1
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Sondhi Y, Messcher RL, Bellantuono AJ, Storer CG, Cinel SD, Godfrey RK, Mongue AJ, Weng YM, Glass D, St Laurent RA, Hamilton CA, Earl C, Brislawn CJ, Kitching IJ, Bybee SM, Theobald JC, Kawahara AY. Day-night gene expression reveals circadian gene disco as a candidate for diel-niche evolution in moths. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240591. [PMID: 39194299 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Temporal ecological niche partitioning is an underappreciated driver of speciation. While insects have long been models for circadian biology, the genes and circuits that allow adaptive changes in diel-niches remain poorly understood. We compared gene expression in closely related day- and night-active non-model wild silk moths, with otherwise similar ecologies. Using an ortholog-based pipeline to compare RNA-Seq patterns across two moth species, we find over 25 pairs of gene orthologs showing differential expression. Notably, the gene disco, involved in circadian control, optic lobe and clock neuron development in Drosophila, shows robust adult circadian mRNA cycling in moth heads. Disco is highly conserved in moths and has additional zinc-finger domains with specific nocturnal and diurnal mutations. We propose disco as a candidate gene for the diversification of temporal diel-niche in moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Sondhi
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Institute for Environment, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Rebeccah L Messcher
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Caroline G Storer
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Scott D Cinel
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R Keating Godfrey
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Andrew J Mongue
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yi-Ming Weng
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Deborah Glass
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex House , Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road , London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ryan A St Laurent
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris A Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology & Nematology, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Chandra Earl
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 852281, USA
| | | | - Ian J Kitching
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road , London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Seth M Bybee
- Department of Biology, Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, 4102 Life Science Building , Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jamie C Theobald
- Department of Biology, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Institute for Environment, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Yoshii T, Saito A, Yokosako T. A four-oscillator model of seasonally adapted morning and evening activities in Drosophila melanogaster. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:527-534. [PMID: 37217625 PMCID: PMC11226490 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exhibits two activity peaks, one in the morning and another in the evening. Because the two peaks change phase depending on the photoperiod they are exposed to, they are convenient for studying responses of the circadian clock to seasonal changes. To explain the phase determination of the two peaks, Drosophila researchers have employed the two-oscillator model, in which two oscillators control the two peaks. The two oscillators reside in different subsets of neurons in the brain, which express clock genes, the so-called clock neurons. However, the mechanism underlying the activity of the two peaks is complex and requires a new model for mechanistic exploration. Here, we hypothesize a four-oscillator model that controls the bimodal rhythms. The four oscillators that reside in different clock neurons regulate activity in the morning and evening and sleep during the midday and at night. In this way, bimodal rhythms are formed by interactions among the four oscillators (two activity and two sleep oscillators), which may judiciously explain the flexible waveform of activity rhythms under different photoperiod conditions. Although still hypothetical, this model would provide a new perspective on the seasonal adaptation of the two activity peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Aika Saito
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yokosako
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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3
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Li H, Li Z, Yuan X, Tian Y, Ye W, Zeng P, Li XM, Guo F. Dynamic encoding of temperature in the central circadian circuit coordinates physiological activities. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2834. [PMID: 38565846 PMCID: PMC10987497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates animal physiological activities. How temperature reorganizes circadian-dependent physiological activities remains elusive. Here, using in-vivo two-photon imaging with the temperature control device, we investigated the response of the Drosophila central circadian circuit to temperature variation and identified that DN1as serves as the most sensitive temperature-sensing neurons. The circadian clock gate DN1a's diurnal temperature response. Trans-synaptic tracing, connectome analysis, and functional imaging data reveal that DN1as bidirectionally targets two circadian neuronal subsets: activity-related E cells and sleep-promoting DN3s. Specifically, behavioral data demonstrate that the DN1a-E cell circuit modulates the evening locomotion peak in response to cold temperature, while the DN1a-DN3 circuit controls the warm temperature-induced nocturnal sleep reduction. Our findings systematically and comprehensively illustrate how the central circadian circuit dynamically integrates temperature and light signals to effectively coordinate wakefulness and sleep at different times of the day, shedding light on the conserved neural mechanisms underlying temperature-regulated circadian physiology in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing Ye
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Pengyu Zeng
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Psychiatry of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Zhao X, Yang X, Lv P, Xu Y, Wang X, Zhao Z, Du J. Polycomb regulates circadian rhythms in Drosophila in clock neurons. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302140. [PMID: 37914396 PMCID: PMC10620068 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are essential physiological feature for most living organisms. Previous studies have shown that epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role. There is a knowledge gap in the chromatin state of some key clock neuron clusters. In this study, we show that circadian rhythm is affected by the epigenetic regulator Polycomb (Pc) within the Drosophila clock neurons. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of Pc in these clock neuron clusters, we use targeted DamID (TaDa) to identify genes significantly bound by Pc in the neurons marked by C929-Gal4 (including l-LNvs cluster), R6-Gal4 (including s-LNvs cluster), R18H11-Gal4 (including DN1 cluster), and DVpdf-Gal4, pdf-Gal80 (including LNds cluster). It shows that Pc binds to the genes involved in the circadian rhythm pathways, arguing a direct role for Pc in regulating circadian rhythms through specific clock genes. This study shows the identification of Pc targets in the clock neuron clusters, providing potential resource for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythms by the PcG complex. Thus, this study provided an example for epigenetic regulation of adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguo Zhao
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhuo Yang
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Lv
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuetong Xu
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- https://ror.org/04v3ywz14 Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Liang X, Holy TE, Taghert PH. Polyphasic circadian neural circuits drive differential activities in multiple downstream rhythmic centers. Curr Biol 2023; 33:351-363.e3. [PMID: 36610393 PMCID: PMC9877191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks align various behaviors such as locomotor activity, sleep/wake, feeding, and mating to times of day that are most adaptive. How rhythmic information in pacemaker circuits is translated to neuronal outputs is not well understood. Here, we used brain-wide, 24-h in vivo calcium imaging in the Drosophila brain and searched for circadian rhythmic activity among identified clusters of dopaminergic (DA) and peptidergic neurosecretory (NS) neurons. Such rhythms were widespread and imposed by the PERIOD-dependent clock activity within the ∼150-cell circadian pacemaker network. The rhythms displayed either a morning (M), evening (E), or mid-day (MD) phase. Different subgroups of circadian pacemakers imposed neural activity rhythms onto different downstream non-clock neurons. Outputs from the canonical M and E pacemakers converged to regulate DA-PPM3 and DA-PAL neurons. E pacemakers regulate the evening-active DA-PPL1 neurons. In addition to these canonical M and E oscillators, we present evidence for a third dedicated phase occurring at mid-day: the l-LNv pacemakers present the MD activity peak, and they regulate the MD-active DA-PPM1/2 neurons and three distinct NS cell types. Thus, the Drosophila circadian pacemaker network is a polyphasic rhythm generator. It presents dedicated M, E, and MD phases that are functionally transduced as neuronal outputs to organize diverse daily activity patterns in downstream circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy E Holy
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul H Taghert
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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6
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Wolkoff M, Fyie L, Meuti M. Light Pollution Disrupts Seasonal Differences in the Daily Activity and Metabolic Profiles of the Northern House Mosquito, Culex pipiens. INSECTS 2023; 14:64. [PMID: 36661993 PMCID: PMC9865375 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Northern House mosquito, Culex pipiens, is an important disease vector, and females are capable of surviving the winter in a state of overwintering diapause. This species' diapause response has been extensively studied, and recent evidence suggests that the circadian clock is involved in measuring seasonal changes in daylength to initiate the diapause response. However, differences in the circadian activity of diapausing and non-diapausing Cx. pipiens have not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, recent findings indicate that artificial light at night (ALAN) can disrupt mosquito diapause, potentially prolonging the mosquito biting season. We compared the circadian locomotor activity of mosquitoes reared in diapause-averting, long-day conditions and diapause-inducing, short-day conditions with and without ALAN to elucidate the interplay between circadian activity, diapause, and light pollution. We also uncovered metabolic differences between mosquitoes reared under diapausing and non-diapausing photoperiods with and without ALAN by measuring the concentration of protein, fructose, glycogen, water-soluble carbohydrates, and lipids. We found that ALAN exposure altered several diapause-associated phenotypes including slightly, but not significantly, increasing activity levels in short day-reared mosquitoes; and preventing some short day-reared mosquitoes from accumulating lipids. ALAN also significantly reduced glycogen and water-soluble carbohydrate levels in long day-reared mosquitoes. Based on our findings, light pollution may decrease insect fitness by perturbing metabolism, and may also impact several phenotypes associated with insect diapause, potentially extending the mosquito biting season and preventing insects in urban environments from overwintering successfully.
