1
|
Pilcher JJ, Morris DM, Erikson DN. Self-Control Measurement Methodologies: An Integrative Approach. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:1108-1129. [PMID: 35084257 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211067969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of self-control occurs in many different types of experimental settings using a wide range of methodologies. In addition, measures of self-control vary in their procedures and operational definitions from simple questionnaires to complex scenarios where individuals must choose to act or not. The present summary draws on trends within the literature using widely accepted measures of self-control. The measures are organized based on established paradigms in the literature and focus on three categories: executive functioning tasks, delay of gratification tasks, and subjective-report surveys. We also include an "additional measures" category to capture measures that do not readily fit in these three categories. Finally, we discuss recent approaches to the scientific exploration of self-control and integrate the categories of measures used here within these approaches. This integration incorporates a wide range of research paradigms and provides direction for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June J Pilcher
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Drew M Morris
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Dylan N Erikson
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Testing anxiety's effect on movement planning and correction: Online upper-limb corrections are not completely automatic. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103022. [PMID: 36370619 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Via three experiments, we investigated heightened anxiety's effect on the offline planning and online correction of upper-limb target-directed aiming movements. In Experiment 1, the majority of task trials allowed for the voluntary distribution of offline planning and online correction to achieve task success, while a subset of cursor jump trials necessitated the use of online correction to achieve task success. Experiments 2 and 3 replicated and elaborated Experiment 1 by assessing movement-specific reinvestment propensity and manipulating the self-control resources of participants. This allowed more detailed inference of cognitive resource utilisation to tease apart the effects of conscious processing and distraction-based anxiety mechanisms. For the first time, we demonstrate that: anxiety-induced online-to-offline motor control shifts can be overridden when the need for online correction is necessitated (i.e., in jump trials); anxiety-induced online-to-offline shifts seem to be positively predicted by conscious processing propensity; and optimal spatial efficacy of limb information-based online correction seems to require cognitive resources. We conclude that long-standing definitions of limb information-based online correction require revision, and that both conscious processing and distraction theories appear to play a role in determining the control strategies of anxiety induced upper limb target directed aiming movements.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pretrial release judgments and decision fatigue. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500009384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Field studies in many domains have found evidence of decision fatigue, a
phenomenon describing how decision quality can be impaired by the act of
making previous decisions. Debate remains, however, over posited
psychological mechanisms underlying decision fatigue, and the size of
effects in high-stakes settings. We examine an extensive set of pretrial
arraignments in a large, urban court system to investigate how judicial
release and bail decisions are influenced by the time an arraignment occurs.
We find that release rates decline modestly in the hours before lunch and
before dinner, and these declines persist after statistically adjusting for
an extensive set of observed covariates. However, we find no evidence that
arraignment time affects pretrial release rates in the remainder of each
decision-making session. Moreover, we find that release rates remain
unchanged after a meal break even though judges have the opportunity to
replenish their mental and physical resources by resting and eating. In a
complementary analysis, we find that the rate at which judges concur with
prosecutorial bail requests does not appear to be influenced by either
arraignment time or a meal break. Taken together, our results imply that to
the extent that decision fatigue plays a role in pretrial release judgments,
effects are small and inconsistent with previous explanations implicating
psychological depletion processes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mangin T, Audiffren M, Lorcery A, Mirabelli F, Benraiss A, André N. A plausible link between the time-on-task effect and the sequential task effect. Front Psychol 2022; 13:998393. [PMID: 36389536 PMCID: PMC9643466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.998393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental fatigue can be studied by using either the time-on-task protocol or the sequential task protocol. In the time-on-task protocol, participants perform a long and effortful task and a decrease in performance in this task is generally observed over time. In the sequential task protocol, a first effortful or control task is followed by a second effortful task. The performance in the second task is generally worse after the effortful task than after the control task. The principal aim of the present experiment is to examine the relationship between these two decrements in performance while concomitantly using a sequential task protocol and assessing the performance of the first effortful task as a function of time-on-task. We expect a positive correlation between these two decrements in performance. A total of 83 participants performed a 30-min fatiguing mental task (i.e., a modified Stroop task) or a control task followed by a time-to-exhaustion handgrip task. As expected, this protocol combining the time-on-task and sequential task protocols allowed us to observe (1) a decrease in performance over time during the Stroop task, (2) a worst performance in the handgrip task after the Stroop task by comparison to the control task, (3) a positive correlation between these two effects. The decrease in performance during the Stroop task also correlated with the subjective measures of boredom and fatigue, whereas the detrimental effect observed in the handgrip task did not. Our findings suggest that the two fatigue-related phenomena share a common mechanism but are not completely equivalent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mangin
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’Activité Physique (EKSAP), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Alison Lorcery
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Francesco Mirabelli
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Abdelrhani Benraiss
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Does the involvement of motor cortex in embodied language comprehension stand on solid ground? A p-curve analysis and test for excess significance of the TMS and tDCS evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104834. [PMID: 36037977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the embodied cognition view, comprehending action-related language requires the participation of sensorimotor processes. A now sizeable literature has tested this proposal by stimulating (with TMS or tDCS) motor brain areas during the comprehension of action language. To assess the evidential value of this body of research, we exhaustively searched the literature and submitted the relevant studies (N = 43) to p-curve analysis. While most published studies concluded in support of the embodiment hypothesis, our results suggest that we cannot yet assert beyond reasonable doubt that they explore real effects. We also found that these studies are quite underpowered (estimated power < 30%), which means that a large percentage of them would not replicate if repeated identically. Additional tests for excess significance show signs of publication bias within this literature. In sum, extant brain stimulation studies testing the grounding of action language in the motor cortex do not stand on solid ground. We provide recommendations that will be important for future research on this topic.
