1
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Eiden LE, Hernández VS, Jiang SZ, Zhang L. Neuropeptides and small-molecule amine transmitters: cooperative signaling in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:492. [PMID: 35997826 PMCID: PMC11072502 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are expressed in cell-specific patterns throughout mammalian brain. Neuropeptide gene expression has been useful for clustering neurons by phenotype, based on single-cell transcriptomics, and for defining specific functional circuits throughout the brain. How neuropeptides function as first messengers in inter-neuronal communication, in cooperation with classical small-molecule amine transmitters (SMATs) is a current topic of systems neurobiology. Questions include how neuropeptides and SMATs cooperate in neurotransmission at the molecular, cellular and circuit levels; whether neuropeptides and SMATs always co-exist in neurons; where neuropeptides and SMATs are stored in the neuron, released from the neuron and acting, and at which receptors, after release; and how neuropeptides affect 'classical' transmitter function, both directly upon co-release, and indirectly, via long-term regulation of gene transcription and neuronal plasticity. Here, we review an extensive body of data about the distribution of neuropeptides and their receptors, their actions after neuronal release, and their function based on pharmacological and genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments, that addresses these questions, fundamental to understanding brain function, and development of neuropeptide-based, and potentially combinatorial peptide/SMAT-based, neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Vito S Hernández
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Abstract
Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain. Functional, morphological, and transcriptomic surveys have identified more than 40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in mice. RGCs extract features of varying complexity; some simply signal local differences in brightness (i.e., luminance contrast), whereas others detect specific motion trajectories. To understand the retina, we need to know how retinal circuits give rise to the diverse RGC feature representations. A catalog of the RGC feature set, in turn, is fundamental to understanding visual processing in the brain. Anterograde tracing indicates that RGCs innervate more than 50 areas in the mouse brain. Current maps connecting RGC types to brain areas are rudimentary, as is our understanding of how retinal signals are transformed downstream to guide behavior. In this article, I review the feature selectivities of mouse RGCs, how they arise, and how they are utilized downstream. Not only is knowledge of the behavioral purpose of RGC signals critical for understanding the retinal contributions to vision; it can also guide us to the most relevant areas of visual feature space. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Biomedical Engineering; and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA;
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3
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Bakalar D, Sweat S, Drossel G, Jiang SZ, Samal BS, Stroth N, Xu W, Zhang L, Zhang H, Eiden LE. Relationships between constitutive and acute gene regulation, and physiological and behavioral responses, mediated by the neuropeptide PACAP. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 135:105447. [PMID: 34741979 PMCID: PMC8900973 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of gene knock-out technology in 1987, insight into the role(s) of neuropeptides in centrally- and peripherally-mediated physiological regulation has been gleaned by examining altered physiological functioning in mammals, predominantly mice, after genetic editing to produce animals deficient in neuropeptides or their cognate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These results have complemented experiments involving infusion of neuropeptide agonists or antagonists systemically or into specific brain regions. Effects of gene loss are often interpreted as indicating that the peptide and its receptor(s) are required for the physiological or behavioral responses elicited in wild-type mice at the time of experimental examination. These interpretations presume that peptide/peptide receptor gene deletion affects only the expression of the peptide/receptor itself, and therefore impacts physiological events only at the time at which the experiment is conducted. A way to support 'real-time' interpretations of neuropeptide gene knock-out is to demonstrate that the wild-type transcriptome, except for the deliberately deleted gene(s), in tissues of interest, is preserved in the knock-out mouse. Here, we show that there is a cohort of genes (constitutively PACAP-Regulated Genes, or cPRGs) whose basal expression is affected by constitutive knock-out of the Adcyap1 gene in C57Bl6/N mice, and additional genes whose expression in response to physiological challenge, in adults, is altered or impaired in the absence of PACAP expression (acutely PACAP-Regulated Genes, or aPRGs). Distinguishing constitutive and acute transcriptomic effects of neuropeptide deficiency on physiological function and behavior in mice reveals alternative mechanisms of action, and changing functions of neuropeptides, throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bakalar
