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Aguiar R, Keil R, Wiktorowicz M. The urban political ecology of antimicrobial resistance: A critical lens on integrative governance. Soc Sci Med 2024; 348:116689. [PMID: 38564956 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to integrate Urban Political Ecology (UPE) as a theory for identifying under-exposed urban dimensions of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). A UPE lens allows us to conceptualize urbanization as a ubiquitous socio-ecological process and an interpretive frame that could inform AMR governance strategies across related contexts by: a) situating AMR risks in relation to urbanization processes shaping social and political co-determinants of such systemic threats as climate change; b) aligning UPE scholarship with One Health (OH) approaches that address AMR to reveal the under-exposed link of AMR to environmental threats and broader structural dimensions that influence these threats; and c) identifying shared AMR and environmental governance pathways that inform the rationale for more equitable governance arrangements. We delineate a context in which the speed and scale of human activity in the larger context of urbanization, driven by global market integration strategies, impacts human-animal-environmental health threats such as AMR. We demonstrate how UPE scholarship can be leveraged to offer theoretical depth to approaches considering the interdependencies of AMR and climate change threats. We then propose a strategic approach focused on identifying shared governance pathways and intersectoral accountability frameworks to address upstream structural drivers of AM-Environmental threats. The co-benefits of a UPE-informed framework to human-animal-environmental health that leverages enabling policy environments to foster a more collaborative, equitable and sustainable approach to address systemic global health threats are clarified. Just as the concept of "health in all policies" emphasized taking health implications into account in all public policy development, the integration of UPE in AMR governance arrangements would emphasize the need to take other sectors into account through an intersectoral whole-of-government approach that fosters shared AMR - climate change governance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Aguiar
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Roger Keil
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mary Wiktorowicz
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Deiana G, Arghittu A, Dettori M, Castiglia P. One World, One Health: Zoonotic Diseases, Parasitic Diseases, and Infectious Diseases. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:922. [PMID: 38727479 PMCID: PMC11083361 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
When we take into account how the boundaries between human, animal, and environmental health are inextricably linked and increasingly intertwined, it comes as no surprise that the One Health approach has assumed an unprecedented level of importance over the past decade [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Medical Management, Hygiene, Epidemiology and Hospital Infection, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Antonella Arghittu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Dettori
- Medical Management, Hygiene, Epidemiology and Hospital Infection, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.D.); (P.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Paolo Castiglia
- Medical Management, Hygiene, Epidemiology and Hospital Infection, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.D.); (P.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Mendoza H, López-Pérez AM, Rubio AV, Barrón-Rodríguez JJ, Mazari-Hiriart M, Pontifes PA, Dirzo R, Suzán G. Association between anthropization and rodent reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens in Northwestern Mexico. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298976. [PMID: 38386681 PMCID: PMC10883555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The world is facing a major pulse of ecological and social changes that may favor the risk of zoonotic outbreaks. Such risk facilitation may occur through the modification of the host's community diversity and structure, leading to an increase in pathogen reservoirs and the contact rate between these reservoirs and humans. Here, we examined whether anthropization alters the relative abundance and richness of zoonotic reservoir and non-reservoir rodents in three Socio-Ecological Systems. We hypothesized that anthropization increases the relative abundance and richness of rodent reservoirs while decreasing non-reservoir species. We first developed an Anthropization index based on 15 quantitative socio-ecological variables classified into five groups: 1) Vegetation type, 2) Urbanization degree, 3) Water quality, 4) Potential contaminant sources, and 5) Others. We then monitored rodent communities in three regions of Northwestern Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, and Sonora). A total of 683 rodents of 14 genera and 27 species were captured, nine of which have been identified as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens (359 individuals, 53%). In all regions, we found that as anthropization increased, the relative abundance of reservoir rodents increased; in contrast, the relative abundance of non-reservoir rodents decreased. In Sonora, reservoir richness increased with increasing anthropization, while in Baja California and Chihuahua non-reservoir richness decreased as anthropization increased. We also found a significant positive relationship between the anthropization degree and the abundance of house mice (Mus musculus) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), the most abundant reservoir species in the study. These findings support the hypothesis that reservoir species of zoonotic pathogens increase their abundance in disturbed environments, which may increase the risk of pathogen exposure to humans, while anthropization creates an environmental filtering that promotes the local extinction of non-reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrés M. López-Pérez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, México
| | - André V. Rubio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio J. Barrón-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paulina A. Pontifes
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- MIVEGEC Unit, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Departments of Biology and Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Mirza JD, de Oliveira Guimarães L, Wilkinson S, Rocha EC, Bertanhe M, Helfstein VC, de-Deus JT, Claro IM, Cumley N, Quick J, Faria NR, Sabino EC, Kirchgatter K, Loman NJ. Tracking arboviruses, their transmission vectors and potential hosts by nanopore sequencing of mosquitoes. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001184. [PMID: 38240642 PMCID: PMC10868619 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The risk to human health from mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever is increasing due to increased human expansion, deforestation and climate change. To anticipate and predict the spread and transmission of mosquito-borne viruses, a better understanding of the transmission cycle in mosquito populations is needed. We present a pathogen-agnostic combined sequencing protocol for identifying vectors, viral pathogens and their hosts or reservoirs using portable Oxford Nanopore sequencing. Using mosquitoes collected in São Paulo, Brazil, we extracted RNA for virus identification and DNA for blood meal and mosquito identification. Mosquitoes and blood meals were identified by comparing cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences against a curated Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Viruses were identified using the SMART-9N protocol, which allows amplified DNA to be prepared with native barcoding for nanopore sequencing. Kraken 2 was employed to detect viral pathogens and Minimap2 and BOLD identified the contents of the blood meal. Due to the high similarity of some species, mosquito identification was conducted using blast after generation of consensus COI sequences using RACON polishing. This protocol can simultaneously uncover viral diversity, mosquito species and mosquito feeding habits. It also has the potential to increase understanding of mosquito genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Mirza
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sam Wilkinson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Esmenia C. Rocha
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Bertanhe
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ingra M. Claro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Cumley
- Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joshua Quick
- Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Werner CS, Kasan K, Geyer JK, Elmasri M, Farrell MJ, Nunn CL. Using phylogeographic link-prediction in primates to prioritize human parasite screening. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:583-594. [PMID: 38384356 PMCID: PMC10878720 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease has renewed calls for understanding the origins of zoonoses and identifying future zoonotic disease threats. Given their close phylogenetic relatedness and geographic overlap with humans, non-human primates (NHPs) have been the source of many infectious diseases throughout human evolution. NHPs harbor diverse parasites, with some infecting only a single host species while others infect species from multiple families. Materials and Methods We applied a novel link-prediction method to predict undocumented instances of parasite sharing between humans and NHPs. Our model makes predictions based on phylogenetic distances and geographic overlap among NHPs and humans in six countries with high NHP diversity: Columbia, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, China and Indonesia. Results Of the 899 human parasites documented in the Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON) database for these countries, 12% were shared with at least one other NHP species. The link prediction model identified an additional 54 parasites that are likely to infect humans but were not reported in GIDEON. These parasites were mostly host generalists, yet their phylogenetic host breadth varied substantially. Discussion As human activities and populations encroach on NHP habitats, opportunities for parasite sharing between human and non-human primates will continue to increase. Our study identifies specific infectious organisms to monitor in countries with high NHP diversity, while the comparative analysis of host generalism, parasite taxonomy, and transmission mode provides insights to types of parasites that represent high zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S. Werner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Koray Kasan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Julie K. Geyer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohamad Elmasri
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Jato-Espino D, Mayor-Vitoria F, Moscardó V, Capra-Ribeiro F, Bartolomé del Pino LE. Toward One Health: a spatial indicator system to model the facilitation of the spread of zoonotic diseases. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1215574. [PMID: 37457260 PMCID: PMC10340543 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1215574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent outbreaks of zoonotic infectious diseases highlight the importance of considering the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health in disease prevention and control. This has given rise to the concept of One Health, which recognizes the interconnectedness of between human and animal health within their ecosystems. As a contribution to the One Health approach, this study aims to develop an indicator system to model the facilitation of the spread of zoonotic diseases. Initially, a literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to identify relevant indicators related to One Health. The selected indicators focused on demographics, socioeconomic aspects, interactions between animal and human populations and water bodies, as well as environmental conditions related to air quality and climate. These indicators were characterized using values obtained from the literature or calculated through distance analysis, geoprocessing tasks, and other methods. Subsequently, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques, specifically the Entropy and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods, were utilized to combine the indicators and create a composite metric for assessing the spread of zoonotic diseases. The final indicators selected were then tested against recorded zoonoses in the Valencian Community (Spain) for 2021, and a strong positive correlation was identified. Therefore, the proposed indicator system can be valuable in guiding the development of planning strategies that align with the One Health principles. Based on the results achieved, such strategies may prioritize the preservation of natural landscape features to mitigate habitat encroachment, protect land and water resources, and attenuate extreme atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jato-Espino
- GREENIUS Research Group, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Calle Pintor Sorolla, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Mayor-Vitoria
- GREENIUS Research Group, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Calle Pintor Sorolla, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Moscardó
- GREENIUS Research Group, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Calle Pintor Sorolla, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabio Capra-Ribeiro
- GREENIUS Research Group, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Calle Pintor Sorolla, Valencia, Spain
- School of Architecture, College of Art and Design, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Esposito MM, Turku S, Lehrfield L, Shoman A. The Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101646. [PMID: 37238075 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As humans expand their territories across more and more regions of the planet, activities such as deforestation, urbanization, tourism, wildlife exploitation, and climate change can have drastic consequences for animal movements and animal-human interactions. These events, especially climate change, can also affect the arthropod vectors that are associated with the animals in these scenarios. As the COVID-19 pandemic and other various significant outbreaks throughout the centuries have demonstrated, when animal patterns and human interactions change, so does the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens potentially carried by wildlife. With approximately 60% of emerging human pathogens and around 75% of all emerging infectious diseases being categorized as zoonotic, it is of great importance to examine the impact of human activities on the prevalence and transmission of these infectious agents. A better understanding of the impact of human-related factors on zoonotic disease transmission and prevalence can help drive the preventative measures and containment policies necessary to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Marie Esposito
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Sara Turku
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Leora Lehrfield
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Ayat Shoman
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, NY 10314, USA
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Touray M, Bakirci S, Ulug D, Gulsen SH, Cimen H, Yavasoglu SI, Simsek FM, Ertabaklar H, Ozbel Y, Hazir S. Arthropod vectors of disease agents: their role in public and veterinary health in Turkiye and their control measures. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106893. [PMID: 37004805 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks are hematophagous arthropods that pose a huge threat to public and veterinary health. They are capable of serving as vectors of disease agents that can and have caused explosive epidemics affecting millions of people and animals. Several factors like climate change, urbanization, and international travel contribute substantially to the persistence and dispersal of these vectors from their established areas to newly invaded areas. Once established in their new home, they can serve as vectors for disease transmission or increase the risk of disease emergence. Turkiye is vulnerable to climate change and has experienced upward trends in annual temperatures and rising sea levels, and greater fluctuations in precipitation rates. It is a potential hotspot for important vector species because the climate in various regions is conducive for several insect and acari species and serves as a conduit for refugees and immigrants fleeing areas troubled with armed conflicts and natural disasters, which have increased substantially in recent years. These people may serve as carriers of the vectors or be infected by disease agents that require arthropod vectors for transmission. Although it cannot be supposed that every arthropod species is a competent vector, this review aims to (1)illustrate the factors that contribute to the persistence and dispersal of arthropod vectors, (2)determine the status of the established arthropod vector species in Turkiye and their capability of serving as vectors of disease agents, and (3)assess the role of newly-introduced arthropod vectors into Turkiye and how they were introduced into the country. We also provide information on important disease incidence (if there's any) and control measures applied by public health officials from different provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Bakirci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Sebnem H Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih M Simsek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu India
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9