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7
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Light triggers a network switch between circadian morning and evening oscillators controlling behaviour during daily temperature cycles. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010487. [PMID: 36367867 PMCID: PMC9683589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper timing of rhythmic locomotor behavior is the consequence of integrating environmental conditions and internal time dictated by the circadian clock. Rhythmic environmental input like daily light and temperature changes (called Zeitgeber) reset the molecular clock and entrain it to the environmental time zone the organism lives in. Furthermore, depending on the absolute temperature or light intensity, flies exhibit their main locomotor activity at different times of day, i.e., environmental input not only entrains the circadian clock but also determines the phase of a certain behavior. To understand how the brain clock can distinguish between (or integrate) an entraining Zeitgeber and environmental effects on activity phase, we attempted to entrain the clock with a Zeitgeber different from the environmental input used for phasing the behavior. 150 clock neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster brain control different aspects of the daily activity rhythms and are organized in various clusters. During regular 12 h light: 12 h dark cycles at constant mild temperature (LD 25°C, LD being the Zeitgeber), so called morning oscillator (MO) neurons control the increase of locomotor activity just before lights-on, while evening oscillator (EO) neurons regulate the activity increase at the end of the day, a few hours before lights-off. Here, using 12 h: 12 h 25°C:16°C temperature cycles as Zeitgeber, we attempted to look at the impact of light on phasing locomotor behavior. While in constant light and 25°C:16°C temperature cycles (LLTC), flies show an unimodal locomotor activity peak in the evening, during the same temperature cycle, but in the absence of light (DDTC), the phase of the activity peak is shifted to the morning. Here, we show that the EO is necessary for synchronized behavior in LLTC but not for entraining the molecular clock of the other clock neuronal groups, while the MO controls synchronized morning activity in DDTC. Interestingly, our data suggest that the influence of the EO on the synchronization increases depending on the length of the photoperiod (constant light vs 12 h of light). Hence, our results show that effects of different environmental cues on clock entrainment and activity phase can be separated, allowing to decipher their integration by the circadian clock. “If a clock is to provide information involved in controlling important functions, then clearly it must be reasonably reliable” said Colin Pittendrigh, one of the chronobiology pioneers in 1954. The circadian clock allows organisms to synchronize with their ecological niche. For this, the circadian clock uses rhythmic environmental parameters (Zeitgeber), the main ones being light and temperature. Hence, Colin Pittendrigh posted a still unresolved enigma in chronobiology. How can a clock be reliable when its resetting depends on environmental fluctuations that are not so reliable? Both, light and temperature vary a lot on a day-to-day basis, and animals respond to these variations depending on the time of day. Here, we propose a new model where the molecular clock resets to environmental cycles in a robust and independent manner, while the underlying neuronal oscillatory network switches its balance towards specific oscillators depending on the environmental condition thereby leading to distinct behavioral adaptation. To proof this proposed dogma in fruit flies, using temperature cycles as Zeitgeber, we demonstrate a light-induced switch of the network balance. Hence, we supply a foundation that in the future will help to understand how animals use their circadian clock to adapt their behavior to environmental changes.
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Delventhal R, Barber AF. Sensory integration: Time and temperature regulate fly siesta. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1020-R1022. [PMID: 36220091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Temperatures outside the preferred range require flies to acutely adjust their behavior. A new study finds that heat-sensing neurons provide input to fly circadian clock neurons to extend the daytime siesta, allowing flies to sleep through excessive daytime heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Delventhal
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, 555 North Sheridan Road, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Annika F Barber
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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9
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Alpert MH, Gil H, Para A, Gallio M. A thermometer circuit for hot temperature adjusts Drosophila behavior to persistent heat. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4079-4087.e4. [PMID: 35981537 PMCID: PMC9529852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Small poikilotherms such as the fruit fly Drosophila depend on absolute temperature measurements to identify external conditions that are above (hot) or below (cold) their preferred range and to react accordingly. Hot and cold temperatures have a different impact on fly activity and sleep, but the circuits and mechanisms that adjust behavior to specific thermal conditions are not well understood. Here, we use patch-clamp electrophysiology to show that internal thermosensory neurons located within the fly head capsule (the AC neurons1) function as a thermometer active in the hot range. ACs exhibit sustained firing rates that scale with absolute temperature-but only for temperatures above the fly's preferred ∼25°C (i.e., "hot" temperature). We identify ACs in the fly brain connectome and demonstrate that they target a single class of circadian neurons, the LPNs.2 LPNs receive excitatory drive from ACs and respond robustly to hot stimuli, but their responses do not exclusively rely on ACs. Instead, LPNs receive independent drive from thermosensory neurons of the fly antenna via a new class of second-order projection neurons (TPN-IV). Finally, we show that silencing LPNs blocks the restructuring of daytime "siesta" sleep, which normally occurs in response to persistent heat. Our previous work described a distinct thermometer circuit for cold temperature.3 Together, the results demonstrate that the fly nervous system separately encodes and relays absolute hot and cold temperature information, show how patterns of sleep and activity can be adapted to specific temperature conditions, and illustrate how persistent drive from sensory pathways can impact behavior on extended temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Alpert
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hamin Gil
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alessia Para
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Marco Gallio
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Andreani T, Rosensweig C, Sisobhan S, Ogunlana E, Kath W, Allada R. Circadian programming of the ellipsoid body sleep homeostat in Drosophila. eLife 2022; 11:e74327. [PMID: 35735904 PMCID: PMC9270026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic and circadian processes collaborate to appropriately time and consolidate sleep and wake. To understand how these processes are integrated, we scheduled brief sleep deprivation at different times of day in Drosophila and find elevated morning rebound compared to evening. These effects depend on discrete morning and evening clock neurons, independent of their roles in circadian locomotor activity. In the R5 ellipsoid body sleep homeostat, we identified elevated morning expression of activity dependent and presynaptic gene expression as well as the presynaptic protein BRUCHPILOT consistent with regulation by clock circuits. These neurons also display elevated calcium levels in response to sleep loss in the morning, but not the evening consistent with the observed time-dependent sleep rebound. These studies reveal the circuit and molecular mechanisms by which discrete circadian clock neurons program a homeostatic sleep center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Andreani
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Clark Rosensweig
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Shiju Sisobhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Emmanuel Ogunlana
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - William Kath
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
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11
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Reinhard N, Schubert FK, Bertolini E, Hagedorn N, Manoli G, Sekiguchi M, Yoshii T, Rieger D, Helfrich-Förster C. The Neuronal Circuit of the Dorsal Circadian Clock Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2022; 13:886432. [PMID: 35574472 PMCID: PMC9100938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila’s dorsal clock neurons (DNs) consist of four clusters (DN1as, DN1ps, DN2s, and DN3s) that largely differ in size. While the DN1as and the DN2s encompass only two neurons, the DN1ps consist of ∼15 neurons, and the DN3s comprise ∼40 neurons per brain hemisphere. In comparison to the well-characterized lateral clock neurons (LNs), the neuroanatomy and function of the DNs are still not clear. Over the past decade, numerous studies have addressed their role in the fly’s circadian system, leading to several sometimes divergent results. Nonetheless, these studies agreed that the DNs are important to fine-tune activity under light and temperature cycles and play essential roles in linking the output from the LNs to downstream neurons that control sleep and metabolism. Here, we used the Flybow system, specific split-GAL4 lines, trans-Tango, and the recently published fly connectome (called hemibrain) to describe the morphology of the DNs in greater detail, including their synaptic connections to other clock and non-clock neurons. We show that some DN groups are largely heterogenous. While certain DNs are strongly connected with the LNs, others are mainly output neurons that signal to circuits downstream of the clock. Among the latter are mushroom body neurons, central complex neurons, tubercle bulb neurons, neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis, and other still unidentified partners. This heterogeneity of the DNs may explain some of the conflicting results previously found about their functionality. Most importantly, we identify two putative novel communication centers of the clock network: one fiber bundle in the superior lateral protocerebrum running toward the anterior optic tubercle and one fiber hub in the posterior lateral protocerebrum. Both are invaded by several DNs and LNs and might play an instrumental role in the clock network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Reinhard
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Manoli
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manabu Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Iyengar AS, Kulkarni R, Sheeba V. Under warm ambient conditions, Drosophila melanogaster suppresses nighttime activity via the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12802. [PMID: 35285135 PMCID: PMC9744560 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic locomotor behaviour of flies is controlled by an endogenous time-keeping mechanism, the circadian clock, and is influenced by environmental temperatures. Flies inherently prefer cool temperatures around 25°C, and under such conditions, time their locomotor activity to occur at dawn and dusk. Under relatively warmer conditions such as 30°C, flies shift their activity into the night, advancing their morning activity bout into the early morning, before lights-ON, and delaying their evening activity into early night. The molecular basis for such temperature-dependent behavioural modulation has been associated with core circadian clock genes, but the neuronal basis is not yet clear. Under relatively cool temperatures such as 25°C, the role of the circadian pacemaker ventrolateral neurons (LNvs), along with a major neuropeptide secreted by them, pigment dispersing factor (PDF), has been showed in regulating various aspects of locomotor activity rhythms. However, the role of the LNvs and PDF in warm temperature-mediated behavioural modulation has not been explored. We show here that flies lacking proper PDF signalling or the LNvs altogether, cannot suppress their locomotor activity resulting in loss of sleep during the middle of the night, and thus describe a novel role for PDF signalling and the LNvs in behavioural modulation under warm ambient conditions. In a rapidly warming world, such behavioural plasticity may enable organisms to respond to harsh temperatures in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwariya Srikala Iyengar
