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Qin T, Dowah RGW, Chen K, Bingwen X, Pan L, Xie J. Antimicrobial potential of carvacrol against Edwardsiella piscicida in vitro. Microb Pathog 2024:106947. [PMID: 39293726 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
With the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, novel antibacterial substances are urgently needed for controlling and treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Edwardsiella piscicida is an important zoonotic enteric pathogen, that can cause systemic hemorrhagic septicemia in fish. Carvacrol, a major terpene of oregano essential oil, has a wide range of antibacterial activities. This study aimed to analyze the effect of carvacrol on the growth and virulence of E. piscicida in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol against E. piscicida was 125 μg/mL. The sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol significantly decreased the biofilm formation of E. piscicida in a dose dependent manner, whereas increased the hemolytic activity with a negative correlation. The quantitative real-time PCR results showed that carvacrol at sub-MICs downregulated the expression of related virulence genes, including flagellum (fimA, fliC, flgN), hemolysins (ethA, ethB), quorum sensing systerms (luxR, qseB), T3SS (esrB, esrC) and T6SS (evpB, evpC). Moreover, carvacrol (≤ 1/8 MIC) reduced the cytotoxicity, adherence and internalization activities of E. piscicida to the EPC cells. In vivo trial, the diet mixed with carvacrol increased the survival of zebrafish infected with E. piscicida. Overall, these findings suggested that carvacrol might be a promising therapeutic agent against E. piscicida infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Richline Gedeh Wentee Dowah
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Aquaculture, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xi Bingwen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Liangkun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi 214081, China
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Vyhlídalová B, Ondrová K, Zůvalová I. Dietary monoterpenoids and human health: Unlocking the potential for therapeutic use. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00202-5. [PMID: 39260556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Natural products are widely used in different aspects of our lives - from household cleaners and food production, via cosmetics and aromatherapy, to both alternative and traditional medicine. In our research group, we have recently described several monoterpenoids with potential in the antiviral and anticancer therapy by allosteric targeting of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Prior to any practical application, biological effects on human organism must be taken in concern. This review article is focused on the biological effects of 5 monoterpenoids on the human health previously identified as AhR antagonists with a therapeutic potential as antiviral and anticancer agents. We have thoroughly described cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anticancer effects, as well as known interactions with nuclear receptors. As clearly demonstrated, monoterpenoids in general represent almost an inexhaustible reservoir of natural compounds possessing the ability to influence, modulate and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vyhlídalová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Ondrová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Zůvalová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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3
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Zhao C, Sun L, Zhang Y, Shu X, Hu Y, Chen D, Zhang Z, Xia S, Yang H, Bao X, Li J, Xu Y. Thymol improves ischemic brain injury by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Brain Res Bull 2024; 215:111029. [PMID: 39009094 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-mediated inflammation is a critical factor in the progression of ischemic stroke. Consequently, mitigating excessive microglial activation represents a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic injury. Thymol, a monophenol derived from plant essential oils, exhibits diverse beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, with demonstrated protective effects in various disease models. However, its specific effects on ischemic stroke and microglial inflammation remain unexplored. METHODS Rodent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was established to simulate ischemic stroke. TTC staining, modified neurological function score (mNSS), and behavioral tests were used to assess the severity of neurological damage. Then immunofluorescence staining and cytoskeleton analysis were used to determine activation of microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce the inflammatory response of primary microglia in vitro. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to exam the expression of inflammatory cytokines. And western blot was used to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of thymol. RESULTS In this study, we found that thymol treatment could ameliorate post-stroke neurological impairment and reduce infarct volume by mitigating microglial activation and pro-inflammatory response (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Mechanically, thymol could inhibit the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), sink serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), thereby suppressing the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that thymol could reduce the microglial inflammation by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately alleviating ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest that thymol is a promising candidate as a neuroprotective agent against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Shu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Duo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Tomsuk Ö, Kuete V, Sivas H, Kürkçüoğlu M. Effects of essential oil of Origanum onites and its major component carvacrol on the expression of toxicity pathway genes in HepG2 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:265. [PMID: 38992651 PMCID: PMC11238398 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Origanum species have been used in various commercial constructions as a remedy against burns and wounds, agriculture, alcoholic drinks, fragrance, and flavoring substances of food products. The essential oil of Origanum onites L. (EOOO) and its component carvacrol (CV) possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-cancer activity. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth inhibitory activity of the essential oil and its major component CV and then hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes in HepG2 cells. METHODS The effects of the EOOO and CV on cell growth and mRNA expressions of 84 hepatotoxicity pathway-related genes were investigated in HepG2, using trypan blue exclusion/ bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation tests and real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) array, respectively. RESULTS The EOOO and CV inhibited cell growth with IC50 values of 0.08 µg/mL and 45 µg/mL, respectively, after 24 h. Real-time, reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT2-PCR) array analysis revealed that expressions of 32 genes out of 84 were changed at least 2-fold or more in the EOOO-treated cells. Among them, expression levels of 17 genes were elevated, while expression levels of 15 genes were diminished. Furthermore, after exposure of cells to 45 µg/mL of CV, the expression of 8 genes was increased while the other 8 genes were decreased. Both the EOOO and carvacrol affected the expression of 48 genes of HepG2 cells which are involved in the hepatotoxicity pathway, indicating their hepatoprotective and possible anti-hepatocarcinogenic effects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the essential oil of Origanum onites and carvacrol can be used in various applications such as anticancer or herbal drugs, since its non-hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Tomsuk
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Centre (ESTEM), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, 26480, Turkey.
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 1499, Bafoussam, Cameroon.
| | - Hülya Sivas
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mine Kürkçüoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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5
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Makris G, Veit L, Rüfenacht V, Klassa S, Zürcher N, Matsumoto S, Poms M, Häberle J. Expression and function of the urea cycle in widely-used hepatic cellular models. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38192032 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The group of rare metabolic defects termed urea cycle disorders (UCDs) occur within the ammonia elimination pathway and lead to significant neurocognitive sequelae for patients surviving decompensation episodes. Besides orthotopic liver transplantation, curative options are lacking for UCDs, with dietary management being the gold clinical standard. Novel therapeutic approaches are essential for UCDs; however, such effort presupposes preclinical testing in cellular models that effectively capture disease manifestation. Several cellular and animal models exist and aim to recapitulate the broad phenotypic spectrum of UCDs; however, the majority of those lack extensive molecular and biochemical characterization. The development of cellular models is emerging since animal models are extremely time and cost consuming, and subject to ethical considerations, including the 3R principle that endorses animal welfare over unchecked preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of expression and functionality of the urea cycle in two commercial hepatoma-derived cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps), primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and human liver cell preparations. Using immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and stable isotope tracing of the urea cycle metabolites, we identified that the hepatoma-derived, 2-week differentiated HepaRG cells are urea cycle proficient and behave as cellular alternatives to PHHs. Furthermore, HepaRG cells were superior to iPSC-Heps, which are known to exhibit batch-to-batch variabilities in terms of hepatic maturity and enzyme expression. Finally, HepG2 cells lack the urea cycle enzymes ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase 1, the transporter ORNT1, which limits their suitability as model for the study of UCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Makris
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lara Veit
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Klassa
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Zürcher
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Elgazar A, El-Domany RA, Eldehna WM, Badria FA. 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic Acid-Based Hybrids Alleviate Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepG2 by the Regulation of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Pathways: An Integrated Approach. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39490-39510. [PMID: 37901542 PMCID: PMC10601058 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new compounds for managing drug-induced liver injury, we prepared 23 novel hybrids based on 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) using various biocompatible linkers. A bioguided approach was employed to identify the most promising hybrid. Eight compounds exhibited superior anti-inflammatory activity compared to the parent compound. Two of these hybrids (5b and 18) were able to reduce gene expression of TNF-α in LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, similar to dexamethasone. Subsequently, the hepatoprotective potential of these hybrids was evaluated against acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in HepG2 cells at doses of 1 and 10 μM. Both hybrids effectively restored cytokine levels, which had been elevated by APAP, to normal levels. Furthermore, they normalized depleted superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione levels while significantly reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that AKBA-based hybrids exert their action by regulating PI3K and EGFR pathways, activating anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and initiating tissue repair and regeneration. Molecular docking studies provided insights into the interaction of the hybrids with PI3K. Additionally, the hybrids demonstrated good stability at different pH levels, following first-order kinetics, with relatively long half-lives, suggesting potential for absorption into circulation without significant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
A. Elgazar
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh
University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A. El-Domany
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Farid A. Badria
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura
University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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7