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Stephen R, Alele F, Olumoh J, Tyndall J, Okeke MI, Adegboye O. The epidemiological trend of monkeypox and monkeypox-varicella zoster viruses co-infection in North-Eastern Nigeria. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1066589. [PMID: 36589996 PMCID: PMC9797713 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1066589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monkeypox (MPX) is endemic in Nigeria, but it was first reported in Adamawa state, North-Eastern Nigeria, in January 2022. There are currently 172 cases of MPX in Nigeria, with four reported deaths, and Adamawa has the second-highest case count. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the epidemiological profile of this viral disease. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. The skin and blood samples were screened for the presence for Monkeypox virus (MPXV) and Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) DNA by real-time PCR; the clinical diagnosis was based on symptoms of visual signs of skin lesions and other clinical symptoms from January to July 2022. Results A total of 33 suspected cases aged 1-57 years [26 (79%) males vs. 7 (21%) females] were screened for MPX and VZV. Twenty-four (72.7%) were positive (6.1% were MPX only, 39% were VZV only, and 27% were both MPX and VZV). Most cases of MPX (82%), VZV (69%) and MPX-VZV co-infection (78%) occurred in males. More than half (54%) of those infected were children and adolescents between 0 and 19 years. All patients experienced body rashes and itching, and other clinical symptoms included fever, headache, mouth sores, muscle aches and lymphadenopathy. Over 64 and 86% of patients had contact with livestock and rodents, respectively. Conclusion MPXV, VZV and MPXV-VZV co-infections occurred predominantly among males and children in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Given the patient contact with rodents and livestock, further research on the animal reservoir is needed to highlight the transmission of MPXV in Adamawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Stephen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Faith Alele
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamiu Olumoh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Jennifer Tyndall
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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10
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Nutritional Value of Climate-Resilient Forage Species Sustaining Peri-Urban Dairy Cow Production in the Coastal Grasslands of Benin (West Africa). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243550. [PMID: 36552468 PMCID: PMC9774299 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Along the coast of West Africa, grazing ruminants rely on perennial forage species remaining in uncultivated plots, roadsides, and marshlands during the dry season. To assess the quality of these forages, thirteen drought-tolerant plants were harvested at the mature stage, and the samples were evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and metabolizable energy (ME) content. They are ten drought-tolerant grasses, including: Andropogon virginicus, Brachiaria deflexa, Cenchorus biflorus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eragrostis tremula, Leptochloa caerulescens, Loudetia aroundinacea, Paspalum notatum, Paspalum vaginatum, Pennisetum purpureum, two perennial herbs, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Zornia latifolia, and one multipurpose tree, Elaeis guineensis. Legume species had the highest nutritional value (highest crude protein and ME, and lowest neutral detergent fiber) of the species studied. In terms of the in vitro data, the gas produced after 120 h of incubation ranged from 149 mL/g in E. tremula to 185 mL/g in Paspalum. Z. latifoliaa and had the fastest rate of fermentation, producing half of the total gas in 19.5 h, whereas E. tremula required 49.9 h (p < 0.01). The production of branched-chain fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate) was greatest for E. guineensis and the lowest in both Paspalum species (p < 0.01). The study suggests the need for the protein supplementation of the animals to ensure maximum forage utilization and to satisfy the nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock.
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11
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Naudé W, Nagler P. COVID-19 and the city: Did urbanized countries suffer more fatalities? CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 131:103909. [PMID: 35966968 PMCID: PMC9359513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2022.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we derive a theoretical model of the spread of a viral infection which we use as basis for an estimation strategy to test four interrelated hypotheses on the relationship between country-level COVID-19 mortality rates and the extent of urban development. Using data covering 81 countries we find evidence that countries with a higher population density, a higher share of the urban population living in the largest city, and countries with a higher urbanization rate had on average the same or fewer COVID-19 fatalities compared to less urbanized countries in 2020. Even though COVID-19 spreads faster in cities, fatalities may be lower, conditional on economic development, trust in government, and a well-functioning health care system. Generally, urbanization and city development are associated with economic development: with the resources urbanized countries have, it is easier for them to manage and maintain stricter lockdowns, and to roll out effective pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Naudé
- Department of Economics, University College Cork, Ireland
- RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Paula Nagler
- Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Tazerji SS, Nardini R, Safdar M, Shehata AA, Duarte PM. An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:1376. [PMID: 36422627 PMCID: PMC9692567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth and industrialization have led to a race for greater food and supply productivity. As a result, the occupation and population of forest areas, contact with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors, the trafficking and consumption of wildlife, the pollution of water sources, and the accumulation of waste occur more frequently. Concurrently, the agricultural and livestock production for human consumption has accelerated, often in a disorderly way, leading to the deforestation of areas that are essential for the planet's climatic and ecological balance. The effects of human actions on other ecosystems such as the marine ecosystem cause equally serious damage, such as the pollution of this habitat, and the reduction of the supply of fish and other animals, causing the coastal population to move to the continent. The sum of these factors leads to an increase in the demands such as housing, basic sanitation, and medical assistance, making these populations underserved and vulnerable to the effects of global warming and to the emergence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. In this article, we discuss the anthropic actions such as climate changes, urbanization, deforestation, the trafficking and eating of wild animals, as well as unsustainable agricultural intensification which are drivers for emerging and re-emerging of zoonotic pathogens such as viral (Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Hendravirus, Nipah virus, rabies, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2), bacterial (leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tuberculosis), parasitic (leishmaniasis) and fungal pathogens, which pose a substantial threat to the global community. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to raise awareness and educate people about the science behind and the battle against zoonotic pathogens to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elites Club Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
| | - Roberto Nardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Prophy-Institute for Applied Prophylaxis, 59159 Bönen, Germany
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
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13
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de Glanville WA, Allan KJ, Nyarobi JM, Thomas KM, Lankester F, Kibona TJ, Claxton JR, Brennan B, Carter RW, Crump JA, Halliday JEB, Ladbury G, Mmbaga BT, Mramba F, Nyasebwa OM, Rubach MP, Rostal MK, Sanka P, Swai ES, Szemiel AM, Willett BJ, Cleaveland S. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever among peri-urban dairy cattle in northern Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:1082-1090. [PMID: 36040309 PMCID: PMC9623736 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) are typically only reported during large outbreaks. The occurrence of RVF cases that go undetected by national surveillance systems in the period between these outbreaks is considered likely. The last reported cases of RVF in Tanzania occurred during a large outbreak in 2007-2008. METHODS Samples collected between 2017 and 2019 from livestock suffering abortion across northern Tanzania were retrospectively tested for evidence of RVF virus infection using serology and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS A total of 14 RVF-associated cattle abortions were identified among dairy cattle in a peri-urban area surrounding the town of Moshi. RVF cases occurred from May to August 2018 and were considered to represent an undetected, small-scale RVF outbreak. Milk samples from 3 of 14 cases (21%) were found to be RT-qPCR positive. Genotyping revealed circulation of RVF viruses from two distinct lineages. CONCLUSIONS RVF outbreaks can occur more often in endemic settings than would be expected on the basis of detection by national surveillance. The occurrence of RVF cases among peri-urban dairy cattle and evidence for viral shedding in milk, also highlights potentially emerging risks for RVF associated with increasing urban and peri-urban livestock populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- University of Global Health Equity, Kigali 6955, Rwanda
| | - Kathryn J Allan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - James M Nyarobi
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha 255, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 2236, Tanzania
