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Kroeger D, Vetrivelan R. To sleep or not to sleep - Effects on memory in normal aging and disease. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100068. [PMID: 36911260 PMCID: PMC9997183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep behavior undergoes significant changes across the lifespan, and aging is associated with marked alterations in sleep amounts and quality. The primary sleep changes in healthy older adults include a shift in sleep timing, reduced slow-wave sleep, and impaired sleep maintenance. However, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are more common among the elderly, which further worsen their sleep health. Irrespective of the cause, insufficient sleep adversely affects various bodily functions including energy metabolism, mood, and cognition. In this review, we will focus on the cognitive changes associated with inadequate sleep during normal aging and the underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kroeger
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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2
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Reicher V, Bunford N, Kis A, Carreiro C, Csibra B, Kratz L, Gácsi M. Developmental features of sleep electrophysiology in family dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22760. [PMID: 34815446 PMCID: PMC8611005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related differences in dog sleep and the age at which dogs reach adulthood as indexed by sleep electrophysiology are unknown. We assessed, in (1) a Juvenile sample (n = 60) of 2-14-month-old dogs (weight range: 4-68 kg), associations between age, sleep macrostructure, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) EEG power spectrum, whether weight moderates associations, and (2) an extended sample (n = 91) of 2-30-months-old dogs, when sleep parameters stabilise. In Juvenile dogs, age was positively associated with time in drowsiness between 2 and 8 months, and negatively with time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep between 2 and 6 months. Age was negatively associated with delta and positively with theta and alpha power activity, between 8 and 14 months. Older dogs exhibited greater sigma and beta power activity. Larger, > 8-month-old dogs had less delta and more alpha and beta activity. In extended sample, descriptive data suggest age-related power spectrum differences do not stabilise by 14 months. Drowsiness, REM, and delta power findings are consistent with prior results. Sleep electrophysiology is a promising index of dog neurodevelopment; some parameters stabilise in adolescence and some later than one year. Determination of the effect of weight and timing of power spectrum stabilisation needs further inquiry. The dog central nervous system is not fully mature by 12 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Bunford
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Developmental and Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kis
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cecília Carreiro
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Barbara Csibra
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Lorraine Kratz
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Cossu G, Agus M, Atzori L, Aviles Gonzales CI, Minerba L, Ferreli C, Puxeddu R, Orrù G, Scano A, Romano F, Pintus E, Penna MP, Carta MG. Principal Component Analysis of the Social and Behavioral Rhythms Scale in elderly. J Public Health Res 2021; 11. [PMID: 34619859 PMCID: PMC8859713 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in social and behavioral rhythms (SBR) in elderly are related to health status. Nevertheless, there is no data on factor analysis of the Brief Social Rhythm Scale (BSRS) an internationally well-known tool in this field. The aim was to analyze, in elderly, the factorial structure of the Italian version of BSRS. DESIGN AND METHODS Principal Component Analysis of the BSRS carried out in elderly living at home. RESULTS Sample of 141 participants (83 Females, 58,9%), aged 72.3±4.8. All the items of the questionnaire were related and could compose a single factor, explaining 56% of variance. A solution adopting two factors, the first (including items 1,2,3,4,9,10), the second (including items 5,6,7,8), covered cumulatively 78.8% of the variance. CONCLUSION The study confirms that the BSRS is consistent with the idea for which it was built and can be useful for the study of regularity of SBR in old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cossu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari.
| | - Mirian Agus
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari.
| | - Laura Atzori
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari.
| | | | - Luigi Minerba
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari.
| | - Caterina Ferreli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari.
| | | | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari.
| | | | | | - Elisa Pintus
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari.
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Cheung BY, Takemura K, Ou C, Gale A, Heine SJ. Considering cross-cultural differences in sleep duration between Japanese and Canadian university students. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250671. [PMID: 33901233 PMCID: PMC8075246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental biological process that all humans exhibit, and there is much evidence that people suffer adverse health outcomes from insufficient sleep. Despite this evidence, much research demonstrates significant heterogeneity in the amounts that people sleep across cultures. This suggests that despite serving fundamental biological functions, sleep is also subject to cultural influence. Using self-report and actigraphy data we examined sleep among European Canadian, Asian Canadian, and Japanese university students. Significant cultural differences emerged in terms of various parameters of sleep (e.g. sleep time), and beliefs about sleep (e.g. perceived relation between sleep and health). Despite sleeping significantly less than European Canadians, Japanese participants slept less efficiently, yet reported being less tired and having better health. Moreover, relative to European Canadians, Japanese participants perceived a weaker relation between sleep and physical health, and had a significantly shorter ideal amount of sleep. Asian Canadians’ sleep behaviors and attitudes were largely similar to European Canadians suggesting that people acculturate to local cultural sleep norms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Shiga University, Shiga, Japan
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christine Ou
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Gale
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Hozer C, Perret M, Pavard S, Pifferi F. Survival is reduced when endogenous period deviates from 24 h in a non-human primate, supporting the circadian resonance theory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18002. [PMID: 33093578 PMCID: PMC7582969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are ubiquitous attributes across living organisms and allow the coordination of internal biological functions with optimal phases of the environment, suggesting a significant adaptive advantage. The endogenous period called tau lies close to 24 h and is thought to be implicated in individuals' fitness: according to the circadian resonance theory, fitness is reduced when tau gets far from 24 h. In this study, we measured the endogenous period of 142 mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), and analyzed how it is related to their survival. We found different effects according to sex and season. No impact of tau on mortality was found in females. However, in males, the deviation of tau from 24 h substantially correlates with an increase in mortality, particularly during the inactive season (winter). These results, comparable to other observations in mice or drosophila, show that captive gray mouse lemurs enjoy better fitness when their circadian period closely matches the environmental periodicity. In addition to their deep implications in health and aging research, these results raise further ecological and evolutionary issues regarding the relationships between fitness and circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hozer
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - Martine Perret
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - Samuel Pavard
- Unité Eco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France.