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Altintas F, Tunc-Ata M, Secme M, Kucukatay V. The anticancer effects of thymol on HepG2 cell line. Med Oncol 2023; 40:260. [PMID: 37542527 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing incidence of liver cancer, which is a hazard for global health. The present study was designed to evaluate possible cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, oxidant and antioxidant effects of thymol on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. The cytotoxic effect of thymol on HepG2 cell line was determined by XTT test. We also used the HUVEC cell line to show whether thymol damages healthy cells. Oxidative stress level was determined with Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) measurement kits. Apoptosis of cells was detected in flow cytometry with Annexin V apoptosis kit. Apoptotic gene expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR. Genotoxicity was determined by comet assay, which measures DNA damage. The thymol IC50 dose was found to be 11 μM on HepG2 cell line. This dose had no lethal effect on the healthy HUVEC cell line. While thymol significantly decreased the TOS level, it increased the TAS level significantly in HepG2 cells compared to control. Thymol significantly induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells (apoptosis rate in control group 1%, in thymol group 21%). Thymol did not alter the gene expressions of bax, bcl-2, and casp3, all of which are associated with apoptosis. Statistically significant change in favor of genotoxicity was observed in tail length measurements. Our results suggest that thymol decreases oxidative stress in HepG2 cell line, but it induces apoptosis and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Altintas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Melek Tunc-Ata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mucahit Secme
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Vural Kucukatay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, 20160, Denizli, Turkey
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8
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Zhao JH, Li J, Zhang XY, Shi S, Wang L, Yuan ML, Liu YP, Wang YD. Confusoside from Anneslea fragrans Alleviates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in HepG2 via PI3K-CASP3 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2023; 28:1932. [PMID: 36838918 PMCID: PMC9964309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Confusoside (CF), a major chemical compound in the leaves of Anneslea fragrans Wall., is a dihydrochalcone glycoside with excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the hepatoprotective effect of CF has not been described. This study aimed to explore the hepatoprotective effect of CF against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic injury in HepG2 cells. First, the potential hepatoprotective effect mechanisms of CF were predicted by network pharmacology and were thought to involve reducing inflammation and inhibiting apoptosis. Target proteins (phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K) and caspase-3 (CASP3)) were found via molecular docking analysis. To verify the predicted results, an analysis of biological indicators was performed using commercial kits and Western blotting. The results showed that CF significantly decreased the levels of liver injury biomarkers (ALT, AST, and LDH), strongly inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the NO level via inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and markedly regulated the expression levels of Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved-CASP3/9 proteins by activating the PI3K-CASP3 apoptosis pathway. The results demonstrated that CF has a therapeutic effect on APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting intracellular inflammation and cell apoptosis, indicating that CF may be used as a potential reagent for the prevention and treatment of APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Information, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- The faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- The faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yu-Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
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9
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Imran M, Aslam M, Alsagaby SA, Saeed F, Ahmad I, Afzaal M, Arshad MU, Abdelgawad MA, El‐Ghorab AH, Khames A, Shariati MA, Ahmad A, Hussain M, Imran A, Islam S. Therapeutic application of carvacrol: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3544-3561. [PMID: 36348778 PMCID: PMC9632228 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a major natural constituent and is significantly present as an essential oil in aromatic plants and is well known for its numerous biological activities. Therapeutic properties of carvacrol have been demonstrated as anti-oxidant, anticancer, diabetes prevention, cardioprotective, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and reproductive role, antiaging, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The carvacrol biosynthesis has been mediated through mevalonate pathway. Carvacrol has the anticancer ability against malignant cells via decreasing the expressions of matrix metalloprotease 2 and 9, inducing apoptosis, enhancing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, disrupting mitochondrial membrane, suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction, and also decreasing the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B. It also decreased the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase as well as also restored liver function, insulin level, and plasma glucose level. Carvacrol also has been found to exert antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus sp. Shigella, and Escherichia coli. The current review article summarizes the health-promoting perspectives of carvacrol through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of NarowalNarowalPakistan
| | - Mahwish Aslam
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah UniversityMajmaahSaudi Arabia
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ishtiaque Ahmad
- Department of Dairy Technology, FAPTUniversity of Veterinary & Animal SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Muhamamd Afzaal
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Arshad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. El‐Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of PharmacyTaif UniversityTaifSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University)MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyGovernment College UniversityFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
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Liu Y, Yan H, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Wu A, Chen D. Protective Effects of Natural Antioxidants on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Thymol and Its Pharmacological Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101947. [PMID: 36290669 PMCID: PMC9598597 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a gastrointestinal disease that involves chronic mucosal or submucosal lesions that affect tissue integrity. Although IBD is not life-threatening, it sometimes causes severe complications, such as colon cancer. The exact etiology of IBD remains unclear, but several risk factors, such as pathogen infection, stress, diet, age, and genetics, have been involved in the occurrence and aggravation of IBD. Immune system malfunction with the over-production of inflammatory cytokines and associated oxidative stress are the hallmarks of IBD. Dietary intervention and medical treatment suppressing abnormal inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended as potential therapies. Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol that is mostly found in thyme, exhibits multiple biological functions as a potential adjuvant for IBD. The purpose of this review is to summarize current findings on the protective effect of thymol on intestinal health in the context of specific animal models of IBD, describe the role of thymol in the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota against gastrointestinal disease, and discuss the potential mechanism for its pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Yan
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (D.C.)
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11
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Becer E, Mutlu Altundag E, Başer KHC, Vatansever HS. Cytotoxic activity and antioxidant effects of Origanum onites essential oil and its two major contents, carvacrol and p-cymene on human colorectal (HCT116) and hepatocelluler carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Becer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
- DESAM Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Ergül Mutlu Altundag
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
| | - K. Hüsnü Can Başer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Hafize Seda Vatansever
- DESAM Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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12
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Gabbai-Armelin PR, Sales LS, Ferrisse TM, De Oliveira AB, De Oliveira JR, Giro EMA, Brighenti FL. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of thymol as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent: A review of thymol effect on inflammation and wound healing: A review of thymol effect on inflammation and wound healing. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3415-3443. [PMID: 35848908 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Thymol (THY) exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Recent studies have also shown that THY presents anti-inflammatory and healing properties. This review focused on in vitro and in vivo investigations related to THY utilization, as an anti-inflammatory and/or wound healing agent. PubMed, WebOfScience, and Scopus were examined. Independent reviewers conducted all diagram steps. PRISMA was followed for data extraction. RoB 2 and SYRCLE were utilized to assess the risk of bias for in vitro and animal studies. Meta-analysis was performed for in vitro and in vivo articles that investigated THY as an anti-inflammatory agent. Thirty-six and 15 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and meta-analysis, respectively. Studies showed high risk of bias related to sampling, allocation procedures, randomization, and blinding. Even so, for in vitro studies, significant result was observed for IL-2. For in vivo studies, significant results were found for IL-1, IL-17, TNF-α, AST, MPO, and CRP, with higher levels noticed in control groups. THY presents significant properties as anti-inflammatory, ameliorating affections of the digestive system, cardiovascular problems, respiratory system and dermal damages, and burns. Researches are needed to clarify THY dose-response relationship and its mechanism of action, especially in the application of THY as a healing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana S Sales
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Elisa M A Giro
- School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Amara I, Timoumi R, Annabi E, Ben Othmène Y, Abid-Essefi S. The protective effects of thymol and carvacrol against di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23092. [PMID: 35521929 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of thymol and carvacrol, two phenolic monoterpenes with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, against the oxidative stress produced by the di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in human embryonic kidney cells 293 cells (HEK-293 cells) were investigated in this study. The cytotoxicity was monitored by cell viability, while oxidative stress generation was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantification, antioxidant enzyme activities measurement, glutathione concentration, and malondialdehyde (MDA) quantification. The genotoxicity was evaluated by the measurement of DNA fragmentation through the Comet assay. Our results demonstrated that the pretreatment of HEK-293 cells with thymol or carvacrol, 2 h before DEHP exposure, significantly increased the cell viability, decreased the ROS overproduction, modulated catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, restored the reduced glutathione content, and reduced the MDA level. The DNA fragmentation was also decreased by thymol and carvacrol pretreatment. These findings suggest that thymol and carvacrol could protect HEK-293 cells from DEHP-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Amara
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Timoumi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Emna Annabi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Ben Othmène
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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14
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Khalil M, Serale N, Diab F, Baldini F, Portincasa P, Lupidi G, Vergani L. Beneficial Effects of Carvacrol on In Vitro Models of Metabolically-Associated Liver Steatosis and Endothelial Dysfunction: A Role for Fatty Acids in Interfering with Carvacrol Binding to Serum Albumin. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5113-5129. [PMID: 35366761 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220401103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Carvacrol, a plant phenolic monoterpene, is largely employed as
food additive and phytochemical.
