1
|
Yan M, Pang Y, Shao W, Ma C, Zheng W. Utilization of spent coffee grounds as charring agent to prepare flame retardant poly(lactic acid) composites with improved toughness. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130534. [PMID: 38432276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to utilize spent coffee grounds (SCG) as charring agent to combine with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare flame retardant poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with improved toughness. PLA/APP-SCG and PLA/APP-SCG/KH560 composites were prepared, and silane coupling agent KH560 was applied to improve particle-matrix interfacial compatibility. The particle-matrix interface, char formation, flame retardancy, mechanical properties and fracture morphology of PLA composites were studied. Results showed that PLA/APP-SCG5% and PLA/APP-SCG20% passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and increase in charred residues was favorable for improving flame retardancy. Improved toughness was also obtained compared to PLA, attributed to debonding of APP from matrix under external force as well as plasticization effect of coffee oil contained in SCG. PLA/APP-SCG5%/KH560 and PLA/APP-SCG20%/KH560 showed smaller elongation at break and impact strength compared to PLA/APP-SCG5% and PLA/APP-SCG20%, respectively. The improved interfacial compatibility was unfavorable for debonding of APP from matrix, and both APP and SCG played the role of enhancing strength, thus decreasing toughness. PLA/APP-SCG/KH560 counterparts were actually set as parallel samples to prove that PLA/APP-SCG composites showed improved toughness with weak interfacial compatibility. This study has provided a practical approach to utilize bio-derived wastes as charring agent to prepare flame retardant PLA composites with enhanced toughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, Liaoning Province, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongyan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Weiwei Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, Liaoning Province, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chi Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghonjizade-Samani F, Haurie L, Malet R, Realinho V. The Components' Roles in Thermal Stability and Flammability of Cork Powder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103829. [PMID: 37241456 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analysis of the influence of extractives, suberin and lignocellulosic components on the pyrolysis decomposition and fire reaction mechanisms of a cork oak powder from Quercus suber L. is presented. The summative chemical composition of cork powder was determined. Suberin was the main component at 40% of the total weight, followed by 24% of lignin, 19% of polysaccharides and 14% of extractives. The absorbance peaks of cork and its individual components were further analyzed by means of ATR-FTIR spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the removal of extractives from cork slightly increased the thermal stability between 200 °C and 300 °C and led to the formation of a more thermally stable residue at the end of the cork decomposition. Moreover, by removing suberin, a shift of the onset decomposition temperature to a lower temperature was noticed, indicating that suberin plays a major role in enhancing the thermal stability of cork. Furthermore, non-polar extractives showed the highest flammability with a peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 365 W/g analyzed by means of micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). Above 300 °C, the heat release rate (HRR) of suberin was lower than that of polysaccharides or lignin. However, below that temperature it released more flammable gases with a pHRR of 180 W/g, without significant charring ability, contrary to the mentioned components that showed lower HRR due to their prominent condensed mode of action that slowed down the mass and heat transfer processes during the combustion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ghonjizade-Samani
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingenierías Industrial, Aeroespacial y Audiovisual (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca-La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laia Haurie
- GICITED Group, Department of Architectural Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Edificación de Barcelona (EPSEB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Av. Dr. Marañon 44-50, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Malet
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca-La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vera Realinho
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingenierías Industrial, Aeroespacial y Audiovisual (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pham CD, Dang MDT, Ly TB, Tran KD, Vo NT, Do NHN, Mai PT, Le PK. A review of the extraction methods and advanced applications of lignin-silica hybrids derived from natural sources. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123175. [PMID: 36623624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The global trend of increasing energy demand along the large volume of wastewater generated annually from the paper pulping and cellulose production industries are considered as serious dilemma that may need to be solved within these current decades. Within this discipline, lignin, silica or lignin-silica hybrids attained from biomass material have been considered as prospective candidates for the synthesis of advanced materials. In this study, the roles and linking mechanism between lignin and silica in plants were studied and evaluated. The effects of the extraction method on the quality of the obtained material were summarized to show that depending on the biomass feedstocks, different retrieval processes should be considered. The combination of alkaline treatment and acidic pH adjustment is proposed as an effective method to recover lignin-silica with high applicability for various types of raw materials. From considerations of the advanced applications of lignin and silica materials in environmental remediation, electronic devices and rubber fillers future valorizations hold potential in conductive materials and electrochemistry. Along with further studies, this research could not only contribute to the development of zero-waste manufacturing processes but also propose a solution for the fully exploiting of by-products from agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Co D Pham
