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Eastman C. Stories from a life studying circadian rhythms and sleep. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 4:zpad040. [PMID: 38084297 PMCID: PMC10710544 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Charmane Eastman
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Cheshmeh Noor M, Revell V, Mehdizadeh Saradj F, Yazdanfar SA. The impact of wavelength on acute non-visual responses to light: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148470. [PMID: 37364848 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Light is detected in the eye by three classes of photoreceptors (rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)) that are each optimized for a specific function and express a particular light-detecting photopigment. The significant role of short-wavelength light and ipRGCs in improving alertness has been well-established; however, few reviews have been undertaken to assess the other wavelengths' effects regarding timing and intensity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of different narrowband light wavelengths on subjective and objective alertness among the 36 studies included in this systematic review, 17 of which were meta-analyzed. Short-wavelength light (∼460-480 nm) significantly improves subjective alertness, cognitive function, and neurological brain activities at night, even for a sustained period (∼6h) (for λmax: 470/475 nm, 0.4 < |Hedges's g| < 0.6, p < 0.05), but except early morning, it almost does not show this effect during the day when melatonin level is lowest. Long-wavelength light (∼600-640 nm) has little effect at night, but significantly increases several measures of alertness at lower irradiance during the daytime (∼1h), particularly when there is homeostatic sleep drive (for λmax: ∼630 nm, 0.5 < |Hedges's g| < 0.8, p < 0.05). The results further suggest that melanopic illuminance may not always be sufficient to measure the alerting effect of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Cheshmeh Noor
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
| | - Victoria Revell
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XP, United Kingdom.
| | - Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
| | - Seyed-Abbas Yazdanfar
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
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Arrona-Palacios A, Lee JH, Czeisler CA, Duffy JF. The Timing of the Melatonin Onset and Phase Angle to Sleep Onset in Older Adults after Uncontrolled vs. Controlled Lighting Conditions. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:350-357. [PMID: 37489435 PMCID: PMC10366720 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to explore how melatonin onset timing and phase angle to bedtime in healthy older adults are impacted by prior light exposure. A total of 13 healthy older (ages 56-74) individuals were studied on two successive evenings. Prior to the first evening, the participants were in self-selected lighting conditions for the first 4-6 h of the day and then were in dim light (3 lux) until their scheduled bedtime. On the second day, individuals from Project A remained in the dim lighting conditions throughout the entire day but those in Project B were in more typical indoor lighting (~90 lux) throughout the day. On both evenings, hourly blood samples were collected and assayed for melatonin, and melatonin onset timing and phase angle to sleep onset was determined. Overall, melatonin onset was earlier and the phase angle was larger on Night 1 than on Night 2. In Project A there was no significant difference between melatonin onset on night 1 vs. night 2. However, in Project B melatonin onset was significantly later on Night 2 (in typical indoor lighting) than on Night 1 (in dim lighting). Our results suggest that in older people, uncontrolled bright light early in the day did not impact the timing of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) when assessed later that same evening. However, in older adults, exposure to ordinary room light during melatonin phase assessment appeared to suppress melatonin, leading to a later observed time of melatonin onset, as has been reported previously for young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Arrona-Palacios
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.A.-P.); (J.-H.L.); (C.A.C.)
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jung-Hie Lee
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.A.-P.); (J.-H.L.); (C.A.C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chunchon 200-947, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.A.-P.); (J.-H.L.); (C.A.C.)
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeanne F. Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.A.-P.); (J.-H.L.); (C.A.C.)
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kalita E, Panda M, Prajapati VK. The interplay between circadian clock and viral infections: A molecular perspective. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 137:293-330. [PMID: 37709380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock influences almost every aspect of mammalian behavioral, physiological and metabolic processes. Being a hierarchical network, the circadian clock is driven by the central clock in the brain and is composed of several peripheral tissue-specific clocks. It orchestrates and synchronizes the daily oscillations of biological processes to the environment. Several pathological events are influenced by time and seasonal variations and as such implicate the clock in pathogenesis mechanisms. In context with viral infections, circadian rhythmicity is closely associated with host susceptibility, disease severity, and pharmacokinetics and efficacies of antivirals and vaccines. Leveraging the circadian molecular mechanism insights has increased our understanding of clock infection biology and proposes new avenues for viral diagnostics and therapeutics. In this chapter, we address the molecular interplay between the circadian clock and viral infections and discuss the importance of chronotherapy as a complementary approach to conventional medicines, emphasizing the significance of virus-clock studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India..
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Gibbons RB, Bhagavathula R, Warfield B, Brainard GC, Hanifin JP. Impact of Solid State Roadway Lighting on Melatonin in Humans. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:633-657. [PMID: 36412582 PMCID: PMC9680288 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2009, the World Health Organization identified vehicle crashes, both injury-related and fatal, as a public health hazard. Roadway lighting has long been used to reduce crashes and improve the safety of all road users. Ocular light exposure at night can suppress melatonin levels in humans. At sufficient light levels, all visible light wavelengths can elicit this response, but melatonin suppression is maximally sensitive to visible short wavelength light. With the conversion of roadway lighting to solid state sources that have a greater short wavelength spectrum than traditional sources, there is a potential negative health impact through suppressed melatonin levels to roadway users and those living close to the roadway. This paper presents data on the impact of outdoor roadway lighting on salivary melatonin in three cohorts of participants: drivers, pedestrians, and those experiencing light trespass in their homes. METHODS In an outdoor naturalistic roadway environment, healthy participants (N = 29) each being assigned to a cohort of either pedestrian, driver, or light trespass experiment, were exposed to five different solid state light sources with differing spectral emissions and one no lighting condition. Salivary melatonin measurements were made under an average roadway luminance of 1.0 cd/m2 (IES RP-18 Roadway Lighting Requirements for expressway roads) with a corneal melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminances (EDI) ranging from 0.22 to 0.86 lux. RESULTS The results indicate that compared to the no roadway lighting condition, the roadway light source spectral content did not significantly impact salivary melatonin levels in the participants in any of the cohorts. CONCLUSIONS These data show that recommended levels of street lighting for expressway roads do not elicit an acute suppression of salivary melatonin and suggest that the health benefit of roadway lighting for traffic safety is not compromised by an acute effect on salivary melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B. Gibbons
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-1581
| | - Rajaram Bhagavathula
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Benjamin Warfield
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - George C. Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John P. Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, Münch M, O’Hagan JB, Peirson SN, Price LLA, Roenneberg T, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ, Spitschan M, Vetter C, Zee PC, Wright KP. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001571. [PMID: 35298459 PMCID: PMC8929548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - George C. Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John B. O’Hagan
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke L. A. Price
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institutes for Medical Psychology and Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences (TUM SG), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Vetter
- Circadian and Sleep Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Phyllis C. Zee
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Giménez MC, Stefani O, Cajochen C, Lang D, Deuring G, Schlangen LJM. Predicting melatonin suppression by light in humans: Unifying photoreceptor-based equivalent daylight illuminances, spectral composition, timing and duration of light exposure. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12786. [PMID: 34981572 PMCID: PMC9285453 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light-induced melatonin suppression data from 29 peer-reviewed publications was analysed by means of a machine-learning approach to establish which light exposure characteristics (ie photopic illuminance, five α-opic equivalent daylight illuminances [EDIs], duration and timing of the light exposure, and the dichotomous variables pharmacological pupil dilation and narrowband light source) are the main determinants of melatonin suppression. Melatonin suppression in the data set was dominated by four light exposure characteristics: (1) melanopic EDI, (2) light exposure duration, (3) pupil dilation and (4) S-cone-opic EDI. A logistic model was used to evaluate the influence of each of these parameters on the melatonin suppression response. The final logistic model was only based on the first three parameters, since melanopic EDI was the best single (photoreceptor) predictor that was only outperformed by S-cone-opic EDI for (photopic) illuminances below 21 lux. This confirms and extends findings on the importance of the metric melanopic EDI for predicting biological effects of light in integrative (human-centric) lighting applications. The model provides initial and general guidance to lighting practitioners on how to combine spectrum, duration and amount of light exposure when controlling non-visual responses to light, especially melatonin suppression. The model is a starting tool for developing hypotheses on photoreceptors' contributions to light's non-visual responses and helps identifying areas where more data are needed, like on the S-cone contribution at low illuminances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Giménez
- Chronobiology UnitGroningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN)Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK) and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN)Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel (UPK) and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Gunnar Deuring
- Forensic DepartmentUniversity Psychiatric Clinics BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Luc J. M. Schlangen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation SciencesHuman‐Technology Interaction Group and Intelligent Lighting InstituteEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Processing RGB Color Sensors for Measuring the Circadian Stimulus of Artificial and Daylight Light Sources. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The three main tasks of modern lighting design are to support the visual performance, satisfy color emotion (color quality), and promote positive non-visual outcomes. In view of large-scale applications, the use of simple and inexpensive RGB color sensors to monitor related visual and non-visual illumination parameters seems to be of great promise for the future development of human-centered lighting control systems. In this context, the present work proposes a new methodology to assess the circadian effectiveness of the prevalent lighting conditions for daylight and artificial light sources in terms of the physiologically relevant circadian stimulus (CS) metric using such color sensors. In the case of daylight, the raw sensor readouts were processed in such a way that the CIE daylight model can be applied as an intermediate step to estimate its spectral composition, from which CS can eventually be calculated straightforwardly. Maximal CS prediction errors of less than 0.0025 were observed when tested on real data. For artificial light sources, on the other hand, the CS approximation method of Truong et al. was applied to estimate its circadian effectiveness from the sensor readouts. In this case, a maximal CS prediction error of 0.028 must be reported, which is considerably larger compared to daylight, but still in an acceptable range for typical indoor lighting applications. The use of RGB color sensors is thus shown to be suitable for estimating the circadian effectiveness of both types of illumination with sufficient accuracy for practical applications.
