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Ritchie FD, Lizarraga SB. The role of histone methyltransferases in neurocognitive disorders associated with brain size abnormalities. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:989109. [PMID: 36845425 PMCID: PMC9950662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.989109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain size is controlled by several factors during neuronal development, including neural progenitor proliferation, neuronal arborization, gliogenesis, cell death, and synaptogenesis. Multiple neurodevelopmental disorders have co-morbid brain size abnormalities, such as microcephaly and macrocephaly. Mutations in histone methyltransferases that modify histone H3 on Lysine 36 and Lysine 4 (H3K36 and H3K4) have been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders involving both microcephaly and macrocephaly. H3K36 and H3K4 methylation are both associated with transcriptional activation and are proposed to sterically hinder the repressive activity of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2). During neuronal development, tri-methylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) by PRC2 leads to genome wide transcriptional repression of genes that regulate cell fate transitions and neuronal arborization. Here we provide a review of neurodevelopmental processes and disorders associated with H3K36 and H3K4 histone methyltransferases, with emphasis on processes that contribute to brain size abnormalities. Additionally, we discuss how the counteracting activities of H3K36 and H3K4 modifying enzymes vs. PRC2 could contribute to brain size abnormalities which is an underexplored mechanism in relation to brain size control.
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Baker EK, Brewer CJ, Ferreira L, Schapiro M, Tenney J, Wied HM, Kline-Fath BM, Smolarek TA, Weaver KN, Hopkin RJ. Further expansion and confirmation of phenotype in rare loss of YWHAE gene distinct from Miller-Dieker syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:526-539. [PMID: 36433683 PMCID: PMC10099970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of 17p13.3 has varying degrees of severity on brain development based on precise location and size of the deletion. The most severe phenotype is Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) which is characterized by lissencephaly, dysmorphic facial features, growth failure, developmental disability, and often early death. Haploinsufficiency of PAFAH1B1 is responsible for the characteristic lissencephaly in MDS. The precise role of YWHAE haploinsufficiency in MDS is unclear. Case reports are beginning to elucidate the phenotypes of individuals with 17p13.3 deletions that have deletion of YWHAE but do not include deletion of PAFAH1B1. Through our clinical genetics practice, we identified four individuals with 17p13.3 deletion that include YWHAE but not PAFAH1B1. These patients have a similar phenotype of dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and leukoencephalopathy. In a review of the literature, we identified 19 patients with 17p13.3 microdeletion sparing PAFAH1B1 but deleting YWHAE. Haploinsufficiency of YWHAE is associated with brain abnormalities including cystic changes. These individuals have high frequency of epilepsy, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features including prominent forehead, epicanthal folds, and broad nasal root. We conclude that deletion of 17p13.3 excluding PAFAH1B1 but including YWHAE is associated with a consistent phenotype and should be considered a distinct condition from MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Baker
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Casey J Brewer
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Leonardo Ferreira
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Schapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tenney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather M Wied
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Division of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Teresa A Smolarek
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - K Nicole Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Hopkin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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3
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Clinical findings and genetic analysis of patients with copy number variants involving 17p13.3 using a single nucleotide polymorphism array: a single-center experience. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:268. [PMID: 36544138 PMCID: PMC9773569 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17p13.3 microdeletions or microduplications (collectively known as copy number variants or CNVs) have been described in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, 17p13.3 CNVs were rarely reported in fetuses. This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of 17p13.3 CNVs with varied sizes and gene content in prenatal and postnatal samples. METHODS Eight cases with 17p13.3 CNVs out of 8806 samples that had been subjected to single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis were retrospectively analyzed, along with karyotyping, clinical features, and follow-up. RESULTS Eight cases with 17p13.3 CNVs consisted of five fetuses, one aborted embryo and two probands manifested severe congenital defects. The indications of prenatal testing varied considerably for the five fetuses, including ultrasound abnormalities (n = 3), segmental deletions indicated by non-invasive prenatal testing (n = 1), and intellectual disability in the mother of one fetus (n = 1). Of them, two and six harbored copy number gains and losses involving 17p13.3, respectively. The size of the detected 17p13.3 CNVs ranged from 576 kb to 5.7 Mb. Case 1 was diagnosed with 17p13.3 duplication syndrome, and cases 4, 6, and 7 with Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). Microdeletions of the 17p13.3 region in two cases (cases 5 and 8) involving YWHAE and CRK, sparing PAFAH1B1, were classified as pathogenic. Case 2 harbored a 576 kb microduplication, encompassing YWHAE and CRK but not PAFAH1B1, which was of maternal origin and considered a variant of uncertain significance. Case 3 carried one 74.2 Mb mosaic duplication of approximately 3.5 on chromosome 17p13.2q25.3, and two deletions at 17p13.3p13.2 and 17q25.3. The karyotype of case 3 was 46,XY,r(17)(p13q25). For five fetuses, only case 2 continued gestation and showed normal development at the age of 15 months; the others were subjected to termination of pregnancy. CONCLUSION The clinical findings of 17p13.3 microdeletions or microduplications varied among subjects, and 17p13.3 CNVs often differ in size and gene content. Microdeletions or microduplications containing the typical MDS region, as well as the microdeletions involving YWHAE and CRK, could be classified as pathogenic. The clinical significance of small duplications including YWHAE and CRK but not PAFAH1B1 remains uncertain, for which parental testing and clinical heterogeneity should be considered in genetic counseling.