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8
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Gonçalves FB, Gonçalves BSB, Cavalcante JS, Azevedo CVM. Aging-related changes on social synchronization of circadian activity rhythm in a diurnal primate ( Callithrix jacchus). Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:980-992. [PMID: 32573282 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1773495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The input of environmental time cues and expression of circadian activity rhythms may change with aging. Among nonphotic zeitgebers, social cues from conspecific vocalizations may contribute to the stability and survival of individuals of social species, such as nonhuman primates. We evaluated aging-related changes on social synchronization of the circadian activity rhythm (CAR) in a social diurnal primate, the common marmoset. The activity of 18 male marmosets was recorded by actiwatches in two conditions. (1) Experimental - 4 young adult (5 ± 2 yrs of age) and 4 older (10 ± 2 yrs of age) animals maintained under LD 12/12 h and LL in a room with full insulation for light but only partial insulation for sound from vocalizations of conspecifics maintained outdoors in the colony; and (2) Control - 10 young adult animals maintained outdoors in the colony (5 animals as a control per age group). In LL, the CAR of young adults showed more stable synchronization with controls. Among the aged marmosets, two free-ran with τ > 24 h, whereas the other two showed relative coordination during the first 30 days in LL, but free-ran thereafter. These differences were reflected in the "social" phase angles (ψon and ψoff ) between rhythms of experimental and control animal groups. Moreover, the activity patterns of aged animals showed lower social synchrony with controls compared to young adults, with the time lags of the time series between each experimental group and control group being negative in aged and positive in young adult animals (t-test, p < 0.05). The index of stability of the CAR showed no differences according to age, while the intradaily variability of the CAR was higher in the aged animals during LD-resynchronization, who took additional days to resynchronize. Thus, the social modulation on CAR may vary with age in marmosets. In the aged group, there was a lower effect of social synchronization, which may be associated with aging-related changes in the synchronization and generation of the CAR as well as in system outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana B Gonçalves
- Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Caicó, RN, Brazil
| | - Bruno S B Gonçalves
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Estudos Neuroquímicos, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Carolina V M Azevedo
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN, Brazil
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Epelbaum J, Terrien J. Mini-review: Aging of the neuroendocrine system: Insights from nonhuman primate models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109854. [PMID: 31891735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine system (NES) plays a crucial role in synchronizing the physiology and behavior of the whole organism in response to environmental constraints. The NES consists of a hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ axis that acts in coordination to regulate growth, reproduction, stress and basal metabolism. The growth (or somatotropic), hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes are therefore finely tuned by the hypothalamus through the successive release of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones to control the downstream physiological functions. These functions rely on a complex set of mechanisms requiring tight synchronization between peripheral organs and the hypothalamic-pituitary complex, whose functionality can be altered during aging. Here, we review the results of research on the effects of aging on the NES of nonhuman primate (NHP) species in wild and captive conditions. A focus on the age-related dysregulation of the master circadian pacemaker, which, in turn, alters the synchronization of the NES with the organism environment, is proposed. Finally, practical and ethical considerations of using NHP models to test the effects of nutrition-based or hormonal treatments to combat the deterioration of the NES are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Terrien
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France.