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9
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Spitschan M, Santhi N. Individual differences and diversity in human physiological responses to light. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103640. [PMID: 35027334 PMCID: PMC8808156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to light affects our physiology and behaviour through a pathway connecting the retina to the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamus - the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Recent research has identified significant individual differences in the non-visual effects of light,mediated by this pathway. Here, we discuss the fundamentals and individual differences in the non-visual effects of light. We propose a set of actions to improve our evidence database to be more diverse: understanding systematic bias in the evidence base, dedicated efforts to recruit more diverse participants, routine deposition and sharing of data, and development of data standards and reporting guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Nayantara Santhi
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, United Kingdom.
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10
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Schmid SR, Höhn C, Bothe K, Plamberger CP, Angerer M, Pletzer B, Hoedlmoser K. How Smart Is It to Go to Bed with the Phone? The Impact of Short-Wavelength Light and Affective States on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:558-580. [PMID: 34842631 PMCID: PMC8628671 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we presented our preliminary results (N = 14) investigating the effects of short-wavelength light from a smartphone during the evening on sleep and circadian rhythms (Höhn et al., 2021). Here, we now demonstrate our full sample (N = 33 men), where polysomnography and body temperature were recorded during three experimental nights and subjects read for 90 min on a smartphone with or without a filter or from a book. Cortisol, melatonin and affectivity were assessed before and after sleep. These results confirm our earlier findings, indicating reduced slow-wave-sleep and -activity in the first night quarter after reading on the smartphone without a filter. The same was true for the cortisol-awakening-response. Although subjective sleepiness was not affected, the evening melatonin increase was attenuated in both smartphone conditions. Accordingly, the distal-proximal skin temperature gradient increased less after short-wavelength light exposure than after reading a book. Interestingly, we could unravel within this full dataset that higher positive affectivity in the evening predicted better subjective but not objective sleep quality. Our results show disruptive consequences of short-wavelength light for sleep and circadian rhythmicity with a partially attenuating effect of blue-light filters. Furthermore, affective states influence subjective sleep quality and should be considered, whenever investigating sleep and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Schmid
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.S.); (C.H.); (K.B.); (C.P.P.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Christopher Höhn
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.S.); (C.H.); (K.B.); (C.P.P.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Kathrin Bothe
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.S.); (C.H.); (K.B.); (C.P.P.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Christina P. Plamberger
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.S.); (C.H.); (K.B.); (C.P.P.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Monika Angerer
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.S.); (C.H.); (K.B.); (C.P.P.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Belinda Pletzer
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.S.); (C.H.); (K.B.); (C.P.P.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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11
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Pearson JA, Voisey AC, Boest-Bjerg K, Wong FS, Wen L. Circadian Rhythm Modulation of Microbes During Health and Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721004. [PMID: 34512600 PMCID: PMC8430216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, referring to 24-h daily oscillations in biological and physiological processes, can significantly regulate host immunity to pathogens, as well as commensals, resulting in altered susceptibility to disease development. Furthermore, vaccination responses to microbes have also shown time-of-day-dependent changes in the magnitude of protective immune responses elicited in the host. Thus, understanding host circadian rhythm effects on both gut bacteria and viruses during infection is important to minimize adverse effects on health and identify optimal times for therapeutic administration to maximize therapeutic success. In this review, we summarize the circadian modulations of gut bacteria, viruses and their interactions, both in health and during infection. We also discuss the importance of chronotherapy (i.e., time-specific therapy) as a plausible therapeutic administration strategy to enhance beneficial therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Christopher Voisey
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrine Boest-Bjerg
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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12
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Measurement of Circadian Effectiveness in Lighting for Office Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As one factor among others, circadian effectiveness depends on the spatial light distribution of the prevalent lighting conditions. In a typical office context focusing on computer work, the light that is experienced by the office workers is usually composed of a direct component emitted by the room luminaires and the computer monitors as well as by an indirect component reflected from the walls, surfaces, and ceiling. Due to this multi-directional light pattern, spatially resolved light measurements are required for an adequate prediction of non-visual light-induced effects. In this work, we therefore propose a novel methodological framework for spatially resolved light measurements that allows for an estimate of the circadian effectiveness of a lighting situation for variable field of view (FOV) definitions. Results of exemplary in-field office light measurements are reported and compared to those obtained from standard spectral radiometry to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach. The corresponding relative error is found to be of the order of 3–6%, which denotes an acceptable range for most practical applications. In addition, the impact of different FOVs as well as non-zero measurement angles will be investigated.