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Wen Y, Zhang G, Liu L, Zhang P, lin L, Mei R, Zhang F, Chen Y, Li R. HAP1 interacts with 14-3-3 to regulate epileptic seizure via GABAAR-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission in pentylenetetrazole rat model. Neurosci Res 2022; 182:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Deodati A, Inzaghi E, Germani D, Fausti F, Cianfarani S. Crk Haploinsufficiency Is Associated with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Severe Postnatal Growth Failure. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 94:456-466. [PMID: 35086092 DOI: 10.1159/000521629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with 17p13.3 microdeletions including the YWHAE gene show intrauterine growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorphisms, postnatal growth failure, and cognitive impairment. This region is characterized by genomic instability and has been associated with isolated lissencephaly sequence and Miller-Dieker syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly, short stature, seizures, cardiac malformations, and agyria. Whilst brain abnormalities are secondary to YWHAE deficiency, the cause of pre- and postnatal growth failure has not been identified yet. CASE PRESENTATION We describe 2 patients (patient 1 15 years and patient 2 11 years and 10 months) referred to our Center of Pediatric Endocrinology for intrauterine growth retardation with de novo 17p13.3 deletion. In vitro assays showed a defect in CRK expression and GH/IGF1 signaling. rhGH therapy was effective in partially reducing the deficit in height in patient 1 and induced catch-up growth in patient 2. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 17p13.3 microdeletion involving CRK affects both GH and IGF1 signaling ultimately leading to pre- and postnatal growth retardation, secondary to partial insensitivity to GH/IGF1. rhGH therapy may be considered to reduce the height deficit in these patients, though data on adult height are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Deodati
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Inzaghi
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Germani
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei sistemi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fausti
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei sistemi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina dei sistemi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Liu X, Bennison SA, Robinson L, Toyo-oka K. Responsible Genes for Neuronal Migration in the Chromosome 17p13.3: Beyond Pafah1b1(Lis1), Crk and Ywhae(14-3-3ε). Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010056. [PMID: 35053800 PMCID: PMC8774252 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 17p13.3 chromosome region is often deleted or duplicated in humans, resulting in severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as Miller–Dieker syndrome (MDS) and 17p13.3 duplication syndrome. Lissencephaly can also be caused by gene mutations or deletions of a small piece of the 17p13.3 region, including a single gene or a few genes. PAFAH1B1 gene, coding for LIS1 protein, is a responsible gene for lissencephaly and MDS and regulates neuronal migration by controlling microtubules (MTs) and cargo transport along MTs via dynein. CRK is a downstream regulator of the reelin signaling pathways and regulates neuronal migration. YWHAE, coding for 14-3-3ε, is also responsible for MDS and regulates neuronal migration by binding to LIS1-interacting protein, NDEL1. Although these three proteins are known to be responsible for neuronal migration defects in MDS, there are 23 other genes in the MDS critical region on chromosome 17p13.3, and little is known about their functions in neurodevelopment, especially in neuronal migration. This review will summarize the recent progress on the functions of LIS1, CRK, and 14-3-3ε and describe the recent findings of other molecules in the MDS critical regions in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Sarah A. Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Lozen Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(215)-991-8288
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Romano C, Ferranti S, Mencarelli MA, Longo I, Renieri A, Grosso S. 17p13.3 microdeletion including YWHAE and CRK genes: towards a clinical characterization. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2259-2262. [PMID: 32323081 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The short arm of chromosome 17 is characterized by a high density of low copy repeats, creating the opportunity for non-allelic homologous recombination to occur. Microdeletions of the 17p13.3 region are responsible for neuronal migration disorders including isolated lissencephaly sequence and Miller-Dieker syndrome. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 4-year and 2-month-old female with peculiar somatic traits and neurodevelopmental delay. At the age of 6 months, she started to present with infantile spasms syndrome; therefore, we administered vigabatrin followed by two cycles of adrenocorticotropic hormone, with good response. The coexistence of epileptic activity, neuropsychological delay, brain imaging abnormalities, and peculiar somatic features oriented us towards the hypothesis of a genetic etiology that could explain her clinical picture. Array CGH identified a 730 Kb deletion in the p13.3 region of the short arm of chromosome 17 including eleven genes, among these are YWHAE and CRK. DISCUSSION Microdeletions of the 17p13.3 region involving only YWHAE and CRK, sparing PAFAH1B1, result in neurodevelopmental delay, growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphisms, and mild structural brain abnormalities. Differently from the previously described patients carrying YWHAE and CRK deletions, the main complaint of our patient was represented by seizures. The absence of clear neuronal migration defects and mutations of the PAFAH1B1 gene in our patient underlines the central role of additional genes located in the 17p13.3 chromosomal region in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and helps to expand the phenotype of 17p13.3 microdeletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Romano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Universita' degli Studi di Siena, viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferranti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Universita' degli Studi di Siena, viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Ilaria Longo