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Sean Sweat
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Gunner Drossel
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Sunny Z. Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Babru S. Samal
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Nikolas Stroth
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Wenqin Xu
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Limei Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA,Department of Physiology, Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM) Medical School, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath - Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA,Correspondence Lee E. Eiden, Ph.D., Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD. NIH, USA, Phone: +13014964110,
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4
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Hannibal J. Comparative Neurology of Circadian Photoreception: The Retinohypothalamic Tract (RHT) in Sighted and Naturally Blind Mammals. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:640113. [PMID: 34054403 PMCID: PMC8160255 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian eye contains two systems for light perception: an image detecting system constituted primarily of the classical photoreceptors, rods and cones, and a non-image forming system (NIF) constituted of a small group of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells driven by melanopsin (mRGCs). The mRGCs receive input from the outer retina and NIF mediates light entrainment of circadian rhythms, masking behavior, light induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin secretion, pupillary reflex (PLR), and affect the sleep/wake cycle. This review focuses on the mammalian NIF and its anatomy in the eye as well as its neuronal projection to the brain. This pathway is known as the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The development and functions of the NIF as well as the knowledge gained from studying gene modified mice is highlighted. Furthermore, the similarities of the NIF between sighted (nocturnal and diurnal rodent species, monkeys, humans) and naturally blind mammals (blind mole rats Spalax ehrenbergi and the Iberian mole, Talpa occidentalis) are discussed in relation to a changing world where increasing exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is becoming a challenge for humans and animals in the modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Eiden LE, Gundlach AL, Grinevich V, Lee MR, Mecawi AS, Chen D, Buijs RM, Hernandez VS, Fajardo-Dolci G, Zhang L. Regulatory peptides and systems biology: A new era of translational and reverse-translational neuroendocrinology. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12844. [PMID: 32307768 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a resurgence in regulatory peptide science as a result of three converging trends. The first is the increasing population of the drug pipeline with peptide-based therapeutics, mainly in, but not restricted to, incretin-like molecules for treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes. The second is the development of genetic and optogenetic tools enabling new insights into how peptides actually function within brain and peripheral circuits to accomplish homeostatic and allostatic regulation. The third is the explosion in defined structures of the G-protein coupled receptors to which most regulatory peptides bind and exert their actions. These trends have closely wedded basic systems biology to drug discovery and development, creating a "two-way street" on which translational advances travel from basic research to the clinic, and, equally importantly, "reverse-translational" information is gathered, about the molecular, cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of action of regulatory peptides, comprising information required for the fine-tuning of drug development through testing in animal models. This review focuses on a small group of 'influential' peptides, including oxytocin, vasopressin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, ghrelin, relaxin-3 and glucagon-like peptide-1, and how basic discoveries and their application to therapeutics have intertwined over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Heath-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Valery Grinevich
- Department of Neuropeptide Research in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, NIAAA and NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André S Mecawi
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vito S Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Germán Fajardo-Dolci