- Refinery and Petrochemicals Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Minh D T Dang
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen B Ly
- Refinery and Petrochemicals Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Khoi D Tran
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nhi T Vo
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nga H N Do
- Refinery and Petrochemicals Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phong T Mai
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phung K Le
- Refinery and Petrochemicals Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yargici Kovanci C, Nofar M, Ghanbari A. Synergistic Enhancement of Flame Retardancy Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites through Using Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants and Chain Modifiers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235324. [PMID: 36501718 PMCID: PMC9739078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy properties of neat PLA can be improved with different phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs), however, developing flame retardant PLA-based engineering composites with maintained mechanical performance is still a challenge. This study proposes symbiosis approaches to enhance the flame retardancy behavior of polylactide (PLA) composites with 20 wt% short glass fibers (GF). This was first implemented by exploring the effects of various phosphorus-based FRs up to 5 wt% in neat PLA samples. Among the used phosphorus-based FRs, the use of only 3 wt% of diphosphoric acid-based FR (P/N), melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (APPcoated), and APP with melamine synergist (APP/Mel) resulted in achieving the V0 value in a vertical burning test in the neat PLA samples. In addition to their superior efficiency in improving the flame retardancy of neat PLA, P/N had the least negative effect on the final mechanical performance of PLA samples. When incorporated in PLA composites with 20 wt% GF, however, even with the use of 30 wt% P/N, the V0 value could not be obtained due to the candlewick effect. To resolve this issue, the synergistic effect of P/N and aromatic polycarbodiimide (PCDI) cross-linker or Joncryl epoxy-based chain-extender (CE) on the flame retardancy characteristics of composites was examined. Due to the further chain modification, which also enhances the melt strength of PLA, the dripping of composites in the vertical burning test terminated and the V0 value could be reached when using only 1 wt% PCDI or CE. According to the scanning electron microscopic analysis, the use of noted chain modifiers further homogenized the distribution and refined the particle size of P/N within the PLA matrix. Hence this could synergistically contribute to the enhancements of the fire resistance performance of the PLA composites. Such incorporation of P/N and chain modifiers further leads to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of PLA composites and hence the resultant product can be proposed as a promising durable bioplastic engineering product where fire risk exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yargici Kovanci
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Arcelik A.S. Central R&D Department, Polymer & Chemical, Tuzla, Istanbul 34950, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Abbas Ghanbari
- National Research Council Canada, 2690 Red Fife Rd., Rosser, MB R0H 1E0, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu L, Yan C, Zhang W, Xu Y, Xu M, Hong Y, Qiu Y, Li B. A monomolecular organophosphate for enhancing the flame retardancy, thermostability and crystallization properties of polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Chentao Yan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Yukai Hong
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Science Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Y, Xi L, Yao M, Liu L, Zhang Y, Huo S, Fang Z, Song P. Governing effects of melt viscosity on fire performances of polylactide and its fire-retardant systems. iScience 2022; 25:103950. [PMID: 35281725 PMCID: PMC8908218 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme flammability of polylactide (PLA) has restricted its real-world applications. Traditional research only focuses on developing new effective fire retardants for PLA without considering the effect of melt viscosity on its fire performances. To fill the knowledge gap, a series of PLA matrices of varied melt flow index (MFI) with and without fire retardants are chosen to examine how melt viscosity affects its fire performances. Our results show that the MFI has a governing impact on fire performances of pure PLA and its fire-retardant systems if the samples are placed vertically during fire testing. PLA with higher MFI values achieves higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) values, and a lower loading level of fire retardants is required for PLA to pass a UL-94 V-0 rating. This work unveils the correlation between melt viscosity and their fire performance and offers a practical guidance for creating flame retardant PLA to extend its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yu