- Chronobiology and Behavioural Neurogenetics LaboratoryNeuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - Rutvij Kulkarni
- Chronobiology and Behavioural Neurogenetics LaboratoryNeuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - Vasu Sheeba
- Chronobiology and Behavioural Neurogenetics LaboratoryNeuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchBangaloreIndia
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13
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Reinhard N, Bertolini E, Saito A, Sekiguchi M, Yoshii T, Rieger D, Helfrich-Förster C. The lateral posterior clock neurons (LPN) of Drosophila melanogaster express three neuropeptides and have multiple connections within the circadian clock network and beyond. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1507-1529. [PMID: 34961936 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila's lateral posterior neurons (LPNs) belong to a small group of circadian clock neurons that is so far not characterized in detail. Thanks to a new highly specific split-Gal4 line, here we describe LPNs' morphology in fine detail, their synaptic connections, daily bimodal expression of neuropeptides, and propose a putative role of this cluster in controlling daily activity and sleep patterns. We found that the three LPNs are heterogeneous. Two of the neurons with similar morphology arborize in the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum and most likely promote sleep. One unique, possibly wakefulness-promoting, neuron with wider arborizations extends from the superior lateral protocerebrum toward the anterior optic tubercle. Both LPN types exhibit manifold connections with the other circadian clock neurons, especially with those that control the flies' morning and evening activity (M- and E-neurons, respectively). In addition, they form synaptic connections with neurons of the mushroom bodies, the fan-shaped body, and with many additional still unidentified neurons. We found that both LPN types rhythmically express three neuropeptides, Allostatin A, Allostatin C, and Diuretic Hormone 31 with maxima in the morning and the evening. The three LPN neuropeptides may, furthermore, signal to the insect hormonal center in the pars intercerebralis and contribute to rhythmic modulation of metabolism, feeding, and reproduction. We discuss our findings in the light of anatomical details gained by the recently published hemibrain of a single female fly on the electron microscopic level and of previous functional studies concerning the LPN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Reinhard
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aika Saito
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Manabu Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Perception of Daily Time: Insights from the Fruit Flies. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010003. [PMID: 35055846 PMCID: PMC8780729 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We create mental maps of the space that surrounds us; our brains also compute time—in particular, the time of day. Visual, thermal, social, and other cues tune the clock-like timekeeper. Consequently, the internal clock synchronizes with the external day-night cycles. In fact, daylength itself varies, causing the change of seasons and forcing our brain clock to accommodate layers of plasticity. However, the core of the clock, i.e., its molecular underpinnings, are highly resistant to perturbations, while the way animals adapt to the daily and annual time shows tremendous biological diversity. How can this be achieved? In this review, we will focus on 75 pairs of clock neurons in the Drosophila brain to understand how a small neural network perceives and responds to the time of the day, and the time of the year.
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15
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Ruf F, Mitesser O, Mungwa ST, Horn M, Rieger D, Hovestadt T, Wegener C. Natural Zeitgebers Under Temperate Conditions Cannot Compensate for the Loss of a Functional Circadian Clock in Timing of a Vital Behavior in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:271-285. [PMID: 33745356 PMCID: PMC8114442 DOI: 10.1177/0748730421998112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive significance of adjusting behavioral activities to the right time of the day seems obvious. Laboratory studies implicated an important role of circadian clocks in behavioral timing and rhythmicity. Yet, recent studies on clock-mutant animals questioned this importance under more naturalistic settings, as various clock mutants showed nearly normal diel activity rhythms under seminatural zeitgeber conditions. We here report evidence that proper timing of eclosion, a vital behavior of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, requires a functional molecular clock under quasi-natural conditions. In contrast to wild-type flies, period01 mutants with a defective molecular clock showed impaired rhythmicity and gating in a temperate environment even in the presence of a full complement of abiotic zeitgebers. Although period01 mutants still eclosed during a certain time window during the day, this time window was much broader and loosely defined, and rhythmicity was lower or lost as classified by various statistical measures. Moreover, peak eclosion time became more susceptible to variable day-to-day changes of light. In contrast, flies with impaired peptidergic interclock signaling (Pdf01 and han5304 PDF receptor mutants) eclosed mostly rhythmically with normal gate sizes, similar to wild-type controls. Our results suggest that the presence of natural zeitgebers is not sufficient, and a functional molecular clock is required to induce stable temporal eclosion patterns in flies under temperate conditions with considerable day-to-day variation in light intensity and temperature. Temperate zeitgebers are, however, sufficient to functionally rescue a loss of PDF-mediated clock-internal and -output signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ruf
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg Insect Research, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Mitesser
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Theoretical Evolutionary Ecology Group, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Tii Mungwa
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg Insect Research, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Horn
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg Insect Research, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg Insect Research, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hovestadt
- Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Theoretical Evolutionary Ecology Group, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg Insect Research, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Transcriptomic and life history responses of the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer to chronic diel thermal challenge. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19119. [PMID: 33154410 PMCID: PMC7644658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the effects of transient thermal stress in an aquatic insect, we first identified static temperatures associated with fitness deficits, and then reared larvae from egg hatch to adulthood under diurnally variable regimens including daily forays into deleterious temperatures. We sampled mature larvae at the coolest and warmest portions of their respective regimens for RNA-seq analysis. Few transcripts (28) were differentially expressed when larvae oscillated between favorable temperatures, while 614 transcripts were differentially expressed when experiencing daily transient thermal stress. Transcripts associated with N-glycan processing were downregulated while those associated with lipid catabolism and chitin turnover were significantly upregulated in heat stressed larvae. An across-regimen comparison of differentially expressed transcripts among organisms sampled at comparable temperatures demonstrated that the effects of daily thermal stress persisted even when larvae were sampled at a more optimal temperature (806 differentially expressed transcripts). The chronically stressed population had reduced expression of transcripts related to ATP synthesis, mitochondrial electron chain functions, gluconeogenesis and glycolytic processes while transcripts associated with cell adhesion, synaptic vesicle transport, regulation of membrane potential and lipid biosynthesis increased. Comparisons of constant vs. variable temperatures revealed that the negative consequences of time spent at stressful temperatures were not offset by more time spent at optimal temperatures.
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17
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Marin EC, Büld L, Theiss M, Sarkissian T, Roberts RJV, Turnbull R, Tamimi IFM, Pleijzier MW, Laursen WJ, Drummond N, Schlegel P, Bates AS, Li F, Landgraf M, Costa M, Bock DD, Garrity PA, Jefferis GSXE. Connectomics Analysis Reveals First-, Second-, and Third-Order Thermosensory and Hygrosensory Neurons in the Adult Drosophila Brain. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3167-3182.e4. [PMID: 32619476 PMCID: PMC7443704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals exhibit innate and learned preferences for temperature and humidity-conditions critical for their survival and reproduction. Leveraging a whole-brain electron microscopy volume, we studied the adult Drosophila melanogaster circuitry associated with antennal thermo- and hygrosensory neurons. We have identified two new target glomeruli in the antennal lobe, in addition to the five known ones, and the ventroposterior projection neurons (VP PNs) that relay thermo- and hygrosensory information to higher brain centers, including the mushroom body and lateral horn, seats of learned and innate behavior. We present the first connectome of a thermo- and hygrosensory neuropil, the lateral accessory calyx (lACA), by reconstructing neurons downstream of heating- and cooling-responsive VP PNs. A few mushroom body-intrinsic neurons solely receive thermosensory input from the lACA, while most receive additional olfactory and thermo- and/or hygrosensory PN inputs. Furthermore, several classes of lACA-associated neurons form a local network with outputs to other brain neuropils, suggesting that the lACA serves as a hub for thermo- and hygrosensory circuitry. For example, DN1a neurons link thermosensory PNs in the lACA to the circadian clock via the accessory medulla. Finally, we survey strongly connected downstream partners of VP PNs across the protocerebrum; these include a descending neuron targeted by dry-responsive VP PNs, meaning that just two synapses might separate hygrosensory inputs from motor circuits. These data provide a comprehensive first- and second-order layer analysis of Drosophila thermo- and hygrosensory systems and an initial survey of third-order neurons that could directly modulate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Marin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Laurin Büld
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Maria Theiss
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Turnbull
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Imaan F M Tamimi
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Markus W Pleijzier
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Willem J Laursen
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Nik Drummond
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alexander S Bates
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Feng Li
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Matthias Landgraf
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Marta Costa
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Davi D Bock
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH, UK.