Objective:
We aimed to assess the lipid lowering and protective effects of carvacrol in
vitro using cellular models of hepatic steatosis and endothelial dysfunction. We also investigated if and how the binding of carvacrol to albumin, the physiological transporter
for small compounds in the blood, might be altered by the presence of high levels of fatty
acids (FAs).
Methods:
Hepatic FaO cells treated with exogenous FAs mimic hepatosteatosis; endothelial HECV cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide are a model of endothelial dysfunction. In
these models, we measured spectrophotometrically lipid accumulation and release,
lipoperoxidation, free radical production, and nitric oxide release before and after treatment with carvacrol. The carvacrol binding to albumin in the presence or absence of high
levels of FAs was assessed by absorption and emission spectroscopies.
Results:
Carvacrol counteracted lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in hepatocytes
and protected endothelial cells from oxidative stress and dysfunction. Moreover, high levels of FAs reduced the binding of carvacrol to albumin.
Conclusion:
The results suggest the good potential of carvacrol in ameliorating dysfunction of hepatic and endothelial cells in vitro. High levels of circulating FAs might compete with carvacrol for binding to albumin thus influencing its transport and bio-distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Nadia Serale
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Farah Diab
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University
of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Haly
| | - Francesca Baldini
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,
Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Italy
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Vergani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University
of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Haly
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15
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Tassinari R, Cavallini C, Olivi E, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Ferroni O, Ventura C. Protective effects of exosomes derived from lyophilized porcine liver against acetaminophen damage on HepG2 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:299. [PMID: 34922514 PMCID: PMC8684611 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, extracellular vesicles have come to the fore following their emerging role in cell communication, thanks to their ability to reach cells into the human body without dissipating their cargo, transferring biological active molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. They appear as a promising tool in medicine, because of their capability to modulate cellular response in recipient cells. Moreover, a considerable number of publications suggests that exosome uptake is selective but not specific, and it can cross species and cell-type boundaries. This study aims to explore the potential role of porcine liver derived extracellular vesicles, exosomes in particular, to protect human cells from acute damage induced by acetaminophen. Methods Extracellular vesicles were isolated from porcine lyophilized liver using polymer-based precipitation and a further enrichment was performed using affinity beads. The effects of obtained fractions, total extracellular vesicles and enriched extracellular vesicles, were assessed on human liver derived HepG2 cells. Cell growth and survival were tested, with MTT and area coverage analysis designed by us, as well as protein expression, with immunofluorescence and Western blot. Oxidative stress in live cells was also measured with fluorogenic probes. Results After proving that porcine extracellular vesicles did not have a toxic effect on HepG2, quite the contrary total extracellular vesicle fraction improved cell growth, we investigated their protective capability with a preconditioning strategy in APAP-induced damage. EVs displayed not only the ability to strongly modulate cell survival responses, but they also were able to boost cell cycle progression. Conclusions Extracellular vesicles derived from farm animal food derivatives are able to modulate human hepatic cell metabolism, also improving cell survival in a damaged context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03476-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tassinari
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Cavallini
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Olivi
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Taglioli
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zannini
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Ventura
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
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KARATAS E, BAYRAKTUTAN Z, ÇADIRCI E. Investigation of the Effects of Amlodipine on Paracetamol- Induced Acute Kidney Toxicity in Rats. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.891902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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The potential effect of phytochemicals and herbal plant remedies for treating drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4767-4788. [PMID: 34075538 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury significantly caused by synthetic drugs, and other xenobiotics contribute to clinical hepatic dysfunction, which has been a substantial challenge for both patients and physicians. Traditional medicines used as an alternative therapy because of their pharmacological benefits, less or no side effects, and enormous availability in nature. Phytochemicals are essential ingredients of plants that reduce necrotic cell death, restore the antioxidant defence mechanism, limit oxidative stress, and prevent the inflammation of tissue and dysfunction of the mitochondria. In this review, we principally focused on the potential effect of the herbal plants and their phytochemicals in treating drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Establishing a 3D In Vitro Hepatic Model Mimicking Physiologically Relevant to In Vivo State. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051268. [PMID: 34065411 PMCID: PMC8161177 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology to establish a 3D in vitro hepatic model that holds great potential in toxicological evaluation. However, in current hepatic models, the central area suffers from hypoxic conditions, resulting in slow and weak metabolism of drugs and toxins. It remains challenging to predict accurate drug effects in current bioprinted hepatic models. Here, we constructed a hexagonal bioprinted hepatic construct and incorporated a spinning condition with continuous media stimuli. Under spinning conditions, HepG2 cells in the bioprinted hepatic construct exhibited enhanced proliferation capacity and functionality compared to those under static conditions. Additionally, the number of spheroids that play a role in boosting drug-induced signals and responses increased in the bioprinted hepatic constructs cultured under spinning conditions. Moreover, HepG2 cells under spinning conditions exhibited intensive TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased susceptibility to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity as well as hepatotoxicity prevention by administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that the spinning condition employed during the generation of bioprinted hepatic constructs enables the recapitulation of liver injury and repair phenomena in particular. This simple but effective culture strategy facilitates bioprinted hepatic constructs to improve in vitro modeling for drug effect evaluation.
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Walczak M, Michalska-Sionkowska M, Olkiewicz D, Tarnawska P, Warżyńska O. Potential of Carvacrol and Thymol in Reducing Biofilm Formation on Technical Surfaces. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092723. [PMID: 34066411 PMCID: PMC8125478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and stainless steel (SS) are commonly used in medicine and food production technologies. During contact with microorganisms on the surface of these materials, a microbial biofilm is formed. The biofilm structure is difficult to remove and promotes the development of pathogenic bacteria. For this reason, the inhibition of biofilm formation in medical and food production environments is very important. For this purpose, five naturally occurring compounds were used for antimicrobial screening tests. The two with the best antimicrobial properties were chosen to inhibit the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After 3 days of exposure, thymol reduced the amount of biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the range of 70–77% and 52–75% for Staphylococcus aureus. Carvacrol inhibited the formation of biofilms by up to 74–88% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and up to 86–100% for Staphylococcus aureus. Those phenols decreased the enzyme activity of the biofilm by up to 40–100%. After 10 days of exposure to thymol, biofilm formation was reduced by 80–100% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and by about 79–100% for Staphylococcus aureus. Carvacrol reduced the amount of biofilm by up to 91–100% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and up to 95–100% for Staphylococcus aureus.
