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Khosraviani V, Ip EJ, Li SA, Khosraviani A, Cariaga J, Caballero J, Lor K, Acree L, Echibe C, Barnett MJ. Changes in perceived stress and food or housing insecurity associated with COVID-19 in doctor of pharmacy students: A pre- and current- COVID-19 survey. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 13:100391. [PMID: 38174290 PMCID: PMC10762449 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted everyday life for most individuals, including students. Unique COVID-19 stressors among students may include virtual learning, mental stress, and being socially distanced from classmates. Studies examining the impact of COVID-19 on stress and lifestyle changes among pharmacy students are limited. Objective The primary purpose of this study was to compare stress and food or housing insecurity changes associated with COVID-19 in U.S. Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students pre-COVID vs. during-COVID. Methods A 23-item survey was administered via Qualtrics® to multiple PharmD programs across the U.S. in pre-COVID-19 (spring 2019) and during-COVID-19 (spring 2021). Participants were recruited via e-mail. The survey included questions related to demographics, lifestyle (sleep, exercise, work hours, extracurricular activities), and food and housing insecurities. The survey also included a validated instrument to measure stress (Cohen-Perceived Stress Scale). Results from 2021 were compared to a similar national survey serendipitously administered prior to COVID-19 in Spring 2019. Results Pre- and COVID-19 analytical cohorts included 278 and 138 participants, respectively. While pre-COVID-19 students were slightly older (29.9 ± 4.7 vs. 27.7 ± 4.2, p ≤0.001), relative to COVID-19 students, other demographic factors were similar. No significant difference was observed in reported stress levels (PSS = 20.0 ± 6.3 vs. 19.7 ± 6.2, p = 0.610) between time periods. Significant differences in food (53.2% vs. 51.4%, p = 0.731) and housing (45.0% vs. 47.1%, p = 0.680) insecurity were also not seen. Conclusions These findings highlight that PharmD students' perceived stress and food and housing insecurities due to COVID-19 may have been minimal. Additional studies on pharmacy students should be conducted to validate these results. These results may help inform policymakers and stakeholders during the early stages of any future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vista Khosraviani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of the Pacific School Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, 751 Brookside Rd, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Eric J. Ip
- Department of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandy A. Li
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Armon Khosraviani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Janessa Cariaga
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Joshua Caballero
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 250 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kajua Lor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Pharmacy School, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lindsay Acree
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Charleston School of Pharmacy, 2300 MacCorkle Ave SE, Charleston, WV 25396, USA
| | - Chinwe Echibe
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Barnett
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Dr, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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Aragón-Cruz W, Laura-Chauca S, Gómez-Bailón P, Fuentes-López J, Barrientos-Paredes K, Bedoya-Gonzales M, Yucra-Mamani Y, Flores-Gutiérrez C, Cossio-Bolaños M, Gomez-Campos R. Comparison of happiness in students of a public and private university in Peru. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:184. [PMID: 37546012 PMCID: PMC10402821 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1485_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Happiness is a positive component of mental well-being. In young university students, it is linked to ideals in many areas, such as physical health, mental health, harmonious inter-personal relationships, academic performance, and professional success. The aim of the study was to compare the happiness of university students from a state and private university according to professional areas and age range. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study with selected 312 university students was conducted. The age range was from 17 to 32 years. The two professional areas surveyed were health sciences and engineering. Happiness was measured using a scale with 11 questions and four dimensions [1: Positive sense of life (three questions), 2: Satisfaction with life (three questions), 3: Personal fulfilment (two questions), and 4: Joy of living (three questions)]. The normality of the data was verified. Differences between sexes, areas, universities and ages were verified by t-test for independent samples. Differences between age ranges were verified by Anova. RESULTS This study showed that there were no differences in happiness between EU and UP students when compared by gender, professional area, and age ranges. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that during the period of university studies, happiness values remain stable in both types of universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker Aragón-Cruz