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10
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Lananna BV, Musiek ES. The wrinkling of time: Aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the circadian clock in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104832. [PMID: 32179175 PMCID: PMC7727873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of research now implicates the circadian clock in the regulation of an array of diverse biological processes including glial function, metabolism, peripheral immune responses, and redox homeostasis. Sleep abnormalities and other forms of circadian disruption are common symptoms of aging and neurodegeneration. Circadian clock disruption may also influence the aging processes and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The specific mechanisms governing the interaction between circadian systems, aging, and the immune system are still being uncovered. Here, we review the evidence supporting a bidirectional relationship between aging and the circadian system. Further, we explore the hypothesis that age-related circadian deterioration may exacerbate multiple pathogenic processes, priming the brain for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Lananna
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Dept. of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Hozer C, Pifferi F, Aujard F, Perret M. The Biological Clock in Gray Mouse Lemur: Adaptive, Evolutionary and Aging Considerations in an Emerging Non-human Primate Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1033. [PMID: 31447706 PMCID: PMC6696974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, which measure time on a scale of 24 h, are genetically generated by the circadian clock, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of almost every physiological and metabolic process in most organisms. This review gathers all the available information about the circadian clock in a small Malagasy primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), and reports 30 years data from the historical colony at Brunoy (France). Although the mouse lemur has long been seen as a "primitive" species, its clock displays high phenotypic plasticity, allowing perfect adaptation of its biological rhythms to environmental challenges (seasonality, food availability). The alterations of the circadian timing system in M. murinus during aging show many similarities with those in human aging. Comparisons are drawn with other mammalian species (more specifically, with rodents, other non-human primates and humans) to demonstrate that the gray mouse lemur is a good complementary and alternative model for studying the circadian clock and, more broadly, brain aging and pathologies.
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12
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Curran JA, Buhl E, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Hodge JJL. Age-dependent changes in clock neuron structural plasticity and excitability are associated with a decrease in circadian output behavior and sleep. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:158-168. [PMID: 30825692 PMCID: PMC6491500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging has significant effects on circadian behavior across a wide variety of species, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated the age-dependent decline in behavioral output in the model organism Drosophila. We demonstrate that this age-dependent decline in circadian output is combined with changes in daily activity of Drosophila. Aging also has a large impact on sleep behavior, significantly increasing sleep duration while reducing latency. We used electrophysiology to record from large ventral lateral neurons of the Drosophila circadian clock, finding a significant decrease in input resistance with age but no significant changes in spontaneous electrical activity or membrane potential. We propose this change contributes to observed behavioral and sleep changes in light-dark conditions. We also demonstrate a reduction in the daily plasticity of the architecture of the small ventral lateral neurons, likely underlying the reduction in circadian rhythmicity during aging. These results provide further insights into the effect of aging on circadian biology, demonstrating age-related changes in electrical activity in conjunction with the decline in behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Curran
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Edgar Buhl
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Prohaska F, Joplin KH, Moore D. Effects of gender, age, and nutrition on circadian locomotor activity rhythms in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:265-275. [PMID: 29175089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many animal species, circadian rhythms of behavior are not constant throughout the lifetime of the individual but rather exhibit at least some degree of plasticity. In the present study, we have examined the potential influences of gender, age, and nutrition (presence or absence of liver) on the expression of circadian locomotor activity rhythms in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. We found no significant differences in endogenous circadian period under constant dark conditions with respect to gender, nutrition, or age for the duration of our experiments. On the other hand, both male and female flesh flies, as expected, were predominantly diurnal under light-dark cycles, but the pattern of entrainment differed between the sexes. Females also displayed higher activity levels than males. Also, in contrast with males, female activity levels increased with age. Moreover, females exhibited an extraordinary, but transient (one to three days), departure from diurnality which we characterize as "extended dark activity" (EDA). This phenomenon appeared as a continuous bout of locomotor activity that extended at least three hours into the early half of the dark phase at levels at least twice the median of the overall locomotor activity for the individual fly. EDA occurred as an age-dependent response to liver consumption, never appearing prior to day 4 post-eclosion but, thereafter, transpiring within one or two days after a 48-h exposure to liver. These results suggest a linkage between physiological events associated with egg provisioning and locomotor activity in the anautogenous flesh fly. Furthermore, our findings identify the existence of multiple influences on the expression of circadian clock-regulated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Prohaska
- East Tennessee State University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Karl H Joplin
- East Tennessee State University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Darrell Moore
- East Tennessee State University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Poljsak B. NAMPT-Mediated NAD Biosynthesis as the Internal Timing Mechanism: In NAD+ World, Time Is Running in Its Own Way. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:210-224. [PMID: 28756747 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological age of organisms differs from the chronological age and is determined by internal aging clock(s). How cells estimate time on a scale of 24 hours is relatively well studied; however, how biological time is measured by cells, tissues, organs, or organisms in longer time periods (years and decades) is largely unknown. What is clear and widely agreed upon is that the link to age and age-related diseases is not chronological, as it does not depend on a fixed passage of time. Rather, this link depends on the biological age of an individual cell, tissue, organ, or organism and not on time in a strictly chronological sense. Biological evolution does not invent new methods as often as improving upon already existing ones. It should be easier to evolve and remodel the existing (circadian) time clock mechanism to use it for measurement or regulation of longer time periods than to invent a new time mechanism/clock. Specifically, it will be demonstrated that the circadian clock can also be used to regulate circannual or even longer time periods. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, being regulated by the circadian clock, might be the missing link between aging, cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism and the aging clock, which is responsible for the biological age of an organism. The hypothesis that NAMPT/NAD+/SIRT1 might represent the time regulator that determines the organismal biological age will be presented. The biological age of tissues and organs might be regulated and synchronized through eNAMPT blood secretion. The "NAD World 2.0" concept will be upgraded with detailed insights into mechanisms that regulate NAD+-mediated aging clock ticking, the duration and amplitude of which are responsible for the aging rate of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljsak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Sleep in older adults and in subjects with dementia. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 50:603-608. [PMID: 28721544 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-017-1289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal structures for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness are located in the brain. This complex network is vulnerable to numerous factors, most importantly neurodegenerative diseases and drugs. The macrostructure and microstructure of sleep change with age. These changes are more pronounced in subjects with dementia. Sleep disorders in subjects with dementia may be independent of dementia or caused by dementia. Furthermore, epidemiological studies reveal that sleep disorders per se may induce dementia by reduction of cerebral clearance of beta-amyloids. The population attributable risk (PAR) of sleep disturbances to the incidence of dementia is estimated to be about 15%; therefore, management of sleep disturbances in older adults and subjects with dementia gives the opportunity of an impact on incidence and course of dementia. Sleep history should be taken from each individual and obvious sleep disturbances, especially sleep apnea, should be managed according to current guidelines. Future studies that concern the incidence and the management of dementia must take into account sleep and sleep disturbances.