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania
| | - Tito J Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha 255, Tanzania
| | - John R Claxton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ryan W Carter
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi 3010, Tanzania
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Georgia Ladbury
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 2236, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi 3010, Tanzania
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 9254, Tanzania
| | | | - Matthew P Rubach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Melinda K Rostal
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Paul Sanka
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 9254, Tanzania
| | | | - Agnieszka M Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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14
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Bai Y, Zhang Y, Zotova O, Pineo H, Siri J, Liang L, Luo X, Kwan MP, Ji J, Jiang X, Chu C, Cong N, Lin V, Summerskill W, Luo Y, Yu H, Wu T, Yang C, Li J, Xiao Y, Zhou J, Dou D, Xiong H, Zhang LL, Wang L, Tao S, Fu B, Zhang Y, Xu B, Yang J, Gong P. Healthy cities initiative in China: Progress, challenges, and the way forward. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 27:100539. [PMID: 35854811 PMCID: PMC9286727 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED China implemented the first phase of its National Healthy Cities pilot program from 2016-20. Along with related urban health governmental initiatives, the program has helped put health on the agenda of local governments while raising public awareness. Healthy City actions taken at the municipal scale also prepared cities to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, after intermittent trials spanning the past two decades, the Healthy Cities initiative in China has reached a crucial juncture. It risks becoming inconsequential given its overlap with other health promotion efforts, changing public health priorities in response to the pandemic, and the partial adoption of the Healthy Cities approach advanced by the World Health Organization (WHO). We recommend aligning the Healthy Cities initiative in China with strategic national and global level agendas such as Healthy China 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing an integrative governance framework to facilitate a coherent intersectoral program to systemically improve population health. Achieving this alignment will require leveraging the full spectrum of best practices in Healthy Cities actions and expanding assessment efforts. FUNDING Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund "Healthy city systems for smart cities" program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Bai
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Olena Zotova
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Pineo
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, WC1H 0NN London, UK
| | - José Siri
- Independent Consultant, Urban Health, Philadelphia, PA 19103, United States of America
| | - Lu Liang
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, United States of America
| | - Xiangyu Luo
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jiang
- Office of the WHO Representative in People's Republic of China, WHO, Beijing, China
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Na Cong
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Vivian Lin
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William Summerskill
- Consulting Editor, The Lancet, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tinghai Wu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Yang
- Division for Business Management and Quality Control of Sichuan Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen; National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiong Xiao
- Business Intelligence Lab, Baidu Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Business Intelligence Lab, Baidu Research, Beijing, China
| | - Dejing Dou
- Business Intelligence Lab, Baidu Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Artificial Intelligence Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China and The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Lan Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Earth Sciences and Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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15
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Nascimento Neto P, Procopiuck M. COVID19 in Latin America: informal settlements and the politics of urbicide. GEOJOURNAL 2022; 88:2609-2622. [PMID: 36212198 PMCID: PMC9526205 DOI: 10.1007/s10708-022-10765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Informal settlements in Latin America express pandemic idiosyncrasies, calling global attention to historical problems related to a specific urbanization pattern. This article stresses COVID19 implications in the main urban planning canon: the notion of densification as an urban solution. Traditionally invisible social groups and territories acquire relevance, but now as a source of biological risk. Urban density appears as a contradictory trigger point, outlining new debates about informal settlements and their metrics. Evidence shows that trends in health discourse are striving to legitimize and enhance "urbicides" in this scenario, already underway through State action or inaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Nascimento Neto
- Graduate Program in Urban Management (PPGTU), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mario Procopiuck
- Graduate Program in Urban Management (PPGTU), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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16
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Kabantiyok D, Ninyio N, Shittu I, Meseko C, Emeto TI, Adegboye OA. Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091551. [PMID: 36146628 PMCID: PMC9506385 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria's response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa's preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kabantiyok
- Laboratory Diagnostic Services Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Nathaniel Ninyio
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Department of Avian Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Clement Meseko
- Department of Avian Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Theophilus I. Emeto
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Department, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne, Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Department, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne, Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence:
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17
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Yassegoungbe FP, Oloukoi D, Aoudji AKN, Schlecht E, Dossa LH. Insights into the diversity of cow milk production systems on the fringes of coastal cities in West Africa: A case study from Benin. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, rapid population growth, urbanization, increasing incomes, and changing dietary preferences are the main drivers of the rising demand for livestock products, especially fresh milk and derived products. To meet this demand, there is an increasing number of dairy cattle farms in the densely populated coastal zone of Benin, where the country's largest city and commercial capital Cotonou is located. To identify and characterize the peri-urban dairy production systems in this region, 190 cattle keepers were surveyed, using the snowball sampling method, in four municipalities neighboring Cotonou. Information on their socio-economic characteristics, cattle herd sizes, and herd management practices were collected through questionnaire-based face-to-face interviews. Factor analysis of mixed data followed by hierarchical clustering on principal components, implemented in R statistical software, were applied to classify the surveyed farms into homogeneous groups. Results revealed six types of peri-urban dairy cattle farms differing mainly in their cows' breeds, herd sizes, and daily amount of milk produced. Most herds (88%) were owned by urban dwellers, mainly civil servants and traders, who entrusted the management of their cattle to hired professional herders. Irrespective of farm type, cows were of local taurine (65%) or Sahelian zebu (35%) breeds and were exclusively fed on communal natural pasture. Mineral supplementation was provided to the animals on 42% of farms, with significant variation across farm types. About 45% of the farms integrated cattle production with other agricultural activities, including coconut plantations (22%), where cow manure was used as fertilizer. The herd structure was similar across farm types, with average proportions of cows and heifers ranging from 37.6 to 47.5% and from 13.1 to 19.7%, respectively. With significant differences across farm types, the produced milk was either transformed into traditional cheese (32% of farms) or sold raw (85%). Milk and cheese sales represented 84% of the total farm income for three out of the six farm types. In the current context of rapid urbanization, communal grazing lands alone cannot provide sufficient feed to support increased milk production. In addition to improved feeding strategies, herd structure should be balanced in terms of the ratio between milk-producing and non-producing animals.