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liangdong Xi
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Miaohong Yao
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Linghui Liu
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300 Australia
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang F, Gao C, Yang M. A green intumescent flame retardant system using an inositol‐based carbon source: preparation and characteristics in polypropylene. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Foshan Transportation Science and Technology Co. Ltd Foshan China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lizundia E, Sipponen MH, Greca LG, Balakshin M, Tardy BL, Rojas OJ, Puglia D. Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6698-6760. [PMID: 34671223 PMCID: PMC8452181 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in lignins valorization and development of high-performance sustainable materials have been achieved in recent years. Reports related to lignin utilization indicate excellent prospects considering green chemistry, chemical engineering, energy, materials and polymer science, physical chemistry, biochemistry, among others. To fully realize such potential, one of the most promising routes involves lignin uses in nanocomposites and nanohybrid assemblies, where synergistic interactions are highly beneficial. This review first discusses the interfacial assembly of lignins with polysaccharides, proteins and other biopolymers, for instance, in the synthesis of nanocomposites. To give a wide perspective, we consider the subject of hybridization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as uses as precursor of carbon materials and the assembly with other biobased nanoparticles, for instance to form nanohybrids. We provide cues to understand the fundamental aspects related to lignins, their self-assembly and supramolecular organization, all of which are critical in nanocomposites and nanohybrids. We highlight the possibilities of lignin in the fields of flame retardancy, food packaging, plant protection, electroactive materials, energy storage and health sciences. The most recent outcomes are evaluated given the importance of lignin extraction, within established and emerging biorefineries. We consider the benefit of lignin compared to synthetic counterparts. Bridging the gap between fundamental and application-driven research, this account offers critical insights as far as the potential of lignin as one of the frontrunners in the uptake of bioeconomy concepts and its application in value-added products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao 48013 Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2360 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4 05100 Terni Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101585. [PMID: 34069151 PMCID: PMC8155981 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dai P, Liang M, Ma X, Luo Y, He M, Gu X, Gu Q, Hussain I, Luo Z. Highly Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Lignin-Based Flame Retardant Used in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32084-32093. [PMID: 33344863 PMCID: PMC7745397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We prepared novel flame retardants with concurrent excellent smoke-suppression properties based on lignin biomass modified by functional groups containing N and P. Each lignin-based flame retardant (Lig) was quantitatively added to a fixed amount of epoxy resin (EP), to make a Lig/EP composite. The best flame retardancy was achieved by a Lig-F/EP composite with elevated P content, achieving a V-0 rating of the UL-94 test and exhibiting excellent smoke suppression, with substantial reduction of total heat release and smoke production (by 46.6 and 53%, respectively). In this work, we characterized the flame retardants and the retardant/EP composites, evaluated their performances, and proposed the mechanisms of flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The charring layer of the combustion residual was analyzed using SEM and Raman spectroscopy to support the proposed mechanisms. Our work provides a feasible method for lignin modification and applications of new lignin-based flame retardants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dai
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Liang
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Ming He
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry
University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Qun Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, 230 Scotland Road, Edinboro, Pennsylvania 16444, United States
| | - Imtiaz Hussain
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Yi D, Hao J, Gao M. One‐step treated wood by using natural source phytic acid and uracil for enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardancy. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Deqi Yi