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grosso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Universita' degli Studi di Siena, viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
- U.O.C. Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
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8
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Lorenz-Guertin JM, Bambino MJ, Jacob TC. γ2 GABA AR Trafficking and the Consequences of Human Genetic Variation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:265. [PMID: 30190672 PMCID: PMC6116786 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) mediate the majority of fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Most prevalent as heteropentamers composed of two α, two β, and a γ2 subunit, these ligand-gated ionotropic chloride channels are capable of extensive genetic diversity (α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, δ, 𝜀, 𝜃, π, ρ1-3). Part of this selective GABAAR assembly arises from the critical role for γ2 in maintaining synaptic receptor localization and function. Accordingly, mutations in this subunit account for over half of the known epilepsy-associated genetic anomalies identified in GABAARs. Fundamental structure-function studies and cellular pathology investigations have revealed dynamic GABAAR trafficking and synaptic scaffolding as critical regulators of GABAergic inhibition. Here, we introduce in vitro and in vivo findings regarding the specific role of the γ2 subunit in receptor trafficking. We then examine γ2 subunit human genetic variation and assess disease related phenotypes and the potential role of altered GABAAR trafficking. Finally, we discuss new-age imaging techniques and their potential to provide novel insight into critical regulatory mechanisms of GABAAR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lorenz-Guertin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J Bambino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tija C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Blazejewski SM, Bennison SA, Smith TH, Toyo-Oka K. Neurodevelopmental Genetic Diseases Associated With Microdeletions and Microduplications of Chromosome 17p13.3. Front Genet 2018; 9:80. [PMID: 29628935 PMCID: PMC5876250 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 17p13.3 is a region of genomic instability that is linked to different rare neurodevelopmental genetic diseases, depending on whether a deletion or duplication of the region has occurred. Chromosome microdeletions within 17p13.3 can result in either isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS) or Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS). Both conditions are associated with a smooth cerebral cortex, or lissencephaly, which leads to developmental delay, intellectual disability, and seizures. However, patients with MDS have larger deletions than patients with ILS, resulting in additional symptoms such as poor muscle tone, congenital anomalies, abnormal spasticity, and craniofacial dysmorphisms. In contrast to microdeletions in 17p13.3, recent studies have attracted considerable attention to a condition known as a 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome. Depending on the genes involved in their microduplication, patients with 17p13.3 microduplication syndrome may be categorized into either class I or class II. Individuals in class I have microduplications of the YWHAE gene encoding 14-3-3ε, as well as other genes in the region. However, the PAFAH1B1 gene encoding LIS1 is never duplicated in these patients. Class I microduplications generally result in learning disabilities, autism, and developmental delays, among other disorders. Individuals in class II always have microduplications of the PAFAH1B1 gene, which may include YWHAE and other genetic microduplications. Class II microduplications generally result in smaller body size, developmental delays, microcephaly, and other brain malformations. Here, we review the phenotypes associated with copy number variations (CNVs) of chromosome 17p13.3 and detail their developmental connection to particular microdeletions or microduplications. We also focus on existing single and double knockout mouse models that have been used to study human phenotypes, since the highly limited number of patients makes a study of these conditions difficult in humans. These models are also crucial for the study of brain development at a mechanistic level since this cannot be accomplished in humans. Finally, we emphasize the usefulness of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and next generation sequencing in the study of neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Blazejewski