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13
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Walbeek TJ, Harrison EM, Gorman MR, Glickman GL. Naturalistic Intensities of Light at Night: A Review of the Potent Effects of Very Dim Light on Circadian Responses and Considerations for Translational Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:625334. [PMID: 33597916 PMCID: PMC7882611 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.625334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the remarkable potency and potential applications of a form of light that is often overlooked in a circadian context: naturalistic levels of dim light at night (nLAN), equivalent to intensities produced by the moon and stars. It is often assumed that such low levels of light do not produce circadian responses typically associated with brighter light levels. A solid understanding of the impacts of very low light levels is complicated further by the broad use of the somewhat ambiguous term “dim light,” which has been used to describe light levels ranging seven orders of magnitude. Here, we lay out the argument that nLAN exerts potent circadian effects on numerous mammalian species, and that given conservation of anatomy and function, the efficacy of light in this range in humans warrants further investigation. We also provide recommendations for the field of chronobiological research, including minimum requirements for the measurement and reporting of light, standardization of terminology (specifically as it pertains to “dim” light), and ideas for reconsidering old data and designing new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J Walbeek
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Harrison
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Gena L Glickman
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Walker WH, Bumgarner JR, Walton JC, Liu JA, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Nelson RJ, DeVries AC. Light Pollution and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9360. [PMID: 33302582 PMCID: PMC7764771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For many individuals in industrialized nations, the widespread adoption of electric lighting has dramatically affected the circadian organization of physiology and behavior. Although initially assumed to be innocuous, exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is associated with several disorders, including increased incidence of cancer, metabolic disorders, and mood disorders. Within this review, we present a brief overview of the molecular circadian clock system and the importance of maintaining fidelity to bright days and dark nights. We describe the interrelation between core clock genes and the cell cycle, as well as the contribution of clock genes to oncogenesis. Next, we review the clinical implications of disrupted circadian rhythms on cancer, followed by a section on the foundational science literature on the effects of light at night and cancer. Finally, we provide some strategies for mitigation of disrupted circadian rhythms to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - Jacob R. Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - James C. Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - Jennifer A. Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - O. Hecmarie Meléndez-Fernández
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - Randy J. Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
| | - A. Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.R.B.); (J.C.W.); (J.A.L.); (O.H.M.-F.); (R.J.N.); (A.C.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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15
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Cain SW, McGlashan EM, Vidafar P, Mustafovska J, Curran SPN, Wang X, Mohamed A, Kalavally V, Phillips AJK. Evening home lighting adversely impacts the circadian system and sleep. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19110. [PMID: 33154450 PMCID: PMC7644684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regular rise and fall of the sun resulted in the development of 24-h rhythms in virtually all organisms. In an evolutionary heartbeat, humans have taken control of their light environment with electric light. Humans are highly sensitive to light, yet most people now use light until bedtime. We evaluated the impact of modern home lighting environments in relation to sleep and individual-level light sensitivity using a new wearable spectrophotometer. We found that nearly half of homes had bright enough light to suppress melatonin by 50%, but with a wide range of individual responses (0–87% suppression for the average home). Greater evening light relative to an individual’s average was associated with increased wakefulness after bedtime. Homes with energy-efficient lights had nearly double the melanopic illuminance of homes with incandescent lighting. These findings demonstrate that home lighting significantly affects sleep and the circadian system, but the impact of lighting for a specific individual in their home is highly unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Cain
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Elise M McGlashan
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Parisa Vidafar
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jona Mustafovska
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon P N Curran
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xirun Wang
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anas Mohamed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Vineetha Kalavally
- Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Andrew J K Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Yoshimura M, Kitamura S, Eto N, Hida A, Katsunuma R, Ayabe N, Motomura Y, Nishiwaki Y, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Mishima K. Relationship between Indoor Daytime Light Exposure and Circadian Phase Response under Laboratory Free-Living Conditions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2020.1782691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Yoshimura
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Human Health, Aichi Toho University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Kitamura
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Eto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Hida
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruri Katsunuma
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Ayabe
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Motomura
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishiwaki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Mishima
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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17
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Lee SI, Kinoshita S, Noguchi A, Eto T, Ohashi M, Nishimura Y, Maeda K, Motomura Y, Awata Y, Higuchi S. Melatonin suppression during a simulated night shift in medium intensity light is increased by 10-minute breaks in dim light and decreased by 10-minute breaks in bright light. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:897-909. [PMID: 32326827 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1752704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to light at night results in disruption of endogenous circadian rhythmicity and/or suppression of pineal melatonin, which can consequently lead to acute or chronic adverse health problems. In the present study, we investigated whether exposure to very dim light or very bright light for a short duration influences melatonin suppression, subjective sleepiness, and performance during exposure to constant moderately bright light. Twenty-four healthy male university students were divided into two experimental groups: Half of them (mean age: 20.0 ± 0.9 years) participated in an experiment for short-duration (10 min) light conditions of medium intensity light (430 lx, medium breaks) vs. very dim light (< 1 lx, dim breaks) and the other half (mean age: 21.3 ± 2.5 years) participated in an experiment for short-duration light conditions of medium intensity light (430 lx, medium breaks) vs. very bright light (4700 lx, bright breaks). Each simulated night shift consisting of 5 sets (each including 50-minute night work and 10-minute break) was performed from 01:00 to 06:00 h. The subjects were exposed to medium intensity light (550 lx) during the night work. Each 10-minute break was conducted every hour from 02:00 to 06:00 h. Salivary melatonin concentrations were measured, subjective sleepiness was assessed, the psychomotor vigilance task was performed at hourly intervals from 21:00 h until the end of the experiment. Compared to melatonin suppression between 04:00 and 06:00 h in the condition of medium breaks, the condition of dim breaks significantly promoted melatonin suppression and the condition of bright breaks significantly diminished melatonin suppression. However, there was no remarkable effect of either dim breaks or bright breaks on subjective sleepiness and performance of the psychomotor vigilance task. Our findings suggest that periodic exposure to light for short durations during exposure to a constant light environment affects the sensitivity of pineal melatonin to constant light depending on the difference between light intensities in the two light conditions (i.e., short light exposure vs. constant light exposure). Also, our findings indicate that exposure to light of various intensities at night could be a factor influencing the light-induced melatonin suppression in real night work settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Il Lee
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Human Environmental Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saki Kinoshita
- Department of Kansei Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Anna Noguchi
- Department of Kansei Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taisuke Eto
- Department of Kansei Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ohashi
- Department of Kansei Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- Department of Kansei Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan.,Occupational Stress and Health Management Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kaho Maeda
- Ground Facilities Department, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuki Motomura
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Awata
- Ground Facilities Department, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Münch M, Wirz-Justice A, Brown SA, Kantermann T, Martiny K, Stefani O, Vetter C, Wright KP, Wulff K, Skene DJ. The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:61-85. [PMID: 33089192 PMCID: PMC7445840 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology. What are the consequences of living in industrialised urban areas with much less daylight and more use of electric light, throughout the day (and at night), on general health and quality of life? In this workshop report, we have classified key gaps of knowledge in daylight research into three main groups: (I) uncertainty as to daylight quantity and quality needed for "optimal" physiological and psychological functioning, (II) lack of consensus on practical measurement and assessment methods and tools for monitoring real (day) light exposure across multiple time scales, and (III) insufficient integration and exchange of daylight knowledge bases from different disciplines. Crucial short and long-term objectives to fill these gaps are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Faculty for Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), 45141 Essen, Germany;
- SynOpus, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
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19
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Te Kulve M, Schlangen LJM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Early evening light mitigates sleep compromising physiological and alerting responses to subsequent late evening light. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16064. [PMID: 31690740 PMCID: PMC6831674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of electric light and electronic devices has resulted in an excessive exposure to light during the late-evening and at night. This late light exposure acutely suppresses melatonin and sleepiness and delays the circadian clock. Here we investigate whether the acute effects of late-evening light exposure on our physiology and sleepiness are reduced when this light exposure is preceded by early evening bright light. Twelve healthy young females were included in a randomised crossover study. All participants underwent three evening (18:30-00:30) sessions during which melatonin, subjective sleepiness, body temperature and skin blood flow were measured under different light conditions: (A) dim light, (B) dim light with a late-evening (22:30-23:30) light exposure of 750 lx, 4000 K, and (C) the same late-evening light exposure, but now preceded by early-evening bright light exposure (18.30-21.00; 1200 lx, 4000 K). Late-evening light exposure reduced melatonin levels and subjective sleepiness and resulted in larger skin temperature gradients as compared to dim. Interestingly, these effects were reduced when the late-evening light was preceded by an early evening 2.5-hour bright light exposure. Thus daytime and early-evening exposure to bright light can mitigate some of the sleep-disruptive consequences of light exposure in the later evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Te Kulve
- Department of Human Biology & Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,bba indoor environmental consultancy, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J M Schlangen
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Human Technology Interaction, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Signify, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Decreased sensitivity of the circadian system to light in current, but not remitted depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:386-392. [PMID: 31252236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misalignment of circadian timing in patients with depression has commonly been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Individual differences in the sensitivity of the circadian system to light affect how the biological clock synchronizes with the external environment and can lead to misalignment of rhythms. We investigated the sensitivity of the circadian system to light in unmedicated (for >3 months) women with a current or previous diagnosis of major depression, and healthy controls. METHODS Baseline melatonin levels in dim light (<1 lux) were assessed, followed by melatonin levels in normal indoor lighting of 100 lux in order to determine melatonin suppression. RESULTS Patients currently experiencing a depressive episode showed significantly lower levels of melatonin suppression to light compared to remitted patients and controls, with large effect sizes. Remitted patients and controls showed similar suppression. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample, and lack of long-term, within subject assessments, make it difficult to determine the potential causal role of reduced light sensitivity in the development of circadian disruption. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hyposensitivity of the circadian system to light may contribute to circadian misalignment in patients with depression. Interventions that increase sensitivity to light or provide stronger light cues may assist in normalizing circadian clock function.
