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Boddy J, Harris C, O'Leary P, Hohenhaus M, Bond C, Panagiotaros C, Holdsworth L. Intersections of Intimate Partner Violence and Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review of the Quantitative Evidence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241249145. [PMID: 38770897 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241249145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Natural disasters and extreme weather events are increasing in both intensity and frequency. Emerging evidence suggests that there is a relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and natural disasters. However, there is a scarcity of methodologically sound research in this area with no systematic review to date. To address the gap, this paper systematically assesses the quantitative evidence on the association between IPV with natural disasters between 1990 and March 2023. There were 27 articles that meet the inclusion criteria for the data extraction process. A quantitative critical appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of each study and a narrative synthesis approach to explore the findings. The review found an association between IPV and disasters, across disaster types and countries. However, more research is needed to explore the nuances and gaps within the existing knowledge base. It was unclear whether this relationship was causal or if natural disasters heightened existing risk factors. Further, it is inconclusive as to whether disasters create new cases of IPV or exacerbate existing violence. The majority of studies focused on hurricanes and earthquakes with a dearth of research on "slow onset disasters." These gaps represent the need for further research. Further research can provide a more thorough understanding of IPV and natural disasters, increasing stakeholders' ability to strengthen community capacity and reduce IPV when natural disasters occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Boddy
- Griffith University, QLD, Australia
- Climate Action Beacon, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
- Disruption Violence Beacon, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Celeste Harris
- Griffith University, QLD, Australia
- Disruption Violence Beacon, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick O'Leary
- Griffith University, QLD, Australia
- Disruption Violence Beacon, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Madeleine Hohenhaus
- Griffith University, QLD, Australia
- Climate Action Beacon, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine Bond
- Griffith University, QLD, Australia
- Disruption Violence Beacon, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
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2
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Karakasi MV, Nikolaidis I, Fotou E, Sapounas A, Patounas A, Sakka S, Ntentopoulos C, Pavlidis P, Voultsos P. Emerging Trends in Intimate Partner Rape and Marital/Spousal Rape During the Biennium 2020 and 2021, Including the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241247552. [PMID: 38769870 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241247552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Intimate partner or marital/spousal rape is a phenomenon with unique characteristics and dynamics. Furthermore, it is an under-explored, under-defined, under-reported, and widely tolerated phenomenon. Gender-based violence and intimate partner violence are the main topics of the present study. The study aimed at exploring the trends in reported intimate partner and marital/spousal rape, within the wider context of reported domestic violence during the years 2020 and 2021 in Greece. Statistical analysis has not indicated positive correlation between the rate of reported domestic violence per year and the rate of reported domestic rape per year, with the former following an upward trend and the latter maintaining an almost steady course. Similarly, the rate of reported victims of intimate partner rape per year remained almost stable within in the 2 years. Importantly however, in 2021, the rate of reported victims of marital rape per year increased remarkably compared to 2020. In 2021, the rates of reported domestic violence per month and reported domestic rape per month indicated remarkable increase over the period May to December 2021. Notwithstanding, the rates mentioned above remained almost stable over the year 2020, showing an upward trend during the summer months. In August 2020 and 2021 the abovementioned rates reached their peak. In both years, the vast majority of victims of domestic rape were females, mostly between 30 and 45 years of age. The present study indicated an increase in rates of reported domestic violence and reported domestic rape per month after the lockdowns, especially after the second long-lasting lockdown that ended in May 2021. This increase, however, might be only apparent. Further research is needed to study the epidemiology of intimate partner and marital rape over a much longer timespan to provide further insight into the dynamics surrounding a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Valeria Karakasi
- University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Fotou
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anestis Sapounas
- Public Order Branch, General Policing Division, Domestic Violence Department, Hellenic Police Headquarters, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Patounas
- Public Order Branch, General Policing Division, Domestic Violence Department, Hellenic Police Headquarters, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Sakka
- Public Order Branch, General Policing Division, Domestic Violence Department, Hellenic Police Headquarters, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Ntentopoulos
- Public Order Branch, General Policing Division, Domestic Violence Department, Hellenic Police Headquarters, Athens, Greece
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3
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Cowlishaw S, O'Dwyer C, Bowd C, Sadler N, O'Donnell M, Forbes D, Howard A. Pandemic impacts and experiences after disaster in Australia: qualitative study of compound impacts following the Black Summer bushfires. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e43. [PMID: 38305026 PMCID: PMC10897690 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first cases of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia were recorded in January 2020, which was during the 'Black Summer' bushfires of 2019-20 and prior to additional disasters in some regions. Few studies have considered the compound impact of disasters and the pandemic. AIMS To improve understanding of the impact on mental health and well-being of the pandemic in disaster-affected communities. METHOD We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 18) with community members and online focus groups (n = 31) with help providers from three regions of rural Australia affected by bushfires and the pandemic. RESULTS Six themes were produced: (a) 'Pulling together, pulling apart', describing experiences after bushfires and prior to impacts of the pandemic; (b) 'Disruption of the 'normal response', encompassing changes to post-disaster recovery processes attributed to the pandemic; (c) 'Escalating tensions and division in the community', describing impacts on relationships; (d) 'Everywhere you turn you get a slap in the face', acknowledging impacts of bureaucratic 'red tape'; (e) 'There are layers of trauma', highlighting intersecting traumas and pre-existing vulnerabilities; and (f) 'Where does the help come from when we can't do it?', encompassing difficulties accessing services and impacts on the helping workforce. CONCLUSIONS This study furthers our understanding of compound disasters and situates pandemic impacts in relation to processes of adjustment and recovery from bushfires. It highlights the need for long-term approaches to resilience and recovery, investment in social infrastructure, multi-component approaches to workforce issues, and strategies to increase mental health support and pathways across services.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cowlishaw
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. O'Dwyer
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. Bowd
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - N. Sadler
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. O'Donnell
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - D. Forbes
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - A. Howard
- Phoenix Australia – Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Logie CH, Toccalino D, MacKenzie F, Hasham A, Narasimhan M, Donkers H, Lorimer N, Malama K. Associations between climate change-related factors and sexual health: A scoping review. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2299718. [PMID: 38190290 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2299718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
There is growing attention to the ways in which climate change may affect sexual health, yet key knowledge gaps remain across global contexts and climate issues. In response, we conducted a scoping review to examine the literature on associations between climate change and sexual health. We searched five databases (May 2021, September 2022). We reviewed 3,183 non-duplicate records for inclusion; n = 83 articles met inclusion criteria. Of these articles, n = 30 focused on HIV and other STIs, n = 52 focused on sexual and gender-based violence (GBV), and n = 1 focused on comprehensive sexuality education. Thematic analysis revealed that hurricanes, drought, temperature variation, flooding, and storms may influence HIV outcomes among people with HIV by constraining access to antiretroviral treatment and worsening mental health. Climate change was associated with HIV/STI testing barriers and worsened economic conditions that elevated HIV exposure (e.g. transactional sex). Findings varied regarding associations between GBV with storms and drought, yet most studies examining flooding, extreme temperatures, and bushfires reported positive associations with GBV. Future climate change research can examine understudied sexual health domains and a range of climate-related issues (e.g. heat waves, deforestation) for their relevance to sexual health. Climate-resilient sexual health approaches can integrate extreme weather events into programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H Logie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Danielle Toccalino
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frannie MacKenzie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aryssa Hasham
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manjulaa Narasimhan
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Holly Donkers
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole Lorimer
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kalonde Malama
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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5
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Murphy M, Ellsberg M, Balogun A, García-Moreno C. Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Women and Girls Living in Conflict and Natural Disaster-Affected Settings: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3328-3345. [PMID: 36259449 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review provides an overview of existing research on risk and protective factors associated with violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and natural disaster settings. PubMed (Medline); PsycINFO; Scopus; and Cochrane Center trials registrar were searched as well as relevant internet repositories for VAWG research. The inclusion criteria covered studies that were published between January 1995 and December 2020, documented risk and/or protective factors for VAWG in conflict or natural disaster-affected settings and included primary or secondary data analysis. A total of 1,413 records were initially identified and 86 articles (covering 77 studies) were included in the final analysis. The findings show that many preexisting risk factors for VAWG are exacerbated in armed conflict and natural disaster-affected settings. Poverty and economic stress, men's substance abuse, exposure to violence, changing gender roles in contexts of inequitable gender norms, and a lack of social support are some of the risk factors associated with male perpetration or female experience of violence. In addition, risk factors specific to experiences during armed conflict or in a natural disaster (e.g., displacement, insecurity or congestion in and around displacement camps, militarization of society, killing of family, destruction of property, etc.) are associated with higher prevalence of VAWG in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Murphy
- The Global Women's Institute, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Mary Ellsberg
- The Global Women's Institute, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Aminat Balogun
- The Global Women's Institute, George Washington University, DC, USA
| | - Claudia García-Moreno
- The Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Parenteau AM, Boyer CJ, Campos LJ, Carranza AF, Deer LK, Hartman DT, Bidwell JT, Hostinar CE. A review of mental health disparities during COVID-19: Evidence, mechanisms, and policy recommendations for promoting societal resilience. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1821-1842. [PMID: 36097815 PMCID: PMC10008755 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Social and economic inequality are chronic stressors that continually erode the mental and physical health of marginalized groups, undermining overall societal resilience. In this comprehensive review, we synthesize evidence of greater increases in mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among socially or economically marginalized groups in the United States, including (a) people who are low income or experiencing homelessness, (b) racial and ethnic minorities, (c) women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ+) communities, (d) immigrants and migrants, (e) children and people with a history of childhood adversity, and (f) the socially isolated and lonely. Based on this evidence, we propose that reducing social and economic inequality would promote population mental health and societal resilience to future crises. Specifically, we propose concrete, actionable recommendations for policy, intervention, and practice that would bolster five "pillars" of societal resilience: (1) economic safety and equity, (2) accessible healthcare, including mental health services, (3) combating racial injustice and promoting respect for diversity, equity, and inclusion, (4) child and family protection services, and (5) social cohesion. Although the recent pandemic exposed and accentuated steep inequalities within our society, efforts to rebuild offer the opportunity to re-envision societal resilience and policy to reduce multiple forms of inequality for our collective benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Parenteau