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18
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Jangra RK, Llabrés M, Guardado-Calvo P, Mittler E, Lasso G. Editorial: Influence of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) on the Outcome of Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943379. [PMID: 35832810 PMCID: PMC9272110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Mercè Llabrés
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Structural Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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19
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Microbial Natural Products with Antiviral Activities, Including Anti-SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134305. [PMID: 35807550 PMCID: PMC9268554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Currently, only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. These compounds treat bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. This review incorporates evidence from the available research publications on isolated and identified natural products derived from microbes with anti-hepatitis, anti-herpes simplex, anti-HIV, anti-influenza, anti-respiratory syncytial virus, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties. About 131 compounds with in vitro antiviral activity and 1 compound with both in vitro and in vivo activity have been isolated from microorganisms, and the mechanism of action for some of these compounds has been described. Recent reports have shown that natural products produced by the microbes, such as aurasperone A, neochinulin A and B, and aspulvinone D, M, and R, have potent in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, targeting the main protease (Mpro). In the near and distant future, these molecules could be used to develop antiviral drugs for treating infections and preventing the spread of disease.
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20
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Lee T, Paik W, Lim S, Lee SY. Online citizen petitions related to COVID-19 in South Korean cities: a big data analysis. THE ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 71:1-20. [PMID: 35602240 PMCID: PMC9110940 DOI: 10.1007/s00168-022-01133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
What do citizens demand of their governing bodies to cope with the spread of emerging infectious diseases after recognizing the growing danger? What are the similarities and differences in political participation via online citizen petitions regarding COVID-19 across cities with different degrees of pandemic experience? This study aims to answer these questions by examining citizen petitions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in urban areas of South Korea. The pattern of citizens' requests is a part of integrative socio-ecological and political systems with spatial and temporal dimensions. We compare the pattern of online citizen petitions in four Korean cities, namely Seoul, Busan, Daegu, and Incheon, some of which were epicenters of the COVID-19 outbreak. By applying relevant big data analysis techniques such as text mining, topic modeling, and network analysis, we compare the characteristics of citizen petitions on COVID-19 in the four cities, particularly whether (and how) they want financial or welfare support or COVID-19 prevention. We find that cities that experience a rapid spread are likely to have more petitions for prevention than for support. By comparison, cities without such experience are likely to have more petitions for support. This study contributes by tracing citizen and local government interactions in response to emerging infectious diseases by empirically analyzing the related big data on petitions. Policy implications suggest that urban authorities should listen to analyze and respond to the urgent needs of citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taedong Lee
- Department of Political Science, Yonsei University, 105 Yonhee Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Wooyeal Paik
- Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, Yonsei University, 307-2 Yonhee Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Sangyoung Lim
- Graduate School of Digital Analytics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Communication, Yonsei University, 109 Billingsley Hall, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea 03722
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21
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Schrieke H, Maignien L, Constancias F, Trigodet F, Chakloute S, Rakotoarivony I, Marie A, L'Ambert G, Makoundou P, Pages N, Murat Eren A, Weill M, Sicard M, Reveillaud J. The mosquito microbiome includes habitat-specific but rare symbionts. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 20:410-420. [PMID: 35140881 PMCID: PMC8803474 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are known to influence mosquito lifestyles by modifying essential metabolic and behavioral processes that affect reproduction, development, immunity, digestion, egg survival, and the ability to transmit pathogens. Many studies have used 16S rRNA gene amplicons to characterize mosquito microbiota and investigate factors that influence host-microbiota dynamics. However, a relatively low taxonomic resolution due to clustering methods based on arbitrary threshold and the overall dominance of Wolbachia or Asaia symbionts obscured the investigation of rare members of mosquito microbiota in previous studies. Here, we used high resolution Shannon entropy-based oligotyping approach to analyze the microbiota of Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes individuals from continental Southern France and overseas Guadeloupe as well as from laboratories with or without antibiotics treatment. Our experimental design that resulted in a series of mosquito samples with a gradient of Wolbachia density and relative abundance along with high-resolution analyses of amplicon sequences enabled the recovery of a robust signal from typically less accessible bacterial taxa. Our data confirm species-specific mosquito-bacteria associations with geography as a primary factor that influences bacterial community structure. But interestingly, they also reveal co-occurring symbiotic bacterial variants within single individuals for both Elizabethkingia and Erwinia genera, distinct and specific Asaia and Chryseobacterium in continental and overseas territories, and a putative rare Wolbachia variant. Overall, our study reveals the presence of previously overlooked microdiversity and multiple closely related symbiotic strains within mosquito individuals with a remarkable habitat-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Schrieke
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïs Maignien
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, Microbiology of Extreme Environments Laboratory, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Sarah Chakloute
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Albane Marie
- EID Méditerranée, 165 Avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier, France
| | - Gregory L'Ambert
- EID Méditerranée, 165 Avenue Paul Rimbaud, 34184 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Makoundou
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pages
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Guadeloupe, France
| | - A. Murat Eren
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Mylène Weill
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Reveillaud
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Chiuya T, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Ondifu DO, Murungi MK, Wambua L, Bastos ADS, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Molecular prevalence and risk factors associated with tick-borne pathogens in cattle in western Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:363. [PMID: 34838023 PMCID: PMC8627057 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are of global importance, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where they represent a major constraint to livestock production. Their association with human disease is also increasingly recognized, signalling their zoonotic importance. It is therefore crucial to investigate TBPs prevalence in livestock populations and the factors associated with their presence. We set out to identify TBPs present in cattle and to determine associated risk factors in western Kenya, where smallholder livestock production is important for subsistence and market-driven income. Results Tick-borne pathogen infections in blood samples collected from cattle at livestock markets and slaughterhouses between May 2017 and January 2019 were identified by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products of genus-specific primers. Of the 422 cattle sampled, 30.1% (127/422) were infected with at least one TBP, while 8.8% (37/422) had dual