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18
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Kaniewska MM, Vaněčková H, Doležel D, Kotwica-Rolinska J. Light and Temperature Synchronizes Locomotor Activity in the Linden Bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Front Physiol 2020; 11:242. [PMID: 32300305 PMCID: PMC7142227 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are synchronized with the external environment by light and temperature. The effect of these cues on behavior is well-characterized in Drosophila, however, little is known about synchronization in non-model insect species. Therefore, we explored entrainment of locomotor activity by light and temperature in the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera), an insect species with a strong seasonal response (reproductive diapause), which is triggered by both photoperiod and thermoperiod. Our results show that either light or temperature cycles are strong factors entraining P. apterus locomotor activity. Pyrrhocoris is able to be partially synchronized by cycles with temperature amplitude as small as 3°C and more than 50% of bugs is synchronized by 5°C steps. If conflicting zeitgebers are provided, light is the stronger signal. Linden bugs lack light-sensitive (Drosophila-like) cryptochrome. Notably, a high percentage of bugs is rhythmic even in constant light (LL) at intensity ∼400 lux, a condition which induces 100% arrhythmicity in Drosophila. However, the rhythmicity of bugs is still reduced in LL conditions, whereas rhythmicity remains unaffected in constant dark (DD). Interestingly, a similar phenomenon is observed after temperature cycles entrainment. Bugs released to constant thermophase and DD display weak rhythmicity, whereas strong rhythmicity is observed in bugs released to constant cryophase and DD. Our study describes the daily and circadian behavior of the linden bug as a response to photoperiodic and thermoperiodic entraining cues. Although the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock entrainment in the linden bug is virtually unknown, our study contributes to the knowledge of the insect circadian clock features beyond Drosophila research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maria Kaniewska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Hana Vaněčková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Doležel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Joanna Kotwica-Rolinska
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czechia
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19
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Damulewicz M, Mazzotta GM. One Actor, Multiple Roles: The Performances of Cryptochrome in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:99. [PMID: 32194430 PMCID: PMC7066326 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light, first identified in Arabidopsis and then in Drosophila and mice. They are evolutionarily conserved and play fundamental roles in the circadian clock of living organisms, enabling them to adapt to the daily 24-h cycles. The role of CRYs in circadian clocks differs among different species: in plants, they have a blue light-sensing activity whereas in mammals they act as light-independent transcriptional repressors within the circadian clock. These two different functions are accomplished by two principal types of CRYs, the light-sensitive plant/insect type 1 CRY and the mammalian type 2 CRY acting as a negative autoregulator in the molecular circadian clockwork. Drosophila melanogaster possesses just one CRY, belonging to type 1 CRYs. Nevertheless, this single CRY appears to have different functions, specific to different organs, tissues, and even subset of cells in which it is expressed. In this review, we will dissect the multiple roles of this single CRY in Drosophila, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms that make its pleiotropy possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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20
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Schlichting M. Entrainment of the Drosophila clock by the visual system. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520903708. [PMID: 35174330 PMCID: PMC8842342 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520903708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks evolved as an adaptation to the cyclic change of day and night. To precisely adapt to this environment, the endogenous period has to be adjusted every day to exactly 24 hours by a process called entrainment. Organisms can use several external cues, called zeitgebers, to adapt. These include changes in temperature, humidity, or light. The latter is the most powerful signal to synchronize the clock in animals. Research shows that a complex visual system and circadian photoreceptors work together to adjust animal physiology to the outside world. This review will focus on the importance of the visual system for clock synchronization in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. It will cover behavioral and physiological evidence that supports the importance of the visual system in light entrainment.
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21
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Lamaze A, Stanewsky R. DN1p or the "Fluffy" Cerberus of Clock Outputs. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1540. [PMID: 31969832 PMCID: PMC6960142 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful genetic model to study the circadian clock. Recently, three drosophilists received the Nobel Prize for their intensive past and current work on the molecular clockwork (Nobel Prize 2017). The Drosophila brain clock is composed of about 150 clock neurons distributed along the lateral and dorsal regions of the protocerebrum. These clock neurons control the timing of locomotor behaviors. In standard light-dark (LD) conditions (12-12 h and constant 25°C), flies present a bi-modal locomotor activity pattern controlled by the clock. Flies increase their movement just before the light-transitions, and these behaviors are therefore defined as anticipatory. Two neuronal oscillators control the morning and evening anticipation. Knowing that the molecular clock cycles in phase in all clock neurons in the brain in LD, how can we explain the presence of two behavioral activity peaks separated by 12 h? According to one model, the molecular clock cycles in phase in all clock neurons, but the neuronal activity cycles with a distinct phase in the morning and evening oscillators. An alternative model takes the environmental condition into consideration. One group of clock neurons, the dorso-posterior clock neurons DN1p, drive two peaks of locomotor activity in LD even though their neuronal activity cycles with the same phase (late night/early morning). Interestingly, the locomotor outputs they control differ in their sensitivity to light and temperature. Hence, they must drive outputs to different neuropil regions in the brain, which also receive different inputs. Since 2010 and the presentation of the first specific DN1p manipulations, many studies have been performed to understand the role of this group of neurons in controlling locomotor behaviors. Hence, we review what we know about this heterogeneous group of clock neurons and discuss the second model to explain how clock neurons that oscillate with the same phase can drive behaviors at different times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Lamaze
- Institut für Neuro und Verhaltensbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
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22
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King AN, Sehgal A. Molecular and circuit mechanisms mediating circadian clock output in the Drosophila brain. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:268-281. [PMID: 30059181 PMCID: PMC6353709 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A central question in the circadian biology field concerns the mechanisms that translate ~24-hr oscillations of the molecular clock into overt rhythms. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful system that provided the first understanding of how molecular clocks are generated and is now illuminating the neural basis of circadian behavior. The identity of ~150 clock neurons in the Drosophila brain and their roles in shaping circadian rhythms of locomotor activity have been described before. This review summarizes mechanisms that transmit time-of-day signals from the clock, within the clock network as well as downstream of it. We also discuss the identification of functional multisynaptic circuits between clock neurons and output neurons that regulate locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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23
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Kannan NN, Tomiyama Y, Nose M, Tokuoka A, Tomioka K. Temperature Entrainment of Circadian Locomotor and Transcriptional Rhythms in the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:95-104. [PMID: 31120643 DOI: 10.2108/zs180148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most animals exhibit circadian rhythms in various physiological and behavioral functions regulated by circadian clock that resides in brain and in many peripheral tissues. Temperature cycle is an important time cue for entrainment, even in mammals, since the daily change in body temperature is thought to be used for phase regulation of clocks in peripheral tissues. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which temperature resets the clock. In the present study, we investigated the effect of temperature on circadian activity rhythm and clock gene transcription by using the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. We show that temperature cycle can entrain both behavioral and transcriptional rhythms of clock genes, such as period, timeless, cryptochrome2 and cycle in the circadian pacemaker tissue, optic lobe. Under temperature cycle, phase of evening peak of locomotor activity occurred 1 h before the warm-to-cold phase transition, which is associated with earlier peaks of mRNA expression rhythm of the clock genes than that under light/dark cycles. When the temperature cycle was advanced by 6 h, behavioral rhythms re-entrained to newly phased temperature cycle after ∼16 transient cycles. The mRNA oscillation of period and timeless gained stable rhythm under phase advanced temperature cycles with a lesser number of transient cycles than cryptochrome2 and cycle. These results suggest that temperature cycle can entrain behavioral and molecular rhythms in cricket and clock genes vary in sensitivity to temperature. It is thus likely that clock genes play differential roles in resetting the clock with environmental temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha N Kannan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan,
| | - Yasuaki Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Motoki Nose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tokuoka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Kutaragi Y, Tokuoka A, Tomiyama Y, Nose M, Watanabe T, Bando T, Moriyama Y, Tomioka K. A novel photic entrainment mechanism for the circadian clock in an insect: involvement of c-fos and cryptochromes. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 30250749 PMCID: PMC6145112 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrainment to the environmental light cycle is an essential property of the circadian clock. Although the compound eye is known to be the major photoreceptor necessary for entrainment in many insects, the molecular mechanisms of photic entrainment remain to be explored. RESULTS We found that cryptochromes (crys) and c-fos mediate photic entrainment of the circadian clock in a hemimetabolous insect, the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We examined the effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the cry genes, Gb'cry1 and Gb'cry2, on photic entrainment, and light-induced resetting of the circadian locomotor rhythm. Gb'cry2 RNAi accelerated entrainment for delay shifts, while Gb'cry1/ Gb'cry2 double RNAi resulted in significant lengthening of transient cycles in both advance and delay shifts, and even in entrainment failure in some crickets. Double RNAi also strongly suppressed light induced resetting. The Gb'cry-mediated phase shift or resetting of the rhythm was preceded by light-induced Gb'c-fosB expression. We also found that Gb'c-fosB, Gb'cry2 and Gb'period (Gb'per) were likely co-expressed in some optic lobe neurons. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we propose a novel model for photic entrainment of the insect circadian clock, which relies on the light information perceived by the compound eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kutaragi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Atsushi Tokuoka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Motoki Nose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0811 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , Okayama, 700-8558 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Moriyama