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
- Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California-Davis
| | - Chase J. Boyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California-Davis
| | | | | | - LillyBelle K. Deer
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
- Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California-Davis
| | | | - Julie T. Bidwell
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California-Davis
| | - Camelia E. Hostinar
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
- Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California-Davis
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7
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Medzhitova Y, Lai BS, Killenberg P, Riobueno-Naylor A, Goodman LA. Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in the Context of Disasters: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2265-2281. [PMID: 35507542 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221093688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Women are at increased risk for experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) in the context of disasters. However, the factors that increase this risk are not well understood. The purpose of the current study was to systematically review the literature on IPV in the context of disasters. The first aim was to identify risk factors predicting women's exposure to IPV. The second aim was to identify disaster-specific risk factors for IPV. The third aim was to construct a social ecological framework of risk factors for IPV in disasters at the individual, relationship/household, community, and structural levels. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA; Moher et al., 2009). Articles were identified using keywords in seven ProQuest databases. Of the 67 articles identified for full-text review, 24 were eligible for inclusion. Studies were evaluated based on critical appraisal of methodology using an adapted version of the Mixed Methods Appraisals Tool (MMAT; Hong et al., 2018). Findings suggest that disasters give rise to unique risk factors across social ecologies which interact with pre-existing characteristics of social vulnerability to increase women's risk of IPV. Findings inform violence prevention strategies within the context of disaster response and therefore have implications for research, policy, and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Medzhitova
- Center for Child Trauma and Resilience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Betty S Lai
- Department of Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Boston College Lynch School of Education, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexa Riobueno-Naylor
- Department of Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Boston College Lynch School of Education, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Lisa A Goodman
- Department of Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Boston College Lynch School of Education, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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8
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Rathnayake JC, Mat Pozian N, Carroll JA, King J. Barriers Faced by Australian and New Zealand Women When Sharing Experiences of Family Violence with Primary Healthcare Providers: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2486. [PMID: 37761683 PMCID: PMC10531433 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the Australian Government's attempts to reduce domestic violence (DV) incidences, impediments within the social and health systems and current interventions designed to identify DV victims may be contributing to female victims' reluctance to disclose DV experiences to their primary healthcare providers. This scoping review aimed to provide the state of evidence regarding reluctance to disclose DV incidents, symptoms and comorbidities that patients present to healthcare providers, current detection systems and interventions in clinical settings, and recommendations to generate more effective responses to DV. Findings revealed that female victims are reluctant to disclose DV because they do not trust or believe that general practitioners can help them to solve their issues, and they do not acknowledge that they are in an abusive relationship, and are unaware that they are in one, or have been victims of DV. The most common symptoms and comorbidities victims present with are sleep difficulties, substance use and anxiety. Not all GPs are equipped with knowledge about comorbidities signalling cases of DV. These DV screening programs are the most prominent intervention types within Australian primary health services and are currently not sufficiently nuanced nor sensitive to screen with accuracy. Finally, this scoping review provides formative evidence that in order for more accurate and reliable data regarding disclosure in healthcare settings to be collected, gender power imbalances in the health workforce should be redressed, and advocacy of gender equality and the change of social structures in both Australia and New Zealand remain the focus for reducing DV in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie-Anne Carroll
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 5069, Australia; (J.C.R.); (N.M.P.); (J.K.)
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9
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Luebke J, Kako P, Lopez A, Schmitt M, Dressel A, Klein K, Mkandawire-Vahlmu L. Barriers Faced by American Indian Women in Urban Wisconsin in Seeking Help Following an Experience of Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2080-2103. [PMID: 36245254 PMCID: PMC10144249 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221132304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
American Indian1 (AI) women experience high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and face many barriers when help-seeking. This study aims to understand better the context of IPV and help-seeking behaviors for urban AI women after experiences with IPV. Postcolonial and Indigenous feminist frameworks framed this critical ethnography study. Semistructured interviews with 34 AI IPV survivors2 living in Wisconsin urban areas were conducted. Our findings highlight context-specific structural barriers to help-seeking after experiences of IPV heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Context-specific and survivor-led interventions are necessary to address and reduce barriers that urban AI women face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeneile Luebke
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peninnah Kako
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexa Lopez
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marin Schmitt
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anne Dressel
- College of Nursing & Center for Global Health Equity, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kathryn Klein
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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10
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Ghidei W, Montesanti S, Tomkow K, Silverstone PH, Wells L, Campbell S. Examining the Effectiveness, Acceptability, and Feasibility of Virtually Delivered Trauma-Focused Domestic Violence and Sexual Violence Interventions: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1427-1442. [PMID: 35343335 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211069059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a rapid shift to virtual delivery of treatment and care to individuals affected by domestic violence and sexual violence. A rapid evidence assessment (REA) was undertaken to examine the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of trauma-focused virtual interventions for persons affected by domestic violence and sexual violence. The findings from this review will provide guidance for service providers and organizational leaders with the implementation of virtual domestic violence and sexual violence-focused interventions. The REA included comprehensive search strategies and systematic screening of and relevant articles. Papers were included into this review (1) if they included trauma-focused interventions; (2) if the intervention was delivered virtually; and (3) if the article was published in the English-language. Twenty-one papers met inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. Findings from the rapid review demonstrate that virtual interventions that incorporate trauma-focused treatment are scarce. Online interventions that incorporate trauma-focused treatment for this at-risk group are limited in scope, and effectiveness data are preliminary in nature. Additionally, there is limited evidence of acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of virtual interventions for ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse populations experiencing domestic violence and sexual violence. Accessing virtual interventions was also highlighted as a barrier to among participants in studies included in the review. Despite the potential of virtual interventions to respond to the needs of individuals affected by domestic violence and/or sexual violence, the acceptability and effectiveness of virtual trauma-focused care for a diverse range of populations at risk of violence are significantly understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winta Ghidei
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie Montesanti
- School of Public Health, and Centre for Healthy Communities, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karlee Tomkow
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lana Wells
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra Campbell
- Librarian, Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Hendrix E, Narasimhan S, Ripkey CE, Zeidan A, Smith RN, Evans DP. " Boiling Water but There's No Pop-Off Valve": Health Care Provider Perceptions of the Effects of COVID-19 on Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231162043. [PMID: 36942416 PMCID: PMC10033505 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231162043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to understand the effects of COVID-19, including movement-related restrictions such as shelter-in-place, quarantine, and isolation orders, on intimate partner violence (IPV) from the perspective of health care providers (HCPs) working at a public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. From November 2020 to May 2021, we conducted 12 interviews. Three themes emerged: (1) HCPs perceived that COVID-19 movement-related restrictions likely exacerbated IPV; (2) HCPs encountered many practice-oriented and community barriers in IPV care provision during COVID-19; and (3) HCPs suggested process and partnership improvements for IPV response. These findings can inform future pandemic preparedness including improved communication, improved IPV screening and follow-up, and strengthened hospital-community partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hendrix
- Hubert Department of Global Health,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Subasri Narasimhan
- Hubert Department of Global Health,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- The Center for Reproductive Health
Research in the Southeast (RISE), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carrie E. Ripkey
- Hubert Department of Global Health,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Zeidan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Randi N. Smith
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and
Health Education Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dabney P. Evans
- Hubert Department of Global Health,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- The Center for Reproductive Health
Research in the Southeast (RISE), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and
Health Education Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Fomenko E, Keygnaert I, Van Poel E, Collins C, Gómez Bravo R, Korhonen P, Laine MK, Murauskiene L, Tatsioni A, Willems S. Screening for and Disclosure of Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the PRICOV-19 Cross-Sectional Study in 33 Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3519. [PMID: 36834213 PMCID: PMC9964689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic left no one untouched, and reports of domestic violence (DV) increased during the crisis. DV victims rarely seek professional help, yet when they do so, they often disclose it to their general practitioner (GP), with whom they have a trusting relationship. GPs rarely screen and hence rarely take the initiative to discuss DV with patients, although victims indicate that offering this opportunity would facilitate their disclosure. This paper aims to describe the frequency of screening for DV by GPs and disclosure of DV by patients to the GP during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify key elements that could potentially explain differences in screening for and disclosure of DV. The PRICOV-19 data of 4295 GP practices from 33 countries were included in the analyses, with practices nested in countries. Two stepwise forward clustered ordinal logistic regressions were performed. Only 11% of the GPs reported (much) more disclosure of DV by patients during COVID-19, and 12% reported having screened for DV (much). Most significant associations with screening for and disclosure of DV concerned general (pro)active communication. However, (pro)active communication was performed less frequently for DV than for health conditions, which might indicate that GPs are insufficiently aware of the general magnitude of DV and its impact on patients and society, and its approach/management. Thus, professional education and training for GPs about DV seems highly and urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Fomenko
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Van Poel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claire Collins
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Centre, Irish College of General Practitioners, D02 XR68 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raquel Gómez Bravo
- Centre Hospitalier Neuropsychiatrique, Rehaklinik, L-9002 Ettelbruck, Luxembourg
- Research Group Self-Regulation and Health, Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Päivi Korhonen
- Department of General Practice, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Merja K. Laine
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liubove Murauskiene
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Athina Tatsioni
- Research Unit for General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sara Willems