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah A Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Trevor H Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Chen CP, Ko TM, Wang LK, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Lai ST, Chuang TY, Yang CW, Lee CC, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of a 0.7-Mb 17p13.3 microdeletion encompassing YWHAE and CRK but not PAFAH1B1 in a fetus without ultrasound abnormalities. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:128-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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11
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Noor A, Bogatan S, Watkins N, Meschino WS, Stavropoulos DJ. Disruption of YWHAE gene at 17p13.3 causes learning disabilities and brain abnormalities. Clin Genet 2017; 93:365-367. [PMID: 28542865 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a broad phenotypic spectrum of patients with 17p13.3 deletions. One of the most prominent feature is lissencephaly caused by haploinsufficiency of the gene PAFAH1B1. The deletion of this gene and those distal to it, results in Miller-Dieker syndrome, however there have been many reports of patients with haploinsufficiency of the distal genes alone. The deletions of these genes including YWHAE CRK and TUSC5 have been studied extensively and YWHAE has been postulated to be the cause of neurological abnormalities. The patients with deletions of the Miller-Dieker syndrome distal region present with variable clinical features including brain abnormalities, growth retardation, developmental delay, facial dysmorphisms and seizures. While there have been many patients reported to have deletions involving the YWHAE gene along with other genes, here we present the first detailed clinical description of a patient with deletion of YWHAE alone, allowing a more accurate characterization of the pathogenicity of YWHAE haploinsufficiency. The patient reported here demonstrated brain abnormalities, learning disabilities, and seizures supporting the role of YWHAE in these features. We review the literature and use this case report to better characterize and further confirm the genotype-phenotype relationship of the genes within the critical region of Miller-Dieker Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Diagnostic Medical Genetics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Bogatan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Diagnostic Medical Genetics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - N Watkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Diagnostic Medical Genetics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W S Meschino
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - D J Stavropoulos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Barros Fontes MI, Dos Santos AP, Rossi Torres F, Lopes-Cendes I, Cendes F, Appenzeller S, Kawasaki de Araujo T, Lopes Monlleó I, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. 17p13.3 Microdeletion: Insights on Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Mol Syndromol 2016; 8:36-41. [PMID: 28232781 DOI: 10.1159/000452753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdeletions in the chromosomal region 17p13.3 are associated with neuronal migration disorders, and PAFAB1H1 is the main gene involved. The largest genomic imbalances, including the YWHAE and CRK genes, cause more severe structural abnormalities of the brain and other associated dysmorphic features. Here, we describe a 3-year-old boy with a microdeletion in 17p13.3 presenting with minor facial dysmorphisms, a cleft palate, neurodevelopmental delay, and behavioral disorder with no structural malformation of the brain. The patient was evaluated by a clinician using a standard protocol. Laboratory investigation included GTG-banding, whole-genome AGH, and array-CGH. Whole-genome AGH and array-CGH analysis identified an estimated 2.1-Mb deletion in the 17p13.3 region showing haploinsufficiency of the YWHAE, CRK, H1C1, and OVCA1 genes and no deletion of PAFAH1B1. The complex gene interaction on brain development and function is illustrated in the genotype-phenotype correlation described here. This report reinforces the importance of the 17p13.3 region in developmental abnormalities and highlights the weak implication of the HIC1 and OVCA1 genes in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall I Barros Fontes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics Sector, State University of Health Sciences of Alagoas (UNCISAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ana P Dos Santos
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rossi Torres
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tânia Kawasaki de Araujo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabella Lopes Monlleó
- Department of Clinical Genetics Service, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | - Vera L Gil-da-Silva-Lopes
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Xu X, Jaehne EJ, Greenberg Z, McCarthy P, Saleh E, Parish CL, Camera D, Heng J, Haas M, Baune BT, Ratnayake U, van den Buuse M, Lopez AF, Ramshaw HS, Schwarz Q. 14-3-3ζ deficient mice in the BALB/c background display behavioural and anatomical defects associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26207352 PMCID: PMC4513550 DOI: 10.1038/srep12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing and expression analyses implicate 14-3-3ζ as a genetic risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. In support of this notion, we recently found that 14-3-3ζ−/− mice in the Sv/129 background display schizophrenia-like defects. As epistatic interactions play a significant role in disease pathogenesis we generated a new congenic strain in the BALB/c background to determine the impact of genetic interactions on the 14-3-3ζ−/− phenotype. In addition to replicating defects such as aberrant mossy fibre connectivity and impaired spatial memory, our analysis of 14-3-3ζ−/− BALB/c mice identified enlarged lateral ventricles, reduced synaptic density and ectopically positioned pyramidal neurons in all subfields of the hippocampus. In contrast to our previous analyses, 14-3-3ζ−/− BALB/c mice lacked locomotor hyperactivity that was underscored by normal levels of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine signalling. Taken together, our results demonstrate that dysfunction of 14-3-3ζ gives rise to many of the pathological hallmarks associated with the human condition. 14-3-3ζ-deficient BALB/c mice therefore provide a novel model to address the underlying biology of structural defects affecting the hippocampus and ventricle, and cognitive defects such as hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Zarina Greenberg