infections. Anaplasma spp. (19.7%) were the most prevalent, followed by Theileria (12.3%), Ehrlichia (6.6%), and Babesia (0.2%) spp. Sequence analysis of the TBPs revealed them to be Anaplasma platys-like organisms (13.5%), Theileria velifera (7.4%), Anaplasma marginale (4.9%), Theileria mutans (3.1%), Theileria parva (1.6%), and Babesia bigemina (0.2%). Ehrlichia ruminantium, Rickettsia spp., and arboviruses were not detected. Exotic breeds of cattle were more likely to be infected with A. marginale compared to local breeds (OR: 7.99, 95% CI: 3.04–22.02, p < 0.001). Presence of ticks was a significant predictor for Anaplasma spp. (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.32–3.69, p = 0.003) and Ehrlichia spp. (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.22–7.23, p = 0.022) infection. Cattle sampled at slaughterhouses were more likely to be positive for Anaplasma spp. (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.01–2.70, p = 0.048) and A. marginale (OR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.43–12.21, p = 0.012), compared to those sampled at livestock markets. Conclusion This study reports TBP prevalence and associated risk factors in western Kenya, factors which are key to informing surveillance and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Chiuya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickens O Ondifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice K Murungi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Lillian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. .,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
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Duminy J. Beyond growth and density: Recentring the demographic drivers of urban health and risk in the global south. URBAN STUDIES (EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND) 2021:00420980211014410. [PMCID: PMC10043354 DOI: 10.1177/00420980211014410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Debates within urban studies concerning the relationship between urbanisation and infectious disease focus on issues of urban population growth, density, migration and connectivity. However, an effective long-term risk and wellbeing agenda, without which the threat of future pandemics cannot be mitigated, must also take account of demographic forces and changes as critical drivers of transmission and mortality risk within and beyond cities. A better understanding of the dynamics of fertility, mortality and changing age structures – key determinants of urban decline/growth in addition to migration – provides the foundation upon which healthier cities and a healthy global urban system can be developed. The study of how basic demographic attributes and trends are distributed in space and how they interact with risks, including those of infectious disease, must be incorporated as a priority into a post-COVID-19 urban public health agenda. This perspective concurs with recent debates in urban studies emphasising the demographic drivers of urban change. Moreover, it raises critical questions about the microbial and environmental emphasis of much research on the interface of urban health and governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Duminy
- James Duminy, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK.
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24
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Effectiveness of a school-based programme of animal-assisted humane education in Hong Kong for the promotion of social and emotional learning: A quasi-experimental pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249033. [PMID: 33740015 PMCID: PMC7978358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humane education, which focuses on the cultivation of kindness and empathy towards animals, the environment, and fellow humans, helps children to be less egocentric and more sensitive to the human–animal interaction in ecology. Aim This study aimed to evaluate an animal-assisted, school-based humane education programme that promotes a humane attitude and enhances social–emotional competence for children in Hong Kong. Method A sequential mixed-methods formative evaluation was adopted in the pilot year of the programme. A controlled trial and focus groups were conducted to evaluate the preliminary outcomes and process of the programme and to identify the implementation obstacles and effective strategies. One hundred and ten primary three students from two primary schools participated in the study (55 in the intervention group and 55 in the control group with ordinary formal school extra-curricular activities). Paired sample t tests and a mixed ANOVA were conducted to explore the changes in students’ social–emotional competence in our programme and two typical extra-curricular school programmes. Thematic analysis was conducted to categorise the transcriptions from the focus groups. Results Quantitative findings indicated that class-based, animal-assisted humane education increased cognitive competence (t[24] = 2.42, p = .02), empathy (t[24] = 2.94, p < .01), and reduced hyperactivity (t[23] = -2.40, p = .02). Further analysis indicated that the participant recruitment strategies moderate the impact of interventions on the development of empathy (F[2,104] = 4.11, p = .02) and cognitive competence (F[2,104] = 2.96, p = .05). Qualitative analysis suggested three major themes: enhancement of self-control, promotion of humane attitude, and improvement of reading skills. Conclusion The preliminary results of this pilot study indicate positive effects of the programme. Vigorous systematic formative evaluation on the process and effective implementation should be included in future follow-up studies to ensure its sustainability and fidelity.
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Mangombi JB, N’dilimabaka N, Lekana-Douki JB, Banga O, Maghendji-Nzondo S, Bourgarel M, Leroy E, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. First investigation of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa and viruses in rodents and shrews in context of forest-savannah-urban areas interface in the city of Franceville (Gabon). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248244. [PMID: 33684147 PMCID: PMC7939261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are reservoirs of numerous zoonotic diseases caused by bacteria, protozoans, or viruses. In Gabon, the circulation and maintenance of rodent-borne zoonotic infectious agents are poorly studied and are often limited to one type of pathogen. Among the three existing studies on this topic, two are focused on a zoonotic virus, and the third is focused on rodent Plasmodium. In this study, we searched for a wide range of bacteria, protozoa and viruses in different organs of rodents from the town of Franceville in Gabon. Samples from one hundred and ninety-eight (198) small mammals captured, including two invasive rodent species, five native rodent species and 19 shrews belonging to the Soricidae family, were screened. The investigated pathogens were bacteria from the Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae families, Mycoplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Orientia spp., Occidentia spp., Leptospira spp., Streptobacillus moniliformis, Coxiella burnetii, and Yersinia pestis; parasites from class Kinetoplastida spp. (Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp.), Piroplasmidae spp., and Toxoplasma gondii; and viruses from Paramyxoviridae, Hantaviridae, Flaviviridae and Mammarenavirus spp. We identified the following pathogenic bacteria: Anaplasma spp. (8.1%; 16/198), Bartonella spp. (6.6%; 13/198), Coxiella spp. (5.1%; 10/198) and Leptospira spp. (3.5%; 7/198); and protozoans: Piroplasma sp. (1%; 2/198), Toxoplasma gondii (0.5%; 1/198), and Trypanosoma sp. (7%; 14/198). None of the targeted viral genes were detected. These pathogens were found in Gabonese rodents, mainly Lophuromys sp., Lemniscomys striatus and Praomys sp. We also identified new genotypes: Candidatus Bartonella gabonensis and Uncultured Anaplasma spp. This study shows that rodents in Gabon harbor some human pathogenic bacteria and protozoans. It is necessary to determine whether the identified microorganisms are capable of undergoing zoonotic transmission from rodents to humans and if they may be responsible for human cases of febrile disease of unknown etiology in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joa Braïthe Mangombi
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine N’dilimabaka
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Parasitologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Libreville
| | - Octavie Banga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sydney Maghendji-Nzondo
- Département Epidémiologie-Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale (DEBIM), Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Owendo, Libreville