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Halperin O, Ali-Saleh O, Ore L, Jadaon JE. Depression, Stress and the Mediating Role of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Among Israeli Women of Childbearing Age in the Shadow of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:3586-3611. [PMID: 35899767 PMCID: PMC10076180 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with the outbreak of the new coronavirus has generated unprecedented challenges around the world, including in Israel. Women of childbearing age may be forced to live under particularly difficult circumstances during the pandemic. The current study among Israeli women of childbearing age has three main objectives related to the specific period of the COVID-19 pandemic: to study the prevalence and predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV); to investigate the prevalence and predictors of depression; to examine whether IPV mediates the association between general stress, fear of COVID-19 and depression as an outcome. In a cross-sectional study, 722 married women, Jewish and Arab residents of Israel, were recruited to answer an online self-completion questionnaire during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaire included an assessment of their degree of general stress and depression, fear of COVID-19, experiences of IPV and demographic variables. The results of the current study show that a high percentage of women reported IPV (with Muslim women reporting higher IPV than Jewish women), perceived stress (PSS), perceived COVID-19 stress and depression. The findings also show that IPV and its three dimensions mediate the relationship between COVID-19 stress and depression, such that higher stress was related to higher IPV, raising the odds for depression. Moreover, the total scores for IPV and emotional violence were found to mediate the relationship between stress and depression. That is, domestic violence explains part of the association between stress and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the current pandemic has resulted in an increase in IPV and depression, and especially in the specific stress associated with the disease itself. Based on the findings of the current study, preventing violence will reduce stress-related depression. The Muslim population, and especially those who are more religious, is in particular need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofra Halperin
- Max Stern Academic College of Emek-Yezreel, Nursing Department, Israel
| | - Ola Ali-Saleh
- Max Stern Academic College of Emek-Yezreel, Nursing Department, Israel
| | - Liora Ore
- Max Stern Academic College of Emek-Yezreel, Nursing Department, Israel
| | - Jimmy E Jadaon
- Nazareth Hospital and the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Israel
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14
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Lindau ST, Jagai JS, Abramsohn EM, Fuller CM, Wroblewski KE, Pinkerton EA, Makelarski JA. Unwanted sexual activity among United States women early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:209.e1-209.e16. [PMID: 36241078 PMCID: PMC9553968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sexual activity and, accordingly, birth rates tend to decline in times of stress, such as a pandemic. In addition, when resources are scarce or exogenous conditions are threatening, some women may engage in sexual activity primarily to maintain socioeconomic security. Having unwanted sex may indicate sexual activity in exchange for economic security. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe patterns and correlates of unwanted sex, defined as having sex more frequently than desired, among US women early in the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN The National US Women's Health COVID-19 Study was conducted in April 2020, using a nested quota sample design to enroll 3200 English-speaking women (88% cooperation rate) aged 18 to 90 years recruited from a research panel. The quota strata ensured sufficient sample sizes in sociodemographic groups of interest, namely, racial and ethnic subgroups. Patterns of sexual activity, including unwanted sex early in the pandemic, were described. To further elucidate the experiences of women reporting unwanted sex, open-ended responses to an item querying "how the coronavirus pandemic is affecting your sex life" were assessed using conventional content analysis. Logistic regression analyses-adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported health, and prepandemic health-related socioeconomic risk factors, including food insecurity, housing instability, utilities and transportation difficulties, and interpersonal violence-were used to model the odds of unwanted sex by a pandemic-related change in health-related socioeconomic risk factors. RESULTS The proportion of women who were sexually active early in the pandemic (51%) was about the same as in the 12 months before the pandemic (52%), although 7% of women became active, and 7% of women became inactive. Overall, 11% of sexually active women were having unwanted sex in the early pandemic. The rates of anxiety, depression, traumatic stress symptoms, and each of the 5 health-related socioeconomic risk factors assessed were about 2 times higher among women having unwanted sex than other women (P<.001). Women having unwanted sex were also 5 times more likely than other women to report an increased frequency of sex since the pandemic (65% vs 13%; P<.001) and 6 times more likely to be using emergency contraception (18% vs 3%; P<.001). Women reporting unwanted sex commonly described decreased libido or interest in sex related to mood changes since the pandemic, having "more sex," fear or worry about the transmission of the virus because of sex, and having sex to meet the partner's needs. Among sexually active women, the odds of unwanted sex (adjusting for demographic, reproductive, and health factors) were higher among women with 1 prepandemic health-related socioeconomic risk factor (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.8) and 2 or more prepandemic health-related socioeconomic risk factors (adjusted odds ratio, 6.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-10.6). Among sexually active women with any prepandemic health-related socioeconomic risk factor, those with new or worsening transportation difficulties early in the pandemic were particularly vulnerable to unwanted sex (adjusted odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-4.3). CONCLUSION More than 1 in 10 sexually active US women was having unwanted sex early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Socioeconomically vulnerable women, especially those with new or worsening transportation problems because of the pandemic, were more likely than others to engage in unwanted sex. Pandemic response and recovery efforts should seek to mitigate unwanted sexual activity and related health and social risks among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy T Lindau
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Medicine Geriatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Jyotsna S Jagai
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily M Abramsohn
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Charles M Fuller
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - El A Pinkerton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A Makelarski
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; College of Science and Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL
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15
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van Koppen MV, Bruggeman M, Houston R, Harte JM. Domestic Violence During the Corona Pandemic: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Incidents of Domestic Violence in the Netherlands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X221144298. [PMID: 36604814 PMCID: PMC9827140 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221144298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread fear that the measures as a consequence of the worldwide corona pandemic have led to a significant increase in domestic violence and child abuse. The current study uses criminal files from all incidents of domestic violence that were reported to the police in a relatively large city in the Netherlands during 3.5 months before the pandemic and the first 3.5 months from the start of the nationwide shutdown, to compare the characteristics of the incident, the suspect and victim, how the case was handled and the involvement of minors. Results show that levels of domestic violence during the Covid-19-related restrictions did not increase compared to before the pandemic. During the pandemic, suspects were relatively more often men, the violence was less often reciprocal, more often took place inside the homes of suspects and victims, and was more often reported to the police by a witness than before the pandemic. Before and during the pandemic, minors were involved in respectively 34% and 43% of the incidents, mainly as witnesses of the violence between their parents. The results of the study may ease the concerns about the potential threat of domestic violence levels going through the roof during isolating measures such as during a shutdown. Limitations of the study are that official data from a single, but large, city were used and that we were not able to control for seasonal effects.
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Hamzaoglu N, Rozant-Reisyan R, Kalfoglou S. The Evaluation of Depression Levels and Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 38:47-57. [PMID: 35762089 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2022.2095071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the depression levels and the frequency of domestic violence cases with the parameters that can alter those levels and frequencies. Studies on people living in quarantine conditions at home during the Covid 19 Pandemic show that violence has increased. However, the literature shows lack of similar studies in Turkey. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a research on the connection between domestic violence, depression level and the Covid-19 pandemic. The sample group consists of 689 people living in different cities of Turkey. To collect the data Demographic Information Form, Covid 19 Pandemic Information Form and Beck Depression Inventory were employed. The rate of the participants who stated that violence, anger and arguments increased in the family is 28%. The rate of those who stated that they were exposed to emotional violence during this process is 11.5%. The mean depression level of all participants included in the study is 14.05. The findings show that the level of depression and domestic violence cases increased during the Covid process. It is a necessity to develop long-term inclusive approaches and policies to prevent the increased domestic violence during an epidemic and to improve the psychological health of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Hamzaoglu
- Institution of Medical Science, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rakel Rozant-Reisyan
- Forensic Training and Services Laboratory, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sotiri Kalfoglou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Seidenbecher S, Dobrowolny H, Wolter S, Klemen J, Meyer-Lotz G, Gescher DM, Steiner J, Frodl T. Consequences of the Lockdown: Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:53-72. [PMID: 37378761 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented many unique challenges to health systems. The hidden impact of COVID-19 and its associated lockdown have been an increased prevalence of domestic violence. OBJECTIVE To increase our understanding of the connection between COVID-19 containment measures, domestic violence, and mental health in Germany, we conducted an online self-assessment survey of 98 domestic violence victims and 276 controls. All participants answered questions concerning domestic violence, emotional regulation skills, limitations due to and acceptance of containment measures, and quality of their contact experiences. RESULTS There was no significant effect of "gender" x "domestic violence." Among victims of domestic violence, the number of women was considerably higher than the number of men. In addition, the factors "negative contact quality," "emotional regulation," and "resilience" differed significantly between the victims of domestic violence and the control group. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 outbreak and associated containment and quarantine measures resulted in a "hidden pandemic" of domestic violence for which prevention programs and early victim assistance through the expansion of digital technologies are urgently needed. Prospective studies should expand empirical data to focus on the long-term psychological effects of domestic violence and biomarkers that can serve as warning signs of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Seidenbecher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wolter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jane Klemen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Meyer-Lotz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Maria Gescher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Mahapatro M, Prasad MM, Singh SP. Domestic Violence and Covid-19: Policy and Pattern Analysis of Reported Cases at the Family Counseling Center (FCC) in Alwar, India. SEXUALITY RESEARCH & SOCIAL POLICY : JOURNAL OF NSRC : SR & SP 2022; 20:1-9. [PMID: 36593902 PMCID: PMC9795941 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-022-00782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The paper aims to assess the pattern of reporting complaints at the Family Counseling Centre (FCC), the nature and form of domestic violence (DV) during the lockdown, and the challenges addressed by the FCC, located in Alwar, India. Methods The methodology is considered an event study methodology. The study was conducted using the records available with the FCC. Using monthly time series data for 33 months (from April 2019 to December 2021), the time series analysis was done to bring out the pattern of reporting, nature and form of DV. Interviews were conducted with the counselors to document the challenges faced by them. Results The analysis shows that the reported DV-cases decreased by 23 percent during the lockdown. Challenges faced during the lockdown by the FCC in the existing policy guideline was that the lockdown disrupted the physical access of the routine complaint system. The COVID-19 lockdown and restrictions on mobility explain why only a portion of the women reach the center. The average decrease in reporting masked significant information about altered patterns and low reporting does not translate to a decline in violence at home. Conclusions The average change in DV during lockdown can be very misleading when thinking about a reframing policy response in India. Therefore, these findings should not be restricted to lockdown but are viewed broadly in the explanation that can be extended in policy to include the role of chronic stressors in accentuating violence. Policy Implications The study has significant implications for realigning and redesigning institutional strategies to overcome cultural barriers for seamless access to the FCC. This would enable a transition of counseling from event-based rescue to building resilience by adopting a lifelong learning and well-being approach.