- Instituto de Investigación Social y Empresarial (IDISEM), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - Sonia Laura-Chauca
- Instituto de Investigación Social y Empresarial (IDISEM), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - Percy Gómez-Bailón
- Instituto de Investigación Social y Empresarial (IDISEM), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - José Fuentes-López
- Escuela Profesional de Educación Física, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - Katia Barrientos-Paredes
- Instituto de Investigación Social y Empresarial (IDISEM), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - María Bedoya-Gonzales
- Instituto de Investigación Social y Empresarial (IDISEM), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - Yudi Yucra-Mamani
- Instituto de Investigación Social y Empresarial (IDISEM), Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
| | - Claudia Flores-Gutiérrez
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias y Tecnologías Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación CINEMAROS, Arequipa, Perú
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Rossana Gomez-Campos
- Departamento de Diversidad e Inclusividad Educativa, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Carim CA, Keller NE, Greene GG, Pitchford KD, Solh TM, Miller PM. Substance Use Among Physician Assistant Students: A National Study on the Prevalence of Alcohol, Tobacco, Illicit Substances, and Medication Use. J Physician Assist Educ 2023; 34:91-97. [PMID: 37126096 DOI: 10.1097/jpa.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to discover the substance use prevalence among physician assistant students (PA-S) compared with the age-relevant general US population and to examine the frequency of stress, burnout, anxiety, and depression during the didactic and clinical phases, while accounting for the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A 20-item survey instrument was created. Self-reported data included demographics, anxiety, burnout, tobacco, illicit substances, and prescription medication use. Outcome-based inventories included a modified Perceived Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Concise. The survey was emailed to all US programs (∼270 programs; ∼25,000 students), with 54 programs approving dissemination to their students (n∼4,760). RESULTS Of the 1432 responses (30% response rate, 96% completion rate), the final validated sample was 1378 students (56.1% didactic, 43.8% clinical). When compared with the national population, PA-S prevalence for tobacco (5.2%) and illicit substance use (9.9%) were notably lower; alcohol (53.5%) was comparable; and prescription medication (7.0%) is only reported for PA students due to the lack of a national comparison. A higher frequency of substance use was observed during the didactic (52.5%) vs clinical (47.5%) phases. Stress was the dominant factor in both phases (93.5% didactic, 86.1% clinical). Respondents reported that the COVID-19 pandemic had minimal impact on reported rates, other than alcohol. DISCUSSION Although PA-S substance use prevalence is at or below the national population, PA programs are encouraged to review their policies and provide conversations and resources for students who may have one or more risk factors and experience a negative effect from current substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Carim
- Charles A. Carim, PA-C, is a recent graduate of the physician assistant program at South College and lives in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Nicole E. Keller, PA-C, is a physician assistant at Faster Care, Sumter, South Carolina
- Gabriel G. Greene, PA-C, is a physician assistant at StatCare, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Kandi D. Pitchford, PhD, is principal faculty and Capstone director at South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Tia M. Solh, MT(ASCP), MSPAS, PA-C, is associate program director at the Atlanta campus of South College in Atlanta, Georgia
- Paul M. Miller, PhD, is principal faculty and statistician for South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Nicole E Keller
- Charles A. Carim, PA-C, is a recent graduate of the physician assistant program at South College and lives in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Nicole E. Keller, PA-C, is a physician assistant at Faster Care, Sumter, South Carolina
- Gabriel G. Greene, PA-C, is a physician assistant at StatCare, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Kandi D. Pitchford, PhD, is principal faculty and Capstone director at South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Tia M. Solh, MT(ASCP), MSPAS, PA-C, is associate program director at the Atlanta campus of South College in Atlanta, Georgia
- Paul M. Miller, PhD, is principal faculty and statistician for South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Gabriel G Greene