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter McCarthy
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Eiman Saleh
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Daria Camera
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Julian Heng
- 1] Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia [2] School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Matilda Haas
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Udani Ratnayake
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- 1] The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia [2] Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Hayley S Ramshaw
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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14
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Wang J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang G, Shang AJ, Zou LP. Proteomic analysis on infantile spasm and prenatal stress. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:1174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Chen CP, Chang TY, Guo WY, Wu PC, Wang LK, Chern SR, Wu PS, Su JW, Chen YT, Chen LF, Wang W. Chromosome 17p13.3 deletion syndrome: aCGH characterization, prenatal findings and diagnosis, and literature review. Gene 2013; 532:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The Crk family of adaptor proteins (CrkI, CrkII, and CrkL), originally discovered as the oncogene fusion product, v-Crk, of the CT10 chicken retrovirus, lacks catalytic activity but engages with multiple signaling pathways through their SH2 and SH3 domains. Crk proteins link upstream tyrosine kinase and integrin-dependent signals to downstream effectors, acting as adaptors in diverse signaling pathways and cellular processes. Crk proteins are now recognized to play a role in the malignancy of many human cancers, stimulating renewed interest in their mechanism of action in cancer progression. The contribution of Crk signaling to malignancy has been predominantly studied in fibroblasts and in hematopoietic models and more recently in epithelial models. A mechanistic understanding of Crk proteins in cancer progression in vivo is still poorly understood in part due to the highly pleiotropic nature of Crk signaling. Recent advances in the structural organization of Crk domains, new roles in kinase regulation, and increased knowledge of the mechanisms and frequency of Crk overexpression in human cancers have provided an incentive for further study in in vivo models. An understanding of the mechanisms through which Crk proteins act as oncogenic drivers could have important implications in therapeutic targeting.
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17
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Enomoto K, Kishitani Y, Tominaga M, Ishikawa A, Furuya N, Aida N, Masuno M, Yamada KI, Kurosawa K. Expression analysis of a 17p terminal deletion, including YWHAE, but not PAFAH1B1, associated with normal brain structure on MRI in a young girl. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2347-52. [PMID: 22887762 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon polypeptide (YWHAE), on chromosome 17p13.3, has been shown to play a crucial role in neuronal development. The deletion of YWHAE, but not platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, isoform 1b, subunit 1 (PAFAH1B1), underlies a newly recognized neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by significant growth retardation, developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), distinctive facial appearance, and brain abnormalities. Here, we report on a girl with a terminal deletion of 17p13.3, including YWHAE but not PAFAH1B1, showing normal brain structure on MRI. She had mild developmental delay, a distinctive facial appearance, and severe growth retardation despite normal growth hormone levels, which was improved by growth hormone therapy. Expression analysis of YWHAE and PAFAH1B1 yielded results consistent with array CGH and FISH results. These results indicate that the dosage effect of YWHAE varies from severe to very mild structural brain abnormalities, and suggest that the expression of YWHAE is associated with a complex mechanism of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Enomoto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Morales D, Skoulakis ECM, Acevedo SF. 14-3-3s are potential biomarkers for HIV-related neurodegeneration. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:341-53. [PMID: 22811265 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become evident that 14-3-3 proteins are essential for primary cell functions. These proteins are abundant throughout the body, including the central nervous system and interact with other proteins in both cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Examination of cerebral spinal fluid in humans suggests that 14-3-3s including 14-3-3ε (YWHAE) are up-regulated in several neurological diseases, and loss or duplication of the YWHAE gene leads to Miller-Dieker syndrome. The goal of this review is to examine the utility of 14-3-3s as a marker of human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-dependent neurodegeneration and also as a tool to track disease progression. To that end, we describe mechanisms implicating 14-3-3s in neurological diseases and summarize evidence of its interactions with HIV accessory and co-receptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Morales