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Allen CN, Nitabach MN, Colwell CS. Membrane Currents, Gene Expression, and Circadian Clocks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027714. [PMID: 28246182 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circadian oscillators in the mammalian and Drosophila brain express a circadian clock comprised of interlocking gene transcription feedback loops. The genetic clock regulates the membrane electrical activity by poorly understood signaling pathways to generate a circadian pattern of action potential firing. During the day, Na+ channels contribute an excitatory drive for the spontaneous activity of circadian clock neurons. Multiple types of K+ channels regulate the action potential firing pattern and the nightly reduction in neuronal activity. The membrane electrical activity possibly signaling by changes in intracellular Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates the activity of the gene clock. A decline in the signaling pathways that link the gene clock and neural activity during aging and disease may weaken the circadian output and generate significant impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Allen
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Michael N Nitabach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms play an influential role in nearly all aspects of physiology and behavior in the vast majority of species on Earth. The biological clockwork that regulates these rhythms is dynamic over the lifespan: rhythmic activities such as sleep/wake patterns change markedly as we age, and in many cases they become increasingly fragmented. Given that prolonged disruptions of normal rhythms are highly detrimental to health, deeper knowledge of how our biological clocks change with age may create valuable opportunities to improve health and longevity for an aging global population. In this Review, we synthesize key findings from the study of circadian rhythms in later life, identify patterns of change documented to date, and review potential physiological mechanisms that may underlie these changes.
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Solovyov IA, Dobrovol’skaya EV, Moskalev AA. Genetic control of circadian rhythms and aging. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mattis J, Sehgal A. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:192-203. [PMID: 26947521 PMCID: PMC4808513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-wake cycles are known to be disrupted in people with neurodegenerative disorders. These findings are now supported by data from animal models for some of these disorders, raising the question of whether the disrupted sleep/circadian regulation contributes to the loss of neural function. As circadian rhythms and sleep consolidation also break down with normal aging, changes in these may be part of what makes aging a risk factor for disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mechanisms underlying the connection between circadian/sleep dysregulation and neurodegeneration remain unclear, but several recent studies provide interesting possibilities. While mechanistic analysis is under way, it is worth considering treatment of circadian/sleep disruption as a means to alleviate symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mattis
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- HHMI, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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20
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Fifel K, Piggins H, Deboer T. Modeling sleep alterations in Parkinson's disease: How close are we to valid translational animal models? Sleep Med Rev 2016; 25:95-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Fiuza FP, Silva KDA, Pessoa RA, Pontes ALB, Cavalcanti RLP, Pires RS, Soares JG, Nascimento Júnior ES, Costa MSMO, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JS. Age-related changes in neurochemical components and retinal projections of rat intergeniculate leaflet. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:4. [PMID: 26718202 PMCID: PMC5005876 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to several anatomical and functional deficits in circadian timing system. In previous works, we observed morphological alterations with age in hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei, one central component of this system. However, there are few data regarding aging effects on other central components of this system, such as thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). In this context, we studied possible age-related alterations in neurochemical components and retinal projections of rat IGL. For this goal, young (3 months), adult (13 months), and aged (23 months) Wistar rats were submitted to an intraocular injection of neural tracer, cholera toxin subunit b (CTb), 5 days before a tissue fixation process by paraformaldehyde perfusion. Optical density measurements and cell count were performed at digital pictures of brain tissue slices processed by immunostaining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), enkephalin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and CTb, characteristic markers of IGL and its retinal terminals. We found a significant age-related loss in NPY immunoreactive neurons, but not in immunoreactivity to GAD and ENK. We also found a decline of retinal projections to IGL with age. We conclude aging impairs both a photic environmental clue afferent to IGL and a neurochemical expression which has an important modulatory circadian function, providing strong anatomical correlates to functional deficits of the aged biological clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe P Fiuza
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Kayo D A Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Renata A Pessoa
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - André L B Pontes
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo L P Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Pires