- Charles A. Carim, PA-C, is a recent graduate of the physician assistant program at South College and lives in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Nicole E. Keller, PA-C, is a physician assistant at Faster Care, Sumter, South Carolina
- Gabriel G. Greene, PA-C, is a physician assistant at StatCare, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Kandi D. Pitchford, PhD, is principal faculty and Capstone director at South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Tia M. Solh, MT(ASCP), MSPAS, PA-C, is associate program director at the Atlanta campus of South College in Atlanta, Georgia
- Paul M. Miller, PhD, is principal faculty and statistician for South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Kandi D Pitchford
- Charles A. Carim, PA-C, is a recent graduate of the physician assistant program at South College and lives in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Nicole E. Keller, PA-C, is a physician assistant at Faster Care, Sumter, South Carolina
- Gabriel G. Greene, PA-C, is a physician assistant at StatCare, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Kandi D. Pitchford, PhD, is principal faculty and Capstone director at South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Tia M. Solh, MT(ASCP), MSPAS, PA-C, is associate program director at the Atlanta campus of South College in Atlanta, Georgia
- Paul M. Miller, PhD, is principal faculty and statistician for South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Tia M Solh
- Charles A. Carim, PA-C, is a recent graduate of the physician assistant program at South College and lives in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Nicole E. Keller, PA-C, is a physician assistant at Faster Care, Sumter, South Carolina
- Gabriel G. Greene, PA-C, is a physician assistant at StatCare, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Kandi D. Pitchford, PhD, is principal faculty and Capstone director at South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Tia M. Solh, MT(ASCP), MSPAS, PA-C, is associate program director at the Atlanta campus of South College in Atlanta, Georgia
- Paul M. Miller, PhD, is principal faculty and statistician for South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Paul M Miller
- Charles A. Carim, PA-C, is a recent graduate of the physician assistant program at South College and lives in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Nicole E. Keller, PA-C, is a physician assistant at Faster Care, Sumter, South Carolina
- Gabriel G. Greene, PA-C, is a physician assistant at StatCare, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Kandi D. Pitchford, PhD, is principal faculty and Capstone director at South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Tia M. Solh, MT(ASCP), MSPAS, PA-C, is associate program director at the Atlanta campus of South College in Atlanta, Georgia
- Paul M. Miller, PhD, is principal faculty and statistician for South College, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Tripska K, Draessler J, Pokladnikova J. Heart rate variability, perceived stress and willingness to seek counselling in undergraduate students. J Psychosom Res 2022; 160:110972. [PMID: 35728339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to determine the level of stress in Czech pharmacy students using both subjective and physiological markers of stress throughout their study. The secondary aim was to investigate association of stress with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and to determine the predictors of the likelihood of enrolling in psychotherapy counselling. METHODS Design: A prospective observational study. SETTING Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. SUBJECTS 175 s-year pharmacy students in 2016, 149 students in 2017, and 51 students in 2018. OUTCOME MEASURES Perceived stress scale (PSS-10), heart rate variability (HRV, emWavePro), a self-administered survey (sociodemographic and clinical data, likelihood of enrolling in psychotherapy counselling). RESULTS The average PSS score was 18.3 ± 6.7. There were no significant changes in PSS-10 and HRV parameters between 2016 and 2018. There was a significant negative correlation between PSS-10 and LF power (p = 0.012). Female gender and poor health status were more frequently observed among the respondents with impaired HRV (p = 0.026 for female gender and p = 0.025 and p = 0.042 for poor health status). Fifty-nine percent of students would be likely to enroll in psychotherapy counselling, with men being significantly less inclined to participate compared to women (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Czech pharmacy students experience moderate levels of stress throughout their studies, which correlates with physiological markers of stress as well as their overall health. Push and pull factors of using mind-body interventions to manage stress should be further examined, especially in high risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tripska
- The Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Draessler
- The Department of Informatics and Quantitative Methods, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Pokladnikova
- The Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Czech Republic.