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20
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Ansary J, Giampieri F, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Regolo L, Quinzi D, Gracia Villar S, Garcia Villena E, Tutusaus Pifarre K, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Battino M, Cianciosi D. Nutritional Value and Preventive Role of Nigella sativa L. and Its Main Component Thymoquinone in Cancer: An Evidenced-Based Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082108. [PMID: 33916916 PMCID: PMC8067617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, scientific attention has been paid to different foods and their bioactive components for the ability to inhibit the onset and progress of different types of cancer. Nigella sativa extract, powder and seed oil and its main components, thymoquinone and α-hederin, have showed potent anticancer and chemosensitizing effects against various types of cancer, such as liver, colon, breast, renal, cervical, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate and skin tumors, through the modulation of various molecular signaling pathways. Herein, the purpose of this review was to highlight the anticancer activity of Nigella sativa and it constitutes, focusing on different in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies and projects, in order to underline their antiproliferative, proapoptotic, cytotoxic and antimetastatic effects. Particular attention has been also given to the synergistic effect of Nigella sativa and it constitutes with chemotherapeutic drugs, and to the synthesized analogs of thymoquinone that seem to enhance the chemo-sensitizing potential. This review could be a useful step towards new research on N. sativa and cancer, to include this plant in the dietary treatments in support to conventional therapies, for the best achievement of therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johura Ansary
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (J.A.); (F.G.); (L.R.); (D.Q.)
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (J.A.); (F.G.); (L.R.); (D.Q.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Lucia Regolo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (J.A.); (F.G.); (L.R.); (D.Q.)
| | - Denise Quinzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (J.A.); (F.G.); (L.R.); (D.Q.)
| | - Santos Gracia Villar
- Research Center for Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (S.G.V.); (E.G.V.); (K.T.P.)
- Research Center for Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Garcia Villena
- Research Center for Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (S.G.V.); (E.G.V.); (K.T.P.)
| | - Kilian Tutusaus Pifarre
- Research Center for Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (S.G.V.); (E.G.V.); (K.T.P.)
- Research Center for Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
| | - José M. Alvarez-Suarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170157, Ecuador
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-S.); (M.B.); (D.C.); Tel.: +593-2-297-1700 (J.M.A.-S.); +339-071-220-4646 (M.B.); +339-071-220-4136 (D.C.)
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (J.A.); (F.G.); (L.R.); (D.Q.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-S.); (M.B.); (D.C.); Tel.: +593-2-297-1700 (J.M.A.-S.); +339-071-220-4646 (M.B.); +339-071-220-4136 (D.C.)
| | - Danila Cianciosi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (J.A.); (F.G.); (L.R.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-S.); (M.B.); (D.C.); Tel.: +593-2-297-1700 (J.M.A.-S.); +339-071-220-4646 (M.B.); +339-071-220-4136 (D.C.)
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Dashtaki A, Mahjoub S, Zabihi E, Pourbagher R. The Effects of Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment of Thymol against tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide (t-BHP) Cytotoxicity in MCF-7 Cell Line and Fibroblast Derived Foreskin. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 9:338-347. [PMID: 33649728 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Some recent studies have reported anti-tumor activity for Thymol, but the findings are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate and compare Thymol's effects on MCF-7 cancer cells and fibroblasts while treated with tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Methods In the pre-treatment, MCF-7 and fibroblast cells were treated with various Thymol concentrations and incubated for 24 h. Then, t-BHP was added to a final concentration of 50 μM, and the cells were incubated for one h. In the post-treatment, cells were incubated first with 50 μM t-BHP for one h and then treated with Thymol. Cell viability was tested by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Thymol's antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, and lipid peroxidation levels were determined by the TBARS method. Results The thymol effects were dose-dependent, and despite their antioxidant properties, at concentrations of 100 µg/ml or more, increased t-BHP toxicity and reduced cancer cell viability. MTT assay result showed that pre-treatment and post-treatment with Thymol for 24 hours effectively reduced MCF-7 and fibroblast cell viability compared with the untreated control group. Both pre- and post-treatment of Thymol, normal fibroblast cell viability was significantly greater than that of the MCF-7 cells. Conclusion Our finding showed that Thymol appears to be toxic to MCF-7 cells at lower concentrations than fibroblasts after 24 hours of incubation. Pre-treatment with Thymol neutralized the oxidative effect of t-BHP in fibroblasts but was toxic for MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Dashtaki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I. R. Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I. R. Iran
| | - Soleiman Mahjoub
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I. R. Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I. R. Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I. R. Iran
| | - Roghayeh Pourbagher
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I. R. Iran
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22
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Cinar I. Apoptosis-Inducing Activity and Antiproliferative Effect of Gossypin on PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:445-450. [PMID: 32698736 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM The rapid growth, morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer, and the lack of effective treatment have attracted great interest of researchers to find novel cancer therapies aiming at the effect of gossypin on cell proliferation and apoptosis of PC-3 cells. METHODS The effect of gossypin on cell viability was determined using MTT assay at 5-100μg/ml and cisplatin (50μM) in a time-dependent manner in PC-3 cell lines. The expression levels of caspase-3 (CASP3) and caspase-9 (CASP9) for apoptosis and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFKB1) for survival, inflammation, and growth were evaluated by real-time PCR. Hoechst staining was used to analyze apoptosis. RESULTS Gossypin showed an anti-proliferative effect on PC3 cell line in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, gossypin led to a significant increase in apoptosis genes (CASP3, CASP9) when compared to control while it caused a decrease in the level of NFKB1, which is accepted as apoptosis inhibitor (p<0.05) (cisplatin-like). Gossypin 50 and 100μM significantly induced apoptotic mechanism in PC-3 cells. However, no apoptotic or commonly stained nuclei have been observed in control group cells. CONCLUSION The results indicated that gossypin can be defined as a promising anticancer agent for PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Cinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Das S, Chourashi R, Mukherjee P, Kundu S, Koley H, Dutta M, Mukhopadhyay AK, Okamoto K, Chatterjee NS. Inhibition of growth and virulence of Vibrio cholerae by carvacrol, an essential oil component of Origanum spp. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1147-1161. [PMID: 33544959 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In the age where bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is increasing at an alarming rate, the use of the traditional plant, herb extracts or other bioactive constituents is gradually becoming popular as an anti-virulence agent to treat pathogenic diseases. Carvacrol, a major essential oil fraction of Oregano, possesses a wide range of bioactivities. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol on major virulence traits of Vibrio cholerae. METHODS AND RESULTS We have used in vitro as well as ex vivo models to access the anti-pathogenic role of carvacrol. We found that the sub-inhibitory concentration of carvacrol significantly repressed bacterial mucin penetrating ability. Carvacrol also reduced the adherence and fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop model. Reduction in virulence is associated with the downregulated expression of tcpA, ctxB, hlyA and toxT. Furthermore, carvacrol inhibits flagellar synthesis by downregulating the expression of flrC and most of the class III genes. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol exhibited anti-virulence activity against V. cholerae, which involved many events including the inhibition of mucin penetration, adhesion, reduced expression of virulence-associated genes culminating in reduced fluid accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings indicate that carvacrol possesses inhibitory activity against V. cholerae pathogenesis and might be considered as a potential bio-active therapeutic alternative to combat cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Das
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - R Chourashi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - P Mukherjee
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - S Kundu
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - H Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - M Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - A K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - K Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - N S Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Ahmed LA, Abd El-Rhman RH, Gad AM, Hassaneen SK, El-Yamany MF. Dibenzazepine combats acute liver injury in rats via amendments of Notch signaling and activation of autophagy. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:337-348. [PMID: 32984915 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol is a commonly used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug. Nevertheless, an overdose of paracetamol leads to hepatic necrosis that can be lethal. This study aimed to assess the potential hepatoprotective effects of dibenzazepine, a Notch inhibitor, against acute liver injury in rats via interfering with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and Notch signaling. Silymarin (200 mg/kg, p.o.) or dibenzazepine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to rats for 5 days before a single hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol (800 mg/kg, i.p.). Pretreatment with silymarin and dibenzazepine significantly mitigated oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic markers induced by paracetamol hepatotoxicity where dibenzazepine showed greater repression of inflammation. Furthermore, dibenzazepine was found to be significantly more efficacious than silymarin in inhibiting Notch signaling as represented by expression of Notch-1 and Hes-1. A significantly greater response was also demonstrated with dibenzazepine pretreatment with regard to the expression of autophagic proteins, Beclin-1 and LC-3. The aforementioned biochemical results were confirmed by histopathological examination. Autophagy and Notch signaling seem to play a significant role in protection provided by dibenzazepine for paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, which could explain its superior results relative to silymarin. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rana H Abd El-Rhman
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany M Gad
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherifa K Hassaneen
- Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamad F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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Munoz-Perez VM, Ortiz MI, Gerardo-Munoz LS, Carino-Cortes R, Salas-Casas A. Tocolytic effect of the monoterpenic phenol isomer, carvacrol, on the pregnant rat uterus. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2020; 63:204-210. [PMID: 33109786 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_56_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide application of carvacrol (CAR) in different biological and medical areas, there is still insufficient electrophysiological data on the mechanisms of action of CAR, particularly in the pregnant uterine function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro tocolytic effect of CAR on the contractility of isolated pregnant rat uterus in the presence of a calcium channel antagonist (nifedipine) and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin). The uteri were isolated from pregnant Wistar rats at 16-18 days of pregnancy and suspended in an isolated organ bath chamber containing a Ringer's physiological solution and aerated with 95% O2and 5% CO2. Samples were used in functional tests to evaluate the inhibitory effect of CAR at increasing concentrations on the rhythmic spontaneous, oxytocin-induced phasic, K+-induced tonic, and Ca2+-induced contractions. The differences in inhibitory concentration-50 and Emaxamong the compounds were determined using the one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls or Bonferroni test, in all casesP < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Nifedipine was used as positive controls where required. CAR caused a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of the uterine contractions induced by the pharmaco- and electro-mechanic stimuli. We showed that the inhibitory effects of CAR depends on the type of muscle contraction stimuli, and that it acts stronger in spontaneous rhythmic activity and in contractions of isolated rat uterus induced by Ca2+. Nifedipine was more potent than CAR and indomethacin on the uterine contractility (P < 0.05), but none of them was more effective than nifedipine. Therefore, the tocolytic effect induced by CAR was associated with the blockade of the calcium channels in the pregnant rat uterus. This property placed CAR as a potentially safe and effective adjuvant agent in cases of preterm labor, an area of pharmacological treatment that requires urgent improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuel Munoz-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, México
| | - Mario I Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, México
| | - Lilian S Gerardo-Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, México
| | - Raquel Carino-Cortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Academic Area of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, México
| | - Andrés Salas-Casas
- Department of Geriatrics, Academic Area of Gerontology, Institute of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, México
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Gökalp F. The investigation of the healing effect of active ingredients in traditional medicinal plants on lung cancer. Med Oncol 2020; 37:102. [PMID: 33057857 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-01428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The healing effect of herbal active compounds on lung cancer has been recently investigated. Lung cancer is one of the leading types of cancer. The causes and prevention of lung cancer diagnosis have an important role as the inhibition of proteins in the initial treatment of the disease. The docking score was used to investigate the effect of some active compounds in traditional medicinal plants. The use of widespread medicinal plants and determination of active substances reveal the importance of docking studies in choosing the right active substance in a short time. The inhibition of essentially active compounds on lung cancer has been an important condition as the traditional medicinal plants that are rich in active substance and direct the experimental studies. In this study, the effects of the active ingredients in traditional food supplements used in many countries on the lung cancer were calculated based on the drugs used as standard. It will be hope that these active substances with high healing effects will be tested in the clinical field and turned into drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faik Gökalp
- Science Education, Department of Mathematics and Science Education, Faculty of Education, Kırıkkale University, 71450, Yahşihan/Kırıkkale, Turkey.
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27
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Mieczan T, Wójcik G. Importance of Redox Equilibrium in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis-Impact of Antioxidant-Rich Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1841. [PMID: 32575706 PMCID: PMC7353401 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic, hyperproliferative, inflammatory skin disease occurring in most ethnic groups in the world. The disease is hereditary but the process of its inheritance is complex and still not fully understood. At the same time, it has been observed that psoriatic lesions may be triggered by certain prooxidative external factors: using narcotics, smoking, drinking alcohol, physical and mental stress, as well as bacterial infections and injury. Since the main physiological marker of psoriasis relates to disorders in the organism's antioxidative system, it is necessary to develop a well-balanced combination of pharmaceuticals and dietary antioxidants to facilitate the effective treatment and/or prevention of the disease. The dietary sources of antioxidants must be adequate for chronic use regardless of the patient's age and be easily available, e.g., as ingredients of regular food or dietary supplements. Diet manipulation is a promising therapeutic approach in the context of modulating the incidence of chronic diseases. Another potentially viable method entails the use of nutrigenomics, which guarantees a multiaspectual approach to the problem, including, in particular, analyses of the genetic profiles of psoriasis patients with the view to more accurately targeting key problems. The present paper pertains to the significance of redox equilibrium in the context of psoriasis. Based on information published in worldwide literature over the last decade, the impact of dietary exogenous antioxidants on the course of this chronic disease was analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Mieczan
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wójcik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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28
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Elbe H, Yigitturk G, Cavusoglu T, Baygar T, Ozgul Onal M, Ozturk F. Comparison of ultrastructural changes and the anticarcinogenic effects of thymol and carvacrol on ovarian cancer cells: which is more effective? Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:193-202. [PMID: 32183603 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1740366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide in women. Many anticancer drugs are currently used clinically have been isolated from plant species or are based on such substances. Thymol (5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol) and carvacrol are oxygenated aromatic compounds from the monoterpene group. They are the main constituents of thyme essential oil and show antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antiseptic properties. The aim of this study is to compare the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of thymol and carvacrol on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line. The cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of thymol and carvacrol (100, 200, 400, 600 µM) at 24 h and 48 h durations. The cell viability was investigated by MTT assay and analysis of apoptosis with annexin V assay was determined. The study show that thymol and carvacrol significantly induced apoptosis in all groups as dose and time-dependent (p < .05). The data in the present study demonstrated that thymol and carvacrol have apoptotic and antiproliferative properties in a concentration-dependent manner toward ovarian cancer cells. SKOV-3 cancer cell line was much more sensitive to the toxic effect of thymol than carvacrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Elbe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Yigitturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Turker Cavusoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Cell and Tissue Research and Application Centre, Ege University & Cord Blood, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuba Baygar
- Research Laboratories Center, Material Research Laboratory, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Melike Ozgul Onal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Feral Ozturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
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29
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Arafa WM, Abolhadid SM, Moawad A, Abdelaty AS, Moawad UK, Shokier KAM, Shehata O, Gadelhaq SM. Thymol efficacy against coccidiosis in pigeon (Columba livia domestica). Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104914. [PMID: 32066028 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of thymol efficacy to control pigeon coccidiosis was performed using in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The in-vitro experiment was conducted by treatment of unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria species of pigeon by five concentrations (0.625-10%) from either thymol, eucalyptus essential oil or amprolium anticoccidial drug and incubation for 72 h. The in-vitro study revealed that thymol concentrations ≥1.25 % caused significant deformity on sporulated and unsporulated oocysts compared to the other two products. Eucalyptus oil was active at both 5 and 10 % concentrations on unsporulated oocysts but showed non-significant changes on sporulated ones at all tested concentration. Meanwhile, in-vivo testing of thymol was conducted using 45 squabs which were equally divided into three groups; untreated uninfected (UU) negative control, untreated infected (UI) positive control and thymol treated (TT). TT group received 40 mg/kg BWt thymol in feed for 15 days. At day five post thymol supplementation, the UI and TT groups were orally infected by 25 × 103sporulated oocysts of pigeon Eimeria labbeana. The in-vivo study showed that thymol minimized the adverse effect of Eimeria infection in pigeon as observed by less severity of clinical signs, low oocysts count and improvement of body weight when compared with untreated infected birds. In addition, the biochemical parameters including liver and kidney functions tests proved thymol safety in pigeon. Moreover, thymol showed excellent antioxidant activity that was estimated by significantly lower value of malondialdehyde in TT than UI groups. The histopathological findings of TT group showed intact intestinal villi with mild sloughed epithelium, degenerated coccidian developmental stages and massive infiltrations of mononuclear cells in lamina propria. In conclusion, thymol can be safely used to control pigeon coccidiosis as a natural effective compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Shawky M Abolhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Moawad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Usama K Moawad
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Olfat Shehata
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Gadelhaq
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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30
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Jafari A, Karimipour M, Khaksar MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Protective effects of orally administered thymol against titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced testicular damage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2353-2360. [PMID: 31782094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential of thymol and its mode of action to protect against the titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-induced testicular damage. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, TiO2 (100 mg/kg BW/day) group, TiO2 + thymol (10 mg/kg BW/day) group, and TiO2 + thymol (30 mg/kg BW/day) group. With the exception of the control group, all animals received orally TiO2 nanoparticles for 60 days. In treatment groups, animals were given orally thymol 1 h before TiO2 nanoparticles. Epididymal sperm parameters, testicular histopathology, and spermatogenesis assessments were performed for evaluation of the TiO2 and thymol effects on the testis. Furthermore, antioxidative enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value were measured. Intragastric administration of TiO2 for 60 consecutive days caused a significant decrease in sperm quality, widespread histopathological alteration, and significantly induced oxidative stress as manifested by elevated MDA levels and a remarkable decline in antioxidant enzyme activities such as CAT, SOD, and GPx, and also FRAP and GSH levels in testis tissue. Nearly all of these alterations were significantly ameliorated in the groups that orally received thymol before TiO2 nanoparticles administration. The results of this study demonstrated that thymol improved the spermatogenesis defects induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in rats in a dose-dependent manner by protecting the testes against the testicular toxicity. Reduction in TiO2 nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress may have a major role in this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Occupational Health and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Karimipour
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khaksar
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5715799313, Urmia, Iran.
