fascicle length (~6%; ES=0.44-0.65). Twelve players (~71%) were considered responders to the NHE training program for the eccentric knee flexor strength, while eight athletes (~47%) were responders for the biceps femoris fascicle length. CONCLUSION The 8-week preseason training program with the NHE increased both eccentric knee flexor strength and biceps femoris fascicle length in professional female soccer players. More than two-thirds of players demonstrated a meaningful increase in eccentric strength, while nearly half achieved consistent fascicle length increases with the NHE training.
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Martín-San Agustín R, Medina-Mirapeix F, Esteban-Catalán A, Escriche-Escuder A, Sánchez-Barbadora M, Benítez-Martínez JC. Epidemiology of Injuries in First Division Spanish Women's Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063009. [PMID: 33804081 PMCID: PMC8000692 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology of injuries in female soccer has been studied extensively in several national leagues. Even so, data on the first division Spanish league are limited. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of the first division of the Spanish Women’s Soccer League and to analyze data in relation to game position, circumstance, or the moment of injury. Fifteen teams and 123 players participated in the study. Players’ characteristics and their injuries (location, type, diagnosis, circumstance, and moment) were collected. Injuries were described by their frequencies (number and percentage) and incidence rates (IR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Lower limb injuries accounted for 86.8% of total injuries. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus injuries occurred in totality in non-contact circumstance (0.35/1000 h; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.62 and 0.23/1000 h; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.45, respectively). Match injury IRs (19.02/1000 h; 95% CI, 14.89 to 23.97) were significantly higher than training (1.70/1000 h; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.22). As a conclusion, structures such as the ACL or meniscus are most commonly injured in the non-contact circumstance in the first division of the Spanish Women’s Soccer League. In addition, match situations involve a greater risk of injury than training, increasing the risk to the ankle and knee injuries as the season progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
| | | | - Andrea Esteban-Catalán
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
| | | | - Mariana Sánchez-Barbadora
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
| | - Josep C. Benítez-Martínez
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-S.A.); (A.E.-C.); (M.S.-B.); (J.C.B.-M.)
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39
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Injury Profile in Women's Football: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:423-442. [PMID: 33433863 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01401-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Football is the most popular sport among women; however, little is known about the injury profile in this population. This information would help design tailored injury risk mitigation strategies that may make football safer for women. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in women´s football. METHODS A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was performed up to January 2020 in PubMed, Web of Science, Sportdiscus and the Cochrane Library databases. Twenty-two studies reporting the incidence of injuries in women football were analysed. Two reviewers independently extracted data (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] for inter-reviewer reliability = 0.87) and assessed study quality using the STROBE statement, GRADE approach, Newcastle Ottawa Scale and Downs and Black assessment tools. Studies were combined in pooled analyses (injury incidence and injury proportion) using a Poisson random effects regression model. RESULTS The overall incidence of injuries in female football players was 6.1 injuries/1000 h of exposure. Match injury incidence (19.2 injuries/1000 h of exposure) was almost six times higher than training injury incidence rate (3.5 injuries/1000 h of exposure). Lower extremity injuries had the highest incidence rates (4.8 injuries/1000 h of exposure). The most common types of injuries were muscle/tendon (1.8 injuries/1000 h of exposure) and joint (non-bone) and ligament (1.5 injuries/1000 h of exposure), which were frequently associated with traumatic incidents. Slight/minimal injuries (1-3 days of time loss) were the most common. The incidence rate of injuries during matches in the top five world ranking leagues was higher than the rest of the leagues (19.3 vs 10.7 injuries/1000 h of exposure, respectively). The weighted injury proportion was 1.1 (95% confidence interval = 0.6-1.7) whereby on average players sustained more than one injury per season. CONCLUSIONS Female football players are exposed to a substantial risk of sustaining injuries, especially during matches that require the highest level of performance. To markedly reduce overall injury burden, efforts should focus on introducing and evaluating preventative measures that target match specific dynamics to make football players more capable of responding to the challenges that they have to deal with during match play. REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (ID = CRD42019118152).