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The Mental Well-Being of Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:429-442. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Happiness in University Students: Personal, Familial, and Social Factors: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084713. [PMID: 35457584 PMCID: PMC9032425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Happiness is the foundation of a better life and a goal that people pursue; however, happiness levels among university students are low. The purpose of this study is to explore the main factors influencing student happiness. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in China in 2020. Data on student happiness was collected using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and students' personal, familial, and social information were obtained using another questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between student happiness and these factors in terms of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 2186 valid questionnaires were obtained. Firstly, student happiness was found to be associated with personal factors. The results found that happiness was significantly associated with state of health, the adjusted OR (95% CI) = 3.41 (2.01-5.79) for healthy students compared to unhealthy students, and that happiness decreased with the student's age (OR = 0.79 and 95% CI = 0.63-0.98). Secondly, the research suggested that happiness was associated with familial factors. Both frequent contact with family and a harmonious relationship with parents significantly enhanced happiness with ORs (95% CIs) 1.42 (1.17-1.71) and 2.32 (1.83-2.95), respectively. Thirdly, student happiness was associated with several social factors. Students who performed well academically, who went to sleep early, and who were in a loving relationship were found to be happier than those with poor academic performance, went to sleep late, and who were single, for which the ORs (95% CIs) were, respectively, 1.87 (1.51-2.32), 1.50 (1.24-1.81), and 1.32 (1.09-1.60). The survey identified several key personal, familial, and social factors influencing university student happiness, which can provide an effective measure to improve their happiness.
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Chebabo-Weiner S, Williams SN, Parikh M, Wharton S, Patel T. Development of a survey to assess the impact of substance use disorder education on student pharmacists' perspective. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:462-467. [PMID: 35483812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this manuscript is to outline the process involved in the development and validation of a survey that is optimal for assessing the impact of a substance use disorder (SUD) elective course. METHODS Face validation was performed once the initial survey was developed. Additionally, field validation was performed by surveying a small population of pharmacy students enrolled in the elective course. Non-parametric chi-square test and factor analysis were performed to analyze survey results and measure survey validity, while Cronbach alpha (CA) was performed to measure reliability. RESULTS Student survey responses showed a significance of P < .05 using one sample chi-square test for statements 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 15. Factor analysis identified five factors; however, only three factors were identified as having good correlation. Factor 1 related to students' beliefs about patients with SUD, factor 2 related to attitudes about patients with SUD, and factor 3 related to beliefs about SUD. Factors 1, 2, and 3 have a calculated CA > 0.7, indicating strong internal consistency and reliability. CONCLUSIONS Some of the original statements loaded as expected and assessed the impact of the course in shaping students' beliefs and attitudes regarding SUD. However, some statements did not load as expected, and the survey was modified in order to better assess the desired endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Chebabo-Weiner
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University, 4701 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, United States.
| | - Stacey N Williams
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University (currently at Center for Scientific Review), Scientific Review Officer, Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Mamta Parikh
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University (currently at Biogen Inc.), Biogen, 539 Kinglets Roots Ln, Glen Burnie, MD 21060, United States.
| | - Shayne Wharton
- School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame of Maryland University (currently at UPMC Pinnacle), UPMC Pinnacle, 647 Haralson Dr, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, United States.
| | - Tejas Patel
- Moderna Inc., One Devonshire Place Apt #3309, Boston, MA 02109, United States.
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Castelli V, Plescia F, Maniaci G, Lavanco G, Pizzolanti G, Brancato A, Cannizzaro C. Alcohol binge drinking in adolescence and psychological profile: Can the preclinical model crack the chicken-or-egg question? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:996965. [PMID: 36159952 PMCID: PMC9500321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.996965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During adolescence, internal and external factors contribute to engaging with alcohol binge drinking (ABD), putting at risk the neurodevelopment of brain regions crucial for emotional control and stress coping. This research assessed the prevalence of ABD in late adolescent students of Southern Italy and characterized their psychological profile and drinking motives. Translational effects of alcohol binge drinking in the animal model were also studied. Seven hundred and fifty-nine high school students of both sexes (aged 18-20) were recruited. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C), Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised Short Form, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-Third Ed., State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Basic Self-Esteem Scale identified alcohol habits, drinking motives, and psychopathological profile. Eighty-five percentage of the students drank alcohol and 28% of them engaged in ABD; AUDIT-C correlated with enhancement, coping, and conformity motives. ABD was related to a greater likelihood of presenting clinical syndromes and personality disorders, as well as low resilience and self-esteem. Thereafter, in the pre-clinical model, adolescent male rats were exposed to alcohol (3.5 g/kg) in an intermittent binge-like paradigm and tested during prolonged abstinence. Rats were evaluated for anxiety-like behavior, motivated behaviors, resilience, and stress response following a psychosocial challenge. Binge-like alcohol-exposed adolescent rats displayed high integrated z-score for social- and novelty-induced anxiety, altered motivation-driven output, decreased resilience, and a blunted HPA axis response to psychosocial stress, with respect to respective controls. Our data confirm that ABD is the chosen pattern of drinking in a significant percentage of high school students in Southern Italy, and highlights AUDIT-C score as a relevant parameter able to predict the occurrence of affective disturbances. The evidence from the preclinical model shows that ABD produces detrimental consequences in the adolescent rat brain, resulting in negative affect, emotional dysregulation, and aberrant stress response, pointing to decreasing excessive alcohol drinking as a primary goal for the global act for brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Castelli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fulvio Plescia
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maniaci
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lavanco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Brancato
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Allen HK, Lilly F, Green KM, Zanjani F, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Substance use and mental health problems among graduate students: Individual and program-level correlates. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:65-73. [PMID: 32101098 PMCID: PMC7483200 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1725020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated variation in substance use and mental health among graduate student subgroups. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 2,683 master's and doctoral students completed an online survey in October 2017. METHODS Subgroup variation in behavioral health by demographic and program characteristics, particularly degree type and academic discipline, was explored. RESULTS Compared with academic doctoral students (ie, PhD students), professional doctoral students (ie, MD, JD, etc.) were significantly more likely to report high stress levels and moderate or severe anxiety symptoms. Master's students were more likely to report moderate or severe anxiety symptoms and use marijuana than academic doctoral students. Students in the behavioral and social sciences, social work, and arts and humanities disciplines were more likely to use substances and report mental health problems than engineering and business students. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight graduate student subgroups who might require closer attention with respect to access to behavioral health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Allen
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Flavius Lilly
- University of Maryland Baltimore Graduate School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Faika Zanjani
- Department of Gerontology, Virginia Commonwealth University College of Health Professions, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, Center on Young Adult Health and Development, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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The video gamer 500: Performance-enhancing drug use and Internet Gaming Disorder among adult video gamers. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ghoneim A, Parbhakar KK, Farmer J, Quiñonez C. Healthy and Respectful Workplaces: The Experiences of Dental Hygienists in Canada. JDR Clin Trans Res 2021; 7:194-204. [PMID: 33754872 DOI: 10.1177/23800844211001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Like any health care practitioner, dental hygienists can experience mistreatment in the workplace. They can be subjected to harassment, bullying, abuse, and violence. These negative experiences can have adverse consequences on psychological and physical well-being and can lead to job dissatisfaction, depression, and burnout. The aim of this study was to describe dental hygienists' experiences related to healthy and respectful workplaces. METHODS This was an online self-administered survey sent to all members of the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. Respondents were asked to report the occurrence, frequency, and impact of different types of mistreatment as experienced over their career. RESULTS In total, 3,780 dental hygienists responded to the survey (response rate = 22%). More than 70% of respondents experienced some form of mistreatment over their career from dentists, office managers, coworkers, and/or patients. Of those who experienced mistreatment, 67% reported losing the respect they felt for the offending person, 55% reported experiencing symptoms of depression, and 30% quit their job. CONCLUSIONS Mistreatment toward dental hygienists can be prevalent in Canadian dental care settings, resulting in negative consequences to dental hygienists' well-being. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The findings of this article suggest that measures are needed to support healthy and respectful workplaces in Canadian dental care settings. This includes but is not limited to 1) training and education for all members of the dental care team concerning mistreatment, 2) enacting policies in dental care settings to discourage these types of behaviors, and 3) providing help and support to individuals who experience these incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghoneim
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K K Parbhakar
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Farmer
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Quiñonez