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31
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Makwana H, Pandya D. Bioactivity-guided isolation, characterization, and estimation of esculetin – A Potential Marker from Launaea pinnatifida cass. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_264_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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32
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Banik S, Akter M, Corpus Bondad SE, Saito T, Hosokawa T, Kurasaki M. Carvacrol inhibits cadmium toxicity through combating against caspase dependent/independent apoptosis in PC12 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li S, Zhao H, Bao L. Preliminary Study on the Mechanism of Carvacrol Regulating Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Network Pharmacology. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666190516105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
To predict and analyze the target of anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in
the active constituents of Safflower by using network pharmacology.
Methods:
The active compounds of safflower were collected by TCMSP, TCM-PTD database and
literature mining methods. The targets of active compounds were predicted by Swiss Target Prediction
server, and the target of anti-HCC drugs was collected by DisGeNET database. The target was
subjected to an alignment analysis to screen out Carvacrol, a target of safflower against HCC. The
mouse HCC model was established and treated with Carvacrol. The anti-HCC target DAPK1 and
PPP2R2A were verified by Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation.
Results:
A total of 21 safflower active ingredients were predicted. Carvacrol was identified as a possible
active ingredient according to the five principles of drug-like medicine. According to Carvacrol's
possible targets and possible targets of HCC, three co-targets were identified, including cancer-
related are DAPK1 and PPP2R2A. After 20 weeks of Carvacrol treated, Carvacrol group significantly
increased on DAPK1 levels and decreased PPP2R2A levels in the model mice by Western
blot. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the endogenous interaction between DAPK1 and PPP2R2A.
Conclusion:
Safflower can regulate the development of HCC through its active component Carvacrol,
which can affect the expression of DAPK1 and PPP2R2A proteins, and the endogenous interactions
of DAPK1 and PPP2R2A proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- PRK Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010059, China
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34
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Barghi M, Ashrafi M, Aminlari M, Namazi F, Nazifi S. The protective effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil on CCl 4 induced liver fibrosis in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:229-237. [PMID: 30746963 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1571502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells by free radicals is an initial step in the development of liver fibrosis. Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZM) essential oil as a natural product has antioxidant activity and maybe a suitable candidate for treatment or prevention of the disease. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the protective effect of ZM oil in CCl4 induced liver fibrosis. Male rats were divided into 5 groups, group C: control rats; CO: vehicle control group; CE: rats that received essential oil (500 µl/kg); F: fibrosis group, rat were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 (1 mL/kg); FE: fibrosis rats that received both CCl4 and ZM essential oil as mentioned above. At the end of the 11th week, serum samples and liver tissues were collected for the evaluation of fibrosis markers, liver enzymes, oxidative stress parameters and histopathological studies. The results showed a significant increase in the activity of serum AST, ALT, total bilirubin, TGF-β1, hyaluronan, and hydroxyproline levels in serum and liver tissues in F group. Also, an abnormality in lipid profile and the existence of oxidative stress was found in serum and liver tissues in F group compared to the control groups. Our study showed that ZM essential oil could ameliorate mentioned parameters. Histopathological examinations confirmed the results of biochemical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Barghi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Ashrafi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aminlari
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fateme Namazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Protective effect of 5-HT7 receptor activation against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells via antioxidative and antiapoptotic pathways. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 72:22-28. [PMID: 30685503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects through 5-HT7 receptors. The present study determined the role of 5-HT7 receptors in glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of 5-HT7 receptor agonist LP44 and antagonist SB269970 for 60 min, followed by treatment with glutamate. Cell proliferation was measured using xCELLigence system. Treatment with all the concentrations of LP44 significantly protected the cells from the toxic effects of glutamate after 24, 48 and 72 h. Although 5-HT7 receptor expression was significantly upregulated in glutamate-treated cells, it was downregulated in LP44-pretreated cells. Furthermore, LP44 treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels and increased superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione levels. Moreover, LP44 treatment significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and inhibited caspase 3 and caspase 9 mRNA expression. In contrast, SB269970 treatment exerted an insignificant effect on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. These findings suggest that exogenous stimulation of the 5-HT7 receptors may be protective in glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and that 5-HT7 receptor agonists can be used as therapeutic agents for preventing glutamate-induced neurological disorders.
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Mohebbati R, Paseban M, Soukhtanloo M, Jalili-Nik M, Shafei MN, Yazdi AJ, Rad AK. Effects of standardized Zataria multiflora extract and its major ingredient, Carvacrol, on Adriamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Biomed J 2019; 41:340-347. [PMID: 30709575 PMCID: PMC6362159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At a glance commentary Scientific background on the subjectSince Adriamycin is used as an anticancer drug among various communities and is one of its side-effects, it is important to find a way to prevent this complication. Of these, medicinal plants such as Zataria multiflora can be important in preventing the complications.
What this study adds to the fieldThis study shows that carvacrol has a stronger effect on the liver antioxidant system as well as hepatic enzymes activity than the whole plant extract, and then carvacrol can be more helpful than whole plant in the treatment of hepatic damage caused by Adriamycin.
Due to antioxidant effects of Zataria multiflora (ZM) and Carvacrol (CAR) in many cases and the prominent role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatotoxicity induced by Adriamycin (ADR), the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ZM and CAR on ADR-induced hepatotoxicity.
Methods Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups including: 1)Control, 2)Adriamycin (ADR), 3,4) ZM + ADR and CAR + ADR that received ZM and CAR for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on the days 0, 14 and 28 to determine the alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Also, the hepatic redox markers were evaluated. Results ADR significantly increased ALP, ALT and AST in comparison with the control (p < 0.05 - p < 0.001). In CAR + ADR group, the serum ALP, ALT and AST were significantly reduced compared to those of the ADR group (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Also, in ZM + ADR group, serum ALP and ALT compared to ADR was significantly reduced (p < 0.001). MDA level in the ADR group significantly increased compared to control (p < 0.01). The MDA level in ZM + ADR (p < 0.05) and CAR + ADR (p < 0.01) groups were significantly reduced compared to that of ADR. Thiol levels in ZM + ADR group significantly increased compared to the ADR group (p < 0.05). The activities of CAT in the ADR group was significantly reduced compared to control (p < 0.05) and increased in treatment groups in comparison with the ADR (p < 0.01). Conclusion Long-term administration of ZM extract and CAR could reduce the oxidative damage in the rat liver induced by ADR through the strengthening of the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Paseban
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirali Jahani Yazdi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khajavi Rad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Jyoti, Dheer D, Singh D, Kumar G, Karnatak M, Chandra S, Prakash Verma V, Shankar R. Thymol Chemistry: A Medicinal Toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180503120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thymol is a natural phenolic monoterpenoid widely used in pharmaceutical and
food preservative applications. Thymol isomeric with carvacrol, extracted primarily from Thymus species
(Trachyspermum ammi) and other plants sources such as Baccharisgrise bachii and Centipeda minima,
has ethnopharmacological characteristics.