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BIOMECHANICAL MEASURES DURING TWO SPORT-SPECIFIC TASKS DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SOCCER PLAYERS WHO GO ON TO ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY AND THOSE WHO DO NOT: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT ANALYSIS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:928-935. [PMID: 33344009 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decelerating and cutting are two common movements during which non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in soccer players. Retrospective video analysis of ACL injuries has demonstrated that players are often in knee valgus at the time of injury. Purpose To determine whether prospectively measured components of valgus collapse during a deceleration and 90 ° cut can differentiate between collegiate women's soccer players who go on to non-contact ACL injury. Design Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data. Methods 51 NCAA women's soccer players completed motion analysis of a deceleration and 90 ° before the competitive season. Players were classified as Injured (noncontact ACL injury during the season) or Uninjured at the end of the season. Differences between groups for peak hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee abduction angles, and knee valgus collapse were analyzed with a MANOVA. Results Four non-contact ACL injuries were reported at the end of the season. There was a significant difference between groups for hip adduction angle during the 90 ° cut (p = 0.02) and deceleration (p = 0.03). Players who went on to ACL injury were in more hip adduction. Conclusions Hip adduction angle is larger in players who go on to ACL injury than those who do not during two sport-specific tasks. The components of knee injury prevention programs that address proximal control and strength are likely crucial for preventing ACL injuries. Level of Evidence 2b.
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41
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Donelon TA, Dos'Santos T, Pitchers G, Brown M, Jones PA. Biomechanical Determinants of Knee Joint Loads Associated with Increased Anterior Cruciate Ligament Loading During Cutting: A Systematic Review and Technical Framework. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:53. [PMID: 33136207 PMCID: PMC7606399 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Cutting actions are associated with non-contact ACL injuries in multidirectional sports due to the propensity to generate large multiplanar knee joint loads (KJLs) that have the capacity to increase ACL loading and strain. Numerous studies have investigated the biomechanical determinants of KJLs in cutting tasks. The aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively review the literature regarding biomechanical determinants of KJLs during cutting, in order to develop a cutting technical framework alongside training recommendations for practitioners regarding KJL mitigation. Methods Databases (SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and PubMed) were systematically searched using a combination of the following terms: “Biomechanical determinants”, or “Knee abduction moment”, or “Technical determinants”, or “Knee loading”, or “Knee loads”, or “Mechanical determinants”, or “ACL strain”, or “Knee adduction moment”, or “Anterior tibial shear”, or “Knee internal rotation moment”, or “Knee valgus moment” AND “Change of direction”, or “Cutting manoeuvre”, or “Run and cut”, or “Run-and-cut”, or “Sidestepping”, or “Side-stepping”, or “Shuttle run”. Inclusion criteria were as follows: studies examining a cutting task < 110° with a preceding approach run that examined biomechanical determinants of KJLs using three-dimensional motion analysis. Results The search returned 6404 possibly eligible articles, and 6 identified through other sources. Following duplicate removal, 4421 titles and abstracts were screened, leaving 246 full texts to be screened for inclusion. Twenty-three full texts were deemed eligible for inclusion and identified numerous determinants of KJLs; 11 trunk, 11 hip, 7 knee, 3 multiplanar KJLs, 5 foot/ankle and 7 identifying ground reaction forces (GRFs) as determinants of KJLs. Conclusion Using the framework developed from the results, cutting KJLs can be mitigated through the following: reducing lateral foot-plant distances, thus lowering hip abduction and orientating the foot closer to neutral with a mid-foot or forefoot placement strategy; minimising knee valgus and hip internal rotation angles and motion at initial contact (IC) and weight acceptance (WA); avoiding and limiting lateral trunk flexion and attempt to maintain an upright trunk position or trunk lean into the intended direction; and finally, reducing GRF magnitude during WA, potentially by attenuation through increased knee flexion and emphasising a greater proportion of braking during the penultimate foot contact (PFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Donelon
- Room Af87, Section of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK.