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering North China Institute of Science and Technology Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of their Melt-Spinnability. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081513. [PMID: 30999658 PMCID: PMC6515164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5–20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2–33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3–5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6–37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Javaid R, Sabir A, Sheikh N, Ferhan M. Recent Advances in Applications of Acidophilic Fungi to Produce Chemicals. Molecules 2019; 24:E786. [PMID: 30813221 PMCID: PMC6412211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of fossil fuels is the major environmental issue today. Biomass utilization for the production of chemicals presents an alternative to simple energy generation by burning. Lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) is abundant and has been used for variety of purposes. Among them, lignin polymer having phenyl-propanoid subunits linked together either through C-C bonds or ether linkages can produce chemicals. It can be depolymerized by fungi using their enzyme machinery (laccases and peroxidases). Both acetic acid and formic acid production by certain fungi contribute significantly to lignin depolymerization. Fungal natural organic acids production is thought to have many key roles in nature depending upon the type of fungi producing them. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is beneficial over physiochemical processes. Laccases, copper containing proteins oxidize a broad spectrum of inorganic as well as organic compounds but most specifically phenolic compounds by radical catalyzed mechanism. Similarly, lignin peroxidases (LiP), heme containing proteins perform a vital part in oxidizing a wide variety of aromatic compounds with H₂O₂. Lignin depolymerization yields value-added compounds, the important ones are aromatics and phenols as well as certain polymers like polyurethane and carbon fibers. Thus, this review will provide a concept that biological modifications of lignin using acidophilic fungi can generate certain value added and environmentally friendly chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Javaid
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab Quaid-e Azam Campus, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aqsa Sabir
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab Quaid-e Azam Campus, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ferhan
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maqsood M, Seide G. Investigation of the Flammability and Thermal Stability of Halogen-Free Intumescent System in Biopolymer Composites Containing Biobased Carbonization Agent and Mechanism of Their Char Formation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E48. [PMID: 30960033 PMCID: PMC6401935 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch, being a polyhydric compound with its natural charring ability, is an ideal candidate to serve as a carbonization agent in an intumescent system. This charring ability of starch, if accompanied by an acidic source, can generate an effective intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, but the performance of starch-based composites in an IFR system has not been tested in detail. Here, we describe a PLA-based IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acidic source and cornstarch as carbon source. We prepared different formulations by melt compounding followed by molding into sheets by hot pressing. The thermal behavior and surface morphology of the composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy respectively. We also conducted limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimetry tests to characterize the flame-retardant properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 66% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites compared to pure PLA and indicated the development of an intumescent structure by leaving a residual mass of 43% relative to the initial mass of the sample. A mechanism of char formation has also been discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Maqsood
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gunnar Seide
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Klapiszewski Ł, Borysiak S, Jesionowski T. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Silica⁻Lignin/Polylactide Composites Subjected to Biodegradation. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112257. [PMID: 30428517 PMCID: PMC6266571 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, silica–lignin hybrid materials were used as fillers for a polylactide (PLA) matrix. In order to simulate biodegradation, PLA/hybrid filler composite films were kept in soil of neutral pH for six months. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allowed analysis of nonisothermal crystallization behavior of composites, thermal analysis provided information about their thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to define morphology of films. The influence of biodegradation was also investigated in terms of changes in mechanical properties and color of samples. It was found that application of silica–lignin hybrids as fillers for PLA matrix may be interesting not only in terms of increasing thermal stability, but also controlled biodegradation. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first publication regarding biodegradation of PLA composites loaded with silica–lignin hybrid fillers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grząbka-Zasadzińska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Efficient polymeric phosphorus flame retardant: flame retardancy, thermal property, and physical property on polylactide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Shi X, Peng X, Zhu J, Lin G, Kuang T. Synthesis of DOPO-HQ-functionalized graphene oxide as a novel and efficient flame retardant and its application on polylactic acid: Thermal property, flame retardancy, and mechanical performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 524:267-278. [PMID: 29655146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites with improved flame retardancy has been an urgent task in practical because of the huge benefits of biodegradable polymers. In this work, 10-(2,5-dihydroxyl phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) (FGO-HQ) was used as a novel and highly efficient flame retardant (FR) to improve the flame retardancy of polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites. Contributed by the bi-phase flame retardant action, including the physical barrier