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Allen HK, Lilly F, Green KM, Zanjani F, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Graduate Student Burnout: Substance Use, Mental Health, and the Moderating Role of Advisor Satisfaction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 20:1130-1146. [PMID: 35400127 PMCID: PMC8992873 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use and mental health problems are associated with academic difficulties among high school and undergraduate students, but little research has been conducted on these relationships among graduate students. The sample consisted of 2,683 graduate students attending two large, public universities. Standard measures were used to collect data on demographic and program characteristics, mental health, substance use, advisor satisfaction, and burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy). Linear regression models evaluated relationships between each mental health and substance use variable with burnout, as well as the moderating role of advisor satisfaction. Students with a greater number of substance use and mental health problems had higher levels of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. No statistically significant relationships between substance use and burnout were found. High levels of stress, moderate or severe anxiety symptoms, and moderate or severe depressive symptoms were associated with increased levels of burnout. Advisor support moderated the relationships between stress and both cynicism and inefficacy such that the effects of stress on these dimensions of burnout were lower among those who were satisfied with their advisor. Graduate students with mental health problems might be at increased risk for burnout; however, having a supportive advisor might buffer this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Allen
- Pennsylvania State University College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Flavius Lilly
- University of Maryland Baltimore Graduate School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kerry M. Green
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Faika Zanjani
- Virginia Commonwealth University College of Health Professions, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kathryn B. Vincent
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amelia M. Arria
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Lee KC, Fairman KA, El-Ibiary SY. Item analysis of emotional exhaustion in pharmacy practice faculty. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:504-507. [PMID: 32336445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary objective of this study was to identify the single question on the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Educator Survey (MBI-ES) that correlated with high emotional exhaustion (EE) among pharmacy practice faculty. METHODS We analyzed data collected from the electronic administration of the MBI-ES to faculty at United States (US) colleges and schools of pharmacy in 2014. For our primary outcome, we used Spearman's rho correlation (rs) to identify a single question on the MBI-ES that was highly correlated with high EE (one of three subscales of MBI-ES). We calculated likelihood ratio statistics for each level of the item with the largest rs with total EE, then converted those to adjusted predicted probabilities of high EE. De-identified data were collected via Qualtrics version 60949 (Provo, Utah) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 22.0 (Armonk, NY). RESULTS The single item, "I feel emotionally drained from my work" (rs = 0.833, p = 0.01), was most correlated with high EE score on the MBI-ES. Faculty who reported "I feel emotionally drained from my work" once per week and few times per week had 62.8% and 93% chance of having high EE, respectively. CONCLUSION The single item that was most highly correlated with EE may be used for further evaluation of faculty who may be at risk for burnout. Interventions for reducing burnout among pharmacy practice faculty are critically needed for sustaining our pool of faculty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Lee
- University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Fairman
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy - Glendale, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.
| | - Shareen Y El-Ibiary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy - Glendale, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There are high levels of stress among graduate students, and stress is associated with multiple negative outcomes among student populations, including academic burnout. Sleep could play an important role in explaining the association between stress and burnout, but these relationships have not been explored among the graduate student population. The current study assessed whether or not sleep duration and quality moderated the relationship between stress and burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy) among graduate students. METHODS A sample of 2683 master's, doctoral, and professional graduate students from two large, public universities completed an online survey. Linear regression models with interaction terms were developed to evaluate the relationships between stress and burnout while examining moderation by sleep duration and quality. RESULTS Participants slept an average of 6.4 h per night, with 62% indicating good sleep quality. Stress had significant, positive relationships with exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. The relationship between stress and exhaustion lessened as sleep duration increased, and the relationship between stress and exhaustion was weaker among students with good sleep quality when compared with those with poor sleep quality. Neither sleep duration nor sleep quality moderated the relationships between stress and cynicism or stress and inefficacy. CONCLUSIONS Improving sleep habits has the potential to lessen the negative association between stress and graduate student functioning. Future research utilizing longitudinal designs is needed to understand the temporality of these associations and the influence of possible co-factors like individual propensity for mental health problems and social support.