- School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Lindberg PT, Mitchell JW, Burgoon PW, Beaulé C, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Eiden LE, Jiang SZ, Gillette MU. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP)-Glutamate Co-transmission Drives Circadian Phase-Advancing Responses to Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Projections by Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1281. [PMID: 31866806 PMCID: PMC6909886 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from a variety of sources indicate a role for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in light/glutamate-induced phase resetting of the circadian clock mediated by the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Attempts to block or remove PACAP’s contribution to clock-resetting have generated phenotypes that differ in their responses to light or glutamate. For example, previous studies of circadian behaviors found that period-maintenance and early-night phase delays are intact in PACAP-null mice, yet there is a consistent deficit in behavioral phase-resetting to light stimulation in the late night. Here we report rodent stimulus–response characteristics of PACAP release from the RHT, and map these to responses of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in intact and PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus with regard to phase-resetting. SCN of PACAP-null mice exhibit normal circadian rhythms in neuronal activity, but are “blind” to glutamate stimulating phase-advance responses in late night, although not in early night, consistent with previously reported selective lack of late-night light behavioral responsiveness of these mice. Induction of CREB phosphorylation, a hallmark of the light/glutamate response of the SCN, also is absent in SCN-containing ex vivo slices from PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus. PACAP replacement to the SCN of PACAP-null mice restored wild-type phase-shifting of firing-rate patterns in response to glutamate applied to the SCN in late night. Likewise, ex vivo SCN of wild-type mice post-orbital enucleation are unresponsive to glutamate unless PACAP also is restored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the period of efficacy of PACAP at SCN nerve terminals corresponds to waxing of PACAP mRNA expression in ipRGCs during the night, and waning during the day. These results validate the use of PACAP-deficient mice in defining the role and specificity of PACAP as a co-transmitter with glutamate in ipRGC-RHT projections to SCN in phase advancing the SCN circadian rhythm in late night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder T Lindberg
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Penny W Burgoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Christian Beaulé
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin K-H Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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7
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Kozlov A, Nagoshi E. Decoding Drosophila circadian pacemaker circuit. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:33-38. [PMID: 31376574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila circadian circuit is one of the best described neural circuits but is complex enough to obscure our understanding of how it actually works. Animals' rhythmic behavior, the seemingly simple outcome of their internal clocks, relies on the interaction of heterogeneous clock neurons that are spread across the brain. Direct observations of their coordinated network interactions can bring us forward in understanding the circuit. The current challenge is to observe activity of each of these neurons over a long span of time - hours to days - in live animals. Here we review the progress in circadian circuit interrogation powered by in vivo calcium imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Kozlov
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva-4, Switzerland.
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8
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Two ancient neuropeptides, PACAP and AVP, modulate motivated behavior at synapses in the extrahypothalamic brain: a study in contrast. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:103-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Atkins N, Ren S, Hatcher N, Burgoon PW, Mitchell JW, Sweedler JV, Gillette MU. Functional Peptidomics: Stimulus- and Time-of-Day-Specific Peptide Release in the Mammalian Circadian Clock. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2001-2008. [PMID: 29901982 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily oscillations of brain and body states are under complex temporal modulation by environmental light and the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock. To better understand mediators of differential temporal modulation, we characterize neuropeptide releasate profiles by nonselective capture of secreted neuropeptides in an optic nerve horizontal SCN brain slice model. Releasates are collected following electrophysiological stimulation of the optic nerve/retinohypothalamic tract under conditions that alter the phase of the SCN activity state. Secreted neuropeptides are identified by intact mass via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We found time-of-day-specific suites of peptides released downstream of optic nerve stimulation. Peptide release was modified differentially with respect to time-of-day by stimulus parameters and by inhibitors of glutamatergic or PACAPergic neurotransmission. The results suggest that SCN physiology is modulated by differential peptide release of both known and unexpected peptides that communicate time-of-day-specific photic signals via previously unreported neuropeptide signatures.