- Department of Natural Sciences, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima 577, Kurashiki, 701-0192 Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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Zhu YC, Cooper RL. Cold Exposure Effects on Cardiac Function and Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction in Invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2018.49.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Chen C, Xu M, Anantaprakorn Y, Rosing M, Stanewsky R. nocte Is Required for Integrating Light and Temperature Inputs in Circadian Clock Neurons of Drosophila. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1595-1605.e3. [PMID: 29754901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks organize biological processes to occur at optimized times of day and thereby contribute to overall fitness. While the regular daily changes of environmental light and temperature synchronize circadian clocks, extreme external conditions can bypass the temporal constraints dictated by the clock. Despite advanced knowledge about how the daily light-dark changes synchronize the clock, relatively little is known with regard to how the daily temperature changes influence daily timing and how temperature and light signals are integrated. In Drosophila, a network of ∼150 brain clock neurons exhibit 24-hr oscillations of clock gene expression to regulate daily activity and sleep. We show here that a temperature input pathway from peripheral sensory organs, which depends on the gene nocte, targets specific subsets of these clock neurons to synchronize molecular and behavioral rhythms to temperature cycles. Strikingly, while nocte1 mutant flies synchronize normally to light-dark cycles at constant temperatures, the combined presence of light-dark and temperature cycles inhibits synchronization. nocte1 flies exhibit altered siesta sleep, suggesting that the sleep-regulating clock neurons are an important target for nocte-dependent temperature input, which dominates a parallel light input into these cells. In conclusion, we reveal a nocte-dependent temperature input pathway to central clock neurons and show that this pathway and its target neurons are important for the integration of sensory light and temperature information in order to temporally regulate activity and sleep during daily light and temperature cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yuto Anantaprakorn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mechthild Rosing
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
Circadian clocks monitor both light and temperature cycles to entrain behavior and physiology to the environment. Recently in Nature, Yadlapalli et al. (2018) identified a subgroup of Drosophila clock neurons that responds to temperature input with changes in intracellular calcium and mediates effects of temperature on circadian entrainment and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika F Barber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sensory Conflict Disrupts Activity of the Drosophila Circadian Network. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1711-1718. [PMID: 27829142 PMCID: PMC5120367 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic changes in light and temperature synchronize the Drosophila circadian clock, but the question of how the fly brain integrates these two input pathways to set circadian time remains unanswered. We explore multisensory cue combination by testing the resilience of the circadian network to conflicting environmental inputs. We show that misaligned light and temperature cycles can lead to dramatic changes in the daily locomotor activities of wild-type flies during and after exposure to sensory conflict. This altered behavior is associated with a drastic reduction in the amplitude of PERIOD (PER) oscillations in brain clock neurons and desynchronization between light- and temperature-sensitive neuronal subgroups. The behavioral disruption depends heavily on the phase relationship between light and temperature signals. Our results represent a systematic quantification of multisensory integration in the Drosophila circadian system and lend further support to the view of the clock as a network of coupled oscillatory subunits. Conflicting light and temperature cycles lead to abnormal, plateau-like locomotor behavior Plateau-like behavior is accompanied by a collapse of the molecular circadian clock Temperature cues dominate during small light and temperature misalignments Light cues dominate during large light and temperature misalignments
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29
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Jarabo P, Martin FA. Neurogenetics of Drosophila circadian clock: expect the unexpected. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:250-265. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1370466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 205:1373-1397. [PMID: 28360128 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, including low genetic redundancy, functional simplicity, and the ability to conduct large-scale genetic screens, have been essential for understanding the molecular nature of circadian (∼24 hr) rhythms, and continue to be valuable in discovering novel regulators of circadian rhythms and sleep. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of these interrelated biological processes in Drosophila and the wider implications of this research. Clock genes period and timeless were first discovered in large-scale Drosophila genetic screens developed in the 1970s. Feedback of period and timeless on their own transcription forms the core of the molecular clock, and accurately timed expression, localization, post-transcriptional modification, and function of these genes is thought to be critical for maintaining the circadian cycle. Regulators, including several phosphatases and kinases, act on different steps of this feedback loop to ensure strong and accurately timed rhythms. Approximately 150 neurons in the fly brain that contain the core components of the molecular clock act together to translate this intracellular cycling into rhythmic behavior. We discuss how different groups of clock neurons serve different functions in allowing clocks to entrain to environmental cues, driving behavioral outputs at different times of day, and allowing flexible behavioral responses in different environmental conditions. The neuropeptide PDF provides an important signal thought to synchronize clock neurons, although the details of how PDF accomplishes this function are still being explored. Secreted signals from clock neurons also influence rhythms in other tissues. SLEEP is, in part, regulated by the circadian clock, which ensures appropriate timing of sleep, but the amount and quality of sleep are also determined by other mechanisms that ensure a homeostatic balance between sleep and wake. Flies have been useful for identifying a large set of genes, molecules, and neuroanatomic loci important for regulating sleep amount. Conserved aspects of sleep regulation in flies and mammals include wake-promoting roles for catecholamine neurotransmitters and involvement of hypothalamus-like regions, although other neuroanatomic regions implicated in sleep in flies have less clear parallels. Sleep is also subject to regulation by factors such as food availability, stress, and social environment. We are beginning to understand how the identified molecules and neurons interact with each other, and with the environment, to regulate sleep. Drosophila researchers can also take advantage of increasing mechanistic understanding of other behaviors, such as learning and memory, courtship, and aggression, to understand how sleep loss impacts these behaviors. Flies thus remain a valuable tool for both discovery of novel molecules and deep mechanistic understanding of sleep and circadian rhythms.
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Tang X, Roessingh S, Hayley SE, Chu ML, Tanaka NK, Wolfgang W, Song S, Stanewsky R, Hamada FN. The role of PDF neurons in setting the preferred temperature before dawn in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28463109 PMCID: PMC5449184 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have sophisticated homeostatic controls. While mammalian body temperature fluctuates throughout the day, small ectotherms, such as Drosophila achieve a body temperature rhythm (BTR) through their preference of environmental temperature. Here, we demonstrate that pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neurons play an important role in setting preferred temperature before dawn. We show that small lateral ventral neurons (sLNvs), a subset of PDF neurons, activate the dorsal neurons 2 (DN2s), the main circadian clock cells that regulate temperature preference rhythm (TPR). The number of temporal contacts between sLNvs and DN2s peak before dawn. Our data suggest that the thermosensory anterior cells (ACs) likely contact sLNvs via serotonin signaling. Together, the ACs-sLNs-DN2s neural circuit regulates the proper setting of temperature preference before dawn. Given that sLNvs are important for sleep and that BTR and sleep have a close temporal relationship, our data highlight a possible neuronal interaction between body temperature and sleep regulation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23206.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Sanne Roessingh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean E Hayley
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Michelle L Chu
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Nobuaki K Tanaka
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Werner Wolfgang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seongho Song
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fumika N Hamada
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
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López-Olmeda JF. Nonphotic entrainment in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:133-143. [PMID: 27642096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organisms that live on the Earth are subjected to environmental variables that display cyclic variations, such as light, temperature and tides. Since these cyclic changes in the environment are constant and predictable, they have affected biological evolution through selecting the occurrence of biological rhythms in the physiology of all living organisms, from prokaryotes to mammals. Biological clocks confer organisms an adaptive advantage as they can synchronize their behavioral and physiological processes to occur at a given moment of time when effectiveness and success would be greater and/or the cost and risk for organisms would be lower. Among environmental synchronizers, light has been mostly widely studied to date. However, other environmental signals play an important role in biological rhythms, especially in aquatic animals like fish. This review focuses on current knowledge about the role of nonphotic synchronizers (temperature, food and tidal cycles) on biological rhythms in fish, and on the entrainment of the fish circadian system to these synchronizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F López-Olmeda
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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33
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Pacemaker-neuron-dependent disturbance of the molecular clockwork by a Drosophila CLOCK mutant homologous to the mouse Clock mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4904-13. [PMID: 27489346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523494113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are composed of transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs) at the cellular level. In Drosophila TTFLs, the transcription factor dCLOCK (dCLK)/CYCLE (CYC) activates clock target gene expression, which is repressed by the physical interaction with PERIOD (PER). Here, we show that amino acids (AA) 657-707 of dCLK, a region that is homologous to the mouse Clock exon 19-encoded region, is crucial for PER binding and E-box-dependent transactivation in S2 cells. Consistently, in transgenic flies expressing dCLK with an AA657-707 deletion in the Clock (Clk(out)) genetic background (p{dClk-Δ};Clk(out)), oscillation of core clock genes' mRNAs displayed diminished amplitude compared with control flies, and the highly abundant dCLKΔ657-707 showed significantly decreased binding to PER. Behaviorally, the p{dClk-Δ};Clk(out) flies exhibited arrhythmic locomotor behavior in the photic entrainment condition but showed anticipatory activities of temperature transition and improved free-running rhythms in the temperature entrainment condition. Surprisingly, p{dClk-Δ};Clk(out) flies showed pacemaker-neuron-dependent alterations in molecular rhythms; the abundance of dCLK target clock proteins was reduced in ventral lateral neurons (LNvs) but not in dorsal neurons (DNs) in both entrainment conditions. In p{dClk-Δ};Clk(out) flies, however, strong but delayed molecular oscillations in temperature cycle-sensitive pacemaker neurons, such as DN1s and DN2s, were correlated with delayed anticipatory activities of temperature transition. Taken together, our study reveals that the LNv molecular clockwork is more sensitive than the clockwork of DNs to dysregulation of dCLK by AA657-707 deletion. Therefore, we propose that the dCLK/CYC-controlled TTFL operates differently in subsets of pacemaker neurons, which may contribute to their specific functions.