Collapse
|
6
|
Carruthers P, Williams DM. Model-free metacognition. Cognition 2022; 225:105117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
7
|
Rüttgens T, Wolf OT. The influence of a glucose administration on stress responsivity and memory after a socially evaluated cold pressor test. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 142:105803. [PMID: 35605475 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional state of participants prior to stress induction via a laboratory stressor has been demonstrated to influence reactivity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis. So far, either primarily psychosocial or primarily physiological stressors have been utilized investigating this effect. In the present study, we aimed to fill this gap in the existing literature by utilizing a stressor that combines both elements, namely the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test. Furthermore, we investigated how glucose consumption and subsequent stress induction influence long-term memory retrieval as well as working memory. In a 2 × 2 design, half of the 72 participants (36 women, 36 men) participated in the laboratory stressor while the other half participated in a control condition after having fasted for at least six hours. Thirty minutes prior to stress or control treatment, fasted participants consumed either 75 g of glucose or stevia-sweetened water. Salivary cortisol levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as affect did not significantly differ between participants consuming glucose or the placebo beverage. Acute stress impaired working memory but had no effect on long-term memory retrieval. Glucose consumption did not significantly influence memory. Our results suggest that the intensity of a stressor might be important when determining the effects of a glucose administration on stress reactivity. The nutritional state of participants taking part in studies investigating the effects of acute stress on memory might be less decisive than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rüttgens
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schumann F, Steinborn MB, Kürten J, Cao L, Händel BF, Huestegge L. Restoration of Attention by Rest in a Multitasking World: Theory, Methodology, and Empirical Evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:867978. [PMID: 35432083 PMCID: PMC9010884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluate the status of both theory and empirical evidence in the field of experimental rest-break research based on a framework that combines mental-chronometry and psychometric-measurement theory. To this end, we (1) provide a taxonomy of rest breaks according to which empirical studies can be classified (e.g., by differentiating between long, short, and micro-rest breaks based on context and temporal properties). Then, we (2) evaluate the theorizing in both the basic and applied fields of research and explain how popular concepts (e.g., ego depletion model, opportunity cost theory, attention restoration theory, action readiness, etc.) relate to each other in contemporary theoretical debates. Here, we highlight differences between all these models in the light of two symbolic categories, termed the resource-based and satiation-based model, including aspects related to the dynamics and the control (strategic or non-strategic) mechanisms at work. Based on a critical assessment of existing methodological and theoretical approaches, we finally (3) provide a set of guidelines for both theory building and future empirical approaches to the experimental study of rest breaks. We conclude that a psychometrically advanced and theoretically focused research of rest and recovery has the potential to finally provide a sound scientific basis to eventually mitigate the adverse effects of ever increasing task demands on performance and well-being in a multitasking world at work and leisure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schumann
- Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kürten
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Liyu Cao
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lynn Huestegge
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meier M, Bentele UU, Benz ABE, Denk B, Dimitroff S, Pruessner JC, Unternaehrer E. Effects of psychological, sensory, and metabolic energy prime manipulation on the acute endocrine stress response in fasted women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 134:105452. [PMID: 34715529 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The stress response supports survival through energy mobilization. Paradoxically, a low blood glucose level dampens the endocrine stress response, and sugar consumption prior to stress restores it. Thus, energy availability may play a causal role in the endocrine stress response. Yet, it has never been tested whether sweet taste or expectations towards a drink content modulate the stress response. We investigated the potential role of sweetness, energy load and expectations towards energy load of a drink consumed prior to stress in restoring stress reactivity after fasting. N = 152 women (meanage=21.53, sdage=2.61) participated in the Trier Social Stress Test for groups in the morning after an overnight fast. Prior to stress induction, participants consumed a drink containing saccharose (sugar, n = 51), an equally sweet drink containing non-caloric sweetener (sweetener, n = 46), or water (n = 56). Additionally, participants in the sugar and sweetener group (n = 97) were informed whether or not their drink contained any calories (energy prime), which was deceptive in 50% of the cases. Eight salivary cortisol (-30, -20, -10, 0, +12, +25, +35, +45 min) and three blood glucose samples (-30, 0, +25 min) were assessed throughout the experiment. The effects of the experimental manipulations on cortisol trajectories were tested using multilevel mixed models. We found that compared with water, sugar and sweetener both significantly increased cortisol stress reactivity and with comparable intensity. However, our sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of sugar on cortisol trajectories compared to water and to sweetener. Drink-induced changes in blood glucose concentration were not associated with increases in cortisol. The energy prime did not affect the stress response. Overall, we could replicate the boosting effect of sugar consumption in a female sample after 8 h of fasting. The specific contribution of sweet taste and metabolic hormones to this boosting effect should be tested more rigorously in sex-balanced designs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meier
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany.