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21
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Abstract
Light, through its non-imaging forming effects, plays a dominant role on a myriad of physiological functions, including the human sleep–wake cycle. The non-image forming effects of light heavily rely on specific properties such as intensity, duration, timing, pattern, and wavelengths. Here, we address how specific properties of light influence sleep and wakefulness in humans through acute effects, e.g., on alertness, and/or effects on the circadian timing system. Of critical relevance, we discuss how different characteristics of light exposure across the 24-h day can lead to changes in sleep–wake timing, sleep propensity, sleep architecture, and sleep and wake electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra. Ultimately, knowledge on how light affects sleep and wakefulness can improve light settings at home and at the workplace to improve health and well-being and optimize treatments of chronobiological disorders.
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22
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Hanifin J, Lockley S, Cecil K, West K, Jablonski M, Warfield B, James M, Ayers M, Byrne B, Gerner E, Pineda C, Rollag M, Brainard G. Randomized trial of polychromatic blue-enriched light for circadian phase shifting, melatonin suppression, and alerting responses. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Smolders KCHJ, Peeters ST, Vogels IMLC, de Kort YAW. Investigation of Dose-Response Relationships for Effects of White Light Exposure on Correlates of Alertness and Executive Control during Regular Daytime Working Hours. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:649-661. [PMID: 30198360 PMCID: PMC6236584 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418796438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, it is largely unknown which light settings define the optimum to steer alertness
and cognitive control during regular daytime working hours. In the current article, we
used a multimeasure approach combined with a relatively large sample size
(N = 60) and a large range of intensity levels (20-2000 lux at eye
level) to investigate the dose-dependent relationship between light and correlates of
alertness and executive control during regular working hours in the morning and afternoon.
Each participant was exposed to a single-intensity light level for 1 h after a 30-min
baseline phase (100 lux at the eye) in the morning and afternoon (on separate days) during
their daily routine. Results revealed no clear dose-dependent relationships between 1-h
daytime light exposure and correlates of alertness or executive control. Subjective
correlates showed only very modest linear relationships with the log-transformed
illuminance, and we found no significant effects of light intensity on the behavioral and
physiological indicators. Overall, these results suggest that daytime exposure to more
intense light, at least for 1 h of exposure, may not systematically benefit alertness or
executive functioning. However, future research is required to investigate effects of
longer exposure durations and potential moderations by prior light exposure, personal
characteristics, and spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin C H J Smolders
- Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha T Peeters
- Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M L C Vogels
- Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne A W de Kort
- Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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24
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Dauchy RT, Wren-Dail MA, Dupepe LM, Hill SM, Xiang S, Anbalagan M, Belancio VP, Dauchy EM, Blask DE. Effect of Daytime Blue-enriched LED Light on the Nighttime Circadian Melatonin Inhibition of Hepatoma 7288CTC Warburg Effect and Progression. Comp Med 2018; 68:269-279. [PMID: 29875029 PMCID: PMC6103418 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Metabolic pathways within the liver and liver cancers are highly regulated by the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Daily light and dark cycles regulate the SCN-driven pineal production of the circadian anticancer hormone melatonin and temporally coordinate circadian rhythms of metabolism and physiology in mammals. In previous studies, we demonstrated that melatonin suppresses linoleic acid metabolism and the Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis)in human breast cancer xenografts and that blue-enriched light (465-485 nm) from light-emitting diode lighting at daytime (bLAD) amplifies nighttime circadian melatonin levels in rats by 7-fold over cool white fluorescent (CWF) lighting. Here we tested the hypothesis that daytime exposure of tissue-isolated Morris hepatoma 7288CTC-bearing male rats to bLAD amplifies the nighttime melatonin signal to enhance the inhibition of tumor growth. Compared with rats housed under a 12:12-h light:dark cycle in CWF light, rats in bLAD light evinced a 7-fold higher peak plasma melatonin level at the mid-dark phase; in addition, high melatonin levels were prolonged until 4 h into the light phase. After implantation of tissue-isolated hepatoma 7288CTC xenografts, tumor growth rates were markedly delayed, and tumor cAMP levels, LA metabolism, the Warburg effect, and growth signaling activities were decreased in rats in bLAD compared with CWF daytime lighting. These data show that the increased nighttime circadian melatonin levels due to bLAD exposure decreases hepatoma metabolic, signaling, and proliferative activities beyond what occurs after normal melatonin signaling under CWF light.
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Key Words
- 13-hode, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
- a–v, arterial–venous difference
- blad, blue-enriched led light at daytime
- cwf, cool white fluorescent
- erk1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinase p44/46
- ffa, free fatty acids
- iprgc, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
- la, linoleic acid
- led, light-emitting diode
- scn, suprachiasmatic nuclei
- stat3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- tfa, total fatty acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Dauchy
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Melissa A Wren-Dail
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lynell M Dupepe
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven M Hill
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shulin Xiang
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - Victoria P Belancio
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erin M Dauchy
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
| | - David E Blask
- Departments of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana, USA
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Cho CH, Yoon HK, Kang SG, Kim L, Lee EI, Lee HJ. Impact of Exposure to Dim Light at Night on Sleep in Female and Comparison with Male Subjects. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:520-530. [PMID: 29551048 PMCID: PMC5976009 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.03.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Light pollution has become a social and health issue. We performed an experimental study to investigate impact of dim light at night (dLAN) on sleep in female subjects, with measurement of salivary melatonin. METHODS The 25 female subjects (Group A: 12; Group B: 13 subjects) underwent a nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) session with no light (Night 1) followed by an NPSG session randomly assigned to two conditions (Group A: 5; Group B: 10 lux) during a whole night of sleep (Night 2). Salivary melatonin was measured before and after sleep on each night. For further investigation, the female and male subjects of our previous study were collected (48 subjects), and differences according to gender were compared. RESULTS dLAN during sleep was significantly associated with decreased total sleep time (TST; F=4.818, p=0.039), sleep efficiency (SE; F=5.072, p=0.034), and Stage R latency (F=4.664, p=0.041) for female subjects, and decreased TST (F=14.971, p<0.001) and SE (F=7.687, p=0.008), and increased wake time after sleep onset (F=6.322, p=0.015) and Stage R (F=5.031, p=0.03), with a night-group interaction (F=4.579, p=0.038) for total sample. However, no significant melatonin changes. There was no significant gender difference of the impact of dLAN on sleep, showing the negative changes in the amount and quality of sleep and the increase in REM sleep in the both gender group under 10 lux condition. CONCLUSION We found a negative impact of exposure to dLAN on sleep in female as well as in merged subjects. REM sleep showed a pronounced increase under 10 lux than under 5 lux in merged subjects, suggesting the possibility of subtle influences of dLAN on REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Leen Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Il Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea University Chronobiology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The development of lighting countermeasures for sleep disruption and circadian misalignment during spaceflight. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2018; 22:535-44. [PMID: 27607152 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review addresses the development of a new solid-state lighting system for the International Space Station (ISS) that is intended to enhance the illumination of the working and living environment of astronauts and to improve sleep, circadian entrainment, and daytime alertness. RECENT FINDINGS Spaceflight missions often expose astronauts and mission support ground crews to atypical sleep-wake cycles and work schedules. A recent, extensive study describes the sleep characteristics and use of sleep-promoting pharmaceuticals in astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight. The acceptability, feasibility, and efficacy of the new ISS solid-state lighting systems are currently being tested in ground-based, analog studies. Installation of this lighting system on the ISS is scheduled to begin later this year. In-flight testing of this lighting system is planned to take place during ISS spaceflight expeditions. SUMMARY If the new ISS lighting system is capable of improving circadian entrainment and sleep during spaceflight, it should enhance astronaut health, performance, well-being, and safety. Such an advance would open the door to future lighting applications for humans living on Earth.