char in solid phase and the decreased flammable volatiles in gas phase, the resultant PLA/FGO-HQ nanocomposites presented excellent flame resistance at the loading of 6 wt% FR: UL-94 reached V-0 rating; peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 24.0% and 43.0%, respectively; smoke production rate (SPR) and total smoke release (TSR) decreased by 46% and 83%, respectively. For further confirming its flame-resistance mechanism, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy were employed. Results indicated that the incorporation of FGO-HQ can effectively reduce the evaporation of flammable gaseous product in gas phase through quenching free radicals. Meanwhile, graphitized carbons are formed in the residual char and PLA/FGO-HQ sample can achieve a good thermal stability in the combustion with phosphorus-containing compounds and aromatic structure in the solid phase. Furthermore, the tensile strength of PLA nanocomposites presented good mechanical properties with the addition of FR as well. These results suggested that the incorporation of FGO-HQ FR not only improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites but also without sacrificing their mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangyi Lin
- College of Electro Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Tairong Kuang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Costes L, Laoutid F, Brohez S, Delvosalle C, Dubois P. Phytic acid–lignin combination: A simple and efficient route for enhancing thermal and flame retardant properties of polylactide. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
A series of flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs) containing either phenethyl-bridged 9 or 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide derivative (bisDOPO) were prepared. The flame-retardant properties of bisDOPO on EP composites were characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94 vertical burning, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT).The LOI of the EP/bisDOPO composites increased from 21.8% to 38.0%, and the hybrids with the 10 wt% bisDOPO obtained a V-0 rating in the UL94 vertical burning test. The char residue following the CCT showed intumescent structures with continuous and compact surfaces that can effectively suppress the spread of the flame and extinguish the fire. This was confirmed through both visual observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The flame-retardant mechanism was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry, SEM/energy-dispersive X-ray, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Overall, bisDOPO was an effective flame retardant with potential applications within EP.
Collapse
|
21
|
Spongin-Based Scaffolds from Hippospongia communis Demosponge as an Effective Support for Lipase Immobilization. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
22
|
Lipase B from Candida antarctica Immobilized on a Silica-Lignin Matrix as a Stable and Reusable Biocatalytic System. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
23
|
Costes L, Laoutid F, Aguedo M, Richel A, Brohez S, Delvosalle C, Dubois P. Phosphorus and nitrogen derivatization as efficient route for improvement of lignin flame retardant action in PLA. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
PLA with Intumescent System Containing Lignin and Ammonium Polyphosphate for Flame Retardant Textile. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8090331. [PMID: 30974606 PMCID: PMC6431874 DOI: 10.3390/polym8090331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using bio-based polymers to replace of polymers from petrochemicals in the manufacture of textile fibers is a possible way to improve sustainable development for the textile industry. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the available bio-based polymers. One way to improve the fire behavior of this bio-based polymer is to add an intumescent formulation mainly composed of acid and carbon sources. In order to optimize the amount of bio-based product in the final material composition, lignin from wood waste was selected as the carbon source. Different formulations of and/or ammonium polyphosphate (AP) were prepared by melt extrusion and then hot-pressed into sheets. The thermal properties (thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) and fire properties (UL-94) were measured. The spinnability of the various composites was evaluated. The mechanical properties and physical aspect (microscopy) of PLA multifilaments with lignin (LK) were checked. A PLA multifilament with up to 10 wt % of intumescent formulation was processed, and the fire behavior of PLA fabrics with lignin/AP formulation was studied by cone calorimeter.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A novel halogen-free flame retardant (6,6′-(((methylenebis(4,1-phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene))bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide)(DP-DDM))) was synthesized via a one-pot procedure based on the Pudovik reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide and imine directly resulting from 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 4,4′-methylenedianiline (DDM). The thermal curing behaviors of epoxy resins with different contents of DP-DDM were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry under a nonisothermal condition, aimed to suggest an optimized curing procedure in accordance with the property of DP-DDM. These DP-DDM-modified epoxy thermosets under optimized curing procedure showed high glass transition temperature and thermal degradation activation energy. Moreover, their high flame-retarding performance has been found: the epoxy thermosets with a relatively low addition amount of DP-DDM (on account of the phosphorus content of 0.75 wt%) can reach UL 94 V-0 (Instrumental analysis and measurements) rating with limiting oxygen index value of 34.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sakai