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Dey S, Lindley G, Ma E, Harada C, Nakano-Okuno M. Developing a professionalism curriculum on the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among medical students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 10:193-194. [PMID: 31655794 PMCID: PMC7246120 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5d9b.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suranjana Dey
- School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lindley
- School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ma
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Caroline Harada
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mariko Nakano-Okuno
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Yuan BW, Yang I, Simmons DJ, O'Leary J, Lei J, Brunetti L, Asal N, Ezzo D, Toscani M, Barone J. Evaluation of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants by college students at three northeastern pharmacy schools. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda W. Yuan
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Irene Yang
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Daniel J. Simmons
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Jordan O'Leary
- College of Pharmacy; Rhode Island University; Kingston Rhode Island
| | - Jamie Lei
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; St. John's University; Jamaica New York
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Nicole Asal
- College of Pharmacy; Rhode Island University; Kingston Rhode Island
| | - Danielle Ezzo
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; St. John's University; Jamaica New York
| | - Michael Toscani
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Joseph Barone
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey
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Darbishire PL, Devine PS, Proctor AJ, Horner WJ, Hoffman EM, Ott CA, Fuentes DG, Hughes J, Patel PB. National Survey Exploring Drug Screening in Pharmacy Programs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:6576. [PMID: 31065156 PMCID: PMC6498202 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To explore drug screening programs, including requirements, policies, and procedures among pharmacy programs; frequency of drug-related incidents; and types of substances misused by pharmacy students. Methods. IRB-approved web-based and paper surveys were sent to pharmacy deans, experiential education faculty, and student affairs personnel at 135 US ACPE-accredited and candidate status programs. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze the data, identify relationships and draw conclusions. Results. Administrators from 98 programs responded (73% response rate). Sixty-one percent reported implementing a urine drug screen requirement for students, with a 10-panel screen as the most common required screen (72%). Ninety-three percent of programs require students to pay for the screen, with costs averaging $42 per screen. Programs reported an average of 2.2 substance-related events per 100 students annually, with alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, opioids and benzodiazepines most commonly involved. Schools that do not screen reported twice as many incidents as those that screen. Conclusion. A drug screening program can deter pharmacy students from inappropriate substance use. The results from this study can assist pharmacy administrators in evaluating the need to institute or enhance a drug screening program at their school or college of pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Darbishire
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | - Carol A. Ott
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - David G. Fuentes
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
- California Health Sciences University, College of Pharmacy, Clovis, California
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- California Health Sciences University, College of Pharmacy, Clovis, California
| | - Priya B. Patel
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Ayala EE, Winseman JS, Johnsen RD, Mason HRC. U.S. medical students who engage in self-care report less stress and higher quality of life. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:189. [PMID: 30081886 PMCID: PMC6080382 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on student wellness has highlighted the importance of self-care for medical students; however, scholars have yet to identify the extent to which self-reported engagement in self-care behaviors is associated with attenuation of the negative relationship between stress and quality of life during the initial years of medical education. METHODS Using a self-report survey designed to measure self-care, perceived stress, and quality of life, we hypothesized that self-care would moderate the relationship between stress and psychological quality of life in medical students, as well as stress and physical quality of life. An online questionnaire was completed by 871 medical students representing 49 allopathic medical colleges throughout the U.S. between December 2015 and March 2016. The survey assessed perceived stress, self-care, quality of life and a variety of demographic variables. Regression analyses were used to assess interaction effects of self-care on the relationships between stress and quality of life. RESULTS Self-reported engagement in self-care appeared to moderate the relationships between perceived stress and both physical (p < .001) and psychological (p = .002) quality of life. As the level of reported engagement in self-care increased, the strength of the inverse relationship between perceived stress and both physical and psychological quality of life appeared to weaken. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that self-reported engagement in self-care activities is associated with a decrease in the strength of the relationship between perceived stress and quality of life in medical students. Students who disclose utilizing a multitude of self-care practices throughout their training may also sustain greater resiliency and lower risk for higher levels of distress during medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Ayala
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota, 2500 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Winseman
- Department of Psychiatry, Albany Medical College, 25 Hackett Blvd, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - Ryan D. Johnsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, HealthPartners Institute Regions Hospital, 640 Jackson Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55101 USA