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10
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Hannibal J, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. PAC1- and VPAC2 receptors in light regulated behavior and physiology: Studies in single and double mutant mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188166. [PMID: 29155851 PMCID: PMC5695784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The two sister peptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and their receptors, the PAC1 -and the VPAC2 receptors, are involved in regulation of the circadian timing system. PACAP as a neurotransmitter in the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and VIP as a neurotransmitter, involved in synchronization of SCN neurons. Behavior and physiology in VPAC2 deficient mice are strongly regulated by light most likely as a result of masking. Consequently, we used VPAC2 and PAC1/VPAC2 double mutant mice in comparison with PAC1 receptor deficient mice to further elucidate the role of PACAP in the light mediated regulation of behavior and physiology of the circadian system. We compared circadian rhythms in mice equipped with running wheels or implanted radio-transmitter measuring core body temperature kept in a full photoperiod ((FPP)(12:12 h light dark-cycles (LD)) and skeleton photo periods (SPP) at high and low light intensity. Furthermore, we examined the expression of PAC1- and VPAC2 receptors in the SCN of the different genotypes in combination with visualization of PACAP and VIP and determined whether compensatory changes in peptide and/or receptor expression in the reciprocal knockouts (KO) (PAC1 and VPAC2) had occurred. Our data demonstrate that in although being closely related at both ligand and receptor structure/sequence, PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling are independent of VIP/VPAC2 receptor signaling and vice versa. Furthermore, lack of either of the receptors does not result in compensatory changes at neither the physiological or anatomical level. PACAP/PAC1 signaling is important for light regulated behavior, VIP/VPAC2signaling for stable clock function and both signaling pathways may play a role in shaping diurnality versus nocturnality.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Body Temperature/physiology
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Light
- Light Signal Transduction
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Photoperiod
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/genetics
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Running
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Keenan WT, Rupp AC, Ross RA, Somasundaram P, Hiriyanna S, Wu Z, Badea TC, Robinson PR, Lowell BB, Hattar SS. A visual circuit uses complementary mechanisms to support transient and sustained pupil constriction. eLife 2016; 5:e15392. [PMID: 27669145 PMCID: PMC5079752 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and stable control of pupil size in response to light is critical for vision, but the neural coding mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the neural basis of pupil control by monitoring pupil size across time while manipulating each photoreceptor input or neurotransmitter output of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a critical relay in the control of pupil size. We show that transient and sustained pupil responses are mediated by distinct photoreceptors and neurotransmitters. Transient responses utilize input from rod photoreceptors and output by the classical neurotransmitter glutamate, but adapt within minutes. In contrast, sustained responses are dominated by non-conventional signaling mechanisms: melanopsin phototransduction in ipRGCs and output by the neuropeptide PACAP, which provide stable pupil maintenance across the day. These results highlight a temporal switch in the coding mechanisms of a neural circuit to support proper behavioral dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Preethi Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Marlyand, Baltimore, United States
| | - Suja Hiriyanna
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Zhijian Wu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tudor C Badea
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Phyllis R Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Marlyand, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Samer S Hattar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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12
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Leone MJ, Beaule C, Marpegan L, Simon T, Herzog ED, Golombek DA. Glial and light-dependent glutamate metabolism in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:573-8. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1006328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Kunst M, Tso MCF, Ghosh DD, Herzog ED, Nitabach MN. Rhythmic control of activity and sleep by class B1 GPCRs. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:18-30. [PMID: 25410535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.985815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the class B1 family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) whose ligands are neuropeptides have been implicated in regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep in diverse metazoan clades. This review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which class B1 GPCRs, especially the mammalian VPAC2 receptor and its functional homologue PDFR in Drosophila and C. elegans, regulate arousal and daily rhythms of sleep and wake. There are remarkable parallels in the cellular and molecular roles played by class B1 intercellular signaling pathways in coordinating arousal and circadian timekeeping across multiple cells and tissues in these very different genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kunst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA and
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14