| | - Ulrike U Bentele
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany
| | - Annika B E Benz
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany
| | - Bernadette Denk
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | - Stephanie Dimitroff
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | - Eva Unternaehrer
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuropsychology, University of Constance, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Constance, Germany; Child, and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boat R, Sunderland C, Cooper SB. Detrimental effects of prior self-control exertion on subsequent sporting skill performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1971-1980. [PMID: 34181783 PMCID: PMC8518937 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prior exertion of self‐control has previously been shown to negatively affect physical performance, yet the effects on complex sporting skill performance have not been examined. Therefore, this study examined whether prior self‐control exertion influences performance on a field hockey task, alongside measuring plasma cortisol concentration and attention as potential mechanisms to explain any effects. Following familiarization, 13 male hockey players (20 ± 1 years) participated in a randomized, order‐balanced, crossover design. For the manipulation of self‐control, participants completed an incongruent (self‐control exertion trial) or a congruent (control trial) Stroop task. Skill performance was assessed using a field hockey skills task. Capillary blood samples, for the determination of plasma cortisol concentration, were taken at baseline, post‐Stroop task, and post‐field hockey skills task. Cognitive tests of attention (RVIP and Flanker tasks) were completed following the field hockey skills task. Participants made more errors in the latter stages of the field hockey skills task following self‐control exertion (trial*time interaction, p = 0.041). Participants also made more errors on the RVIP task following self‐control exertion (p = 0.035); yet the time taken to complete the hockey skills task, performance on the flanker task, and plasma cortisol concentrations were unaffected (all p > 0.05). Overall, these findings suggest that prior self‐control exertion has detrimental effects on subsequent sporting skill performance (more errors made on the field hockey task), which may be explained by poorer sustained attention (lower accuracy on the RVIP task). This suggests that athletes should aim to avoid self‐control exertion before a competitive match to optimize performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Boat
- Sport Science Department, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Sunderland
- Sport Science Department, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon B Cooper
- Sport Science Department, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
West SJ, Hyatt CS, Miller JD, Chester DS. p-Curve analysis of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm: Estimating evidentiary value and statistical power across 50 years of research. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:183-193. [PMID: 33206431 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The overall reliability or evidentiary value of any body of literature is established in part by ruling out publication bias for any observed effects. Questionable research practices have potentially undermined the evidentiary value of commonly used research paradigms in psychological science. Subsequently, the evidentiary value of these common methodologies remains uncertain. To quantify the severity of these issues in the literature, we selected the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) as a case study and submitted 170 hypothesis tests spanning over 50 years of research to a preregistered p-curve analysis. The TAP literature (N = 24,685) demonstrated significant evidentiary value but yielded a small average effect size (d = 0.29) and inadequate power (38%). The main effects demonstrated greater evidentiary value, power, and effect sizes than interactions. Studies that tested the effects of measured traits did not differ in evidentiary value or power to those that tested the effects of experimentally manipulated states. Exploratory analyses revealed that evidentiary value, statistical power, and effect sizes have improved over time. We provide recommendations for researchers who seek to maximize the evidentiary value of their psychological measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. West
- Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | | | - Joshua D. Miller
- Department of Psychology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - David S. Chester
- Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A meta-analytical and experimental examination of blood glucose effects on decision making under risk. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious research has shown that short-term changes in blood glucose influence our preferences and may affect decisions about risk as well. However, consensus is lacking about whether and how blood glucose influences decision making under risk, and we conduct two experiments and a meta-analysis to examine this question in detail. In Study 1, using a pecuniary valuation method, we find no effect of blood glucose on willingness to pay for risky products that may act as allergens. In Study 2, using risky gambles, we find that low levels of blood glucose increase risk taking for food and to a lesser degree for non-food rewards. Combining our own and previous findings in a meta-analysis, we show that low levels of blood glucose on average increase risk taking about food. Low blood glucose does not increase risk taking about non-food rewards although this is subject to heterogeneity. Overall, our studies suggest that low blood glucose increases our willingness to gamble on how much food we can get, but not our willingness to eat food that can harm us. Our findings are best explained by the energy budget rule.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bertrams A. A Schema-Activation Approach to Failure and Success in Self-Control. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2256. [PMID: 33041898 PMCID: PMC7522324 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies confirm the so-called ego depletion effect (i.e., self-control is impaired after an initial unrelated self-control task). During recent years, the criticism on this limited-resource approach to willpower has increased, and alternative models have been developed. I argue that the existing models cannot explain the variety of results found in the ego depletion literature and introduce the schema model of self-control. Referring to related schema conceptions (i.e., illness schemas and emotion schemas), I posit that the processes that cause ego depletion effects occur around the activation of the fatigue/decreased vitality schema. This schema becomes activated via the registration of behavioral and physiological changes related to exercising self-control. The activation of the schema should instigate the motivation to conserve energy and, therefore, cause reduced effort and decreased performance in a subsequent self-control task. Moderator variables (e.g., energy supply) should influence the (non)activation of the fatigue/decreased vitality schema or its consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bertrams