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Brumback
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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20
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Talkowski ME, Rosenfeld JA, Blumenthal I, Pillalamarri V, Chiang C, Heilbut A, Ernst C, Hanscom C, Rossin E, Lindgren A, Pereira S, Ruderfer D, Kirby A, Ripke S, Harris D, Lee JH, Ha K, Kim HG, Solomon BD, Gropman AL, Lucente D, Sims K, Ohsumi TK, Borowsky ML, Loranger S, Quade B, Lage K, Miles J, Wu BL, Shen Y, Neale B, Shaffer LG, Daly MJ, Morton CC, Gusella JF. Sequencing chromosomal abnormalities reveals neurodevelopmental loci that confer risk across diagnostic boundaries. Cell 2012; 149:525-37. [PMID: 22521361 PMCID: PMC3340505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Balanced chromosomal abnormalities (BCAs) represent a relatively untapped reservoir of single-gene disruptions in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We sequenced BCAs in patients with autism or related NDDs, revealing disruption of 33 loci in four general categories: (1) genes previously associated with abnormal neurodevelopment (e.g., AUTS2, FOXP1, and CDKL5), (2) single-gene contributors to microdeletion syndromes (MBD5, SATB2, EHMT1, and SNURF-SNRPN), (3) novel risk loci (e.g., CHD8, KIRREL3, and ZNF507), and (4) genes associated with later-onset psychiatric disorders (e.g., TCF4, ZNF804A, PDE10A, GRIN2B, and ANK3). We also discovered among neurodevelopmental cases a profoundly increased burden of copy-number variants from these 33 loci and a significant enrichment of polygenic risk alleles from genome-wide association studies of autism and schizophrenia. Our findings suggest a polygenic risk model of autism and reveal that some neurodevelopmental genes are sensitive to perturbation by multiple mutational mechanisms, leading to variable phenotypic outcomes that manifest at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Ian Blumenthal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Chiang
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adrian Heilbut
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carl Ernst
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Rossin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amelia Lindgren
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shahrin Pereira
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Kirby
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David Harris
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of OB/GYN, IMMAG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L. Gropman
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University of Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Toshiro K. Ohsumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark L. Borowsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Bradley Quade
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kasper Lage
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Miles
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics & Pathology, The Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinics, Columbia, MO
| | - Bai-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Children’s Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer, Inc., Spokane, WA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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21
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Cheah PS, Ramshaw HS, Thomas PQ, Toyo-Oka K, Xu X, Martin S, Coyle P, Guthridge MA, Stomski F, van den Buuse M, Wynshaw-Boris A, Lopez AF, Schwarz QP. Neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric behaviour defects arise from 14-3-3ζ deficiency. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:451-66. [PMID: 22124272 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Complex neuropsychiatric disorders are believed to arise from multiple synergistic deficiencies within connected biological networks controlling neuronal migration, axonal pathfinding and synapse formation. Here, we show that deletion of 14-3-3ζ causes neurodevelopmental anomalies similar to those seen in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. 14-3-3ζ-deficient mice displayed striking behavioural and cognitive deficiencies including a reduced capacity to learn and remember, hyperactivity and disrupted sensorimotor gating. These deficits are accompanied by subtle developmental abnormalities of the hippocampus that are underpinned by aberrant neuronal migration. Significantly, 14-3-3ζ-deficient mice exhibited abnormal mossy fibre navigation and glutamatergic synapse formation. The molecular basis of these defects involves the schizophrenia risk factor, DISC1, which interacts isoform specifically with 14-3-3ζ. Our data provide the first evidence of a direct role for 14-3-3ζ deficiency in the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders and identifies 14-3-3ζ as a central risk factor in the schizophrenia protein interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Cheah
- Department of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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