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Zelinski EL, Deibel SH, McDonald RJ. The trouble with circadian clock dysfunction: multiple deleterious effects on the brain and body. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 40:80-101. [PMID: 24468109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review consolidates research employing human correlational and experimental work across brain and body with experimental animal models to provide a more complete representation of how circadian rhythms influence almost all aspects of life. In doing so, we will cover the morphological and biochemical pathways responsible for rhythm generation as well as interactions between these systems and others (e.g., stress, feeding, reproduction). The effects of circadian disruption on the health of humans, including time of day effects, cognitive sequelae, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, diet, obesity, food preferences, mood disorders, and cancer will also be discussed. Subsequently, experimental support for these largely correlational human studies conducted in non-human animal models will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Zelinski
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Scott H Deibel
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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15
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Lee JE, Zamdborg L, Southey BR, Atkins N, Mitchell JW, Li M, Gillette MU, Kelleher NL, Sweedler JV. Quantitative peptidomics for discovery of circadian-related peptides from the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:585-93. [PMID: 23256577 DOI: 10.1021/pr300605p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock, is sensitive to light input via the optic chiasm and synchronizes many daily biological rhythms. Here we explore variations in the expression levels of neuropeptides present in the SCN of rats using a label-free quantification approach that is based on integrating peak intensities between daytime, Zeitgeber time (ZT) 6, and nighttime, ZT 18. From nine analyses comparing the levels between these two time points, 10 endogenous peptides derived from eight prohormones exhibited significant differences in their expression levels (adjusted p-value <0.05). Of these, seven peptides derived from six prohormones, including GRP, PACAP, and CART, exhibited ≥ 30% increases at ZT 18, and the VGRPEWWMDYQ peptide derived from proenkephalin A showed a >50% increase at nighttime. Several endogenous peptides showing statistically significant changes in this study have not been previously reported to alter their levels as a function of time of day, nor have they been implicated in prior functional SCN studies. This information on peptide expression changes serves as a resource for discovering unknown peptide regulators that affect circadian rhythms in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Is PACAP the major neurotransmitter for stress transduction at the adrenomedullary synapse? J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:403-12. [PMID: 22610912 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for more than a decade that the neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) is co-stored with acetylcholine in the splanchnic nerve terminals innervating the adrenal medulla. Both transmitters are robust secretagogues for catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. Here, we review the unique contribution of PACAP to the functioning of the splanchnic-adrenal synapse in stress. While acetylcholine is released across a wide range of firing frequencies, PACAP is released only at high frequencies of stimulation, and its role in the regulation of epinephrine secretion and biosynthesis is highly specialized. PACAP is responsible for long-term catecholamine secretion using secretory mechanisms different from the rapidly desensitizing depolarization evoked by acetylcholine through nicotinic receptor activation. PACAP signaling also maintains catecholamine synthesis required for sustained secretion during prolonged stress via induction of the enzymes TH and PNMT, and enhances transcription of additional secreted molecules found in chromaffin cells that alter further secretion through both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. PACAP thus mediates chromaffin cell plasticity via functional encoding of cellular experience. These features of PACAP action at the splanchnic-adrenal synapse may be paradigmatic for the general actions of neuropeptides as effectors of stimulus-secretion-synthesis coupling in stress.
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Atkins N, Mitchell JW, Romanova EV, Morgan DJ, Cominski TP, Ecker JL, Pintar JE, Sweedler JV, Gillette MU. Circadian integration of glutamatergic signals by little SAAS in novel suprachiasmatic circuits. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12612. [PMID: 20830308 PMCID: PMC2935382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropeptides are critical integrative elements within the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), where they mediate both cell-to-cell synchronization and phase adjustments that cause light entrainment. Forward peptidomics identified little SAAS, derived from the proSAAS prohormone, among novel SCN peptides, but its role in the SCN is poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Little SAAS localization and co-expression with established SCN neuropeptides were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using highly specific antisera and stereological analysis. Functional context was assessed relative to c-FOS induction in light-stimulated animals and on neuronal circadian rhythms in glutamate-stimulated brain slices. We found that little SAAS-expressing neurons comprise the third most abundant neuropeptidergic class (16.4%) with unusual functional circuit contexts. Little SAAS is localized within the densely retinorecipient central SCN of both rat and mouse, but not the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Some little SAAS colocalizes with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), known mediators of light signals, but not arginine vasopressin (AVP). Nearly 50% of little SAAS neurons express c-FOS in response to light exposure in early night. Blockade of signals that relay light information, via NMDA receptors or VIP- and GRP-cognate receptors, has no effect on phase delays of circadian rhythms induced by little SAAS. Conclusions/Significance Little SAAS relays signals downstream of light/glutamatergic signaling from eye to SCN, and independent of VIP and GRP action. These findings suggest that little SAAS forms a third SCN neuropeptidergic system, processing light information and activating phase-shifts within novel circuits of the central circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Atkins