- Educational Psychology Lab, Institute of Educational Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Segovia MS, Palma MA, Nayga RM. The effect of food anticipation on cognitive function: An eye tracking study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223506. [PMID: 31609981 PMCID: PMC6791586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By randomizing the order in which participants perform a cognitive test and a food choice task in a controlled experiment, we investigate whether cognitive capacity can be enhanced by the simple act of anticipating food intake. Our findings show that overweight and obese participants exhibit an anticipatory food reward effect, which helped enhance their mental resources and improve their performance in a cognitive test. However, we find no anticipation effect among normal weight participants. Furthermore, eye tracking data reveal that food temptation, in the form of visual attention and emotional arousal is higher for overweight and obese individuals when they are cognitively impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. Segovia
- Division of Applied Social Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Palma
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo M. Nayga
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zahn D, Gomille LK, Grammes J, Gottschling P, Fottner C, Weber MM, Wenzel M, Kubiak T. The Effects of Self-Control on Glucose Utilization in a Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamp. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background. The glucose hypothesis of self-control posits that acts of self-control may draw upon glucose as a source of energy, leading to a decrease in blood glucose levels after exerting self-control, mirroring the temporary depletion of self-control, but supporting evidence is mixed and inconclusive. This might partly be due to using methods that are not suitable to reliably quantify glucose utilization. Aims. We aimed at examining whether self-control exertion leads to an increase in glucose utilization. Method. In a sample of N = 30 healthy participants (50% women, age 26.5 ± 3.5 years) we combined a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp (a well-established and validated procedure in experimental endocrinology to reliably quantify systemic glucose utilization) with a standard self-control dual-task paradigm. In the first task, the experimental group completed a variation of a paper-and-pencil crossing out letter task (COLT) that demanded self-control; the control group completed a variation of the COLT that did not demand self-control. The second task for both groups was a computerized two-color word Stroop which demanded self-control. Results. We did not find a significant main effect for time, nor a time × group interaction with respect to glucose utilization, which indicates that glucose utilization did not differ significantly over time or between groups. Limitations. Due to the time-consuming and complicated clamp method, our sample was rather small. Conclusion. Our results revealed little evidence for the notion that self-control efforts are associated with a relevant increase in peripheral glucose utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zahn
- Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
- Preventive Cardiology and Medical Prevention, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara K. Gomille
- Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Grammes
- Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Patricia Gottschling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Clinic I, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Fottner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Clinic I, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias M. Weber
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical Clinic I, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Wenzel
- Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kubiak
- Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Erdfelder E, Heck DW. Detecting Evidential Value and p-Hacking With the p-Curve Tool. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Simonsohn, Nelson, and Simmons (2014a) proposed p-curve – the distribution of statistically significant p-values for a set of studies – as a tool to assess the evidential value of these studies. They argued that, whereas right-skewed p-curves indicate true underlying effects, left-skewed p-curves indicate selective reporting of significant results when there is no true effect (“ p-hacking”). We first review previous research showing that, in contrast to the first claim, null effects may produce right-skewed p-curves under some conditions. We then question the second claim by showing that not only selective reporting but also selective nonreporting of significant results due to a significant outcome of a more popular alternative test of the same hypothesis may produce left-skewed p-curves, even if all studies reflect true effects. Hence, just as right-skewed p-curves do not necessarily imply evidential value, left-skewed p-curves do not necessarily imply p-hacking and absence of true effects in the studies involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Erdfelder
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel W. Heck
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Blain B, Schmit C, Aubry A, Hausswirth C, Le Meur Y, Pessiglione M. Neuro-computational Impact of Physical Training Overload on Economic Decision-Making. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3289-3297.e4. [PMID: 31564497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overtraining syndrome is a form of burnout, defined in endurance athletes by unexplained performance drop associated with intense fatigue sensation. Our working hypothesis is that the form of fatigue resulting from physical training overload might share some neural underpinnings with the form of fatigue observed after prolonged intellectual work, which was previously shown to affect the cognitive control brain system. Indeed, cognitive control may be required to prevent any impulsive behavior, including stopping physical effort when it hurts, despite the long-term goal of improving performance through intense training. To test this hypothesis, we induced a mild form of overtraining in a group of endurance athletes, which we compared to a group of normally trained athletes on behavioral tasks performed during fMRI scanning. At the behavioral level, training overload enhanced impulsivity in economic choice, which was captured by a bias favoring immediate over delayed rewards in our computational model. At the neural level, training overload resulted in diminished activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex, a key region of the cognitive control system, during economic choice. Our results therefore provide causal evidence for a functional link between enduring physical exercise and exerting cognitive control. Besides, the concept of cognitive control fatigue bridges the functional consequences of excessive physical training and intellectual work into a single neuro-computational mechanism, which might contribute to other clinical forms of burnout syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Blain
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France; Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, 75013 Paris, France; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College, WC1B 5EH London, UK.