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Bonsall Street, Manchester, M15 6GX, UK
| | - Guy Pitchers
- Room Af87, Section of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Mathew Brown
- Room Af87, Section of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Paul A Jones
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, C702 Allerton Building, Salford, M6 6PU, UK
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Güler Ö, Aras D, Akça F, Bianco A, Lavanco G, Paoli A, Şahin FN. Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fatigue Exercises on Postural Control and Recovery Time in Female Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176273. [PMID: 32872251 PMCID: PMC7503876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen female soccer players (age = 20.19 ± 1.52 years; body mass = 56.52 ± 4.95 kg; body height = 164.81 ± 4.21 cm) with no history of lower extremity injury participated in the study. The Biodex SD Balance system was used to determine the non-dominant single-leg stability. In anaerobic exercise, each subject performed four maximal cycling efforts against a resistance equivalent to 0.075 kg/body mass for 30 s with three-minute rest intervals. In aerobic exercise, subjects performed the Bruce protocol on a motorized treadmill. After each exercise, subjects subsequently performed a single-leg stability test and then repeated the same test for four times with five-minute passive rest periods. In accordance with the results, it was found that the impairment observed right after the aerobic loading was higher (p < 0.001) compared to the anaerobic one. However, the time-related deterioration in both aerobic and anaerobic loadings was similar. The B-pre value was lower than Bpost and B5 (p < 0.01) and B10 (p < 0.05) in both conditions. Subjects could reach the initial balance level at B15 after aerobic and anaerobic loadings. The lactate level did not reach resting value even after 20 min of both fatigue protocols. Although the fatigue after aerobic and aerobic exercise negatively affects a single-leg dynamic balance level, single leg balance ability returns to the baseline status after 10 min of passive recovery duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Güler
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
| | - Dicle Aras
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
| | - Fırat Akça
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-23896910
| | - Gioacchino Lavanco
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Fatma Neşe Şahin
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey; (Ö.G.); (D.A.); (F.A.); (F.N.Ş.)
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Using Behavioral Skills Training With Video Feedback to Prevent Risk of Injury in Youth Female Soccer Athletes. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:811-819. [PMID: 33269191 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Female athletes are at a greater risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries than males. Current training programs for ACL injury reduction focus on muscle strengthening, appropriate movement patterns, and balance training. However, there is limited research on effective strategies to teach youth female soccer athletes how to properly perform desired movements associated with a decreased risk of ACL injuries. Behavioral skills training (BST) programs have been shown to be effective in teaching a wide variety of skills, but research on applications to sports is limited. This study evaluated a BST package for teaching a stepwise agility program to 3 youth female soccer athletes that consisted of verbal instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback, which included video replay. Results showed a significant improvement in the number of steps the participants performed correctly relative to baseline, as well as maintenance of skills at follow-up. Implications for coaches and athletes, as well as limitations and directions for future research, are discussed.
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Effect of Sand on Landing Knee Valgus During Single-Leg Land and Drop Jump Tasks: Possible Implications for ACL Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 30:97-104. [PMID: 32234999 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite significant emphasis on anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention, injury rates continue to rise and reinjury is common. Interventions to reduce injury have included resistance, balance, and jump training elements. The use of sand-based jump training has been postulated as an effective treatment. However, evidence on landing mechanics is limited. OBJECTIVE To determine potential differences in landing strategies and subsequent landing knee valgus when performing single-leg landing (SLL) and drop jump (DJ) tasks onto sand and land, and to compare between both male and female populations. DESIGN A randomized repeated-measures crossover design. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one participants (20 males and 11 females) from a university population. INTERVENTIONS All participants completed DJ and SLL tasks on both sand and land surfaces. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Two-dimensional frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of knee valgus was measured in both the DJ and SLL tasks (right and left) for both sand and land conditions. RESULTS FPPA was lower (moderate to large effect) for SLL in sand compared with land in both legs (left: 4.3° [2.8°]; right: 4.1° [3.8°]) for females. However, effects were unclear (left: -0.7° [2.2°]) and trivial for males (right: -1.1° [1.9°]). FPPA differences for males and females performing DJ were unclear; thus, more data is required. Differences in FPPA (land vs sand) with respect to grouping (sex) for both SLL left (4.9° [3.0°]) and right (5.1° [4.0°]) were very likely higher (small)/possibly moderate for females compared with males. CONCLUSIONS The effects of sand on FPPA during DJ tasks in males and females are unclear, and further data is required. However, the moderate to large reductions in FPPA in females during SLL tasks suggest that sand may provide a safer alternative to firm ground for female athletes in anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention and rehabilitation programs, which involve a SLL component.