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19
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Ruiz A, Luebke J, Moore K, Vann AD, Gonzalez M, Ochoa‐Nordstrum B, Barbon R, Gondwe K, Mkandawire‐Valhmu L. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on help-seeking behaviours of Indigenous and Black women experiencing intimate partner violence in the United States. J Adv Nurs 2022:10.1111/jan.15528. [PMID: 36534117 PMCID: PMC9878234 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article discusses possible barriers to help-seeking that Indigenous and Black women encountered when seeking help related to experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN This article is focused on understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations at highest risk for intimate partner violence in its most severe forms. DATA SOURCES Literature sources range from 2010 to 2022. The article is also informed by the experiences of scholars and advocates working with Indigenous and Black women experiencing intimate partner violence in Wisconsin. In our write-up, we draw on Indigenous feminism and Black feminist thought. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Help seeking is contextual. The context in which help seeking occurs or does not occur for Indigenous and Black women, due to the barriers we discuss is vital for nurses to understand in order to provide efficient and meaningful nursing care. CONCLUSION Our goal is to center the nursing profession in a leadership position in addressing the complex and unique needs of Indigenous and Black women who experience the highest rates of intimate partner violence and also experience the greatest barriers to care and support. IMPACT We seek to contribute theory-driven knowledge that informs the work of nurses who are often the first to encounter survivors of intimate partner violence within the clinical setting. Help-seeking is often hindered by factors such as geographic and jurisdictional, economic, and structural response barriers. This knowledge will enhance nurses' ability to lead and advocate for clinical practice and policies that minimize the barriers women experience following intimate partner violence, especially during pandemics, disasters, and other extraordinary circumstances. PUBLIC CONTRIBUTIONS This article is based on the collaboration of community advocates, nurse scientists, and public health scholars, who work closely with Indigenous and Black survivors of violence and seek to meet their needs and offer them meaningful support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ruiz
- Edson College of Nursing and Health InnovationArizona State UniversityPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | | | - Kaylen Moore
- College of Nursing, UW MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Michael Gonzalez
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public HealthUW MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Rachel Barbon
- College of Nursing, UW MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Kaboni Gondwe
- School of NursingUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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20
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Wong S, Nowland T. Practitioner Experiences with Domestic and Family Violence in COVID-19. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 43:423-441. [PMID: 36718130 PMCID: PMC9878256 DOI: 10.1002/anzf.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of COVID-19 as a global public health crisis in 2020 was quickly followed by predictions regarding likely increases in occurrences of domestic and family violence (DFV). The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the pandemic on practitioner experiences of DFV in one service organisation in New South Wales, Australia. Qualitative focus group interviews were performed with senior practitioners at Relationships Australia (NSW), and a grounded theory approach was employed in formulation of a perspective which highlighted social isolation under public health management social distancing measures as that which distinguished practitioner experiences of DFV during COVID-19. Social isolation was conceived as the overarching factor across categorisations of practitioner responses, including: (a) situations of client domestic relations; (b) client general life circumstances; (c) emerging client self-awareness; (d) organisational and social systems changes; and (e) necessary work practice changes. Organisational and workplace recommendations address the relative difference of pandemic management measures from natural disaster occurrences, with respect to supporting people experiencing DFV.
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21
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Demir M, Park S. The Effect of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence and Assaults. CRIMINAL JUSTICE REVIEW 2022; 47:445-463. [PMID: 36471858 PMCID: PMC9638506 DOI: 10.1177/07340168211061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of COVID-19 on four outcomes including calls for service for domestic violence, calls for service for assaults, arrests for domestic violence, and arrests for assaults in Burlington, Vermont. The data for each outcome collected over the time periods January 2012 through May 2021 were obtained from the Burlington Police Department website and then a monthly time-series data set were created. The analyses including an independent samples t-test, a Poisson regression test, and a monthly interrupted time-series analyses (ITSA) were employed to test the effects of COVID-19 on the previously mentioned outcomes. The results of the ITSA showed that in the first month following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, domestic violence calls statistically significantly increased, but no statistically significant change was observed in domestic violence arrests, while assault calls and assault arrests statistically significantly decreased. In addition, during COVID-19, there was a statistically significant decreasing trend in domestic violence calls and domestic violence arrests, while there was no statistically significant change in the trends of assault calls and assault arrests. The results suggest that COVID-19 had an immediate as well as a persistent effect on the numbers of domestic violence and assaults. The results and limitations of this study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Demir
- Criminal Justice Department, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
- Mustafa Demir, Criminal Justice Department, SUNY at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA.
| | - Suyeon Park
- Criminal Justice Department, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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22
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Forsdike K, O'Sullivan G, Hooker L. Major sports events and domestic violence: A systematic review. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e3670-e3685. [PMID: 36129100 PMCID: PMC10087409 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased rates of domestic violence (DV) have been associated with events such as public holidays, seasonal variations, disasters and economic crises. Sport is seen as gendered, exemplifying hegemonic masculinity and associated violence, with the link between sporting culture and violence against women well recognised. This paper reports on a systematic review of empirical research literature exploring the link between major sporting events and incidence of DV. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus and Proquest Central databases from inception to December 2020 for quantitative studies examining major sports events and reports of DV using a pre-post comparison design. Study quality was assessed using the Kmet quality assessment tool. The review identified 1445 records following duplicate removal. Once screened and assessed for eligibility, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results are presented qualitatively due to the heterogeneity across studies. Most studies originated in North America and the United Kingdom, used police records as their data source for measuring incidences of DV and few looked beyond the day of the sports event for recorded incidences of DV. Studies reviewed suggested that there is an association between certain major sports events and increased reporting of DV. However, studies' findings conflicted with regards to whether increases were associated with contact sports, the rivalry between competing teams, whether the events were emotionally salient and whether alcohol was a contributing factor. In conclusion, there is limited research globally. Heterogeneity and conflicting findings mean that more research is needed to understand the associations and inform community prevention/interventions to address DV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Forsdike
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe Business SchoolLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Grant O'Sullivan
- Centre for Sport and Social Impact, La Trobe Business SchoolLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Leesa Hooker
- La Trobe Rural Health SchoolLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and MidwiferyLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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23
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Fomenko E, De Schrijver L, Vandeviver C, Keygnaert I. Locked up at home: a cross-sectional study into the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on domestic violence in households with children in Belgium. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1719. [PMID: 36088357 PMCID: PMC9463669 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Policymakers worldwide took measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19-virus. While these sanitary measures were necessary to fight the spread of the virus, several experts warned for a significant impact on mental health and a potential increase in domestic violence. To study the impact of the COVID-19 measures in Belgium, and the factors influencing the occurrence of domestic violence, we set up the study on relationships, stress, and aggression. In this study, we evaluate the prevalence of domestic violence victimization during the COVID-19 lockdown in Belgian children aged zero to seventeen years and the associations of the parents’ financial status, relationships, mental health, and previous victimization to the child’s victimization. Methods A stepwise forward binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between multiple risk factors of domestic violence and victimization of the respondent’s child. The respondent being an assailant, the respondent’s age, and the age of the children in the household were added as moderators. Results In this model an association with domestic child abuse was found for the age of the respondent, the household’s size, the presence of children between zero and five years in the household, the perceived stress level of the respondent, and victimization of the respondent during the first wave of the sanitary measures, as well as victimization before the COVID-19 pandemic. None of the interacting effects were found to be significant. Conclusion It is advisable to make extra efforts to improve well-being when maintaining sanitary measures by providing appropriate assistance and helping households struggling with increased or acute stress to install positive coping strategies - especially in larger households with children between six and 17 years. Besides, our findings draw attention to the clustering of risk of child and adult violence exposure in lockdown situations as well as to the potential cumulative impact of exposure to violence across the lifespan and across generations. It is key to invest in training healthcare workers and staff at schools to screen for and assess risks of domestic violence development and ongoing or past occurrence in order to detect, refer and follow-up on families at risk.
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Oswald DL, Kaugars AS, Tait M. American Women's Experiences With Intimate Partner Violence during the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Mental Health Implications. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1419-1440. [PMID: 35989667 PMCID: PMC9398889 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an online survey, women self-reported high prevalence of intimate partner
violence during the early days of the pandemic. Risk factors for experiencing
intimate partner violence (IPV) included having a child under the age of 18,
being a sexual minority, living in a rural community, and stressors related to
healthcare access, income/employment stress, and COVID-19 exposure or illness.