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Ostrin LA, Abbott KS, Queener HM. Attenuation of short wavelengths alters sleep and the ipRGC pupil response. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37:440-450. [PMID: 28656675 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to increasing amounts of artificial light during the night may contribute to the high prevalence of reported sleep dysfunction. Release of the sleep hormone melatonin is mediated by the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). This study sought to investigate whether melatonin level and sleep quality can be modulated by decreasing night-time input to the ipRGCs. METHODS Subjects (ages 17-42, n = 21) wore short wavelength-blocking glasses prior to bedtime for 2 weeks. The ipRGC-mediated post illumination pupil response was measured before and after the experimental period. Stimulation was presented with a ganzfeld stimulator, including one-second and five-seconds of long and short wavelength light, and the pupil was imaged with an infrared camera. Pupil diameter was measured before, during and for 60 s following stimulation, and the six-second and 30 s post illumination pupil response and area under the curve following light offset were determined. Subjects wore an actigraph device for objective measurements of activity, light exposure, and sleep. Saliva samples were collected to assess melatonin content. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was administered to assess subjective sleep quality. RESULTS Subjects wore the blue-blocking glasses 3:57 ± 1:03 h each night. After the experimental period, the pupil showed a slower redilation phase, resulting in a significantly increased 30 s post illumination pupil response to one-second short wavelength light, and decreased area under the curve for one and five-second short wavelength light, when measured at the same time of day as baseline. Night time melatonin increased from 16.1 ± 7.5 pg mL-1 to 25.5 ± 10.7 pg mL-1 (P < 0.01). Objectively measured sleep duration increased 24 min, from 408.7 ± 44.9 to 431.5 ± 42.9 min (P < 0.001). Mean PSQI score improved from 5.6 ± 2.9 to 3.0 ± 2.2. CONCLUSIONS The use of short wavelength-blocking glasses at night increased subjectively measured sleep quality and objectively measured melatonin levels and sleep duration, presumably as a result of decreased night-time stimulation of ipRGCs. Alterations in the ipRGC-driven pupil response suggest a shift in circadian phase. Results suggest that minimising short wavelength light following sunset may help in regulating sleep patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, USA
| | - Kaleb S Abbott
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, USA
| | - Hope M Queener
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, USA
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Differential impact in young and older individuals of blue-enriched white light on circadian physiology and alertness during sustained wakefulness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7620. [PMID: 28790405 PMCID: PMC5548856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the effect of different lights as a countermeasure against sleep-loss decrements in alertness, melatonin and cortisol profile, skin temperature and wrist motor activity in healthy young and older volunteers under extendend wakefulness. 26 young [mean (SE): 25.0 (0.6) y)] and 12 older participants [(mean (SE): 63.6 (1.3) y)] underwent 40-h of sustained wakefulness during 3 balanced crossover segments, once under dim light (DL: 8 lx), and once under either white light (WL: 250 lx, 2,800 K) or blue-enriched white light (BL: 250 lx, 9,000 K) exposure. Subjective sleepiness, melatonin and cortisol were assessed hourly. Skin temperature and wrist motor activity were continuously recorded. WL and BL induced an alerting response in both the older (p = 0.005) and the young participants (p = 0.021). The evening rise in melatonin was attentuated under both WL and BL only in the young. Cortisol levels were increased and activity levels decreased in the older compared to the young only under BL (p = 0.0003). Compared to the young, both proximal and distal skin temperatures were lower in older participants under all lighting conditions. Thus the color temperature of normal intensity lighting may have differential effects on circadian physiology in young and older individuals.
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29
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Circadian phase, dynamics of subjective sleepiness and sensitivity to blue light in young adults complaining of a delayed sleep schedule. Sleep Med 2017; 34:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Pupillary responses to short-wavelength light are preserved in aging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43832. [PMID: 28266650 PMCID: PMC5339857 DOI: 10.1038/srep43832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, less blue light reaches the retina due to gradual yellowing of the lens. This could result in reduced activation of blue light-sensitive melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells, which mediate non-visual light responses (e.g., the pupillary light reflex, melatonin suppression, and circadian resetting). Herein, we tested the hypothesis that older individuals show greater impairment of pupillary responses to blue light relative to red light. Dose-response curves for pupillary constriction to 469-nm blue light and 631-nm red light were compared between young normal adults aged 21–30 years (n = 60) and older adults aged ≥50 years (normal, n = 54; mild cataract, n = 107; severe cataract, n = 18). Irrespective of wavelength, pupillary responses were reduced in older individuals and further attenuated by severe, but not mild, cataract. The reduction in pupillary responses was comparable in response to blue light and red light, suggesting that lens yellowing did not selectively reduce melanopsin-dependent light responses. Compensatory mechanisms likely occur in aging that ensure relative constancy of pupillary responses to blue light despite changes in lens transmission.
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31
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Adamsson M, Laike T, Morita T. Annual variation in daily light exposure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol concentrations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 36:6. [PMID: 27435153 PMCID: PMC4952149 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal variations in physiology and behavior have frequently been reported. Light is the major zeitgeber for synchronizing internal circadian rhythms with the external solar day. Non-image forming effects of light radiation, for example, phase resetting of the circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and acute alerting effects, depend on several characteristics of the light exposure including intensity, timing and duration, spectral composition and previous light exposure, or light history. The aim of the present study was to report on the natural pattern of diurnal and seasonal light exposure and to examine seasonal variations in the circadian change of melatonin and cortisol concentrations for a group of Swedish office workers. Methods Fifteen subjects participated in a field study that was carried out in the south of Sweden. Ambulatory equipment was used for monthly measurements of the daily exposure to light radiation across the year. The measurements included illuminance and irradiance. The subjects collected saliva samples every 4 h during 1 day of the monthly measuring period. Results The results showed that there were large seasonal differences in daily amount of light exposure across the year. Seasonal differences were observed during the time periods 04:00–08:00, 08:00–12:00, 12:00–16:00, 16:00–20:00, and 20:00–24:00. Moreover, there were seasonal differences regarding the exposure pattern. The subjects were to a larger extent exposed to light in the afternoon/evening in the summer. During the winter, spring, and autumn, the subjects received much of the daily light exposure in the morning and early afternoon. Regarding melatonin, a seasonal variation was observed with a larger peak level during the winter and higher levels in the morning at 07:00. Conclusions This study adds to the results from other naturalistic studies by reporting on the diurnal and seasonal light exposure patterns for a group living at a northern latitude of 56° N, with large annual variations in photoperiod length. It seems to be seasonal variation in the lighting conditions, both concerning intensities as well as regarding the pattern of the light exposure to which people living at high latitudes are exposed which may result in seasonal variation in the circadian profile of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Adamsson
- School of Engineering, Jönköping University, P.O. Box 1026, SE-551 11, Jönköping, Sweden.