- Neuroscience Center, University of São Paulo City, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joacil G Soares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Miriam S M O Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rovena C G J Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Gonçalves FB, Borges GR, Gonçalves BSB, Cavalcante JS, Menezes AAL, Azevedo CVM. Evidence for age-related changes in the circadian activity rhythm of the diurnal primateCallithrix jacchus: a case report. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1129695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Katewa SD, Akagi K, Bose N, Rakshit K, Camarella T, Zheng X, Hall D, Davis S, Nelson CS, Brem RB, Ramanathan A, Sehgal A, Giebultowicz JM, Kapahi P. Peripheral Circadian Clocks Mediate Dietary Restriction-Dependent Changes in Lifespan and Fat Metabolism in Drosophila. Cell Metab 2016; 23:143-54. [PMID: 26626459 PMCID: PMC4715572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous circadian clocks orchestrate several metabolic and signaling pathways that are known to modulate lifespan, suggesting clocks as potential targets for manipulation of metabolism and lifespan. We report here that the core circadian clock genes, timeless (tim) and period (per), are required for the metabolic and lifespan responses to DR in Drosophila. Consistent with the involvement of a circadian mechanism, DR enhances the amplitude of cycling of most circadian clock genes, including tim, in peripheral tissues. Mass-spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis suggests a role of tim in cycling of specific medium chain triglycerides under DR. Furthermore, overexpression of tim in peripheral tissues improves its oscillatory amplitude and extends lifespan under ad libitum conditions. Importantly, effects of tim on lifespan appear to be mediated through enhanced fat turnover. These findings identify a critical role for specific clock genes in modulating the effects of nutrient manipulation on fat metabolism and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash D Katewa
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
| | - Kazutaka Akagi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Neelanjan Bose
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Timothy Camarella
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Xiangzhong Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Hall
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Sonnet Davis
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jadwiga M Giebultowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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Krishnan HC, Lyons LC. Synchrony and desynchrony in circadian clocks: impacts on learning and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:426-37. [PMID: 26286653 PMCID: PMC4561405 DOI: 10.1101/lm.038877.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks evolved under conditions of environmental variation, primarily alternating light dark cycles, to enable organisms to anticipate daily environmental events and coordinate metabolic, physiological, and behavioral activities. However, modern lifestyle and advances in technology have increased the percentage of individuals working in phases misaligned with natural circadian activity rhythms. Endogenous circadian oscillators modulate alertness, the acquisition of learning, memory formation, and the recall of memory with examples of circadian modulation of memory observed across phyla from invertebrates to humans. Cognitive performance and memory are significantly diminished when occurring out of phase with natural circadian rhythms. Disruptions in circadian regulation can lead to impairment in the formation of memories and manifestation of other cognitive deficits. This review explores the types of interactions through which the circadian clock modulates cognition, highlights recent progress in identifying mechanistic interactions between the circadian system and the processes involved in memory formation, and outlines methods used to remediate circadian perturbations and reinforce circadian adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini C Krishnan
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Lacreuse A, Mong JA, Hara Y. Neurocognitive effects of estrogens across the adult lifespan in nonhuman primates: State of knowledge and new perspectives. Horm Behav 2015; 74:157-66. [PMID: 25762288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and cognition". This review discusses the unique contribution of nonhuman primate research to our understanding of the neurocognitive effects of estrogens throughout the adult lifespan in females. Mounting evidence indicates that estrogens affect many aspects of hippocampal, prefrontal and cholinergic function in the primate brain and the underlying mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. In addition, estrogens may also influence cognitive function indirectly, via the modulation of other systems that impact cognition. We will focus on the effects of estrogens on sleep and emphasize the need for primate models to better understand these complex interactions. Continued research with nonhuman primates is essential for the development of therapies that are optimal for the maintenance of women's cognitive health throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Mong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Zhdanova IV, Rogers J, González-Martínez J, Farrer LA. The ticking clock of Cayo Santiago macaques and its implications for understanding human circadian rhythm disorders. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:117-26. [PMID: 25940511 PMCID: PMC4851432 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock disorders in humans remain poorly understood. However, their impact on the development and progression of major human conditions, from cancer to insomnia, metabolic or mental illness becomes increasingly apparent. Addressing human circadian disorders in animal models is, in part, complicated by inverse temporal relationship between the core clock and specific physiological or behavioral processes in diurnal and nocturnal animals. Major advantages of a macaque model for translational circadian research, as a diurnal vertebrate phylogenetically close to humans, are further emphasized by the discovery of the first familial circadian disorder in non‐human primates among the rhesus monkeys originating from Cayo Santiago. The remarkable similarity of their pathological phenotypes to human Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD), high penetrance of the disorder within one branch of the colony and the large number of animals available provide outstanding opportunities for studying the mechanisms of circadian disorders, their impact on other pathological conditions, and for the development of novel and effective treatment strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 78:117–126, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Primatology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Zhdanova