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Eck S, Helfrich-Förster C, Rieger D. The Timed Depolarization of Morning and Evening Oscillators Phase Shifts the Circadian Clock of Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:428-42. [PMID: 27269519 DOI: 10.1177/0748730416651363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase response curves (PRCs) for light or temperature stimuli have been shown to be most valuable in understanding how circadian clocks are entrained to daily environmental cycles. Nowadays, PRC experiments in which clock neurons are manipulated in a temporally restricted manner by thermogenetic or optogenetic tools are also useful to comprehend clock network properties. Here, we temporally depolarized specific clock neurons of Drosophila melanogaster by activating temperature-sensitive dTrpA1 channels to unravel their role in phase shifting the flies' activity rhythm. The depolarization of all clock neurons caused a PRC resembling the flies' light PRC, with strong phase delays in the first half of the subjective night and modest phase advances in its second half. However, the activation of the flies' pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-positive morning (M) neurons (s-LNvs) only induced phase advances, and these reached into the subjective day, where the light PRC has its dead zone. This indicates that the M neurons are very potent in accelerating the clock, which is in line with previous observations. In contrast, the evening (E) neurons together with the PDF-positive l-LNvs appear to mediate phase delays. Most interestingly, the molecular clock (Period protein cycling) of the depolarized clock neurons was shifted in parallel to the behavior, and this shift was already visible within the first cycle after the temperature pulse. We identified cAMP response element binding protein B (CREB) as a putative link between membrane depolarization and the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Eck
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Das A, Holmes TC, Sheeba V. dTRPA1 in Non-circadian Neurons Modulates Temperature-dependent Rhythmic Activity in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 31:272-88. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730415627037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cycles of light and temperature are known to influence behavioral rhythms through dedicated sensory receptors. But the thermosensory pathways and molecular receptors by which thermal cycles modulate locomotor activity rhythms remain unclear. Here, we report that neurons expressing warmth-activated ion channel Drosophila Transient Receptor Potential-A1 (dTRPA1) modulate distinct aspects of the rhythmic activity/rest rhythm in a light-dependent manner. Under light/dark (LD) cycles paired with constantly warm ambient conditions, flies deficient in dTRPA1 expression are unable to phase morning and evening activity bouts appropriately. Correspondingly, we show that electrical activity of a few neurons targeted by the dTRPA1SH-GAL4 driver modulates temperature-dependent phasing of activity/rest rhythm under LD cycles. The expression of dTRPA1 also affects behavior responses to temperature cycles combined with constant dark (DD) or light (LL) conditions. We demonstrate that the mid-day “siesta” exhibited by flies under temperature cycles in DD is dependent on dTRPA1 expression in a small number of neurons that include thermosensory anterior cell neurons. Although a small subset of circadian pacemaker neurons may express dTRPA1, we show that CRY-negative dTRPA1SH-GAL4 driven neurons are critical for the suppression of mid-thermophase activity, thus enabling flies to exhibit siesta. In contrast to temperature cycles in DD, under LL, dTRPA1 is not required for exhibiting siesta but is important for phasing of evening peak. Our studies show that activity/rest rhythms are modulated in a temperature-dependent manner via signals from dTRPA1SH-GAL4 driven neurons. Taken together, these results emphasize the differential influence of thermoreceptors on rhythmic behavior in fruit flies in coordination with light inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Das
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Todd C. Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vasu Sheeba
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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36
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Ito C, Tomioka K. Heterogeneity of the Peripheral Circadian Systems in Drosophila melanogaster: A Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:8. [PMID: 26858652 PMCID: PMC4731491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in organisms are involved in many aspects of metabolism, physiology, and behavior. In many animals, these rhythms are produced by the circadian system consisting of a central clock located in the brain and peripheral clocks in various peripheral tissues. The oscillatory machinery and entrainment mechanism of peripheral clocks vary between different tissues and organs. The relationship between the central and peripheral clocks is also tissue-dependent. Here we review the heterogeneous nature of peripheral circadian clocks in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and their dependence on the central clock, and discuss their significance in the temporal organization of physiology in peripheral tissues/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Department of Biological Science, Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
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Abstract
Daily rhythms in Drosophila under semi-natural conditions (or SN) have received much recent attention. One of the striking differences in the behaviour of wild type flies under SN is the presence of an additional peak of activity in the middle of the day. This is referred to as the afternoon peak (A-peak) and is absent under standard laboratory regimes using gated light and temperature cues. Although previous reports identified the physical factors that contribute towards the A-peak there is no evidence for underlying molecular mechanisms or pathways that control A-peak. We report that the A-peak is mediated by thermosensitive dTRPA1 (drosophila Transient Receptor Potential- A1) ion channels as this peak is absent in dTRPA1 null mutants. Further, when natural cycles of light and temperature are simulated in the lab, we find that the amplitude of the A-peak is dTRPA1-dependent. Although a few circadian neurons express dTRPA1, we show that modulation of A-peak is primarily influenced by non-CRY dTRPA1 expressing neurons. Hence, we propose that A-peak of activity observed under SN is a temperature sensitive response in flies that is elicited through dTRPA1 receptor signalling.
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Bosler O, Girardet C, Franc JL, Becquet D, François-Bellan AM. Structural plasticity of the circadian timing system. An overview from flies to mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 38:50-64. [PMID: 25703789 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The circadian timing system orchestrates daily variations in physiology and behavior through coordination of multioscillatory cell networks that are highly plastic in responding to environmental changes. Over the last decade, it has become clear that this plasticity involves structural changes and that the changes may be observed not only in central brain regions where the master clock cells reside but also in clock-controlled structures. This review considers experimental data in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, mainly flies and mammals, illustrating various forms of structural circadian plasticity from cellular to circuit-based levels. It highlights the importance of these plastic events in the functional adaptation of the clock to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bosler
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France.