<p></p>
Methods: This review was prepared by analyzing articles published on thymol moiety in last decade and
selected from Science Direct, Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science and SciFinder. The selected articles are
classified and gives brief introduction about thymol and its isolation, illustrates its natural as well as
synthetic sources, and also therapeutic benefits of thymol worldwide
<p></p>
Results: Thymol has been covering different endeavors such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory,
antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrhoeal, anthelmintic, analgesic, digestive, abortifacient,
antihypertensive, spermicidal, depigmenting, antileishmanial, anticholinesterase, insecticidal and many
others. This phenolic compound is among the essential scaffolds for medicinal chemists to synthesize
more bio-active molecules by further derivatization of the thymol moiety.
<p></p>
Conclusion: Thymol is an interesting scaffold due to its different activities and derivatization of thymol
is proved to enhance its biological activities. However, more robust, randomised, controlled clinical
trials would be desirable with well-characterised thymol preparations to corroborate its beneficial effects
in diseased patients. Moreover, in view of the potential use of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils in
the treatment of human infections, comprehensive studies on chronic and acute toxicity and also teratogenicity
are to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- Genetics Resources & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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Subramanya SB, Venkataraman B, Meeran MFN, Goyal SN, Patil CR, Ojha S. Therapeutic Potential of Plants and Plant Derived Phytochemicals against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123776. [PMID: 30486484 PMCID: PMC6321362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), which is also known as paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is a safe and potent drug for fever, pain and inflammation when used at its normal therapeutic doses. It is available as over-the-counter drug and used by all the age groups. The overdose results in acute liver failure that often requires liver transplantation. Current clinical therapy for APAP-induced liver toxicity is the administration of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a sulphydryl compound an approved drug which acts by replenishing cellular glutathione (GSH) stores in the liver. Over the past five decades, several studies indicate that the safety and efficacy of herbal extracts or plant derived compounds that are used either as monotherapy or as an adjunct therapy along with conventional medicines for hepatotoxicity have shown favorable responses. Phytochemicals mitigate necrotic cell death and protect against APAP-induced liver toxicityby restoring cellular antioxidant defense system, limiting oxidative stress and subsequently protecting mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Recent experimental evidences indicat that these phytochemicals also regulate differential gene expression to modulate various cellular pathways that are implicated in cellular protection. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of the phytochemicals, which are shown to be efficacious in clinically relevant APAP-induced hepatotoxicity experimental models. In this review, we have made comprehensive attempt to delineate the molecular mechanism and the cellular targets that are modulated by the phytochemicals to mediate the cytoprotective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. In this review, we have also defined the challenges and scope of phytochemicals to be developed as drugs to target APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B Subramanya
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Balaji Venkataraman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra 424 001, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
| | - Chandragouda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box # 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
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Geyikoglu F, Yilmaz EG, Erol HS, Koc K, Cerig S, Ozek NS, Aysin F. Hepatoprotective Role of Thymol in Drug-Induced Gastric Ulcer Model. Ann Hepatol 2018; 17:980-991. [PMID: 30600301 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Indo is widely one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and one of the common toxic effects of this drug is hepatic failure. Thymol is a monoterpene phenol with many different pharmacological activities. However, up to now its hepatoprotective effects on Indo-induced gastric ulcer model in rats have not been explored yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups: control, ulcer control (30 mg/kg Indo), Indo + reference standard (50 mg/kg Rantidine), Indo + Thymol (75, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) groups. 10 minutes after the induction of ulcer with Indo; Thymol was orally administered to the rats. Liver function enzymes (AST, ALT and LDH) were measured from serum samples. TOS/TAC, TNF-α and PGE2 levels, eNOS and Caspase-3 activity were assessed from tissue homogenate samples. In addition, histopathologic analysis on liver sections was performed. RESULTS Indo significantly increased the levels of hepatic enzymes, TNF-α and eNOS, and caspase-3 activation, while decreased PGE2 levels. Furthermore, it induced oxidative stress as evidenced by elevated TOS and decreased TAC levels. However, Thymol treatment induced a significant improvement in these parameters, especially in 250 mg/kg dose. On the other hand, treatment with Thymol 500 mg/kg dramatically affected the parameters much worse than the Indo treated group. CONCLUSION The findings of the current study demonstrated that Thymol administration significantly ameliorated liver injury due to Indo toxicity. This effect of Thymol (250 mg/kg) may be mediated by its anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory effect, and up-regulation the synthesis of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
| | - Elif Gülcan Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
| | - Huseyin Serkan Erol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
| | - Kubra Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
| | - Salim Cerig
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
| | - Nihal Simsek Ozek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
| | - Ferhunde Aysin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, TURKEY
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Han W, Wu Q, Zhang X, Duan Z. Innovation for hepatotoxicity in vitro research models: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:146-162. [PMID: 30182494 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many categories of drugs can induce hepatotoxicity, so improving the prediction of toxic drugs is important. In vitro models using human hepatocytes are more accurate than in vivo animal models. Good in vitro models require an abundance of metabolic enzyme activities and normal cellular polarity. However, none of the in vitro models can completely simulate hepatocytes in the human body. There are two ways to overcome this limitation: enhancing the metabolic function of hepatocytes and changing the cultural environment. In this review, we summarize the current state of research, including the main characteristics of in vitro models and their limitations, as well as improved technology and developmental prospects. We hope that this review provides some new ideas for hepatotoxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
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Nikolic M, Sustersic T, Filipovic N. In vitro Models and On-Chip Systems: Biomaterial Interaction Studies With Tissues Generated Using Lung Epithelial and Liver Metabolic Cell Lines. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:120. [PMID: 30234106 PMCID: PMC6129577 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models are very important in medicine and biology, because they provide an insight into cells' and microorganisms' behavior. Since these cells and microorganisms are isolated from their natural environment, these models may not completely or precisely predict the effects on the entire organism. Improvement in this area is secured by organ-on-a-chip development. The organ-on-a-chip assumes cells cultured in a microfluidic chip. The chip simulates bioactivities, mechanics and physiological behavior of organs or organ systems, generating artificial organs in that way. There are several cell lines used so far for each tested artificial organ. For lungs, mostly used cell lines are 16HBE, A549, Calu-3, NHBE, while mostly used cell lines for liver are HepG2, Hep 3B, TPH1, etc. In this paper, state of the art for lung and liver organ-on-a-chip is presented, together with the established in vitro testing on lung and liver cell lines, with the emphasis on Calu-3 (for lung cell lines) and Hep-G2 (for liver cell lines). Primary focus in this review is to discuss different researches on the topics of lung and liver cell line models, approaches in determining fate and transport, cell partitioning, cell growth and division, as well as cell dynamics, meaning toxicity and effects. The review is finalized with current research gaps and problems, stating potential future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nikolic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute doo Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tijana Sustersic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute doo Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nenad Filipovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute doo Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Jafari A, Rasmi Y, Hajaghazadeh M, Karimipour M. Hepatoprotective effect of thymol against subchronic toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Biochemical and histological evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:29-36. [PMID: 29289817 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the protective action of thymol against nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. To achieve this purpose, the rats were divided into four groups (n = 6) including control, nano-TiO2 (100 mg/kg), nano-TiO2 + thymol (10 mg/kg) and nano-TiO2 + thymol (30 mg/kg). Intragastric (IG) administration of nano-TiO2 for 60 consecutive days caused widespread histological changes and significantly induced oxidative stress in the liver tissues as manifested by the rise in serum transaminase activities accompanied by marked decline of enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (ferric reducing antioxidant power and glutathione) antioxidant levels, and rise of malondialdehyde levels in liver tissue. Pretreatment with thymol (IG) prior to nano-TiO2 administration significantly ameliorated all of biochemical and histopathological alterations in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, thymol effectively protects against nano-TiO2-induced hepatotoxicity in rats by its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hajaghazadeh
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Karimipour