Women who worked during the pandemic and were older were less likely to
experience IPV. Women who reported IPV also reported increased anxiety and
depression. The results are discussed in terms of clinical and policy
implications for supporting women who are victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Tait
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, WI, USA
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25
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Fogarty A, Savopoulos P, Seymour M, Cox A, Williams K, Petrie S, Herman S, Toone E, Schroeder K, Giallo R. Providing therapeutic services to women and children who have experienced intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and learnings. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 130:105365. [PMID: 34686360 PMCID: PMC8516655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, many therapeutic services for children and their parents who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) were required to rapidly transition to telehealth. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to explore parents' experiences of participating in a parent-child telehealth intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also aimed at exploring clinicians' experiences of delivering the service, including key strengths and challenges. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were five mothers who took part in Berry Street's Restoring Childhood service during the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia, and 14 Restoring Childhood clinicians, delivering the service across metropolitan and regional sites. METHODS Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted, and data were analysed using thematic analysis to determine key themes and sub-themes within the data. RESULTS Parents identified several strengths and benefits of Restoring Childhood delivered via telehealth including improvements in parenting skills and confidence, parent-child relationships, and children's emotional-behavioural functioning. Both parents and clinicians noted the creativity utilised during the online approach, and the increased accessibly it offered for families. However, challenges to the telehealth approaches were also noted. Clinicians discussed important considerations for telehealth within this context including safety and confidentiality, technology challenges, and challenges working from home. CONCLUSIONS The current study highlights the promise of telehealth interventions for parents and children who have experienced IPV. It also poses several important considerations for the use of telehealth within this setting and emphasises the need for rigorous evaluations of telehealth services for children exposed to IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Fogarty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Priscilla Savopoulos
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Monique Seymour
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Allison Cox
- Berry Street, 1 Salisbury Street, Richmond 3121, Australia
| | | | - Skye Petrie
- Berry Street, 1 Salisbury Street, Richmond 3121, Australia
| | - Sue Herman
- Berry Street, 1 Salisbury Street, Richmond 3121, Australia
| | - Emma Toone
- Berry Street, 1 Salisbury Street, Richmond 3121, Australia; Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Plenty Road, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Kim Schroeder
- Berry Street, 1 Salisbury Street, Richmond 3121, Australia
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Australia
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van Daalen KR, Kallesøe SS, Davey F, Dada S, Jung L, Singh L, Issa R, Emilian CA, Kuhn I, Keygnaert I, Nilsson M. Extreme events and gender-based violence: a mixed-methods systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e504-e523. [PMID: 35709808 PMCID: PMC10073035 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The intensity and frequency of extreme weather and climate events are expected to increase due to anthropogenic climate change. This systematic review explores extreme events and their effect on gender-based violence (GBV) experienced by women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. We searched ten databases until February, 2022. Grey literature was searched using the websites of key organisations working on GBV and Google. Quantitative studies were described narratively, whereas qualitative studies underwent thematic analysis. We identified 26 381 manuscripts. 41 studies were included exploring several types of extreme events (ie, storms, floods, droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires) and GBV (eg, sexual violence and harassment, physical violence, witch killing, early or forced marriage, and emotional violence). Studies were predominantly cross-sectional. Although most qualitative studies were of reasonable quality, most quantitative studies were of poor quality. Only one study included sexual and gender minorities. Most studies showed an increase in one or several GBV forms during or after extreme events, often related to economic instability, food insecurity, mental stress, disrupted infrastructure, increased exposure to men, tradition, and exacerbated gender inequality. These findings could have important implications for sexual-transformative and gender-transformative interventions, policies, and implementation. High-quality evidence from large, ethnographically diverse cohorts is essential to explore the effects and driving factors of GBV during and after extreme events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Savić Kallesøe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Infectious Disease Genomics and One Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Fiona Davey
- Health Equity Network, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Dada
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education, and Innovation in Health Systems, School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Jung
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucy Singh
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rita Issa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Alma Emilian
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Andrade C, Gillen M, Molina JA, Wilmarth MJ. The Social and Economic Impact of Covid-19 on Family Functioning and Well-Being: Where do we go from here? JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2022; 43:205-212. [PMID: 35669394 PMCID: PMC9136200 DOI: 10.1007/s10834-022-09848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates that COVID-19 has had a profound impact on family functioning and well-being in a range of countries. The fear and uncertainty of the health risks, in addition to the stress from ensuing restrictions and constraints on everyday life caused major disruptions, impacting the financial, emotional, and physical well-being of adults and children alike. In this report, we summarize the current literature on the impact of COVID-19 disruption to family functioning and economic well-being as a context for this special issue. Our findings indicate that while the pandemic may have caused a reallocation of intra-familial tasks, a large gender disparity remains regarding the proportion of domestic work and childcare. The pandemic disproportionally impacted lower-income families, families from ethnic minority and vulnerable groups, and women. Finally, the financial impacts of the emergence in Spring of 2020 have strained family relationships, although the effects depend to a large extent on quality of the relationships and family well-being before COVID-19. To address the long-term bidirectional effects of the pandemic on family well-being and the well-being of the global economy calls for research that crosses disciplinary divides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Alberto Molina
- Faculty of Economics and Business Studies, University of Zaragoza, Gran Vía 2, 50005 Zaragoza, Spain
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Abraham G, Gelana B, Yitbarek K, Morankar S. Prevalence of domestic violence in a time of catastrophic disease outbreaks including COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2022; 11:46. [PMID: 35300736 PMCID: PMC8929711 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence is a public health issue that has a long-term and irreversible effect on the victims. There are vulnerable groups like children, women, and elders. The problem becomes worse for these populations in the time of catastrophic events including disease pandemics. However, few attempts have been made to systematically review the prevalence and pattern of domestic violence during these times all over the world. METHODS An initial search of PubMed will be followed by CINAHL, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and ProQuest Health. The titles and abstracts of studies will be reviewed, and full-text articles will be selected if the inclusion criteria are met. Studies that meet the eligibility criteria will then be assessed by two independent reviewers. Full-text articles will be selected if the inclusion criteria are met. A standardized critical appraisal checklist for studies reporting prevalence data will be used to assess the methodological quality, and a standardized data extraction tool will be used. The results from the included studies will be analysed using the JBI SUMARI software. DISCUSSION This systematic review will provide solid evidence on the magnitude of domestic violence of any forms during catastrophic disease outbreaks including the current pandemic, COVID-19. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020192255 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelila Abraham
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. .,Ethiopian Evidence-Based Healthcare Centre, Health Behaviour and Society Department, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Beshea Gelana
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kiddus Yitbarek
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sudhakar Morankar
- Ethiopian Evidence-Based Healthcare Centre, Health Behaviour and Society Department, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Department of Health Behaviour and Society, Public Health Faculty, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ahmadi S, Irandoost SF, Ahmadi A, Yoosefi Lebni J, Mohammadi Gharehghani MA, Baba Safari N. Explaining Experiences, Challenges and Adaptation Strategies in COVID-19 Patients: A Qualitative Study in Iran. Front Public Health 2022; 9:778026. [PMID: 35186867 PMCID: PMC8850373 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.778026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Getting COVID-19 makes a person confront numerous individual, physical, psychological, family and social challenges. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the experiences, challenges and adaptation strategies in patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran. METHODS The present study was performed with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method among 33 patients with COVID-19. From July 20 to September 21, access to participants and data collection were done in person (15 people) and by phone (18 people) through targeted sampling and snowball and semi-structured interviews. Data management was carried out using MAXQDA-2018 software and its analysis was done by the Colaizzi analysis method. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also observed to improve the quality of results. RESULTS After analyzing the data, two main categories and 17 subcategories were obtained, including (1) experiences and challenges (ignoring the disease, blaming, physical health disorders, mental problems, guilt, and remorse, being blamed, living a life of disappointment and ambiguity, emotional challenges, frustrating reactions from others, helplessness and limitation) and (2) disease adaptation strategies (spirituality, learning about COVID-19, doing valuable and fun activities, participating in treatment, strengthening one's spirit and hope, trying to make up for past mistakes and virtual communication). CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, interventions and policies such as increasing people's health knowledge and literacy to get acquainted with the symptoms of the disease and prompt referral for diagnosis and treatment, teaching stress and psychological pressure management techniques, instructing families to continue emotional and social support for patients and strengthening and reproducing the strategies patients use, along with teaching disease coping skills, harnessing the potential of cyberspace and the media can make it easier to tolerate illness and get back to life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ahmadi
- Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadi
- PhD in Educational Technology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nafe Baba Safari
- PhD in Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sharma A, Borah SB. Covid-19 and Domestic Violence: an Indirect Path to Social and Economic Crisis. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:759-765. [PMID: 32836737 PMCID: PMC7386835 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We intend to identify the links between Covid-19 and domestic violence, expose the potential reasons behind an increase in domestic violence cases due to Covid-19, and argue that rising incidence of domestic violence may lead to economic and social crisis. METHOD This is a brief note in which authors rely on various statistics and insights regarding domestic violence since the detection of Covid-19. Based on the available statistics regarding domestic violence prevalence during previous times of uncertainty, the number and nature of domestic violence incidents around the globe, and existing literature, the authors argue that clear links exist between Covid-19 and domestic violence, which also impacts on the economic and social crisis. RESULTS Countries across the world are battling Covid-19 by enacting measures to reduce the speed of transmission. Multiple reports, however, suggest that such measures are increasing the incidence of domestic violence and not only in number but also in severity. We find that layoffs, loss of income, extended domestic stays, and exposure to habits due to stay-at-home orders are driving up the incidence of domestic violence. Moreover, these domestic violence increases are driving economic and social crises due to the form and severity of the violence, the burden placed on government, a crisis of resources, and decreases in the productivity of workforces. CONCLUSION Domestic violence increase resulting from Covid-19 is an indirect driver of economic and social crisis. This brief note proposes certain policy changes and strategies required to reduce domestic violence incidence during this turbulent time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalesh Sharma