| | - Clémence Girardet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Franc
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
| | - Denis Becquet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
| | - Anne-Marie François-Bellan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Faculté de médecine, secteur nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, CS 80011, F-13344 Marseille cedex 15, France
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Ki Y, Ri H, Lee H, Yoo E, Choe J, Lim C. Warming Up Your Tick-Tock: Temperature-Dependent Regulation of Circadian Clocks. Neuroscientist 2015; 21:503-18. [PMID: 25782890 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415577083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are endogenous time-keeping mechanisms to adaptively coordinate animal behaviors and physiology with daily environmental changes. So far many circadian studies in model organisms have identified evolutionarily conserved molecular frames of circadian clock genes in the context of transcription-translation feedback loops. The molecular clockwork drives cell-autonomously cycling gene expression with ~24-hour periodicity, which is fundamental to circadian rhythms. Light and temperature are two of the most potent external time cues to reset the circadian phase of the internal clocks, yet relatively little is known about temperature-relevant clock regulation. In this review, we describe recent findings on temperature-dependent clock mechanisms in homeothermic mammals as compared with poikilothermic Drosophila at molecular, neural, and organismal levels. We propose thermodynamic transitions in RNA secondary structures might have been potent substrates for the molecular evolution of temperature-relevant post-transcriptional mechanisms. Future works should thus validate the potential involvement of specific post-transcriptional steps in temperature-dependent plasticity of circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Ki
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Ri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseok Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonho Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Bellemer A. Thermotaxis, circadian rhythms, and TRP channels in Drosophila. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:227-43. [PMID: 27227026 PMCID: PMC4843867 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1004972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a poikilothermic organism that must detect and respond to both fine and coarse changes in environmental temperature in order maintain optimal body temperature, synchronize behavior to daily temperature fluctuations, and to avoid potentially injurious environmental hazards. Members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of cation channels are well known for their activation by changes in temperature and their essential roles in sensory transduction in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The Drosophila genome encodes 13 TRP channels, and several of these have key sensory transduction and modulatory functions in allowing larval and adult flies to make fine temperature discriminations to attain optimal body temperature, detect and avoid large environmental temperature fluctuations, and make rapid escape responses to acutely noxious stimuli. Drosophila use multiple, redundant signaling pathways and neural circuits to execute these behaviors in response to both increases and decreases in temperature of varying magnitudes and time scales. A plethora of powerful molecular and genetic tools and the fly's simple, well-characterized nervous system have given Drosophila neurobiologists a powerful platform to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TRP channel function and how these mechanisms are conserved in vertebrates, as well as how these channels function within sensorimotor circuits to generate both simple and complex thermosensory behaviors.
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Key Words
- A1, 1st Antennal Segment
- A2, 2nd Antennal Segment
- A3, 3rd Antennal Segment
- AC, Anterior Cell
- AL, Antennal Lobe
- AR, Arista
- Clk, Clock protein
- Cry, Cryptochrome
- Cyc, Cycle protein
- DN1, DN2, DN3, Dorsal Neuron group 1, 2, 3
- Dbt, Double Time protein
- Drosophila melanogaster
- GFP, Green Fluorescent Protein
- GPCR, G Protein-Coupled Receptor
- LN, Lateral Neuron
- LNd, Dorsal Lateral Neuron
- LNv, Ventral Lateral Neuron
- LPN, Lateral Posterior Neuron
- NEL, Nocifensive Escape Locomotion
- PAP, Proximal Antennal Protocerebrum
- PDF, Pigment Dispersing Factor
- PKD1, Polycistic Kidney Disease 1
- PLC, Phospholipase C
- Per, Period protein
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SAC, Sacculus
- SLPR, Superior Lateral Protocerebrum
- SOG, Suboesophageal Ganglion
- TRP channels
- TRP, Transient Receptor Potential
- TRPA, Transient Receptor Potential, group A (ankyrin repeat)
- TRPA1
- TRPC, Transient Receptor Potential, group C (canonical)
- TRPL, TRP-Like
- TRPM, Transient Receptor Potential, group M (melastatin)
- TRPP, Transient Receptor Potential, group P (polycystic)
- TRPV, Transient Receptor Potential, group V (vanilloid)
- Tim, Timeless protein
- VFP, Venus Fluorescent Protein
- circadian rhythms
- lLNv, Ventral Lateral Neuron, large cell body
- mdIV, Multidendritic Neuron, class IV
- nociception
- sLNv, Ventral Lateral Neuron, small cell body
- thermoTRP, thermosensitive TRP channel
- thermosensation
- thermotaxis
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bellemer
- Department of Biology; Appalachian State University ; Boone, NC, USA
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Maguire SE, Sehgal A. Heating and cooling the Drosophila melanogaster clock. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 7:71-75. [PMID: 26120562 PMCID: PMC4480787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most biological phenomena are under control of a circuit known as the 'molecular circadian clock.' Over the past forty years of research in Drosophila melanogaster, studies have made significant advances in our understanding of the molecular timing mechanism of this circuit, which is determined by a core inhibitory feedback loop. While the timing mechanism of the molecular circadian clock is endogenous, it is well established that exogenous cues such as light and temperature modulate its timing. In the following article, we summarize our current understanding of how temperature interacts with the molecular circadian clock in adult Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, Maryland, 20815; USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; USA
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Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Temperature sensitivity of circadian clocks is conserved across Drosophila species melanogaster, malerkotliana and ananassae. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:1008-16. [PMID: 25051431 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.941471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Light and temperature are the major environmental cycles that can synchronize circadian rhythms in a variety of organisms. Previously, we have shown that under light/dark cycles of various photoperiods, the Drosophila species ananassae exhibits unimodal activity pattern with a prominent morning activity peak in contrast with Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila malerkotliana, which show bimodal activity pattern with morning and evening activity peaks. Here we report that circadian clocks controlling activity/rest rhythm of these two less-studied species D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae can be synchronized by temperature cycles and that even under temperature cycles D. ananassae exhibits only a pronounced morning (thermophase onset) activity peak. Although D. melanogaster and D. ananassae exhibit differences in the phase of activity/rest rhythm under temperature cycles, circadian clocks of both show similar sensitivity to warm temperature pulses. Circadian period of activity/rest rhythm of D. ananassae differs from the other two species at some moderate-range temperatures; however, in conditions that are more extreme, circadian clocks of D. melanogaster, D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae appear to be largely temperature compensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya M Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore, Karnataka , India
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Hanafusa S, Kawaguchi T, Umezaki Y, Tomioka K, Yoshii T. Sexual interactions influence the molecular oscillations in DN1 pacemaker neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84495. [PMID: 24367668 PMCID: PMC3867508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms can synchronize to environmental time cues, such as light, temperature, humidity, and food availability. Previous studies have suggested that these rhythms can also be entrained by social interactions. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study the influence of socio-sexual interactions on the circadian clock in behavior and pacemaker neurons. If two flies of opposite sex were paired and kept in a small space, the daily activity patterns of the two flies were clearly different from the sum of the activity of single male and female flies. Compared with single flies, paired flies were more active in the night and morning, were more active during females’ active phase, and were less active during males’ active phase. These behavioral phenotypes are related to courtship behavior, but not to the circadian clock. Nevertheless, in male-female pairs of flies with clocks at different speeds (wild-type and perS flies), clock protein cycling in the DN1 pacemaker neurons in the male brain were slightly influenced by their partners. These results suggest that sexual interactions between male-female couples can serve as a weak zeitgeber for the DN1 pacemaker neurons, but the effect is not sufficient to alter rhythms of behavioral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Hanafusa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yujiro Umezaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Huang Y, Ainsley JA, Reijmers LG, Jackson FR. Translational profiling of clock cells reveals circadianly synchronized protein synthesis. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001703. [PMID: 24348200 PMCID: PMC3864454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes, for the first time, the rhythmic translational program within circadian
clock cells. The results indicate that most clock cell mRNAs are translated at low-energy times of
either mid-day or mid-night, and also that related cellular functions are coordinately regulated by
the synchronized translation of relevant mRNAs at the same time of day. Genome-wide studies of circadian transcription or mRNA translation have been hindered by the
presence of heterogeneous cell populations in complex tissues such as the nervous system. We
describe here the use of a Drosophila cell-specific translational profiling
approach to document the rhythmic “translatome” of neural clock cells for the first time
in any organism. Unexpectedly, translation of most clock-regulated transcripts—as assayed by
mRNA ribosome association—occurs at one of two predominant circadian phases, midday or
mid-night, times of behavioral quiescence; mRNAs encoding similar cellular functions are translated
at the same time of day. Our analysis also indicates that fundamental cellular
processes—metabolism, energy production, redox state (e.g., the thioredoxin system), cell
growth, signaling and others—are rhythmically modulated within clock cells via synchronized
protein synthesis. Our approach is validated by the identification of mRNAs known to exhibit
circadian changes in abundance and the discovery of hundreds of novel mRNAs that show translational
rhythms. This includes Tdc2, encoding a neurotransmitter synthetic enzyme, which we
demonstrate is required within clock neurons for normal circadian locomotor activity. The circadian clock controls daily rhythms in physiology and behavior via mechanisms that
regulate gene expression. While numerous studies have examined the clock regulation of gene
transcription and documented rhythms in mRNA abundance, less is known about how circadian changes in
protein synthesis contribute to the orchestration of physiological and behavioral programs. Here we
have monitored mRNA ribosomal association (as a proxy for translation) to globally examine the
circadian timing of protein synthesis specifically within clock cells of
Drosophila. The results reveal, for the first time in any organism, the complete
circadian program of protein synthesis (the “circadian translatome”) within these cells.