| | - Thorbjörn Laike
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Warfield B, Stone MK, James ME, Ayers M, Kubey A, Byrne B, Rollag M. Short-wavelength enrichment of polychromatic light enhances human melatonin suppression potency. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:352-61. [PMID: 25726691 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The basic goal of this research is to determine the best combination of light wavelengths for use as a lighting countermeasure for circadian and sleep disruption during space exploration, as well as for individuals living on Earth. Action spectra employing monochromatic light and selected monochromatic wavelength comparisons have shown that short-wavelength visible light in the blue-appearing portion of the spectrum is most potent for neuroendocrine, circadian, and neurobehavioral regulation. The studies presented here tested the hypothesis that broad spectrum, polychromatic fluorescent light enriched in the short-wavelength portion of the visible spectrum is more potent for pineal melatonin suppression in healthy men and women. A total of 24 subjects were tested across three separate experiments. Each experiment used a within-subjects study design that tested eight volunteers to establish the full-range fluence-response relationship between corneal light irradiance and nocturnal plasma melatonin suppression. Each experiment tested one of the three types of fluorescent lamps that differed in their relative emission of light in the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum between 400 and 500 nm. A hazard analysis, based on national and international eye safety criteria, determined that all light exposures used in this study were safe. Each fluence-response curve demonstrated that increasing corneal irradiances of light evoked progressively increasing suppression of nocturnal melatonin. Comparison of these fluence-response curves supports the hypothesis that polychromatic fluorescent light is more potent for melatonin regulation when enriched in the short-wavelength spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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33
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Abstract
Most organisms display endogenously produced ∼ 24-hour fluctuations in physiology and behavior, termed circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are driven by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop that is hierarchically expressed throughout the brain and body, with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus serving as the master circadian oscillator at the top of the hierarchy. Appropriate circadian regulation is important for many homeostatic functions including energy regulation. Multiple genes involved in nutrient metabolism display rhythmic oscillations, and metabolically related hormones such as glucagon, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone are released in a circadian fashion. Mice harboring mutations in circadian clock genes alter feeding behavior, endocrine signaling, and dietary fat absorption. Moreover, misalignment between behavioral and molecular circadian clocks can result in obesity in both rodents and humans. Importantly, circadian rhythms are most potently synchronized to the external environment by light information and exposure to light at night potentially disrupts circadian system function. Since the advent of electric lights around the turn of the 20th century, exposure to artificial and irregular light schedules has become commonplace. The increase in exposure to light at night parallels the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders. In this review, we propose that exposure to light at night alters metabolic function through disruption of the circadian system. We first provide an introduction to the circadian system, with a specific emphasis on the effects of light on circadian rhythms. Next we address interactions between the circadian system and metabolism. Finally, we review current experimental and epidemiological work directly associating exposure to light at night and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Fonken
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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34
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Giménez MC, Beersma DGM, Bollen P, van der Linden ML, Gordijn MCM. Effects of a chronic reduction of short-wavelength light input on melatonin and sleep patterns in humans: Evidence for adaptation. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:690-7. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.893242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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35
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Glickman GL, Harrison EM, Elliott JA, Gorman MR. Increased photic sensitivity for phase resetting but not melatonin suppression in Siberian hamsters under short photoperiods. Horm Behav 2014; 65:301-7. [PMID: 24440383 PMCID: PMC3963461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Light regulates a variety of behavioral and physiological processes, including activity rhythms and hormone secretory patterns. Seasonal changes in the proportion of light in a day (photoperiod) further modulate those functions. Recently, short (SP) versus long days (LP) were found to markedly increase light sensitivity for phase shifting in Syrian hamsters. To our knowledge, photoperiod effects on light sensitivity have not been studied in other rodents, nor is it known if they generalize to other circadian responses. We tested whether photic phase shifting and melatonin suppression vary in Siberian hamsters maintained under LP or SP. Select irradiances of light were administered, and shifts in activity were determined. Photic sensitivity for melatonin suppression was examined in a separate group of animals via pulses of light across a 4 log-unit photon density range, with post-pulse plasma melatonin levels determined via RIA. Phase shifting and melatonin suppression were greater at higher irradiances for both LP and SP. The lower irradiance condition was below threshold for phase shifts in LP but not SP. Melatonin suppression did not vary by photoperiod, and the half saturation constant for fitted sigmoid curves was similar under LP and SP. Thus, the photoperiodic modulation of light sensitivity for phase shifting is conserved across two hamster genera. The dissociation of photoperiod effects on photic phase shifting and melatonin suppression suggests that the modulation of sensitivity occurs downstream of the common retinal input pathway. Understanding the mechanistic basis for this plasticity may yield therapeutic targets for optimizing light therapy practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Glickman
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychology, Center for Chronobiology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - E M Harrison
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychology, Center for Chronobiology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J A Elliott
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychology, Center for Chronobiology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M R Gorman
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychology, Center for Chronobiology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Kim SJ, Benloucif S, Reid KJ, Weintraub S, Kennedy N, Wolfe LF, Zee PC. Phase-shifting response to light in older adults. J Physiol 2013; 592:189-202. [PMID: 24144880 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in circadian rhythms may contribute to the sleep disruption observed in older adults. A reduction in responsiveness to photic stimuli in the circadian timing system has been hypothesized as a possible reason for the advanced circadian phase in older adults. This project compared phase-shifting responses to 2 h of broad-spectrum white light at moderate and high intensities in younger and older adults. Subjects included 29 healthy young (25.1 ± 4.1 years; male to female ratio: 8: 21) and 16 healthy older (66.5 ± 6.0 years; male to female ratio: 5: 11) subjects, who participated in two 4-night and 3-day laboratory stays, separated by at least 3 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three different time-points, 8 h before (-8), 3 h before (-3) or 3 h after (+3) the core body temperature minimum (CBTmin) measured on the baseline night. For each condition, subjects were exposed in a randomized order to 2 h light pulses of two intensities (2000 lux and 8000 lux) during the two different laboratory stays. Phase shifts were analysed according to the time of melatonin midpoint on the nights before and after light exposure. Older subjects in this study showed an earlier baseline phase and lower amplitude of melatonin rhythm compared to younger subjects, but there was no evidence of age-related changes in the magnitude or direction of phase shifts of melatonin midpoint in response to 2 h of light at either 2000 lux or 8000 lux. These results indicate that the acute phase-shifting response to moderate- or high-intensity broad spectrum light is not significantly affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jae Kim
- S. J. Kim: Abbott Hall, 5th Floor, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Chang AM, Scheer FAJL, Czeisler CA, Aeschbach D. Direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans depend on prior light history. Sleep 2013; 36:1239-46. [PMID: 23904684 PMCID: PMC3700721 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Light can induce an acute alerting response in humans; however, it is unknown whether the magnitude of this response is simply a function of the absolute illuminance of the light itself, or whether it depends on illuminance history preceding the stimulus. Here, we compared the effects of illuminance history on the alerting response to a subsequent light stimulus. DESIGN A randomized, crossover design was used to compare the effect of two illuminance histories (1 lux vs. 90 lux) on the alerting response to a 6.5-h 90-lux light stimulus during the biological night. SETTING Intensive Physiologic Monitoring Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen healthy young adults (6 F; 23.5 ± 2.9 years). INTERVENTIONS Participants were administered two 6.5-h light exposures (LE) of 90 lux during the biological night. For 3 days prior to each LE, participants were exposed to either 1 lux or 90 lux during the wake episode. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The alerting response to light was assessed using subjective sleepiness ratings, lapses of attention, and reaction times as measured with an auditory psychomotor vigilance task, as well as power density in the delta/theta range of the waking EEG. The alerting response to light was greater and lasted longer when the LE followed exposure to 1 lux compared to 90 lux light. CONCLUSION The magnitude and duration of the alerting effect of light at night depends on the illuminance history and appears to be subject to sensitization and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Chang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Ashkenazi L, Haim A. Light interference as a possible stressor altering HSP70 and its gene expression levels in brain and hepatic tissues of golden spiny mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:4034-40. [PMID: 22933613 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Light at night and light interference (LI) disrupt the natural light:dark cycle, causing alterations at physiological and molecular levels, partly by suppressing melatonin (MLT) secretion at night. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be activated in response to environmental changes. We assessed changes in gene expression and protein level of HSP70 in brain and hepatic tissues of golden spiny mice (Acomys russatus) acclimated to LI for two (SLI), seven (MLI) and 21 nights (LLI). The effect of MLT treatment on LI-mice was also assessed. HSP70 levels increased in brain and hepatic tissues after SLI, whereas after MLI and LLI, HSP70 decreased to control levels. Changes in HSP70 levels as a response to MLT occurred after SLI only in hepatic tissue. However, hsp70 expression following SLI increased in brain tissue, but not in hepatic tissue. MLT treatment and SLI caused a decrease in hsp70 levels in brain tissue and an increase in hsp70 in hepatic tissue. SLI acclimation elicited a stress response in A. russatus, as expressed by increased HSP70 levels and gene expression. Longer acclimation decreases protein and gene expression to their control levels. We conclude that for brain and hepatic tissues of A. russatus, LI is a short-term stressor. Our results also revealed that A. russatus can acclimate to LI, possibly because of its circadian system plasticity, which allows it to behave both as a nocturnal and as a diurnal rodent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the effect of LI as a stressor at the cellular level, by activating HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Ashkenazi