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-UM, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, Marseille, France
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26
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Quinino LRDM, Vasconcellos FHM, Diniz IS, Aguiar LR, Ramos YTDM, Bastiani FD. [Spatial and temporal aspects and factors associated with the spread of Covid-19 to the interior of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:2171-2182. [PMID: 34231729 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021266.00642021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study involved an ecological study between March and June 2020 consisting of a spatial and temporal analysis of the spread of Covid-19 to the interior of Pernambuco and related socioeconomic factors. Maps were generated from the incidence coefficient by municipality of residence to determine the spatial dynamics of Covid-19. The correlation between socioeconomic indicators and the coefficient in the metropolitan regions of Recife (MRR) and inland regions was studied. This coefficient was levelled, and the global Moran test was applied. The first cases were recorded in and around Recife. The spread of the virus took place in neighboring municipalities and in those served by major highways. The highest incidence in MRR (640.22/100,000 inhabitants) was correlated to larger population and demographic density and lower rate of urbanization and IDH-M. Inland, the incidence (361.29/100,000 inhabitants) was correlated with a larger population, demographic density and urbanization rate, and a smaller area (p<0.05). The areas of greatest risk were concentrated in MRR, but the interior showed areas of transition, indicating a tendency to spread (p<0.05). Being aware of the spatial distribution pattern of Covid-19, combined with the associated factors, may contribute to greater effectiveness of control actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisiana Regadas de Macedo Quinino
- Núcleo de Saúde Coletiva, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária. 50670-420 Recife PE Brasil
| | | | | | - Lucilene Rafael Aguiar
- Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Graças, Universidade de Pernambuco. Recife PE Brasil.,Secretaria Executiva de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco. Recife PE Brasil
| | - Yasmim Talita de Moraes Ramos
- Núcleo de Saúde Coletiva, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz). Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária. 50670-420 Recife PE Brasil
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Al Zamane S, Nobel FA, Jebin RA, Amin MB, Somadder PD, Antora NJ, Hossain MI, Islam MJ, Ahmed K, Moni MA. Development of an in silico multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-COV-2 by précised immune-informatics approaches. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021; 27:100781. [PMID: 34746365 PMCID: PMC8563510 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus family has been infecting the human population for the past two decades, but the ongoing coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 has posed an enigmatic challenge to global public health security. Since last year, the mutagenic quality of this virus is causing changes to its genetic material. To prevent those situations, the FDA approved some emergency vaccines but there is no assurance that these will function properly in the complex human body system. In point of view, a short but efficient effort has made in this study to develop an immune epitope-based therapy for the rapid exploitation of SARS-CoV-2 by applying in silico structural biology and advancing immune information strategies. The antigenic epitopes were screened from the Surface, Membrane, Envelope proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and passed through several immunological filters to determine the best possible one. According to this, 7CD4+, 10CD8+ and 5 B-cell epitopes were found to be prominent, antigenic, immunogenic, and most importantly, highly conserved among 128 Bangladeshi and 110 other infected countries SARS-CoV-2 variants. After that, the selected epitopes and adjuvant were linked to finalize the multi-epitope vaccine by appropriate linkers. The immune simulation disclosed that the engineered vaccine could activate both humoral and innate immune responses. For the prediction of an effective binding, molecular docking was carried out between the vaccine and immunological receptors (TLRs). Strong binding affinity and good docking scores clarified the stringency of the vaccines. Furthermore, MD simulation was performed within the highest binding affinity complex to observe the stability. Codon optimization and other physicochemical properties revealed that the vaccine would be suitable for a higher expression at cloning level. So, monitoring the overall in silico assessment, we anticipated that our engineered vaccine would be a plausible prevention against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Al Zamane
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Alam Nobel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Ruksana Akter Jebin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Pratul Dipta Somadder
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Antora
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imam Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammod Johirul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Bangladesh
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Sahasranaman A, Jensen HJ. Spread of COVID-19 in urban neighbourhoods and slums of the developing world. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200599. [PMID: 33468021 PMCID: PMC7879756 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the spread of COVID-19 across neighbourhoods of cities in the developing world and find that small numbers of neighbourhoods account for a majority of cases (k-index approx. 0.7). We also find that the countrywide distribution of cases across states/provinces in these nations also displays similar inequality, indicating self-similarity across scales. Neighbourhoods with slums are found to contain the highest density of cases across all cities under consideration, revealing that slums constitute the most at-risk urban locations in this epidemic. We present a stochastic network model to study the spread of a respiratory epidemic through physically proximate and accidental daily human contacts in a city, and simulate outcomes for a city with two kinds of neighbourhoods-slum and non-slum. The model reproduces observed empirical outcomes for a broad set of parameter values-reflecting the potential validity of these findings for epidemic spread in general, especially across cities of the developing world. We also find that distribution of cases becomes less unequal as the epidemic runs its course, and that both peak and cumulative caseloads are worse for slum neighbourhoods than non-slums at the end of an epidemic. Large slums in the developing world, therefore, contain the most vulnerable populations in an outbreak, and the continuing growth of metropolises in Asia and Africa presents significant challenges for future respiratory outbreaks from perspectives of public health and socioeconomic equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sahasranaman
- Division of Sciences and Division of Social Sciences, Krea University, Sri City, AP 517646, India
- Centre for Complexity Science and Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK
| | - Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen
- Centre for Complexity Science and Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta-cho, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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29
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Kamalipour H, Peimani N. Informal urbanism in the state of uncertainty: forms of informality and urban health emergencies. URBAN DESIGN INTERNATIONAL 2021; 26:122-134. [PMCID: PMC7720475 DOI: 10.1057/s41289-020-00145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forms of informality—ranging from informal settlements to street vending and informal transport—have become integral, yet not necessarily limited to how cities of the global South work. Our aim in this paper is to explore the dynamics of informal urbanism in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and the extent to which forms of informality can adapt in the state of uncertainty. This paper lies in the intersections of informal urbanism and urban design in relation to public health emergencies. This is an exploratory paper in nature, structured in three main sections to focus on the implications of the Coronavirus pandemic on informal settlements, street vending, and informal transport, respectively. We point to how different forms of informality work across cities and conclude by outlining some key considerations and discussing the role of urban design in addressing the capacities and challenges of informal urbanism in the state of uncertainty facing public health emergencies such as the Coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Kamalipour