| | - Cyril Schmit
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France; Laboratory LAMHESS (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Anaël Aubry
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hausswirth
- Laboratory LAMHESS (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France; Laboratory LAMHESS (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Abstract. Prior research has suggested that circulating levels of glucose in the bloodstream help to determine success at self-control. However, this idea has been challenged on multiple grounds. The current research added new evidence to the debate by testing (1) the extent to which exercising self-control reduces blood glucose levels, (2) whether consuming glucose, rinsing the mouth with glucose, or consuming aspartame (a sugar substitute) increases blood glucose levels, and (3) the extent to which measured blood glucose levels relate to emotional responding, delay discounting, and cognitive control, respectively. We found no evidence that blood glucose levels influence or are influenced by self-control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Finley
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David Tang
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Abstract. At the center of social psychology just a few years ago, ego depletion is now widely seen as a controversial topic, one of the chief victims of the replication crisis. Despite over 600 studies of apparent support, many are now asking if ego depletion is even real. Here, we comment on the articles included in this Special Issue: Ego Depletion and Self-Control: Conceptual and Empirical Advances. Specifically, we delineate the contributions and limitations of these articles by embedding them in a brief history of ego depletion, describing the current state of uncertainty about ego depletion’s scientific status, and outlining necessary steps for the study of ego depletion to have a healthy future. To us, the most troubling aspect of this controversy is not what it suggests about ego depletion, but what it suggests about social psychology more broadly. If the mere existence of ego depletion is seriously doubted by many, what can be confidently regarded as real in social psychology? By increasing the precision of our theories, continuously validating our manipulations and measures, and practicing the full suite of open science practices, we have the potential to identify legitimate and robust effects and build a cumulative and trustworthy psychological science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dang J, Hagger MS. Time to Set a New Research Agenda for Ego Depletion and Self-Control. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Dang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin S. Hagger
- Department of Psychologícal Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Francis AL, Love J. Listening effort: Are we measuring cognition or affect, or both? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 11:e1514. [PMID: 31381275 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Listening effort is increasingly recognized as a factor in communication, particularly for and with nonnative speakers, for the elderly, for individuals with hearing impairment and/or for those working in noise. However, as highlighted by McGarrigle et al., International Journal of Audiology, 2014, 53, 433-445, the term "listening effort" encompasses a wide variety of concepts, including the engagement and control of multiple possibly distinct neural systems for information processing, and the affective response to the expenditure of those resources in a given context. Thus, experimental or clinical methods intended to objectively quantify listening effort may ultimately reflect a complex interaction between the operations of one or more of those information processing systems, and/or the affective and motivational response to the demand on those systems. Here we examine theoretical, behavioral, and psychophysiological factors related to resolving the question of what we are measuring, and why, when we measure "listening effort." This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain Psychology > Theory and Methods Psychology > Attention Psychology > Emotion and Motivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Francis
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jordan Love
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Task duration and task order do not matter: no effect on self-control performance. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 85:397-407. [PMID: 31321518 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The strength model of self-control proposes that all acts of self-control are energized by one global limited resource that becomes temporarily depleted by a primary self-control task, leading to impaired self-control performance in secondary self-control tasks. However, failed replications have cast doubt on the existence of this so-called ego depletion effect. Here, we investigated between-task (i.e., variation in self-control tasks) and within-task variation (i.e., task duration) as possible explanations for the conflicting literature on ego depletion effects. In a high-powered experiment (N = 709 participants), we used two established self-control tasks (Stroop task, transcription task) to test how variations in the duration of primary and secondary self-control tasks (2, 4, 8, or 16 min per task) affect the occurrence of an ego depletion effect (i.e., impaired performance in the secondary task). In line with the ego depletion hypothesis, subjects perceived longer lasting secondary tasks as more self-control demanding. Contrary to the ego depletion hypothesis, however, performance did neither suffer from prior self-control exertion, nor as a function of task duration. If anything, performance tended to improve when the primary self-control task lasted longer. These effects did not differ between the two self-control tasks, suggesting that the observed null findings were independent of task type.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yuan J, Long Q, Li X, Deng Z, Ma B, Chen S, Yang J. Regulatory effect of implicit acceptance during outcome evaluation: The temporal dynamics in an event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 141:37-44. [PMID: 31071358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The acceptance of emotion is important for humans' wellbeing and social functioning. Despite its regulatory advantages, the temporal dynamics of acceptance for regulating decision-related emotion remains unclear. For this purpose, Event-related potentials were recorded for outcome presentation, when participants either in explicit or implicit acceptance condition performed a Gambling Task. Results showed that acceptance effectively regulated emotional experiences, irrespective of how it was realized (explicit/implicit). Compared to viewing condition, explicit acceptance increased overall amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN,180-240 ms) at the early stage and reduced P3 amplitude (240-440 ms) in general at the late stage, regardless of feedback valence or magnitude. By contrast, implicit acceptance did not influence the FRN amplitudes but increased the P3 amplitudes globally, an effect unaffected by feedback valence and magnitude. In addition, the P3 amplitude for explicit acceptance was negatively correlated with the ratio of risky choices, regardless of outcome valence. These results suggest that explicit acceptance is associated with cognitive conflict and resource depletion, while these adverse effects are not engendered during implicit acceptance. These regulatory effects are independent of specific feedback valence and magnitude. These findings highlight the role of implicit acceptance in cognitive demanding context, such as decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Yuan
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Quanshan Long