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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El-Maddawy ZK, El-Sayed YS. Comparative analysis of the protective effects of curcumin and N-acetyl cysteine against paracetamol-induced hepatic, renal, and testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3468-3479. [PMID: 29152699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible protective role of curcumin (CUR) vs. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against paracetamol (PCM)-induced oxidative damage and impairment of liver, kidney, and testicular functions, as well as hematotoxicity, in albino rats. A large single dose of PCM induced lipid peroxidation along with a significant decline in glutathione content and catalase activity in the liver, kidneys, and testicles. The apparent oxidative damage was associated with evident hepatic, renal, and testicular dysfunction, which was confirmed in histopathological lesions, and increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. PCM decreased serum total protein, albumin, and globulin contents; increased bilirubin, urea, and creatinine contents; and induced hematotoxicity. PCM also reduced the sperm cell count, sperm motility, and alive sperm rate and increased the sperm abnormality rate. Pretreatment of PCM-intoxicated animals with CUR or NAC substantially alleviated the increase in malondialdehyde and maintained the antioxidants at control levels. These pretreatments also minimized liver, kidney, and testicular histopathological changes and normalized their functions. CUR similarly mitigated the PCM hemato- and hepatotoxicity compared with NAC. However, it exhibited a pronounced nephroprotection, rather than reproductive protection as did NAC. Our findings demonstrate that a large single dose of PCM is not only associated with hepatotoxicity but also nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Both CUR and NAC administration provided substantial organ protection with pronounced efficacy against PCM nephrotoxicity with CUR and reproductive toxicity with NAC, which was possibly mediated through their antioxidant activities, as well as their specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Kh El-Maddawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Javed H, Al Taee H, Azimullah S, Ojha SK. Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:380. [PMID: 28694777 PMCID: PMC5483461 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymol, chemically known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol is a colorless crystalline monoterpene phenol. It is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species. For centuries, it has been used in traditional medicine and has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and antitumor activities. The present article presents a detailed review of the scientific literature which reveals the pharmacological properties of thymol and its multiple therapeutic actions against various cardiovascular, neurological, rheumatological, gastrointestinal, metabolic and malignant diseases at both biochemical and molecular levels. The noteworthy effects of thymol are largely attributed to its anti-inflammatory (via inhibiting recruitment of cytokines and chemokines), antioxidant (via scavenging of free radicals, enhancing the endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and chelation of metal ions), antihyperlipidemic (via increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the circulation and membrane stabilization) (via maintaining ionic homeostasis) effects. This review presents an overview of the current in vitro and in vivo data supporting thymol's therapeutic activity and the challenges concerning its use for prevention and its therapeutic value as a dietary supplement or as a pharmacological agent or as an adjuvant along with current therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. It is one of the potential candidates of natural origin that has shown promising therapeutic potential, pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic properties for the pharmaceutical development of thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayate Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hasan Al Taee
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Sundriyal S, Chen PB, Lubin AS, Lueg GA, Li F, White AJP, Malmquist NA, Vedadi M, Scherf A, Fuchter MJ. Histone lysine methyltransferase structure activity relationships that allow for segregation of G9a inhibition and anti- Plasmodium activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1069-1092. [PMID: 29308121 PMCID: PMC5708365 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum HKMTs (PfHKMTs) play a key role in controlling Plasmodium gene expression and represent exciting new anti-malarial epigenetic targets. Using an inhibitor series derived from the diaminoquinazoline HKMT inhibitory chemotype, we have previously identified compounds with highly promising antimalarial activity, including irreversible asexual cycle blood stage-independent cytotoxic activity at nM concentrations, oral efficacy in in vivo models of disease, and the unprecedented ability to reactivate dormant liver stage parasites (hypnozoites). However, future development of this series will need to address host versus parasite selectivity, where inhibitory activity against human G9a is removed from the lead compounds, while maintaining potent anti-Plasmodium activity. Herein, we report an extensive study of the SAR of this series against both G9a and P. falciparum. We have identified key SAR features which demonstrate that high parasite vs. G9a selectivity can be achieved by selecting appropriate substituents at position 2, 4 and 7 of the quinazoline ring. We have also, in turn, discovered that potent G9a inhibitors can be identified by employing a 6-carbon 'Nle mimic' at position 7. Together, this data suggests that while broadly similar, the G9a and potential PfHKMT target(s) binding pockets and/or binding modes of the diaminoquinazoline analogues exhibit clear and exploitable differences. Based on this, we believe this scaffold to have clear potential for development into a novel anti-malarial therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sundriyal
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
| | - Patty B Chen
- Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite , Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs , Institut Pasteur , Paris 75015 , France
- CNRS ERL 9195 , Paris 75015 , France
- INSERM Unit U1201 , Paris 75015 , France
| | - Alexandra S Lubin
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
| | - Gregor A Lueg
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
| | - Nicholas A Malmquist
- Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite , Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs , Institut Pasteur , Paris 75015 , France
- CNRS ERL 9195 , Paris 75015 , France
- INSERM Unit U1201 , Paris 75015 , France
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Artur Scherf
- Unité Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite , Département de Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs , Institut Pasteur , Paris 75015 , France
- CNRS ERL 9195 , Paris 75015 , France
- INSERM Unit U1201 , Paris 75015 , France
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)2075945815
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Zeilinger K, Freyer N, Damm G, Seehofer D, Knöspel F. Cell sources for in vitro human liver cell culture models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1684-98. [PMID: 27385595 PMCID: PMC4999620 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro liver cell culture models are gaining increasing importance in pharmacological and toxicological research. The source of cells used is critical for the relevance and the predictive value of such models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are currently considered to be the gold standard for hepatic in vitro culture models, since they directly reflect the specific metabolism and functionality of the human liver; however, the scarcity and difficult logistics of PHH have driven researchers to explore alternative cell sources, including liver cell lines and pluripotent stem cells. Liver cell lines generated from hepatomas or by genetic manipulation are widely used due to their good availability, but they are generally altered in certain metabolic functions. For the past few years, adult and pluripotent stem cells have been attracting increasing attention, due their ability to proliferate and to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro However, controlling the differentiation of these cells is still a challenge. This review gives an overview of the major human cell sources under investigation for in vitro liver cell culture models, including primary human liver cells, liver cell lines, and stem cells. The promises and challenges of different cell types are discussed with a focus on the complex 2D and 3D culture approaches under investigation for improving liver cell functionality in vitro Finally, the specific application options of individual cell sources in pharmacological research or disease modeling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Wehmeier K, Onstead-Haas LM, Wong NCW, Mooradian AD, Haas MJ. Pro-inflammatory signaling by 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in HepG2 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:87-96. [PMID: 27234962 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D metabolite 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24, 25[OH]2D3) was shown to induce nongenomic signaling pathways in resting zone chondrocytes and other cells involved in bone remodeling. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that 24,25-[OH]2D3 but not 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, suppresses apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) gene expression and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) secretion in hepatocytes. Since 24,25-[OH]2D3 has low affinity for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and little is known with regard to how 24,25-[OH]2D3 modulates nongenomic signaling in hepatocytes, we investigated the capacity of 24,25-[OH]2D3 to activate various signaling pathways relevant to apo A-I synthesis in HepG2 cells. Treatment with 24,25-[OH]2D3 resulted in decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) expression and retinoid-X-receptor alpha (RXRα) expression. Similarly, treatment of hepatocytes with 50 nM 24,25-[OH]2D3 for 1-3 h induced PKCα activation as well as c-jun-N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activity and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity. These changes in kinase activity correlated with changes in c-jun phosphorylation, an increase in AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity, as well as repression of apo A-I promoter activity. Furthermore, treatment with 24,25-[OH]2D3 increased IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 expression by HepG2 cells. These observations suggest that 24,25-[OH]2D3 elicits several novel rapid nongenomic-mediated pro-inflammatory protein kinases targeting AP1 activity, increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, potentially impacting lipid metabolism and hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Wehmeier
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Luisa M Onstead-Haas
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Norman C W Wong
- Department of MedicineBiochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael J Haas
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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