- Mays Business School, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Bulimwengu AS, Cartmel J. The tween years: A systematic literature review for services for children aged 10-13 years. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08822. [PMID: 35128107 PMCID: PMC8810366 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Del Casale A, Modesti MN, Lai C, Ciacchella C, Veneziani G, Barchielli B, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, Pompili M. Calls to the anti-violence number in Italy during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation and trend analyses of violence reports during 2020. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:2503-2510. [PMID: 35802171 PMCID: PMC9263036 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that during the 2020 pandemic there has been a significant change along the year, depending on the SARS-CoV-2 impact on the population and varying difficulties implied in the norms that were adopted to embank the pandemic. Our objectives were to verify how the phenomenon of domestic violence has evolved and changed along 2020, and to clarify if these changes were correlated to the evolution of the pandemic. METHODS Though the analysis of the number of daily calls from women to the national anti-violence number and the parameters related to COVID-19 pandemic (daily cases, deaths, hospitalizations, and admissions in ICU), a positive correlation was found between daily deaths due to COVID-19 and the number of calls to the anti-violence number, while daily hospitalizations and admissions in ICU negatively correlated with calls of women reporting at the national anti-violence number. RESULTS The number of daily calls from women reporting at the national anti-violence number positively correlated with the number of quarantined people shifted of 30 days from the beginning of isolation at home, as well. We also analyzed temporal trends of daily calls from women to the national anti-violence number from 25th of February 2020 to 31st of December 2020. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of an active anti-violence telephone service and may help in developing a strategy to improve anti-violence facilities, especially during crises, such as specific sources of psychological support for women who have survived violence episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Casale
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. .,Unit of Psychiatry, 'Sant'Andrea' University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Nicole Modesti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Lai
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciacchella
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Veneziani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Barchielli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Zhang H. The Influence of the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Violence in China. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:733-743. [PMID: 32921903 PMCID: PMC7473410 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented outbreak and continuous spread of the COVID-19 virus starting in December 2019 resulted in a strict lockdown and nationwide long-term home isolation, which has possibly led to increased levels of family violence in China. This commentary aims to explore two issues related to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family violence in China, with intimate partner violence as its most common form. These two issues are whether the COVID-19 pandemic has indeed had a negative impact on family violence and, if so, what its specific influences upon family violence in China have been. This commentary is largely descriptive and based upon previously published literature and public statistical reports from newspaper, government, and criminal justice sources on family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Despite the lack of relevant and accurate nationwide statistics on family violence in China, multiple reports seem to suggest that family violence has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. This increase in family violence may be primarily due to the large-scale lockdown that aggravates family conflicts, economic distress and tension caused by the pandemic among family members, and inadequate support for victims of family violence during the pandemic. Family violence has become an important social issue that needs to be dealt properly and swiftly during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Both governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as agencies and service sectors, need to be aware of the needs of family violence victims and provide appropriate and immediate assistance to the victims during the pandemic. A detailed discussion of the policy implications and suggestions for future research are provided at the end of this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Juvenile & Family Law Research Center,School of Humanities, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
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Nesset MB, Gudde CB, Mentzoni GE, Palmstierna T. Intimate partner violence during COVID-19 lockdown in Norway: the increase of police reports. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2292. [PMID: 34915874 PMCID: PMC8677344 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In March 2020, the Norwegian government announced a COVID-19 lockdown in order to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. In Norway, lockdown measures included restricting people's ability to leave their home and the closing of social institutions, thus reducing the capacity for victims of intimate partner violence to alert someone outside of their home about violent incidents that occurred during lockdown. At the same time, the restrictive measures forced the victim and the perpetrator to stay together for prolonged periods within the home, and reduced the possibility for them to escape or leave the perpetrator. The aim of this study was to investigate how the frequency and character of intimate partner violence reported to the police changed during the period of lockdown in Norway. METHODS All cases of intimate partner violence registered in police files before the pandemic (from January 2016-February 2020) and during lockdown in Norway (March-December 2020) were included in the study, representing a total of 974 cases. Differences in the number and severity of cases were calculated using χ2-tests and Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Differences in the characteristics of the reported violence was assessed with the Brief Spousal Assault form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) and tested with Fischer's exact test with Bonferroni correction. Standardised Morbidity Rate (SMR) statistics were used to analyse the proportion of immigrants as compared to the general population. RESULTS Reported intimate partner violence increased by 54% during the lockdown period in Norway. Between March-December 2020, the police assessed the cases as being at higher risk of imminent and severe violence. Our findings indicated an overrepresentation of immigrant perpetrators before and during lockdown (SMR = 1.814, 95% CI = 1.792-1.836 before, and SMR = 1.807, 95% CI = 1.742-1.872 during lockdown). Notably, while victims with an immigrant background were overrepresented before lockdown, we found significantly lower proportion of immigrant IPV victims during the lockdown period (SMR = 1.070, 95% CI = 1.052-1.087 before, and SMR = 0.835, CI 95% CI = 0.787-0.883 during lockdown). Also, there were significantly more female perpetrators and male victims reported to the police during the lockdown period. A higher proportion of the victims were assessed as having unsafe living conditions and personal problems during lockdown. Finally, during the lockdown period in Norway, a higher proportion of perpetrators had a history of intimate relationship problems. CONCLUSIONS Intimate partner violence increased dramatically during the COVID-19 lockdown. A range of options for victims to escape from their perpetrators, particularly during times of crisis, should be developed in line with good practice, and with a special focus on the most vulnerable victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Berg Nesset
- Forensic Department and Research Centre Brøset, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, PO 1803 Lade, N-7440, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Buch Gudde
- Forensic Department and Research Centre Brøset, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, PO 1803 Lade, N-7440, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gro Elisabet Mentzoni
- Trøndelag Police District, Crime Prevention Department, The Children’s House, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Palmstierna
- Forensic Department and Research Centre Brøset, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, PO 1803 Lade, N-7440, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Exploring the Linkages between Substance Use, Natural Disasters, Pandemics, and Intimate Partner Violence against Women: A Rapid Review in the Context of COVID-19. SEXES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes2040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and substance use have risen during the COVID-19 pandemic, with potentially enduring effects on women’s health. A rapid review was conducted on IPV and women’s substance use in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid review explored two separate research questions with a view to integrate the literature related to: (1) containment, social isolation, pandemics, disasters, lockdowns, and IPV; and (2) the relationships between substance use and IPV. Two different searches for each question were conducted between May and October 2020 and n = 47 articles were included. Women experience multiple physical and mental health consequences related to IPV that can be exacerbated by public health crises such as pandemics and disasters. Perpetrators may use these events as a tactic to threaten, isolate, or use coercive control. Similar tactics are reported in the complex relationship between IPV and substance use, where substance use can accompany IPV and/or be used as a coping mechanism for survivors. The findings highlight long standing women’s health concerns made further visible during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional research is needed to identify actions required to reduce gender inequities and harms associated with IPV and substance use, and to adequately tailor and prepare effective responses in the context of future public health crises.
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Marchant AD, Gray S, Ludwig DC, Dillon J. What Is the Effect of COVID-19 Social Distancing on Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma Related to Domestic Violence? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 79:2319.e1-2319.e8. [PMID: 34454868 PMCID: PMC9790760 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the impact of social distancing policies on the incidence and severity of oral and maxillofacial trauma (OMT) secondary to interpersonal violence (IPV) and domestic violence (DV). METHODS The authors designed a retrospective cohort study enrolling subjects who presented to an urban Level 1 trauma center in Seattle, WA, for the evaluation and management of OMT between January 1 and December 31 in the years 2018 through 2020. The primary predictor variable was evaluation of OMT during periods with (2020: investigational group) or without (2018 or 2019: control group) social distancing policies in place. The primary outcome variables were the mechanism and severity of injury, defined as IPV, DV or neither, the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the injury severity score (ISS). Descriptive, univariate and bivariate analyses were performed with statistical significance at P < .05. RESULTS Eight hundred twenty-eight subjects; 737 (89%) IPV and 91(11%) IPV due to DV. The incidence of OMT secondary to IPV or DV was unchanged (P = .81, P = .57 respectively). There was a nonsignificant increase in ISS for IPV (P = .07) and no change for DV (P = .46). AIS scores were unchanged for IPV (P = .36). For DV, AIS scores were lower in 2020 when compared to 2019 (P = .04) but unchanged from 2018 (P = .58). At least half of the DV victims were male (50% in 2018, 59% in 2019, and 53% in 2020). Of these, 65% were under 18, and represented the pediatric majority (62%). A nonsignificant increase in non-white subjects presenting with DV in 2020 (P = .15) was seen. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic did not change the number or severity of OMT cases secondary to IPV or DV in this region of Washington. Pediatric males were more likely to be victims of DV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jasjit Dillon
- Associate Professor and Program Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Dillon: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, 1959 NE Pacific St, Health Sciences Building B-241, Seattle, WA 98195
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Naito N, Hirosawa T, Tsubomoto M, Sano M, Miyagishi Y, Kameya M, Okuda T, Kikuchi M. Japanese local government management of compulsory hospitalization for patients with mental disorders and comorbid COVID-19. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 65:102859. [PMID: 34560568 PMCID: PMC8450142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Administering medical treatment or managing quarantine for a patient is particularly difficult when a patient harming others or causing self-harm because of severe depression, a manic state, or psychomotor agitation is also infected with COVID-19. Kanazawa University Hospital is the only facility able to manage such difficult cases occurring in Ishikawa prefecture, a local administrative area in Japan. The hospital has arranged a negative pressure apparatus in a psychiatric ward with two protection rooms. This report describes an urgently established but viable system in one prefecture of Japan for treating COVID-19-infected patients with severe psychiatric symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobushige Naito
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Hirosawa
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsubomoto
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masuhiko Sano
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Miyagishi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kameya
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okuda
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Abdel Rahman DE. Predictors of family violence through the COVID-19 pandemic: Structural equation modeling. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 2021; 21:e2626. [PMID: 33786021 PMCID: PMC7995046 DOI: 10.1002/pa.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been much talk, globally and locally, about family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Family violence has received increasing interest from the researchers in many different fields, while family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak still needs researchers' attention to investigate its predictors and detect the prevalence among family members through this health crisis. This study aimed to investigate the spread of family violence and detect the predictors of it with the applied advanced statistical procedure, structural equation modeling (SEM). The researchers prepared the family violence scale that consisted of 21 items, and applied it in a random sample that consisted of (312) individual. The finding indicated that there are high levels of family violence, violence between spouses, violence from parents to children, and sibling violence. As well as, the findings found that the years of marriage are statistically significant of violence between spouses, violence from parents to children, and sibling violence, and the total score of the family violence. As well as, sex is a statistically significant predictor of violence between spouses. While the educational level, age, and income level did not predict violence (total score or dimensions). Based on the results of the current study, counseling programs to reduce family violence and psychotherapy programs to reduce the negative effects of family violence on parents and children must be planned. Therefore, the role of traditional and online family counseling and psychotherapy must be activated in light of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Smyth C, Cullen P, Breckenridge J, Cortis N, valentine K. COVID-19 lockdowns, intimate partner violence and coercive control. THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2021; 56:359-373. [PMID: 34188336 PMCID: PMC8222883 DOI: 10.1002/ajs4.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