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhongyan Deng
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bin Ma
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shengdong Chen
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation (ACRLAB), Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education (SWU), Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Debatin T. A Revised Mental Energy Hypothesis of the g Factor in Light of Recent Neuroscience. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019832846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The article proposes a revised mental energy hypothesis for the emergence of the g factor. Charles E. Spearman interpreted the g factor as a kind of domain-general mental energy. Nowadays, it is known that the energy currency of organisms is the chemical energy transporter adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is produced by complex metabolic processes (mainly by glucose oxidation), and most of it in the human brain is used for neural signaling. There are substantial individual differences in the metabolic properties of the brain, which lead to different levels of energy production. It is thereby proposed to place more emphasis on individual differences of metabolic functions in intelligence research. Neuroscientific findings suggest that increased brain metabolism and, therefore, higher energy-production levels facilitate better performance on different cognitive tasks. These findings are not in conflict with the refined neural efficiency hypothesis. In addition, building on Dennis Garlick’s proposal that neural plasticity is the core process underlying the development of the g factor, it is illustrated why ATP is crucial for neural plasticity. Taken together, the direct effects of level of energy production on cognitive performance and the relations with neural plasticity suggest an important role in the emergence of the g factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Debatin
- Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hayden BY. Why has evolution not selected for perfect self-control? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180139. [PMID: 30966922 PMCID: PMC6335460 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-control refers to the ability to deliberately reject tempting options and instead select ones that produce greater long-term benefits. Although some apparent failures of self-control are, on closer inspection, reward maximizing, at least some self-control failures are clearly disadvantageous and non-strategic. The existence of poor self-control presents an important evolutionary puzzle because there is no obvious reason why good self-control should be more costly than poor self-control. After all, a rock is infinitely patient. I propose that self-control failures result from cases in which well-learned (and thus routinized) decision-making strategies yield suboptimal choices. These mappings persist in the decision-makers' repertoire because they result from learning processes that are adaptive in the broader context, either on the timescale of learning or of evolution. Self-control, then, is a form of cognitive control and the subjective feeling of effort likely reflects the true costs of cognitive control. Poor self-control, in this view, is ultimately a result of bounded optimality. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y. Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Center for Neuroengineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cognitive task avoidance correlates with fatigue-induced performance decrement but not with subjective fatigue. Neuropsychologia 2019; 123:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
28
|
Stasielowicz L. Does ego depletion impair adaptive performance? A longitudinal analysis. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2019.1640340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
29
|
Cools R, Froböse M, Aarts E, Hofmans L. Dopamine and the motivation of cognitive control. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 163:123-143. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
30
|
Wang XT. Resource Signaling via Blood Glucose in Embodied Decision Making. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1965. [PMID: 30374322 PMCID: PMC6196271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food, money, and time are exchangeable resources essential for survival and reproduction. Individuals live within finite budgets of these resources and make tradeoffs between money and time when making intertemporal choices between an immediate smaller reward and a delayed lager reward. In this paper, I examine signaling functions of blood glucose in regulating behaviors related to resource regulations beyond caloric metabolisms. These behavioral regulations include choices between energy expenditure and energy conservation, monetary intertemporal choices, and self-control in overcoming temptations. I begin by comparing potential embodied signals for resource forecasting and proactive decision making in terms of their pros and cons as a signal for regulating both metabolism and behavioral decision making and self-control. Based on this analysis, circulating glucose emerges as not only the designated fuel for brain metabolism but also a privileged resource forecasting signal for regulating immediate, short-term, and long-term behavioral adaptations to the resource budget of the decision maker. In the context of an on-going debate between the limited resource model and the motivation accounts of behavioral effects of blood glucose, I propose a dual functions (caloric provision and resource forecasting) and dual signaling (glucose taste and ingestion) hypothesis of circulating glucose in resource management, and provide behavioral and neurophysiological evidence of the separate effects of glucose taste to motivate effort for resource acquisition and glucose ingestion to promote resource conservation and future orientation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the body is able to detect fake signals of non-caloric sweeteners and react to such "caloric crisis" with an enhanced preference for immediate rewards over future rewards, revealing the wisdom of the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzen, China.,Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ampel BC, Muraven M, McNay EC. Mental Work Requires Physical Energy: Self-Control Is Neither Exception nor Exceptional. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1005. [PMID: 30026710 PMCID: PMC6041938 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain’s reliance on glucose as a primary fuel source is well established, but psychological models of cognitive processing that take energy supply into account remain uncommon. One exception is research on self-control depletion, where debate continues over a limited-resource model. This model argues that a transient reduction in self-control after the exertion of prior self-control is caused by the depletion of brain glucose, and that self-control processes are special, perhaps unique, in this regard. This model has been argued to be physiologically implausible in several recent reviews. This paper attempts to correct some inaccuracies that have occurred during debate over the physiological plausibility of this model. We contend that not only is such limitation of cognition by constraints on glucose supply plausible, it is well established in the neuroscience literature across several cognitive domains. Conversely, we argue that there is no evidence that self-control is special in regard to its metabolic cost. Mental processes require physical energy, and the body is limited in its ability to supply the brain with sufficient energy to fuel mental processes. This article reviews current findings in brain metabolism and seeks to resolve the current conflict in the field regarding the physiological plausibility of the self-control glucose-depletion hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Ampel