A novel finding is that most mRNAs within clock cells are translated at one of two predominant
circadian phases—midday or mid-night—times of low energy expenditure. Our work also
finds that many clock cell processes, including metabolism, redox state, signaling,
neurotransmission, and even protein synthesis itself, are coordinately regulated such that mRNAs
required for similar cellular functions are translated in synchrony at the same time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (Y.H.);
(F.R.J.)
| | - Joshua A. Ainsley
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leon G. Reijmers
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - F. Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (Y.H.);
(F.R.J.)
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Drosophila TRPA1 functions in temperature control of circadian rhythm in pacemaker neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6716-25. [PMID: 23595730 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4237-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most animals from flies to humans count on circadian clocks to synchronize their physiology and behaviors. Daily light cycles are well known environmental cues for setting circadian rhythms. Warmer and cooler temperatures that mimic day and night are also effective in entraining circadian activity in most animals. Even vertebrate organisms can be induced to show circadian responses through exposure to temperature cycles. In poikilothermic animals such as Drosophila, temperature differences of only 2-3°C are sufficient to synchronize locomotor rhythms. However, the molecular sensors that participate in temperature regulation of circadian activity in fruit flies or other animals are enigmatic. It is also unclear whether such detectors are limited to the periphery or may be in the central brain. Here, we showed that Drosophila TRPA1 (transient receptor potential cation channel A1) was necessary for normal activity patterns during temperature cycles. The trpA1 gene was expressed in a subset of pacemaker neurons in the central brain. In response to temperature entrainment, loss of trpA1 impaired activity, and altered expression of the circadian clock protein period (Per) in a subset of pacemaker neurons. These findings underscore a role for a thermoTRP in temperature regulation that extends beyond avoidance of noxious or suboptimal temperatures.
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Zhang Y, Emery P. GW182 controls Drosophila circadian behavior and PDF-receptor signaling. Neuron 2013; 78:152-65. [PMID: 23583112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide PDF is crucial for Drosophila circadian behavior: it keeps circadian neurons synchronized. Here, we identify GW182 as a key regulator of PDF signaling. Indeed, GW182 downregulation results in phenotypes similar to those of Pdf and Pdf-receptor (Pdfr) mutants. gw182 genetically interacts with Pdfr and cAMP signaling, which is essential for PDFR function. GW182 mediates miRNA-dependent gene silencing through its interaction with AGO1. Consistently, GW182's AGO1 interaction domain is required for GW182's circadian function. Moreover, our results indicate that GW182 modulates PDFR signaling by silencing the expression of the cAMP phosphodiesterase DUNCE. Importantly, this repression is under photic control, and GW182 activity level--which is limiting in circadian neurons--influences the responses of the circadian neural network to light. We propose that GW182's gene silencing activity functions as a rheostat for PDFR signaling and thus profoundly impacts the circadian neural network and its response to environmental inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Abstract
Temperature sensation has a strong impact on animal behavior and is necessary for animals to avoid exposure to harmful temperatures. It is now well known that thermoTRP (transient receptor potential) channels in thermosensory neurons detect a variable range of temperature stimuli. However, little is known about how a range of temperature information is relayed and integrated in the neural circuits. Here, we show novel temperature integration between two warm inputs via Drosophila TRPA channels, TRPA1 and Pyrexia (Pyx). The internal AC (anterior cell) thermosensory neurons, which express TRPA1, detect warm temperatures and mediate temperature preference behavior. We found that the AC neurons were activated twice when subjected to increasing temperatures. The first response was at ∼25°C via TRPA1 channel, which is expressed in the AC neurons. The second response was at ∼27°C via the second antennal segments, indicating that the second antennal segments are involved in the detection of warm temperatures. Further analysis reveals that pyx-Gal4-expressing neurons have synapses on the AC neurons and that mutation of pyx eliminates the second response of the AC neurons. These data suggest that AC neurons integrate both their own TRPA1-dependent temperature responses and a Pyx-dependent temperature response from the second antennal segments. Our data reveal the first identification of temperature integration, which combines warm temperature information from peripheral to central neurons and provides the possibility that temperature integration is involved in the plasticity of behavioral outputs.
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Gentile C, Sehadova H, Simoni A, Chen C, Stanewsky R. Cryptochrome antagonizes synchronization of Drosophila's circadian clock to temperature cycles. Curr Biol 2013; 23:185-95. [PMID: 23333312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nature, both daily light:dark cycles and temperature fluctuations are used by organisms to synchronize their endogenous time with the daily cycles of light and temperature. Proper synchronization is important for the overall fitness and wellbeing of animals and humans, and although we know a lot about light synchronization, this is not the case for temperature inputs to the circadian clock. In Drosophila, light and temperature cues can act as synchronization signals (Zeitgeber), but it is not known how they are integrated. RESULTS We investigated whether different groups of the Drosophila clock neurons that regulate behavioral rhythmicity contribute to temperature synchronization at different absolute temperatures. Using spatially restricted expression of the clock gene period, we show that dorsally located clock neurons mainly mediate synchronization to higher (20°C:29°C) and ventral clock neurons to lower (16°C:25°C) temperature cycles. Molecularly, the blue-light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) dampens temperature-induced PERIOD (PER)-LUCIFERASE oscillations in dorsal clock neurons. Consistent with this finding, we show that in the absence of CRY very limited expression of PER in a few dorsal clock neurons is able to mediate behavioral temperature synchronization to high and low temperature cycles independent of light. CONCLUSIONS We show that different subsets of clock neurons operate at high and low temperatures to mediate clock synchronization to temperature cycles, suggesting that temperature entrainment is not restricted to measuring the amplitude of such cycles. CRY dampens temperature input to the clock and thereby contributes to the integration of different Zeitgebers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gentile
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
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Kannan NN, Varma V, De J, Sharma VK. Stability of adult emergence and activity/rest rhythms in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster under semi-natural condition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50379. [PMID: 23209729 PMCID: PMC3508927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the results of a study aimed at examining stability of adult emergence and activity/rest rhythms under semi-natural conditions (henceforth SN), in four large outbred fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster populations, selected for emergence in a narrow window of time under laboratory (henceforth LAB) light/dark (LD) cycles. When assessed under LAB, selected flies display enhanced stability in terms of higher amplitude, synchrony and accuracy in emergence and activity rhythms compared to controls. The present study was conducted to assess whether such differences in stability between selected and control populations, persist under SN where several gradually changing time-cues are present in their strongest form. The study revealed that under SN, emergence waveform of selected flies was modified, with even more enhanced peak and narrower gate-width compared to those observed in the LAB and compared to control populations in SN. Furthermore, flies from selected populations continued to exhibit enhanced synchrony and accuracy in their emergence and activity rhythms under SN compared to controls. Further analysis of zeitgeber effects revealed that enhanced stability in the rhythmicity of selected flies under SN was primarily due to increased sensitivity to light because emergence and activity rhythms of selected flies were as stable as controls under temperature cycles. These results thus suggest that stability of circadian rhythms in fruit flies D. melanogaster, which evolved as a consequence of selection for emergence in a narrow window of time under weak zeitgeber condition of LAB, persists robustly in the face of day-to-day variations in cycling environmental factors of nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha N. Kannan
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishwanath Varma
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Joydeep De
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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50
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Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Sympatric Drosophilid Species melanogaster and ananassae Differ in Temporal Patterns of Activity. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:365-76. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730412458661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has long served as a model system for circadian rhythm research. Various aspects of its genetic, molecular, and circuit-level properties are the subject of investigation, based on which several circadian behaviors and their neuronal controls have been unraveled. In an attempt to address the question of functional significance of circadian organization using a comparative approach, we studied activity/rest rhythm of wild-caught D. melanogaster (DM) and its close relative, Drosophila ananassae (DA). We compared features of the rhythm such as the ability to anticipate morning and evening transitions, presence or absence of morning-associated or evening-associated activity peaks, and phase of these peaks in both species. We found that these 2 sympatric species are different from each other in several aspects of activity/rest rhythm. Unlike DM, which showed a distinct bimodal activity pattern with both morning and evening peaks and a midday interval of relative inactivity under a 12:12-h light/dark regime, DA exhibited unimodal activity with a predominant morning peak, restricting most of its activity to the light phase with no apparent “siesta” during midday. While daytime sleep levels were not different between the 2 species, DA exhibited significantly lesser nighttime activity and higher, more consolidated sleep. This predominant morning activity of DA was also reflected in persistence and phasing of the morning peak under a range of photoperiods. Both under long and short days, the morning peak was the most dominant and persistent peak of DA, whereas the evening peak was more dominant in DM. In addition, DA had a significantly faster circadian clock and more consolidated activity compared with DM. Hence, we hypothesize that these recently diverged sympatric species of fruit flies occupy distinct temporal niches due to differences in their underlying circadian clocks and speculate that they occupy different spatial microenvironments in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya M. Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasu Sheeba
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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