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Biomechanical and neuromuscular comparison of single- and multi-planar jump tests and a side-cutting maneuver: Implications for ACL injury risk assessment. Knee 2020; 27:324-333. [PMID: 31889614 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a major problem among adolescent female soccer and handball players. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if known biomechanical and neuromuscular ACL injury risk factors obtained from single-planar jump-landings and multi-planar side-jumps can resemble the demands of side-cutting maneuvers, a known high-risk ACL injury movement for this population. METHODS Twenty-four female soccer and handball players (mean ± SD: age: 17 ± 1 year; height: 172 ± 66 cm; mass: 67 ± 9 kg) performed a series of functional tasks including two single-planar jump-landings, two multi-planar side-jumps and a sports-specific side-cutting maneuver on their dominant leg. Frontal and sagittal plane knee and hip joint kinematics and kinetics were calculated from three-dimensional motion analysis, whereas hamstring and quadriceps muscle pre-activity levels were measured with surface electromyography. RESULTS The sports-specific side-cut was distinguished by more knee flexion at initial contact, greater abduction angles and external knee abduction moments, higher biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscle pre-activity levels than both the single-planar jump-landings and multi-planar side-jumps (p < .05). Whilst, poor-to-strong spearman rank correlation coefficients inconsistently were found for the biomechanical and neuromuscular ACL injury risk factors explored between the side-cut and the single-planar jump-landings (rs = 0.01-0.78) and multi-planar side-jumps (rs = 0.03-0.88) respectively. CONCLUSION Single-planar jump-landings and multi-planar side-jumps should be used with caution to test for non-contact ACL injury risk factors in adolescent female soccer and handball players, because they do not mimic the biomechanical nor neuromuscular demands of the most frequent injury situation.
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Quantifying Functional Ankle Rehabilitation Progression Criteria Using GPS: A Preliminary Study. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 28:729-734. [DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context: Contemporary developments in Global Positioning System (GPS) technology present a means of quantifying mechanical loading in a clinical environment with high ecological validity. However, applications to date have typically focused on performance rather than rehabilitation. Objective: To examine the efficacy of GPS microtechnology in quantifying the progression of loading during functional rehabilitation from ankle sprain injury, given the prevalence of reinjury and need for quantifiable monitoring. Furthermore, to examine the influence of unit placement on the clinical interpretation of loading during specific functional rehabilitation drills. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: University athletic facilities. Participants: Twenty-two female intermittent team sports players. Intervention: All players completed a battery of 5 drills (anterior hop, inversion hop, eversion hop, diagonal hop, and diagonal hurdle hop) designed to reflect the mechanism of ankle sprain injury, and progress functional challenge and loading. Main Outcome Measures: GPS-mounted accelerometers quantified uniaxial PlayerLoad for each drill, with units placed at C7 and the tibia. Main effects for drill type and GPS location were investigated. Results: There was a significant main effect for drill type (P < .001) in the mediolateral (η2 = .436), anteroposterior (η2 = .480), and vertical planes (η2 = .516). The diagonal hurdle hop elicited significantly greater load than all other drills, highlighting a nonlinear progression of load. Only the mediolateral load showed evidence of progressive increase in loading. PlayerLoad was significantly greater at the tibia than at C7 for all drills, and in all planes (P < .001, η2 ≥ .662). Furthermore, the tibia placement was more sensitive to between-drill changes in mediolateral load than the C7 placement. Conclusions: The placement of the GPS unit is imperative to clinical interpretation, with both magnitude and sensitivity influenced by the unit location. GPS does provide efficacy in quantifying multiplanar loading during (p)rehabilitation, in a field or clinical setting, with potential in extending GPS analyses (beyond performance metrics) to functional injury rehabilitation and prevention.