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Mark Muraven
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baumeister RF, Wright BRE, Carreon D. Self-control “in the wild”: Experience sampling study of trait and state self-regulation. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1478324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Carreon
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Klement J, Kubera B, Eggeling J, Rädel C, Wagner C, Park SQ, Peters A. Effects of blood glucose on delay discounting, food intake and counterregulation in lean and obese men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:177-184. [PMID: 29414030 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting as a measure of impulsivity has been shown to be higher in obesity with an association of increased food intake. Moreover, obese humans showed a higher wanting for high-calorie food than lean men when blood glucose concentrations were low. First studies linking blood glucose levels to delay discounting yielded mixed results. We hypothesized that obese people - in comparison to lean men - have a relative lack of energy, especially when blood glucose levels are low, that results in higher levels of delay discounting, food intake and hormonal counterregulation. METHODS We investigated 20 lean and 20 obese healthy young men in a single-blind balanced cross-over design. With a standardized glucose clamp technique, subjects underwent a hypoglycemic state in one condition and a euglycemic state in the control condition. Regularly, blood was sampled for assessment of hormonal status, and questionnaires were filled out to assess delay discounting and symptom awareness. After normalizing blood glucose concentrations, subjects were free to eat from a standardized test buffet, followed by a snack test. RESULTS Delay discounting was higher in obese than in lean men throughout experiments (p < 0.03). However, we did not observe significant discounting differences between glucose conditions (p > 0.1). Furthermore, the discounting performance did not correlate with food intake from the test buffet or snack test (p > 0.3). As a response to hypoglycemia, hormonal counterregulation was pronounced in both weight groups (p < 0.03), but responses of ACTH, norepinephrine and glucagon were stronger in obese compared to lean men (p < 0.03). Also, intake from the high-calorie buffet after hypoglycemia compared to euglycemia was higher in obese subjects (p < 0.02) but comparable in lean men (p > 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that augmented delay discounting is a robust feature in obesity that is not linked to glucose levels or actual food intake. With our systematically controlled approach, combining performance in delay discounting with regard to distinct blood glucose levels, different weight groups, counterregulatory behavior and food intake, our results imply that delay discounting is not susceptible to fluctuations of blood glucose and do not support the assumption that a low body's energy content leads to increased impulsivity. Further replications including women and larger sample sizes are needed to corroborate our data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Klement
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Britta Kubera
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonas Eggeling
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christin Rädel
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Soyoung Q Park
- Department of Psychology, Social Psychology & Decision Neuroscience, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Itzchakov G, Uziel L, Wood W. When attitudes and habits don’t correspond: Self-control depletion increases persuasion but not behavior. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
35
|
Ruci L, van Allen ZM, Zelenski JM. Pro-social personality traits, helping behavior, and ego-depletion: Is helping really easier for the dispositionally pro-social? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
36
|
Castonguay A, Miquelon P, Boudreau F. Self-regulation resources and physical activity participation among adults with type 2 diabetes. Health Psychol Open 2018; 5:2055102917750331. [PMID: 29372066 PMCID: PMC5774733 DOI: 10.1177/2055102917750331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is important to understand why so few adults with type 2 diabetes regularly engage in physical activity. The role of self-regulation in the context of health-related behavior adherence, especially in terms of physical activity engagement and adherence, has largely been reviewed based on the strength energy model. Building on this line of research, the aim of this theoretical work was to highlight how self-regulation and ego depletion can influence the lower rate of physical activity participation among adults with type 2 diabetes, compared to adults from the general population.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Dennis JL, Locke EA. Some observations on the puzzling world of self-regulation and depletion. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1351079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John. L. Dennis
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Higher Education Internationalisation, Catholic University of the Scared Heart, Milan, Italy
- Department of Philosophy, Psychology, Social & Education Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Edwin A. Locke
- Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rantapuska E, Freese R, Jääskeläinen IP, Hytönen K. Does Short-Term Hunger Increase Trust and Trustworthiness in a High Trust Society? Front Psychol 2017; 8:1944. [PMID: 29163315 PMCID: PMC5681949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We build on the social heuristics hypothesis, the literature on the glucose model of self-control, and recent challenges on these hypotheses to investigate whether individuals exhibit a change in degree of trust and reciprocation after consumption of a meal. We induce short-term manipulation of hunger followed by the trust game and a decision on whether to leave personal belongings in an unlocked and unsupervised room. Our results are inconclusive. While, we report hungry individuals trusting and reciprocating more than those who have just consumed a meal in a high trust society, we fail to reject the null with small number of observations (N = 101) and experimental sessions (N = 8). In addition, we find no evidence of short-term hunger having an impact on charitable giving or decisions in public good game.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Rantapuska
- Department of Finance, School of Business, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Freese
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Hytönen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Resource forecasting: Differential effects of glucose taste and ingestion on delay discounting and self-control. Appetite 2017; 121:101-110. [PMID: 29127026 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We tested a novel hypothesis that glucose taste acts as a signal for resource acquisition, motivating preference for immediate rewards while actual glucose ingestion prompts resource conservation, promoting future-orientated self-regulation. In Study 1, participants were engaged in a delay-discounting task and a grip-control task before and after a beverage intervention (glucose drink, water drink, or glucose mouth-rinse). Glucose ingestion decreased delay discounting, making larger-and-later rewards more attractive. In contrast, glucose rinse increased delay discounting. Water ingestion had none of the effects. In the grip-control task, only glucose ingestion improved the performance. Study 2 using fMRI revealed that glucose rinse and glucose ingestion resulted in distinct brain activational patterns. Compared to glucose rinse, glucose ingestion deactivated a few brain regions (e.g., the anterior cingulate gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus) that are previously shown to be more active when making more difficult intertemporal choices, suggesting that glucose ingestion eases the process of making intertemporal choice. In sum, our behavioral and neuroimaging findings together suggest a dual signaling role of glucose sensation and ingestion in regulating delay discounting and self-control.