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W. Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tara P. Cominski
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Ecker
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John E. Pintar
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha U. Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Atlasz T, Szabadfi K, Kiss P, Racz B, Gallyas F, Tamas A, Gaal V, Marton Z, Gabriel R, Reglodi D. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the retina: focus on the retinoprotective effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1200:128-39. [PMID: 20633141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic and neuroprotective peptide that has been shown to exert protective effects against different neuronal injuries, such as traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, models of neurodegenerative diseases, and cerebral ischemia. PACAP and its receptors are present in the retina. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge on retinal PACAP with focus on the retinoprotective effects. Results of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological analysis are reviewed. In vitro, PACAP shows protection against glutamate, thapsigargin, anisomycin, and anoxia. In vivo, the protective effects of intravitreal PACAP treatment have been shown in the following models of retinal degeneration in rats: excitotoxic injury induced by glutamate and kainate, ischemic injury, degeneration caused by UV-A light, optic nerve transection, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy. Studying the molecular mechanism has revealed that PACAP acts by activating antiapoptotic and inhibiting proapoptotic signaling pathways in the retina in vivo. These studies strongly suggest that PACAP is an excellent candidate retinoprotective agent that could be a potential therapeutic substance in various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Atlasz
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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19
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Dragich JM, Loh DH, Wang LM, Vosko AM, Kudo T, Nakamura TJ, Odom IH, Tateyama S, Hagopian A, Waschek JA, Colwell CS. The role of the neuropeptides PACAP and VIP in the photic regulation of gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:864-75. [PMID: 20180841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that mice deficient in either vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exhibit specific deficits in the behavioral response of their circadian system to light. In this study, we investigated how the photic regulation of the molecular clock within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is altered by the loss of these closely-related peptides. During the subjective night, the magnitude of the light-induction of FOS and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) immunoreactive cells within the SCN was significantly reduced in both VIP- and PACAP-deficient mice when compared with wild-type mice. The photic induction of the clock gene Period1 (Per1) in the SCN was reduced in the VIP- but not in the PACAP-deficient mice. Baselines levels of FOS, p-MAPK or Per1 in the night were not altered by the loss of these peptides. In contrast, during the subjective day, light exposure increased the levels of FOS, p-MAPK and Per1 in the SCN of VIP-deficient mice, but not in the other genotypes. During this phase, baseline levels of these markers were reduced in the VIP-deficient mice compared with untreated controls. Finally, the loss of either neuropeptide reduced the magnitude of the light-evoked increase in Per1 levels in the adrenals in the subjective night without any change in baseline levels. In summary, our results indicate that both VIP and PACAP regulate the responsiveness of cells within the SCN to the effects of light. Furthermore, VIP, but not PACAP, is required for the appropriate temporal gating of light-induced gene expression within the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Dragich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024 1759, USA
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Lee JE, Atkins N, Hatcher NG, Zamdborg L, Gillette MU, Sweedler JV, Kelleher NL. Endogenous peptide discovery of the rat circadian clock: a focused study of the suprachiasmatic nucleus by ultrahigh performance tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:285-97. [PMID: 19955084 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900362-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how a small brain region, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), can synchronize the body's circadian rhythms is an ongoing research area. This important time-keeping system requires a complex suite of peptide hormones and transmitters that remain incompletely characterized. Here, capillary liquid chromatography and FTMS have been coupled with tailored software for the analysis of endogenous peptides present in the SCN of the rat brain. After ex vivo processing of brain slices, peptide extraction, identification, and characterization from tandem FTMS data with <5-ppm mass accuracy produced a hyperconfident list of 102 endogenous peptides, including 33 previously unidentified peptides, and 12 peptides that were post-translationally modified with amidation, phosphorylation, pyroglutamylation, or acetylation. This characterization of endogenous peptides from the SCN will aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate rhythmic behaviors in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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