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Costes L, Laoutid F, Khelifa F, Rose G, Brohez S, Delvosalle C, Dubois P. Cellulose/phosphorus combinations for sustainable fire retarded polylactide. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Costes L, Laoutid F, Dumazert L, Lopez-cuesta JM, Brohez S, Delvosalle C, Dubois P. Metallic phytates as efficient bio-based phosphorous flame retardant additives for poly(lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
Ding P, Kang B, Zhang J, Yang J, Song N, Tang S, Shi L. Phosphorus-containing flame retardant modified layered double hydroxides and their applications on polylactide film with good transparency. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 440:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
The use of lignin as a filler for polymers to give composites provides both economic advantages and, in some cases, improved flame retardancy and mechanical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhang
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
| | | | - Yang Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Michael A. Brook
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fox DM, Novy M, Brown K, Zammarano M, Harris RH, Murariu M, McCarthy ED, Seppala JE, Gilman JW. Flame retarded poly(lactic acid) using POSS-modified cellulose. 2. Effects of intumescing flame retardant formulations on polymer degradation and composite physical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
AbstractThe research reported here concerns the synthesis, characterization and potential applications of silica/lignosulfonate hybrid materials. Three types of silica were used (Aerosil®200, Syloid®244 and hydrated silica), along with magnesium lignosulfonate. The effectiveness of the hybrid material synthesis methodology was confirmed indirectly, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental and colorimetric analysis. Dispersive-morphological analysis indicates that the products with the best properties were obtained using 10 parts by weight of magnesium lignosulfonate per 100 parts of Syloid®244 silica. The relatively high thermal stability recorded for the majority of the synthesized products indicates the potential use of this kind of a material as a polymer filler. Results indicating the high electrokinetic stability of the materials are also of great importance. Additionally, the very good porous structure properties indicate the potential use of silica/lignosulfonate systems as biosorbents of hazardous metal ions and harmful organic compounds.
Collapse
|
33
|
Dai K, Song L, Hu Y. Study of the flame retardancy and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester resin via incorporation of a reactive cyclic phosphorus-containing monomer. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313490767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A reactive cyclic phosphorus-containing monomer (ethyl acrylate cyclic glycol phosphate; EACGP) was synthesized in a facile way and various amounts of EACGP were combined with unsaturated polyester by radical bulk polymerization. The resulting flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) samples were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and microscale combustion calorimetry tests. Due to the high phosphorus content of EACGP, incorporation of this monomer led to a marked decrease in the peak heat release rate and the total heat release, an increase in the LOI and the combustion char formation. Furthermore, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the thermooxidative degradation behavior of UPRs and the charring effect of EACGP as well as the UPR char morphology was studied, illustrating the flame retardancy mechanism in UPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China and USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong and USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China and USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China and USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wu D, Zhao P, Zhang M, Liu Y. Preparation and properties of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam with phosphorus–nitrogen intumescent flame retardant. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313489997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethanolamine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (EMSPB), a novel intumescent flame retardant, was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The effects of EMSPB on the flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of RPUF were discussed, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compression strength tests showed that the EMSPB had favorable compatibility with the RPUF matrix and did not deteriorate the mechanical properties of the RPUF. Flammability of RPUF systems containing various contents of EMSPB was investigated by vertical burning test (UL-94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. Results indicated that when the content of EMSPB was 25 wt%, the LOI of flame retardant RPUF could reach 27.5%, and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that RPUF-containing EMSPB had a high yield of residual char at high temperatures, indicating that EMSPB was an effective charring agent. From the SEM observations of the residues of the flame retardant systems burned, the compact charred layers could be seen, which form protective shields to protect effectively the internal structure and inhibited the transmission of heat and heat diffusion during contacting fire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denghui Wu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peihua Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|