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang Y, Wang G, Chen Q, Li L. Depletion, moral identity, and unethical behavior: Why people behave unethically after self-control exertion. Conscious Cogn 2017; 56:188-198. [PMID: 28966038 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-control enables people to resist short-term temptations in the service of long-term goals. Previous exertion of self-control leads to a state of ego depletion. Three studies demonstrated that ego depletion leads to a high level of unethical behavior. These studies also hypothesized and confirmed that depleted individuals behave unethically because of low moral identity. Study 1 found that depleted participants were more likely to over-report their performance than non-depleted participants. Study 2 revealed that depletion reduced people's moral identity, which in turn increased their propensity to engage in unethical behavior. Study 3 proved that priming moral identity eliminated the effect of depletion on cheating. Findings suggest that reduced moral identity accounts for the effect of self-control depletion on unethical behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guosen Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuju Chen
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gignac GE, Bates TC. Brain volume and intelligence: The moderating role of intelligence measurement quality. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
43
|
Shenhav A, Musslick S, Lieder F, Kool W, Griffiths TL, Cohen JD, Botvinick MM. Toward a Rational and Mechanistic Account of Mental Effort. Annu Rev Neurosci 2017; 40:99-124. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amitai Shenhav
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Sebastian Musslick
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Falk Lieder
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Wouter Kool
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Thomas L. Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan D. Cohen
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Matthew M. Botvinick
- Google DeepMind, London M1C 4AG, United Kingdom
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London W1T 4JG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sugar, perceived healthfulness, and satiety: When does a sugary preload lead people to eat more? Appetite 2017; 114:338-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
45
|
Abstract
Food intake is essential for maintaining homeostasis, which is necessary for survival in all species. However, food intake also impacts multiple biochemical processes that influence our behavior. Here, we investigate the causal relationship between macronutrient composition, its bodily biochemical impact, and a modulation of human social decision making. Across two studies, we show that breakfasts with different macronutrient compositions modulated human social behavior. Breakfasts with a high-carbohydrate/protein ratio increased social punishment behavior in response to norm violations compared with that in response to a low carbohydrate/protein meal. We show that these macronutrient-induced behavioral changes in social decision making are causally related to a lowering of plasma tyrosine levels. The findings indicate that, in a limited sense, "we are what we eat" and provide a perspective on a nutrition-driven modulation of cognition. The findings have implications for education, economics, and public policy, and emphasize that the importance of a balanced diet may extend beyond the mere physical benefits of adequate nutrition.
Collapse
|
46
|
Lurquin JH, Miyake A. Challenges to Ego-Depletion Research Go beyond the Replication Crisis: A Need for Tackling the Conceptual Crisis. Front Psychol 2017; 8:568. [PMID: 28458647 PMCID: PMC5394171 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John H Lurquin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, USA
| | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dunn TL, Koehler DJ, Risko EF. Evaluating Effort: Influences of Evaluation Mode on Judgments of Task-specific Efforts. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
48
|
Nigg JT. Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:361-383. [PMID: 28035675 PMCID: PMC5367959 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-regulation (SR) is central to developmental psychopathology, but progress has been impeded by varying terminology and meanings across fields and literatures. METHODS The present review attempts to move that discussion forward by noting key sources of prior confusion such as measurement-concept confounding, and then arguing the following major points. RESULTS First, the field needs a domain-general construct of SR that encompasses SR of action, emotion, and cognition and involves both top-down and bottom-up regulatory processes. This does not assume a shared core process across emotion, action, and cognition, but is intended to provide clarity on the extent of various claims about kinds of SR. Second, top-down aspects of SR need to be integrated. These include (a) basic processes that develop early and address immediate conflict signals, such as cognitive control and effortful control (EC), and (b) complex cognition and strategies for addressing future conflict, represented by the regulatory application of complex aspects of executive functioning. Executive function (EF) and cognitive control are not identical to SR because they can be used for other activities, but account for top-down aspects of SR at the cognitive level. Third, impulsivity, risk-taking, and disinhibition are distinct although overlapping; a taxonomy of the kinds of breakdowns of SR associated with psychopathology requires their differentiation. Fourth, different aspects of the SR universe can be organized hierarchically in relation to granularity, development, and time. Low-level components assemble into high-level components. This hierarchical perspective is consistent across literatures. CONCLUSIONS It is hoped that the framework outlined here will facilitate integration and cross-talk among investigators working from different perspectives, and facilitate individual differences research on how SR relates to developmental psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Glucose-specific signaling effects on delay discounting in intertemporal choice. Physiol Behav 2017; 169:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Boudesseul J, Lantian A, Cova F, Bègue L. Free love? On the relation between belief in free will, determinism, and passionate love. Conscious Cogn 2016; 46:47-59. [PMID: 27677053 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Is love possible if we are not free? Some philosophers consider that true love is necessarily free, while others think that the nature of love makes it incompatible with a certain type of freedom. Here, we explored the relationship between feelings of passionate love, belief in free will and determinism across three online studies. In Study 1 (N=257), participants who believed strongly in free will (or determinism) expressed stronger passionate love. In Study 2 (N=305), we again found a positive association between belief in free will (or determinism) and passionate love, although the passionate love-determinism relationship seems more conditional. Finally, Study 3 (N=309) confirmed the relationship between belief in free will and passionate love but not between belief in determinism and passionate love. These findings, along with a meta-analysis, suggest that both beliefs in free will and determinism are compatible with passionate love.
Collapse
|