| | - Hyacinth R. C. Mason
- Departments of Medical Education and Family and Community Medicine, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, 12208 Albany, NY, USA
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Hanna LA, Wilson M, Hall M, Hanna A. A Questionnaire Study to Investigate Stress among Future Pharmacists by Gender and Year Group. PHARMACY 2018; 6:E75. [PMID: 30044389 PMCID: PMC6164373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed to ascertain future pharmacists' stressors and stress-coping practices. METHODS Queens' University Belfast Year 2 and 4 pharmacy students were invited to participate in an ethically approved, pre-piloted questionnaire study. Section A was the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, Sections B and C related to stressors and stress-coping mechanisms, and Section D gathered non-identifiable demographic information. Data analysis largely took the form of descriptive statistics. RESULTS A response rate of 94.2% (213/226) was obtained. The mean Perceived Stress Scale score was 19.94 [standard deviation (SD) 6.37], with females having a higher mean score than males (20.55 SD 5.67 versus 18.16 SD 7.42). Common general stressors were career choice, employment opportunities, and finance. Common degree-specific stressors were particular assessments (objective structured clinical examinations and one-off written examinations) and the amount of course material. Popular stress-coping practices included getting emotional support from friends and family and using self-distractions. CONCLUSION Stress appears to be an issue among these future pharmacists, and potentially more so for females. While the main stressors are unsurprising, this UK data enables comparisons to be made and helps inform support mechanisms within the university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezley-Anne Hanna
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Melissa Wilson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Maurice Hall
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Alan Hanna
- Queen's Management School, Queen's University Belfast, Riddel Hall, 185 Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5EE, UK.
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Silva RG, Figueiredo-Braga M. Evaluation of the relationships among happiness, stress, anxiety, and depression in pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:903-910. [PMID: 30236427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To present the results of a survey on stress, anxiety, depression, subjective happiness, and academic satisfaction among pharmacy students. METHODS A total of 410 pharmacy students, were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and happiness were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), in May 2015. RESULTS First and second year student's (n = 200) presented higher levels of academic satisfaction (p = 0.003) and lower levels of stress (p < 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.011) and depression (p = 0.010) than third and fourth year students (n = 210). Academic satisfaction, HADS, and the PSS explained 36.7% of the students' happiness. CONCLUSIONS The student's psychological distress, academic satisfaction, and happiness varies through the school years. Monitoring a probable cumulative effect during pharmacy school may contribute to identify students at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Gonçalves Silva
- Medical Psychology Unit, Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Figueiredo-Braga
- Medical Psychology Unit, Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; I3S-Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Al-Shatnawi SF, Perri M, Young HN, Norton M. Substance Use Attitudes, Behaviors, Education and Prevention in Colleges of Pharmacy in the United States. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:160. [PMID: 28090109 PMCID: PMC5221842 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe809160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes and summarizes student pharmacists' substance use behavior in the United States. Current literature indicates that there are problems with alcohol and other drug use among student pharmacists. Although researchers have found variations in the type and rate of reported substance use, significant proportions of student pharmacists were identified as being at high risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). Findings from this review suggest that pharmacy schools should encourage and stimulate more research in order to implement effective screening and early intervention programs in an effort to address this important student health issue.
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Ip EJ, Nguyen K, Shah BM, Doroudgar S, Bidwal MK. Motivations and Predictors of Cheating in Pharmacy School. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2016; 80:133. [PMID: 27899829 PMCID: PMC5116785 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe808133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To assess the prevalence, methods, and motivations for didactic cheating among pharmacy students and to determine predictive factors for cheating in pharmacy colleges and schools. Methods. A 45-item cross-sectional survey was conducted at all four doctor of pharmacy programs in Northern California. For data analysis, t test, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression were used. Results. Overall, 11.8% of students admitted to cheating in pharmacy school. Primary motivations for cheating included fear of failure, procrastination, and stress. In multivariate analysis, the only predictor for cheating in pharmacy school was a history of cheating in undergraduate studies. Conclusion. Cheating occurs in pharmacy schools and is motivated by fear of failure, procrastination, and stress. A history of past cheating predicts pharmacy school cheating. The information presented may help programs better understand their student population and lead to a reassessment of ethical culture, testing procedures, and prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Ip
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California
| | - Kathy Nguyen
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California
| | - Bijal M Shah
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California
| | - Shadi Doroudgar
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California
| | - Monica K Bidwal
- Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, California
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