2020 was a year like no other, with the COVID-19 virus upending life as we know it. When governments around the world imposed lockdown measures to curb the spread of COVID-19, advocates in the domestic and family violence (DFV) sector recognised that these measures were likely to result in increases in violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV can take many forms, including physical, emotional, psychological, financial, coercive controlling behaviours, surveillance and isolation tactics. Lockdown conditions provide fertile ground for the exercise of coercive control by encouraging people to stay at home, limiting social interactions to household members, reducing mobility and enabling perpetrators to closely monitor their partner's movements. However, media reports and awareness of IPV are generally dominated by a focus on physical violence and lethality, which are easily defined and measured. By contrast, coercive control as a concept is difficult to operationalise, measure and action in law, policy and frontline interventions. This paper discusses the challenges inherent in measuring coercive control and engages with current debates around the criminalisation of coercive control in NSW. Such reflection is timely as the conditions of COVID-19 lockdowns are likely to lead to an increase in coercive controlling behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Smyth
- Social Policy Research Centre (SPRCUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health UNSW SydneyUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- The George Institute for Global Health UNSW SydneyUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
- Ngarruwan Ngadju First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research CentreUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | | | - Natasha Cortis
- Social Policy Research Centre (SPRCUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - kylie valentine
- Social Policy Research Centre (SPRCUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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Rajkumar E, Mitra J, Yadav R, Hareesh PV, Gangadharan A, Gopika MC, Christa AB, George AJ, Gopi A, John R, Arya S, Abraham J, Rajashekaran L. Family violence during COVID-19 and its impact on mental health of children: A systematic review. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021; 33:75-89. [PMID: 38041435 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2023.2261992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic posed unanticipated challenges that could impact how the family system operates across the world. Restrictions imposed to control the rapid spread of the virus substantially increased violence in families. The current study aims to review violence in the family and its impact on the mental health of children during the pandemic.Method: A systematic search was conducted using keywords in the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and a manual search was conducted on Google Scholar for articles from January 2020 to January 2021. Of the 50 records identified, seven studies that met eligibility criteria were selected for final analysis.Results: Results revealed that family violence during the pandemic has escalated the mental health problems of children, including aggressive and self-harming behaviours. Lockdown restrictions, social detachment, financial instability, fear of infection, and unemployment led to increased parental stress. Parents with a higher level of stress were more likely to maltreat their children.Conclusions: Exposure to short and long-term family violence can adversely impact the mental health of children and can negatively affect a child's present and future life. Recommendations for researchers, mental health practitioners, public health authorities, and other service providers are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslavath Rajkumar
- Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Jayashree Mitra
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Reethika Yadav
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - P V Hareesh
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | | | - M C Gopika
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Anamika Ben Christa
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Allen Joshua George
- Liberal Arts & Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Aswathy Gopi
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Romate John
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - S Arya
- Amity Institute of English Studies & Research, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - John Abraham
- Department of Family Medicine/Geriatrics, St. Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - L Rajashekaran
- Department of Folklore & Tribal Studies, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
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Cortis N, Smyth C, valentine K, Breckenridge J, Cullen P. Adapting Service Delivery during COVID-19: Experiences of Domestic Violence Practitioners. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK 2021; 51:1779-1798. [PMID: 34393655 PMCID: PMC8344860 DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 rapidly altered patterns of domestic and family violence, increasing the complexity of women's needs, and presenting new barriers to service use. This article examines service responses in Australia, exploring practitioners' accounts of adapting service delivery models in the early months of the pandemic. Data from a qualitatively enriched online survey of practitioners (n = 100) show the ways services rapidly shifted to engage with clients via remote, technology-mediated modes, as physical distancing requirements triggered rapid expansion in the use of phone, email, video calls and messaging, and many face-to-face interventions temporarily ceased. Many practitioners and service managers found that remote service delivery improved accessibility and efficiency. Others expressed concerns about their capacity to assess risk without face-to-face contact, and were unsure whether new service modalities would meet the needs of all client groups and reflect best practice. Findings attest to practitioners' mixed experiences during this period of rapid service innovation and change, and underline the importance of monitoring emerging approaches to establish which service adaptations are effective for different groups of people, and to determine good practice for combining remote and face-to-face service options in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cortis
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence to Associate Professor Natasha Cortis, Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Ciara Smyth
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kylie valentine
- Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jan Breckenridge
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Reflexiones sobre la violencia de género durante el confinamiento causado por Covid-19. REVISTA DIGITAL INTERNACIONAL DE PSICOLOGÍA Y CIENCIA SOCIAL 2021. [DOI: 10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.7.2.2021.358.181-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Durante el periodo de confinamiento en España, de marzo a junio de 2020, las mujeres asesinadas víctimas de la violencia machista fueron ocho, once menos que en el mismo periodo del año anterior. Además, el número de denuncias disminuyo en 10,25% en el primer cuatrimestre y en 14,62% en el segundo cuatrimestre de 2020. No obstante, se confirmó un incremento de un 41,1% en llamadas al 016 desde el 14 de marzo al 31 de mayo. Lo que en principio podía indicar una disminución de la violencia de género, en realidad ponía de manifiesto dificultades de las víctimas para pedir ayuda durante el confinamiento, evidenciado fundamentalmente por el incremento de la utilización de medios silenciosos. El presente estudio realiza una revisión bibliográfica para reflexionar sobre cómo ha afectado la COVID-19 a la violencia de género. La literatura actual revisada indica que las condiciones generadas por el confinamiento fomentan los factores de riesgo para la violencia de género.
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Nair VS, Banerjee D. "Crisis Within the Walls": Rise of Intimate Partner Violence During the Pandemic, Indian Perspectives. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 2:614310. [PMID: 34816184 PMCID: PMC8594051 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.614310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been a social "un-equalizer," besides being a global health threat. Gender inequality has been globally prominent during the outbreak and the consequent lockdown. Although domestic abuse and intimate partner violence have increased due to chronic entrapment, overcrowding in families, enhanced substance use, distorted relationship dynamics, travel restrictions, and reduced healthcare access, coercive sexual practices have also been on the rise. In low- and middle-income countries, the lack of awareness, societal pressure, administrative apathy, fear of legal hassles, and inadequate knowledge-attitude-practice related to help-seeking lead to underreporting and mismanagement of domestic abuse, which can perpetuate its vicious cycle during the ongoing crisis. India, with its socio-culturally diverse population, has been one of the nations worst hit by the pandemic. With the rise in reports of gender-based violence on the premise of preexisting gender inequality and minority stress, concerns behind "closed doors" are as threatening as the infection itself. With this background, the authors highlight the backdrop of domestic violence as a "hidden pandemic" during the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis, drawing on perspectives from India and briefly reviewing the data from other nations. The role of mental health education and digital literacy as mitigating strategies is subsequently discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundharaa S. Nair
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Debanjan Banerjee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India,*Correspondence: Debanjan Banerjee
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Piquero AR, Jennings WG, Jemison E, Kaukinen C, Knaul FM. Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2021; 74:101806. [PMID: 36281275 PMCID: PMC9582712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review was to estimate the effect of COVID-19-related restrictions (i.e., stay at home orders, lockdown orders) on reported incidents of domestic violence. METHODS A systematic review of articles was conducted in various databases and a meta-analysis was also performed. The search was carried out based on conventional scientific standards that are outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and studies needed to meet certain criteria. RESULTS Analyses were conducted with a random effects restricted maximum likelihood model. Eighteen empirical studies (and 37 estimates) that met the general inclusion criteria were used. Results showed that most study estimates were indicative of an increase in domestic violence post-lockdowns. The overall mean effect size was 0.66 (CI: 0.08-1.24). The effects were stronger when only US studies were considered. CONCLUSION Incidents of domestic violence increased in response to stay-at-home/lockdown orders, a finding that is based on several studies from different cities, states, and several countries around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Piquero
- University of Miami, Department of Sociology, 5202 University Drive, Merrick Building, Rm 120, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
- Monash University, Criminology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wesley G Jennings
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Criminal Justice & Legal Studies, The University of Mississippi, 84 Dormitory Row West, H313, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, United States of America
| | - Erin Jemison
- Crime and Justice Institute, A Division of Community Resources for Justice, 355 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, United States of America
| | - Catherine Kaukinen
- University of Central Florida, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Health Sciences 1, Suite 311, Orlando, Florida 32816 - 2200, United States of America
| | - Felicia Marie Knaul
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, Pick Hall1541 Brescia Ave Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States of America
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Nittari G, Sagaro GG, Feola A, Scipioni M, Ricci G, Sirignano A. First Surveillance of Violence against Women during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from "Niguarda" Hospital in Milan, Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073801. [PMID: 33917305 PMCID: PMC8038697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women emerges with tragic regularity in the daily news. It is now an evident trace of a dramatic social problem, the characteristics of which are not attributable to certain economic, cultural, or religious conditions of the people involved but affect indiscriminately, in a unanimous way, our society. The study is a survey about the number of hospital admissions due to episodes attributable to violence against women, recorded by the Niguarda Hospital in Milan in the period 1 March–30 May from 2017 to 2020. This period, in 2020, corresponds to the coronavirus Lockdown in Italy. All the medical records of the Emergency department were reviewed, and the extracted data classified in order to identify the episodes of violence against women and the features of the reported injuries and the characteristics of the victims. The data did not show an increase in the number of cases in 2020 compared to previous years, but we did find a notable increase in the severity of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Nittari
- Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, 9-62032 Camerino, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0737-401726
| | - Getu Gamo Sagaro
- Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, 9-62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Feola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luciano Armanni, 5-80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mattia Scipioni
- School of Law, University of Camerino, Via A. D’Accorso, 16-62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.S.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Giovanna Ricci
- School of Law, University of Camerino, Via A. D’Accorso, 16-62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.S.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Ascanio Sirignano
- School of Law, University of Camerino, Via A. D’Accorso, 16-62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.S.); (G.R.); (A.S.)