- The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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Daneault V, Vandewalle G, Hébert M, Teikari P, Mure LS, Doyon J, Gronfier C, Cooper HM, Dumont M, Carrier J. Does pupil constriction under blue and green monochromatic light exposure change with age? J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:257-64. [PMID: 22653894 PMCID: PMC5380439 DOI: 10.1177/0748730412441172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many nonvisual functions are regulated by light through a photoreceptive system involving melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells that are maximally sensitive to blue light. Several studies have suggested that the ability of light to modulate circadian entrainment and to induce acute effects on melatonin secretion, subjective alertness, and gene expression decreases during aging, particularly for blue light. This could contribute to the documented changes in sleep and circadian regulatory processes with aging. However, age-related modification in the impact of light on steady-state pupil constriction, which regulates the amount of light reaching the retina, is not demonstrated. We measured pupil size in 16 young (22.8±4 years) and 14 older (61±4.4 years) healthy subjects during 45-second exposures to blue (480 nm) and green (550 nm) monochromatic lights at low (7×10(12) photons/cm2/s), medium (3×10(13) photons/cm2/s), and high (10(14) photons/cm2/s) irradiance levels. Results showed that young subjects had consistently larger pupils than older subjects for dark adaptation and during all light exposures. Steady-state pupil constriction was greater under blue than green light exposure in both age groups and increased with increasing irradiance. Surprisingly, when expressed in relation to baseline pupil size, no significant age-related differences were observed in pupil constriction. The observed reduction in pupil size in older individuals, both in darkness and during light exposure, may reduce retinal illumination and consequently affect nonvisual responses to light. The absence of a significant difference between age groups for relative steady-state pupil constriction suggests that other factors such as tonic, sympathetic control of pupil dilation, rather than light sensitivity per se, account for the observed age difference in pupil size regulation. Compared to other nonvisual functions, the light sensitivity of steady-state pupil constriction appears to remain relatively intact and is not profoundly altered by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Daneault
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, 4565, chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3W 1W5
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cæur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Qc., Canada, H4J 1C5
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, 4565, chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3W 1W5
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cæur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Qc., Canada, H4J 1C5
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Marc Hébert
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire en santé mental de Québec, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada, G1J2G3
| | - Petteri Teikari
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, 18 avenue Doyen Lépine 69500, Bron – France
- Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Ludovic S. Mure
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, 18 avenue Doyen Lépine 69500, Bron – France
- Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, 4565, chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3W 1W5
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, 18 avenue Doyen Lépine 69500, Bron – France
- Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Howard M. Cooper
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, 18 avenue Doyen Lépine 69500, Bron – France
- Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cæur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Qc., Canada, H4J 1C5
| | - Julie Carrier
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, 4565, chemin Queen-Mary, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3W 1W5
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cæur de Montréal, 5400 boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Qc., Canada, H4J 1C5
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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40
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St Hilaire MA, Gooley JJ, Khalsa SBS, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light. J Physiol 2012; 590:3035-45. [PMID: 22547633 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.227892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker to light depends on the timing of exposure and is described by a phase response curve (PRC). The current study aimed to construct a PRC for a 1 h exposure to bright white light (∼8000 lux) and to compare this PRC to a <3 lux dim background light PRC. These data were also compared to a previously completed 6.7 h bright white light PRC and a <15 lux dim background light PRC constructed under similar conditions. Participants were randomized for exposure to 1 h of either bright white light (n=18) or <3 lux dim background light (n=18) scheduled at 1 of 18 circadian phases. Participants completed constant routine (CR) procedures in dim light (<3 lux) before and after the light exposure to assess circadian phase. Phase shifts were calculated as the difference in timing of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) during pre- and post-stimulus CRs. Exposure to 1 h of bright white light induced a Type 1 PRC with a fitted peak-to-trough amplitude of 2.20 h. No discernible PRC was observed in the <3 lux dim background light PRC. The fitted peak-to-trough amplitude of the 1 h bright light PRC was ∼40% of that for the 6.7 h PRC despite representing only 15% of the light exposure duration, consistent with previous studies showing a non-linear duration–response function for the effects of light on circadian resetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A St Hilaire
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Gooley JJ, Chamberlain K, Smith KA, Khalsa SBS, Rajaratnam SMW, Van Reen E, Zeitzer JM, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E463-72. [PMID: 21193540 PMCID: PMC3047226 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Millions of individuals habitually expose themselves to room light in the hours before bedtime, yet the effects of this behavior on melatonin signaling are not well recognized. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that exposure to room light in the late evening suppresses the onset of melatonin synthesis and shortens the duration of melatonin production. DESIGN In a retrospective analysis, we compared daily melatonin profiles in individuals living in room light (<200 lux) vs. dim light (<3 lux). PATIENTS Healthy volunteers (n = 116, 18-30 yr) were recruited from the general population to participate in one of two studies. SETTING Participants lived in a General Clinical Research Center for at least five consecutive days. INTERVENTION Individuals were exposed to room light or dim light in the 8 h preceding bedtime. OUTCOME MEASURES Melatonin duration, onset and offset, suppression, and phase angle of entrainment were determined. RESULTS Compared with dim light, exposure to room light before bedtime suppressed melatonin, resulting in a later melatonin onset in 99.0% of individuals and shortening melatonin duration by about 90 min. Also, exposure to room light during the usual hours of sleep suppressed melatonin by greater than 50% in most (85%) trials. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that room light exerts a profound suppressive effect on melatonin levels and shortens the body's internal representation of night duration. Hence, chronically exposing oneself to electrical lighting in the late evening disrupts melatonin signaling and could therefore potentially impact sleep, thermoregulation, blood pressure, and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Gooley
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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42
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Revell VL, Barrett DCG, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ. Predicting human nocturnal nonvisual responses to monochromatic and polychromatic light with a melanopsin photosensitivity function. Chronobiol Int 2011; 27:1762-77. [PMID: 20969522 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.516048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The short-wavelength (blue) light sensitivity of human circadian, neurobehavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurophysiological responses is attributed to melanopsin. Whether melanopsin is the sole factor in determining the efficacy of a polychromatic light source in driving nonvisual responses, however, remains to be established. Monochromatic (λ(max) 437, 479, and 532 nm administered singly and in combination with 479 nm light) and polychromatic (color temperature: 4000 K and 17000 K) light stimuli were photon matched for their predicted ability to stimulate melanopsin, and their capacity to affect nocturnal melatonin levels, auditory reaction time, and subjective alertness and mood was assessed. Young, healthy male participants aged 18-35 yrs (23.6 ± 3.6 yrs [mean ± SD]; n=12) participated in 12 overnight sessions that included an individually timed 30-min nocturnal light stimulus on the rising limb of the melatonin profile. At regular intervals before, during, and after the light stimulus, subjective mood and alertness were verbally assessed, blood samples were taken for analysis of plasma melatonin levels, and an auditory reaction time task (psychomotor vigilance task; PVT) was performed. Proc GLM (general linear model) repeated-measures ANOVA (analysis of variance) revealed significantly lower melatonin suppression with the polychromatic light conditions (4000 and 17000 K) compared to the "melanopsin photon-matched" monochromatic light conditions (p< .05). In contrast, subjective alertness was significantly lower under the 479 nm monochromatic light condition compared to the 437 and 532 nm monochromatic and both polychromatic light conditions. The alerting responses more reflected the total photon content of the light stimulus. The demonstration that the melatonin suppression response to polychromatic light was significantly lower than predicted by the melanopsin photosensitivity function suggests this function is not the sole consideration when trying to predict the efficacy of broadband lighting. The different spectral sensitivity of subjective alertness and melatonin suppression responses may imply a differential involvement of the cone photopigments. An analysis of the photon densities in specific wavelength bands for the polychromatic lights used in this and the authors' previous study suggests the spectral composition of a polychromatic light source, and particularly the very short-wavelength content, may be critical in determining response magnitude for the neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral effects of nocturnal light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Revell
- Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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43
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Chang AM, Scheer FAJL, Czeisler CA. The human circadian system adapts to prior photic history. J Physiol 2011; 589:1095-102. [PMID: 21224217 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is the most potent stimulus for synchronizing the endogenous circadian timing system to the 24 h day. The timing, intensity, duration, pattern and wavelength of light are known to modulate photic resetting of the circadian system and acute suppression of melatonin secretion. The effect of prior photic history on these processes, however, is not well understood. Although previous studies have shown that light history affects the suppression of melatonin in response to a subsequent light exposure, here we show for the first time that a very dim light history, as opposed to a typical indoor room illuminance, amplifies the phase-shifting response to a subsequent sub-saturating light stimulus by 60–70%. This greater efficacy provides evidence for dynamic adaptive changes in the sensitivity of circadian ocular photoreception. This plasticity has important implications for the optimization of light therapy for the treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Suite 438, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
The presence of day-night variations in cardiovascular and metabolic functioning is well known. However, only recently it has been shown that cardiovascular and metabolic processes are not only affected by the behavioral sleep/wake cycle but are partly under direct control of the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Heart rate, cardiac autonomic activity, glucose metabolism and leptin-involved in appetite control-all show circadian variation (i.e., under constant behavioral and environmental conditions). This knowledge of behavioral vs. circadian modulation of cardiometabolic function is of clinical relevance given the morning peak in adverse cardiovascular incidents observed in epidemiological studies and given the increased risk for the development of diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease in shift workers. We will review the evidence for circadian control of cardiometabolic functioning, as well its sensitivity to light and melatonin, and discuss potential implication for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rüger
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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45
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Mainster MA, Turner PL. Blue-blocking IOLs decrease photoreception without providing significant photoprotection. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 55:272-89. [PMID: 19883931 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Violet and blue light are responsible for 45% of scotopic, 67% of melanopsin, 83% of human circadian (melatonin suppression) and 94% of S-cone photoreception in pseudophakic eyes (isoilluminance source). Yellow chromophores in blue-blocking intraocular lenses (IOLs) eliminate between 43 and 57% of violet and blue light between 400 and 500 nm, depending on their dioptric power. This restriction adversely affects pseudophakic photopic luminance contrast, photopic S-cone foveal threshold, mesopic contrast acuity, scotopic short-wavelength sensitivity and circadian photoreception. Yellow IOL chromophores provide no tangible clinical benefits in exchange for the photoreception losses they cause. They fail to decrease disability glare or improve contrast sensitivity. Most epidemiological evidence shows that environmental light exposure and cataract surgery are not significant risk factors for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Thus, the use of blue-blocking IOLs is not evidence-based medicine. Most AMD occurs in phakic adults over 60 years of age, despite crystalline lens photoprotection far greater than that of blue-blocking IOLs. Therefore, if light does play some role in the pathogenesis of AMD, then 1) senescent crystalline lenses do not prevent it, so neither can blue-blocking IOLs that offer far less photoprotection, and 2) all pseudophakes should wear sunglasses in bright environments. Pseudophakes have the freedom to remove their sunglasses for optimal photoreception whenever they choose to do so, provided that they are not encumbered permanently by yellow IOL chromophores. In essence, yellow chromophores are placebos for prevention of AMD that permanently restrict a pseudophake's dim light and circadian photoreception at ages when they are needed most. If yellow IOLs had been the standard of care, then colorless UV-blocking IOLs could be advocated now as "premium" IOLs because they offer dim light and circadian photoreception roughly 15-20 years more youthful than blue-blocking IOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Mainster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Prairie Village, Kansas, USA.
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46
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Emens JS, Yuhas K, Rough J, Kochar N, Peters D, Lewy AJ. Phase angle of entrainment in morning- and evening-types under naturalistic conditions. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26:474-93. [PMID: 19360491 DOI: 10.1080/07420520902821077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Differences in morningness-eveningness among humans are commonly ascribed to circadian parameters, such as circadian period and responsivity to environmental time cues, as well as homeostatic sleep drive. Light is the primary synchronizer of the human biological clock, and if circadian differences exist between morning and evening types, they should have different phase angles of entrainment to the light/dark cycle; that is, morning and evening types should have different patterns of light exposure relative to endogenous circadian phase (ECP). When phase angle of entrainment is strictly defined as the relationship between a marker of ECP and the timing of light exposure, such differences have been demonstrated in the laboratory under controlled light/dark cycles and have recently been shown under conditions of spring and summer light exposure outside the laboratory, taking into account the variable intensity of light. Here, we report similar results from a large (n=66), diverse cohort of morning and evening types across the age span studied at all different times of the year. Differences between morning and evening types in light exposure relative to ECP, indicative of a difference in the phase angle of entrainment to the external light/dark cycle, were found. Specifically, evening types, compared to morning types, had a higher ratio of phase advancing to phase delaying by light. We interpret this as indicating a longer circadian period (tau) in evening types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Emens
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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47
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Revell VL, Skene DJ. Light‐Induced Melatonin Suppression in Humans with Polychromatic and Monochromatic Light. Chronobiol Int 2009; 24:1125-37. [DOI: 10.1080/07420520701800652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Beersma DG, Comas M, Hut RA, Gordijn MC, Rueger M, Daan S. The Progression of Circadian Phase during Light Exposure in Animals and Humans. J Biol Rhythms 2009; 24:153-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730408330196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and mice revealed that circadian phase shifting effects of light are larger at the beginning of a light exposure interval than during subsequent exposure. Little is known about the dynamics of this response reduction phenomenon. Here the authors propose a method to obtain information on the progression of phase during light exposure. Phase response curves to intervals of light exposure over a wide range in duration are available for flesh flies, mice, and humans. By comparing the phase shifts induced by pulses of various durations but starting at the same circadian phase, the progression of phase during a long interval (hours) of light exposure is reconstructed for each of these 3 species. For flies, the phase progression curves show that light pulses—if long enough— eventually make the pacemaker stabilize around InT18 (near subjective dusk), as is typical for strong resetting. The progression of phase toward the final value never shows advances larger than 7 h, while delays can be as large as 18 h. By applying the phase progression curve method presented in this study, differences between advances and delays in type-0 phase response curves can be distinguished clearly. In flesh flies ( Sarcophaga) this bifurcation between delays and advance occurs when light exposure starts at InT0 (subjective midnight). The present study confirms earlier findings in mice showing that the beginning of the light pulse generates stronger phase shifts than subsequent hours of light. Response reduction is complete within 1 h of exposure. It is argued that the variation is not so much due to light adaptation processes, but rather to response saturation. In contrast to light adaptation, response saturation is fundamental to proper functioning of the circadian pacemaker during natural entrainment. For understanding entrainment of the pacemaker to natural light, phase progression curves in which naturalistic light profiles are applied could be an important tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marian Comas
- Department of Chronobiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof A. Hut
- Department of Chronobiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Rueger
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Serge Daan
- Department of Chronobiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Peschke E. Light, melatonin and cancer: current results and future perspectives 1. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09291010802066983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Brainard GC, Sliney D, Hanifin JP, Glickman G, Byrne B, Greeson JM, Jasser S, Gerner E, Rollag MD. Sensitivity of the human circadian system to short-wavelength (420-nm) light. J Biol Rhythms 2008; 23:379-86. [PMID: 18838601 DOI: 10.1177/0748730408323089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian and neurobehavioral effects of light are primarily mediated by a retinal ganglion cell photoreceptor in the mammalian eye containing the photopigment melanopsin. Nine action spectrum studies using rodents, monkeys, and humans for these responses indicate peak sensitivities in the blue region of the visible spectrum ranging from 459 to 484 nm, with some disagreement in short-wavelength sensitivity of the spectrum. The aim of this work was to quantify the sensitivity of human volunteers to monochromatic 420-nm light for plasma melatonin suppression. Adult female (n=14) and male (n=12) subjects participated in 2 studies, each employing a within-subjects design. In a fluence-response study, subjects (n=8) were tested with 8 light irradiances at 420 nm ranging over a 4-log unit photon density range of 10(10) to 10(14) photons/cm(2)/sec and 1 dark exposure control night. In the other study, subjects (n=18) completed an experiment comparing melatonin suppression with equal photon doses (1.21 x 10(13) photons/cm(2)/sec) of 420 nm and 460 nm monochromatic light and a dark exposure control night. The first study demonstrated a clear fluence-response relationship between 420-nm light and melatonin suppression (p<0.001) with a half-saturation constant of 2.74 x 10(11) photons/cm(2)/sec. The second study showed that 460-nm light is significantly stronger than 420-nm light for suppressing melatonin (p<0.04). Together, the results clarify the visible short-wavelength sensitivity of the human melatonin suppression action spectrum. This basic physiological finding may be useful for optimizing lighting for therapeutic and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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