- School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Room 2.98 Glamorgan Building South, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3WA UK
| | - Nastaran Peimani
- Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Room 1.33 Bute Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB UK
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30
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Rice L. After Covid-19: urban design as spatial medicine. URBAN DESIGN INTERNATIONAL 2020. [PMCID: PMC7656894 DOI: 10.1057/s41289-020-00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article draws out key implications for urban designers from the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly the relation between urban design and health. The entire world is facing the same acute health emergency of Covid-19 which is already impacting half of the global population, and as the majority of the world now inhabits urban settings, urban dwellers are the most affected. Urban Design already plays an important role in determining the health of urban populations but this relationship is often unclear, undervalued or ignored. The field of medicine is expanding to include all professionals who have an impact on the health of others, and this expanded field includes the urban design profession. After Covid-19, urban design ought to become a form of spatial medicine, whereby the design of built environments positively contributes and facilitates human and planetary health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Rice
- Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, UK
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31
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Moreno-Salas L, Espinoza-Carniglia M, Lizama-Schmeisser N, Torres-Fuentes LG, Silva-de La Fuente MC, Lareschi M, González-Acuña D. Molecular detection of Rickettsia in fleas from micromammals in Chile. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:523. [PMID: 33069260 PMCID: PMC7568392 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rickettsial diseases are considered important in public health due to their dispersal capacity determined by the particular characteristics of their reservoirs and/or vectors. Among the latter, fleas play an important role, since the vast majority of species parasitize wild and invasive rodents, so their detection is relevant to be able to monitor potential emerging diseases. The aim of this study was to detect, characterize, and compare Rickettsia spp. from the fleas of micromammals in areas with different human population densities in Chile. Methods The presence of Rickettsia spp. was evaluated by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing in 1315 fleas collected from 1512 micromammals in 29 locations, with different human population densities in Chile. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to identify the variables that may explain Rickettsia prevalence in fleas. Results DNA of Rickettsia spp. was identified in 13.2% (174 of 1315) of fleas tested. Fifteen flea species were found to be Rickettsia-positive. The prevalence of Rickettsia spp. was higher in winter, semi-arid region and natural areas, and the infection levels in fleas varied between species of flea. The prevalence of Rickettsia among flea species ranged between 0–35.1%. Areas of lower human density showed the highest prevalence of Rickettsia. The phylogenetic tree showed two well-differentiated clades with Rickettsia bellii positioned as basal in one clade. The second clade was subdivided into two subclades of species related to Rickettsia of the spotted fever group. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence and molecular characterization of Rickettsia spp. in 15 flea species of micromammals in Chile. In this study, fleas were detected carrying Rickettsia DNA with zoonotic potential, mainly in villages and natural areas of Chile. Considering that there are differences in the prevalence of Rickettsia in fleas associated with different factors, more investigations are needed to further understand the ecology of Rickettsia in fleas and their implications for human health.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Moreno-Salas
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Mario Espinoza-Carniglia
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores CEPAVE (CONICET CCT-La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicol Lizama-Schmeisser
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - María Carolina Silva-de La Fuente
- Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Chillán, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marcela Lareschi
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores CEPAVE (CONICET CCT-La Plata-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Santana C. COVID-19, other zoonotic diseases and wildlife conservation. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 42:45. [PMID: 33030629 PMCID: PMC7542570 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many experts have warned that environmental degradation is increasing the likelihood of future pandemics like COVID-19, as habitat loss and poaching increase close contact between wildlife and people. This fact has been framed as a reason to increase wildlife conservation efforts. We have many good reasons to step up conservation efforts, but arguments for doing so on the basis of pandemic prevention are rhetorically, ethically, and empricially flawed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santana
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Ingram
- African Forest Ecology Group, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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Naz A, Shahid F, Butt TT, Awan FM, Ali A, Malik A. Designing Multi-Epitope Vaccines to Combat Emerging Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Employing Immuno-Informatics Approach. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1663. [PMID: 32754160 PMCID: PMC7365865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent pandemic caused by a single-stranded RNA virus, COVID-19, initially discovered in China, is now spreading globally. This poses a serious threat that needs to be addressed immediately. Genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 has revealed its close relation to SARS-coronavirus along with few changes in its spike protein. The spike protein aids in receptor binding and viral entry within the host and therefore represents a potential target for vaccine and therapeutic development. In the current study, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was explored for potential immunogenic epitopes to design multi-epitope vaccine constructs. The S1 and S2 domains of spike proteins were analyzed, and two vaccine constructs were prioritized with T-cell and B-cell epitopes. We adapted a comprehensive predictive framework to provide novel insights into immunogenic epitopes of spike proteins, which can further be evaluated as potential vaccine candidates against COVID-19. Prioritized epitopes were then modeled using linkers and adjuvants, and respective 3D models were constructed to evaluate their physiochemical properties and their possible interactions with ACE2, HLA Superfamily alleles, TLR2, and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Shahid
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Tahir Butt
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
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Santiago-Alarcon D, MacGregor-Fors I. Cities and pandemics: urban areas are ground zero for the transmission of emerging human infectious diseases. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian MacGregor-Fors
- Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073 Veracruz, Mexico
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Saxena SK. Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2. MEDICAL VIROLOGY: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO DISEASE CONTROL 2020. [PMCID: PMC7189398 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, arising from novel, zoonotic coronavirus-2, has gripped the world in a pandemic. The present chapter discusses the current internationally implemented pandemic preparedness strategies succeeding/recommended to curb the COVID-19 threat to humankind. The updated phase-wise categorization of a pandemic as recommended by the WHO is described, and associated innovations in surveillance, response, and medical measures/advisory in practice across the globe are elaborated. From a bird’s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. We also preview the economic bearing of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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