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Lindau ST, Makelarski JA, Boyd K, Doyle KE, Haider S, Kumar S, Lee NK, Pinkerton E, Tobin M, Vu M, Wroblewski KE, Lengyel E. Change in Health-Related Socioeconomic Risk Factors and Mental Health During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey of U.S. Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:502-513. [PMID: 33818123 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During a pandemic, women may be especially vulnerable to secondary health problems driven by its social and economic effects. We examined the relationship between changes in health-related socioeconomic risks (HRSRs) and mental health. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 3,200 women aged 18-90 years was conducted in April 2020 using a quota-based sample from a national panel (88% cooperation rate). Patterns of change in HRSRs (food insecurity, housing instability, interpersonal violence, and difficulties with utilities and transportation) were described. Weighted, multivariate logistic regression was used to model the odds of depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress symptoms among those with and without incident or worsening HRSRs. Results: More than 40% of women had one or more prepandemic HRSRs. In the early pandemic phase, 49% of all women, including 29% with no prepandemic HRSRs, had experienced incident or worsening HRSRs. By April 2020, the rates of depression and anxiety were twice that of prepandemic benchmarks (29%); 17% of women had symptoms of traumatic stress. The odds of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms were two to three times higher among women who reported at least one incident or worsening HRSR; this finding was similar for women with and without prepandemic HRSRs. Conclusions: Increased health-related socioeconomic vulnerability among U.S. women early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was prevalent and associated with alarmingly high rates of mental health problems. Pandemic-related mental health needs are likely to be much greater than currently available resources, especially for vulnerable women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tessler Lindau
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine-Geriatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer A Makelarski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Benedictine University, College of Education and Health Services, Lisle, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly Boyd
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kate E Doyle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sadia Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shivani Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nita Karnik Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - El Pinkerton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marie Tobin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Milkie Vu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen E Wroblewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ernst Lengyel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Thurston AM, Stöckl H, Ranganathan M. Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e004377. [PMID: 33958379 PMCID: PMC8112410 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disasters triggered by climate and other natural hazards are increasing in frequency, severity and duration worldwide. Disasters disproportionately impact women and girls, with some evidence suggesting that violence against women and girls (VAWG) increases in disaster settings. Suggested risk factors for postdisaster VAWG include increased life stressors, failure of law enforcement, exposure to high-risk environments, exacerbation of existing gender inequalities and unequal social norms. We aim to systematically appraise the global literature on the association between disasters from natural hazards and VAWG. METHODS We conducted a systematic review using the following databases: Embase, Global Health, Medline, PubMed and Social Policy and Practice and searched grey literature. We included quantitative, qualitative or mixed-methods studies published in English language that examined the association between disasters from natural hazards and VAWG. We summarised the findings using a narrative synthesis approach. RESULTS Of 555 non-duplicate records, we included a total of 37 quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies. Among the quantitative studies, eight studies found a positive association between disaster exposure and increased VAWG, and four additional studies found positive associations with some violence types but not others. Qualitative findings offered insights into three hypothesised pathways: disaster exposure associated with (1) an increase of stressors that trigger VAWG; (2) an increase of enabling environments for VAWG and (3) an exacerbation of underlying drivers of VAWG. CONCLUSION As the first known global systematic review on the relationship between disasters from natural hazards and VAWG, this review contributes to the evidence base. We were limited by the quality of quantitative studies, specifically study designs, the measurement of variables and geographic scope. The severe health consequences of VAWG and increasing frequency of extreme events means that rigorously designed and better quality studies are needed to inform evidence-based policies and safeguard women and girls during and after disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Mari Thurston
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Heidi Stöckl
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Meghna Ranganathan
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Adibelli D, Sümen A, Teskereci G. Domestic violence against women during the Covid-19 pandemic: Turkey sample. Health Care Women Int 2021; 42:335-350. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1885408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Adibelli
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Akdeniz University Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Adem Sümen
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Akdeniz University Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Teskereci
- Department of Women Health Nursing, Akdeniz University Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
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Sheek-Hussein M, Abu-Zidan FM, Stip E. Disaster management of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Emerg Med 2021; 14:19. [PMID: 33761863 PMCID: PMC7988636 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-021-00342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a suboptimal response to this threatening global disaster, including the response to the psychological impact. Both the economic hardship and the continuous media coverage of alarming news have exacerbated this effect which also includes increased domestic violence. AIM To address this important aspect of disaster management and provide recommendations on how to mitigate these effects. METHODS This is a narrative review written by three experts in community medicine, disaster medicine and psychiatry reflecting the interdisciplinary approach in managing disasters. Selected important papers, personal published papers, PUBMED articles and media news related to the disaster management of the psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic were collected over the last year, critically appraised and used in writing this manuscript. RESULTS The COVID-19 pandemic causes major emotional distress. Lack of effective treatments and availability of the current vaccines for this virus increases the fear of being infected and infecting others. Negative emotions are common and are related to adjustment but may progress in the long term to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress syndrome. The COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on mental health. The most common distress reactions include anxiety, insomnia, perception of insecurity, anger, fear of illness, and risky behaviors. Patients having mental disorders are vulnerable during the pandemic because of (1) somatic vulnerability, (2) cognitive and behavioral vulnerability, (3) psychosocial vulnerability, and (4) disruption to psychiatric care. Psychiatric wards, which are commonly separate from main hospitals, should be included in the disaster management plans. Acute care physicians carry the psychological and ethical impact of difficult triage decisions when ending the support of some patients to save others. A combination of fear and guilt may overcome normal human tolerance levels in vulnerable health workers. The moral injuries can be carried for a long time. CONCLUSIONS Addressing the psychological effects is an essential component of disaster management of infectious pandemics. This should be implemented through the whole spectrum of disaster management including preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamud Sheek-Hussein
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emmanuel Stip
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Maleitzke T, Pumberger M, Gerlach UA, Herrmann C, Slagman A, Henriksen LS, von Mauchenheim F, Hüttermann N, Santos AN, Fleckenstein FN, Rauch G, Märdian S, Perka C, Stöckle U, Möckel M, Lindner T, Winkler T. Impact of the COVID-19 shutdown on orthopedic trauma numbers and patterns in an academic Level I Trauma Center in Berlin, Germany. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246956. [PMID: 33592046 PMCID: PMC7886210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of drastic shutdown measures worldwide. While quarantine, self-isolation and shutdown laws helped to effectively contain and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the impact of COVID-19 shutdowns on trauma care in emergency departments (EDs) remains elusive. METHODS All ED patient records from the 35-day COVID-19 shutdown (SHUTDOWN) period were retrospectively compared to a calendar-matched control period in 2019 (CTRL) as well as to a pre (PRE)- and post (POST)-shutdown period in an academic Level I Trauma Center in Berlin, Germany. Total patient and orthopedic trauma cases and contacts as well as trauma causes and injury patterns were evaluated during respective periods regarding absolute numbers, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and risk ratios (RRs). FINDINGS Daily total patient cases (SHUTDOWN vs. CTRL, 106.94 vs. 167.54) and orthopedic trauma cases (SHUTDOWN vs. CTRL, 30.91 vs. 52.06) decreased during the SHUTDOWN compared to the CTRL period with IRRs of 0.64 and 0.59. While absolute numbers decreased for most trauma causes during the SHUTDOWN period, we observed increased incidence proportions of household injuries and bicycle accidents with RRs of 1.31 and 1.68 respectively. An RR of 2.41 was observed for injuries due to domestic violence. We further recorded increased incidence proportions of acute and regular substance abuse during the SHUTDOWN period with RRs of 1.63 and 3.22, respectively. CONCLUSIONS While we observed a relevant decrease in total patient cases, relative proportions of specific trauma causes and injury patterns increased during the COVID-19 shutdown in Berlin, Germany. As government programs offered prompt financial aid during the pandemic to individuals and businesses, additional social support may be considered for vulnerable domestic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazio Maleitzke
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Undine A. Gerlach
- Division of Emergency and Acute Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Virchow-Klinikum, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Herrmann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Slagman
- Division of Emergency and Acute Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Virchow-Klinikum, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louise S. Henriksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Hüttermann
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anabel N. Santos
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian N. Fleckenstein
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geraldine Rauch
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Märdian
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stöckle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Möckel
- Division of Emergency and Acute Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Virchow-Klinikum, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Division of Emergency and Acute Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Virchow-Klinikum, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Winkler
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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