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Deptartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA
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Belancio VP, Blask DE, Deininger P, Hill SM, Jazwinski SM. The aging clock and circadian control of metabolism and genome stability. Front Genet 2015; 5:455. [PMID: 25642238 PMCID: PMC4294216 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that aging is characterized by a gradual decline in the efficiency and accuracy of biological processes, leading to deterioration of physiological functions and development of age-associated diseases. Age-dependent accumulation of genomic instability and development of metabolic syndrome are well-recognized components of the aging phenotype, both of which have been extensively studied. Existing findings strongly support the view that the integrity of the cellular genome and metabolic function can be influenced by light at night (LAN) and associated suppression of circadian melatonin production. While LAN is reported to accelerate aging by promoting age-associated carcinogenesis in several animal models, the specific molecular mechanism(s) of its action are not fully understood. Here, we review literature supporting a connection between LAN-induced central circadian disruption of peripheral circadian rhythms and clock function, LINE-1 retrotransposon-associated genomic instability, metabolic deregulation, and aging. We propose that aging is a progressive decline in the stability, continuity, and synchronization of multi-frequency oscillations in biological processes to a temporally disorganized state. By extension, healthy aging is the ability to maintain the most consistent, stable, and entrainable rhythmicity and coordination of these oscillations, at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Belancio
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Aging, and Tulane Center for Circadian Biology New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Aging, and Tulane Center for Circadian Biology New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prescott Deininger
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Aging, and Tulane Center for Circadian Biology New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Steven M Hill
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA, USA ; Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Aging, and Tulane Center for Circadian Biology New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - S Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Aging, and Tulane Center for Circadian Biology New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Medicine, Tulane University New Orleans, LA, USA
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28
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Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Ryan SM, Avey MJ, Mortimer NT, Dowse H, Sanyal S. p38 MAP kinase regulates circadian rhythms in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms 2014; 29:411-26. [PMID: 25403440 DOI: 10.1177/0748730414555183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The large repertoire of circadian rhythms in diverse organisms depends on oscillating central clock genes, input pathways for entrainment, and output pathways for controlling rhythmic behaviors. Stress-activated p38 MAP Kinases (p38K), although sparsely investigated in this context, show circadian rhythmicity in mammalian brains and are considered part of the circadian output machinery in Neurospora. We find that Drosophila p38Kb is expressed in clock neurons, and mutants in p38Kb either are arrhythmic or have a longer free-running periodicity, especially as they age. Paradoxically, similar phenotypes are observed through either transgenic inhibition or activation of p38Kb in clock neurons, suggesting a requirement for optimal p38Kb function for normal free-running circadian rhythms. We also find that p38Kb genetically interacts with multiple downstream targets to regulate circadian locomotor rhythms. More specifically, p38Kb interacts with the period gene to regulate period length and the strength of rhythmicity. In addition, we show that p38Kb suppresses the arrhythmic behavior associated with inhibition of a second p38Kb target, the transcription factor Mef2. Finally, we find that manipulating p38K signaling in free-running conditions alters the expression of another downstream target, MNK/Lk6, which has been shown to cycle with the clock and to play a role in regulating circadian rhythms. These data suggest that p38Kb may affect circadian locomotor rhythms through the regulation of multiple downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia D Vrailas-Mortimer
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sarah M Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Matthew J Avey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Nathan T Mortimer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Harold Dowse
- School of Biology and Ecology and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Subhabrata Sanyal
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia Department of Neurology Research, BiogenIdec, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Morphological changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aging female marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:243825. [PMID: 24987675 PMCID: PMC4060761 DOI: 10.1155/2014/243825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are pointed to as the mammals central circadian pacemaker. Aged animals show internal time disruption possibly caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in SCN components. Some studies reported changes of neuronal cells and neuroglia in the SCN of rats and nonhuman primates during aging. The effects of senescence on morphological aspects in SCN are important for understanding some alterations in biological rhythms expression. Therefore, our aim was to perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects of SCN in adult and aged female marmoset. Morphometric analysis of SCN was performed using Nissl staining, NeuN-IR, GFAP-IR, and CB-IR. A significant decrease in the SCN cells staining with Nissl, NeuN, and CB were observed in aged female marmosets compared to adults, while a significant increase in glial cells was found in aged marmosets, thus suggesting compensatory process due to neuronal loss evoked by aging.