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Montalvo AM, Schneider DK, Yut L, Webster KE, Beynnon B, Kocher MS, Myer GD. "What's my risk of sustaining an ACL injury while playing sports?" A systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:1003-1012. [PMID: 29514822 PMCID: PMC6561829 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence proportion (IP) and incidence rate (IR) for ACL injury in athletes. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis DATA SOURCES: The PubMed, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched from inception to 20 January 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies were included if they reported total number of participants/population by sex, total number of ACL injuries by sex and total person-time by sex. RESULTS Fifty-eight studies were included. The IP and IR of ACL injury in female athletes were 3.5% (1 out of every 29 athletes) and 1.5/10 000 athlete-exposures over a period of 1 season-25 years. The IP and IR of ACL injury in male athletes were 2.0% (1 out of every 50 athletes) and 0.9/10 000 athlete-exposures over a period of 1-25 years. Female athletes had a higher relative risk (RR) for ACL injury compared with males (RR=1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9; P<0.01) and a higher incidence rate ratio (IRR) of ACL injury compared with males over 1 season-25 years (IRR=1.7; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.2; P<0.010). When accounting for participation level, the disparity in the IR between female and male athletes was highest for amateur athletes compared with intermediate and elite athletes (IRR=2.1; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.4; P<0.01; I²=82%). Amateur female athletes remained at higher risk of ACL injury than did with amateur male athletes. In studies where follow-up length was <1 year, female athletes had a higher IR of ACL injury than did to males (IRR=1.7; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2; P<0.01). Where follow-up was 1 year and beyond, there was no sex difference in the IR of ACL injury (IRR=2.1; 95% CI 0.9 to 4.8; P=0.06; I²=65%). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS One in 29 female athletes and 1 in 50 male athletes ruptured their ACL in a window that spanned from 1season to 25 years. The IR of ACL injury among female athletes in a season was 1.7 times higher than the IR of ACL injury among male athletes and the IP of ACL injury among female athletes was 1.5 times higher than the IP of ACL injury among male athletes. The reported sex disparity in ACL injury rates is independent of participation level and length of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Montalvo
- Department of Athletic Training, Florida International University, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel K Schneider
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Yut
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kate E Webster
- School of Allied Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce Beynnon
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Athletic Training Division, School of Allied Medical Professions, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Dos'Santos T, McBurnie A, Thomas C, Comfort P, Jones PA. Biomechanical Comparison of Cutting Techniques: A Review and Practical Applications. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Awwad GEH, Coleman JH, Dunkley CJ, Dewar DC. An Analysis of Knee Injuries in Rugby League: The Experience at the Newcastle Knights Professional Rugby League Team. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:33. [PMID: 31342290 PMCID: PMC6656824 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic data in professional sport is becoming an increasingly valuable tool in identifying frequently occurring injuries and developing strategies to reduce their occurrence. Currently, there is a paucity of literature on the epidemiology of knee injuries in professional male rugby league players. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records from a single male professional rugby league team (Newcastle Knights), competing in Australia, and evaluated knee injuries and time to return to play. Results In total, 89 knee injuries occurred, with an injury incidence of 616.7 injuries per 1000 players. The most frequently occurring knee injuries were medial collateral ligament (416.7 injuries per 1000 players) and chondral/meniscal injuries (416.7 injuries per 1000 players). For all injury types, being tackled was the most common mechanism of injury, and the median time to return to play was 1 day. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries accounted for the longest time to return to play (median 236.0 days). Conclusion Medial collateral ligament and chondral/meniscal injury types were the most frequent injuries; however, anterior cruciate ligament injuries accounted for the most time missed from sport despite being less common. Professional male rugby league players incur similar knee injury types compared to rugby union based upon our study and other similar studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40798-019-0206-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The effect of limb dominance on change of direction biomechanics: A systematic review of its importance for injury risk. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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