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30
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Lucassen EA. To nap or not to nap: is the wujiao a healthy habit? Sleep Med 2013; 14:929-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
More than half of the elderly in today's society suffer from sleep disorders with detrimental effects on brain function, behavior, and social life. A major contribution to the regulation of sleep stems from the circadian system. The central circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is like other brain regions subject to age-associated changes. Age affects different levels of the clock machinery from molecular rhythms, intracellular messenger, and membrane properties to neuronal network synchronization. While some of the age-sensitive components of the circadian clock, like ion channels and neurotransmitters, have been described, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In any case, the result is a reduction in the amplitude of the circadian timing signal produced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a weakening in the control of peripheral oscillators and a decrease in amplitude and precision of daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. The distortion in temporal organization is thought to be related to a number of serious health problems and promote neurodegeneration. Understanding the mechanisms underlying age-related deficits in circadian clock function will therefore not only benefit rhythm disorders but also alleviate age-associated diseases aggravated by clock dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Farajnia
- 1Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tevy MF, Giebultowicz J, Pincus Z, Mazzoccoli G, Vinciguerra M. Aging signaling pathways and circadian clock-dependent metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:229-37. [PMID: 23299029 PMCID: PMC3624052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock machinery orchestrates organism metabolism to ensure that development, survival, and reproduction are attuned to diurnal environmental variations. For unknown reasons, there is a decline in circadian rhythms with age, concomitant with declines in the overall metabolic tissue homeostasis and changes in the feeding behavior of aged organisms. This disruption of the relationship between the clock and the nutrient-sensing networks might underlie age-related diseases; overall, greater knowledge of the molecular mediators of and variations in clock networks during lifespan may shed light on the aging process and how it may be delayed. In this review we address the complex links between the circadian clock, metabolic (dys)functions, and aging in different model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jadwiga Giebultowicz
- Department of Zoology & Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Zachary Pincus
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, 90139, Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, C1E 6HX, London, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author: Vinciguerra, M. ()
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33
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Goncharova ND. Stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: age-related features of the vasopressinergic regulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:26. [PMID: 23486926 PMCID: PMC3594837 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in adaptation to environmental stresses. Parvicellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) into pituitary portal system; CRH and AVP stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release through specific G-protein-coupled membrane receptors on pituitary corticotrophs, CRHR1 for CRH and V1b for AVP; the adrenal gland cortex secretes glucocorticoids in response to ACTH. The glucocorticoids activate specific receptors in brain and peripheral tissues thereby triggering the necessary metabolic, immune, neuromodulatory, and behavioral changes to resist stress. While importance of CRH, as a key hypothalamic factor of HPA axis regulation in basal and stress conditions in most species, is generally recognized, role of AVP remains to be clarified. This review focuses on the role of AVP in the regulation of stress responsiveness of the HPA axis with emphasis on the effects of aging on vasopressinergic regulation of HPA axis stress responsiveness. Under most of the known stressors, AVP is necessary for acute ACTH secretion but in a context-specific manner. The current data on the AVP role in regulation of HPA responsiveness to chronic stress in adulthood are rather contradictory. The importance of the vasopressinergic regulation of the HPA stress responsiveness is greatest during fetal development, in neonatal period, and in the lactating adult. Aging associated with increased variability in several parameters of HPA function including basal state, responsiveness to stressors, and special testing. Reports on the possible role of the AVP/V1b receptor system in the increase of HPA axis hyperactivity with aging are contradictory and requires further research. Many contradictory results may be due to age and species differences in the HPA function of rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda D. Goncharova
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology of Russian Academy of Medical SciencesSochi, Russia
- Sochi State UniversitySochi, Russia
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34
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Porter NM, Bohannon JH, Curran-Rauhut M, Buechel HM, Dowling ALS, Brewer LD, Popovic J, Thibault V, Kraner SD, Chen KC, Blalock EM. Hippocampal CA1 transcriptional profile of sleep deprivation: relation to aging and stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40128. [PMID: 22792227 PMCID: PMC3390348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many aging changes seem similar to those elicited by sleep-deprivation and psychosocial stress. Further, sleep architecture changes with age suggest an age-related loss of sleep. Here, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation in young subjects would elicit both stress and aging-like transcriptional responses. Methodology/Principal Findings F344 rats were divided into control and sleep deprivation groups. Body weight, adrenal weight, corticosterone level and hippocampal CA1 transcriptional profiles were measured. A second group of animals was exposed to novel environment stress (NES), and their hippocampal transcriptional profiles measured. A third cohort exposed to control or SD was used to validate transcriptional results with Western blots. Microarray results were statistically contrasted with prior transcriptional studies. Microarray results pointed to sleep pressure signaling and macromolecular synthesis disruptions in the hippocampal CA1 region. Animals exposed to NES recapitulated nearly one third of the SD transcriptional profile. However, the SD -aging relationship was more complex. Compared to aging, SD profiles influenced a significant subset of genes. mRNA associated with neurogenesis and energy pathways showed agreement between aging and SD, while immune, glial, and macromolecular synthesis pathways showed SD profiles that opposed those seen in aging. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that although NES and SD exert similar transcriptional changes, selective presynaptic release machinery and Homer1 expression changes are seen in SD. Among other changes, the marked decrease in Homer1 expression with age may represent an important divergence between young and aged brain response to SD. Based on this, it seems reasonable to conclude that therapeutic strategies designed to promote sleep in young subjects may have off-target effects in the aged. Finally, this work identifies presynaptic vesicular release and intercellular adhesion molecular signatures as novel therapeutic targets to counter effects of SD in young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M. Porter
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Julia H. Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meredith Curran-Rauhut
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Buechel
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amy L. S. Dowling
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lawrence D. Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Veronique Thibault
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susan D. Kraner
- Department of Neuroscience Cell Biology Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kuey Chu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Blalock
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rakshit K, Krishnan N, Guzik EM, Pyza E, Giebultowicz JM. Effects of aging on the molecular circadian oscillations in Drosophila. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:5-14. [PMID: 22217096 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.635237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks maintain temporal homeostasis by generating daily output rhythms in molecular, cellular, and physiological functions. Output rhythms, such as sleep/wake cycles and hormonal fluctuations, tend to deteriorate during aging in humans, rodents, and fruit flies. However, it is not clear whether this decay is caused by defects in the core transcriptional clock, or weakening of the clock-output pathways, or both. The authors monitored age-related changes in behavioral and molecular rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging was associated with disrupted rest/activity patterns and lengthening of the free-running period of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm. The expression of core clock genes was measured in heads and bodies of young, middle-aged, and old flies. Transcriptional oscillations of four clock genes, period, timeless, Par domain protein 1ϵ, and vrille, were significantly reduced in heads, but not in bodies, of aging flies. It was determined that reduced transcription of these genes was not caused by the deficient expression of their activators, encoded by Clock and cycle genes. Interestingly, transcriptional activation by CLOCK-CYCLE complexes was impaired despite reduced levels of the PERIOD repressor protein in old flies. These data suggest that aging alters the properties of the core transcriptional clock in flies such that both the positive and the negative limbs of the clock are attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Roberts D, Killiany R, Rosene D. Neuron numbers in the hypothalamus of the normal aging rhesus monkey: stability across the adult lifespan and between the sexes. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1181-97. [PMID: 21935936 PMCID: PMC4278435 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging is accompanied by changes in hypothalamic functions including autonomic and endocrine functions and circadian rhythms. The rhesus monkey provides an excellent model of normal aging without the potential confounds of incipient Alzheimer's disease inherent in human populations. This study examined the hypothalamus of 51 rhesus monkeys (23 male, 18 female, 6.5-31 years old) using design-based stereology to obtain unbiased estimates of neuron and glia numbers and the Cavalieri method to estimate volumes for eight reference spaces: total unilateral hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial nucleus (DM), ventromedial nucleus (VM), medial mammillary nucleus (MMN), and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). The results demonstrated no age-related difference in neuron number, glia number, or volume in any area in either sex except the PVN of male monkeys, which showed a significant increase in both neuron and glia numbers with age. Comparison of males and females for sexual dimorphisms revealed no significant differences in neuron number. However, males had more glia overall as well as in the SCN, DM, and LHA and had a larger hypothalamic volume overall and in the SCN, SON, VM, DM, and MMN. These results demonstrate that hypothalamic neuron loss cannot account for age-related deficits in hypothalamic function and provides further evidence of the absence of neurodegeneration and cell death in the normal aging rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.E. Roberts
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02127
| | - R.J. Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02127
| | - D.L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02127
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Hypothalamic Control of Sleep in Aging. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:139-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhdanova IV, Masuda K, Bozhokin SV, Rosene DL, González-Martínez J, Schettler S, Samorodnitsky E. Familial circadian rhythm disorder in the diurnal primate, Macaca mulatta. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33327. [PMID: 22413014 PMCID: PMC3297643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the inverse temporal relationship of central clock activity to physiological or behavioral outputs in diurnal and nocturnal species, understanding the mechanisms and physiological consequences of circadian disorders in humans would benefit from studies in a diurnal animal model, phylogenetically close to humans. Here we report the discovery of the first intrinsic circadian disorder in a family of diurnal non-human primates, the rhesus monkey. The disorder is characterized by a combination of delayed sleep phase, relative to light-dark cycle, mutual desynchrony of intrinsic rhythms of activity, food intake and cognitive performance, enhanced nighttime feeding or, in the extreme case, intrinsic asynchrony. The phenotype is associated with normal length of intrinsic circadian period and requires an intact central clock, as demonstrated by an SCN lesion. Entrainment to different photoperiods or melatonin administration does not eliminate internal desynchrony, though melatonin can temporarily reinstate intrinsic activity rhythms in the animal with intrinsic asynchrony. Entrainment to restricted feeding is highly effective in animals with intrinsic or SCN lesion-induced asynchrony. The large isolated family of rhesus macaques harboring the disorder provides a powerful new tool for translational research of regulatory circuits underlying circadian disorders and their effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Zhdanova
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Abstract
Ageing leads to a functional deterioration of many brain systems, including the circadian clock--an internal time-keeping system that generates ∼24-hour rhythms in physiology and behaviour. Numerous clinical studies have established a direct correlation between abnormal circadian clock functions and the severity of neurodegenerative and sleep disorders. Latest data from experiments in model organisms, gene expression studies and clinical trials imply that dysfunctions of the circadian clock contribute to ageing and age-associated pathologies, thereby suggesting a functional link between the circadian clock and age-associated decline of brain functions. Potential molecular mechanisms underlying this link include the circadian control of physiological processes such as brain metabolism, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, hormone secretion, autophagy and stem cell proliferation.
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