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Power J, Watson S, Chen W, Lewis AJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Galbally M. Maternal emotional availability and perinatal depressive symptoms as predictors of early childhood executive function. J Affect Disord 2024; 365:332-340. [PMID: 39178959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interconnected effects of maternal perinatal depression and the early mother-infant relational quality on children's executive function development are crucial yet understudied. This study addresses this gap, focusing on how perinatal depressive symptoms and emotional availability at 6 months predict child executive function performance at age four, with an emphasis on the moderating role of emotional availability. METHOD This study included 282 mother-infant pairs recruited from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study, utilising repeated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measurement over the perinatal period, Emotional Availability Scales, and child executive function assessments (Shape School, NEPSY-II, Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity scale, inattentive subscale). Latent growth curve analysis incorporated controls for socioeconomic status and maternal cognitive abilities, and moderation effects were examined through multiplicative interaction terms. RESULTS We found that emotional availability influences children's executive function, specifically switching, motor inhibition, and inattentive symptoms, irrespective of maternal depressive symptom changes. This effect is further nuanced by emotional availability's moderating role in the association between depressive symptom change and switching. LIMITATIONS The study's limitations include a relatively small sample size for moderation analysis and the exclusion of paternal influences. CONCLUSION This study is a significant step in understanding the profound influence of maternal emotional availability in infancy on child executive function development, offering new avenues for research and, if replicated, a foundation for innovative intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Power
- Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stuart Watson
- Murdoch University, Discipline of Psychology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; University of Notre Dame, School of Medicine, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Chen
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Australia; enAble Institute, Curtin University, Australia; Fiona Stanley Hospital, SMHS, Australia; Postgraduate School of Education, UWA, Australia; Murdoch University, WA, Australia; School of Medicine (Fremantle), University of Notre Dame Australia, WA, Australia; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Erasmus University, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Megan Galbally
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Augustin M, Mall V, Licata-Dandel M. ADHD Symptoms in Middle Childhood: The Role of Child Attachment and Maternal Emotional Availability in an Inpatient Clinical Sample. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:1572-1584. [PMID: 38921070 PMCID: PMC11202776 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child ADHD symptoms are highly prevalent in middle childhood, alongside impairment in social functioning. The parent-child relationship has been shown to play an important role; however, studies investigating specific facets of the parent-child relationship in ADHD symptomatology in middle childhood have been neglected. We assumed that higher ADHD symptoms were associated with both (1) lower maternal emotional availability (EA) and (2) lower child attachment security. Moreover, (3) we aimed to explore which specific EA dimensions were associated with ADHD symptoms. METHODS In a socio-pediatric clinic in Germany, 71 inpatient mother-child dyads (child age: M = 7.70, SD = 1.06; n = 54 boys) were assessed. Clinical data about child ADHD symptoms (Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 subscale "attention deficit/hyperactivity problems"), maternal EA (free play), and child attachment representation (Attachment Story Completion Task, GEV-B) were analyzed cross-sectionally. RESULTS Controlling for child oppositional behavior and sex, child ADHD symptoms were associated with overall maternal EA, and more specifically non-hostility, but not with child attachment representation. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that the role of parent-child interaction quality should be considered in the treatment of ADHD. Bidirectional effects cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Augustin
- Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Heiglhofstr. 69, 81377 Munich, Germany; (V.M.); (M.L.-D.)
| | - Volker Mall
- Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Heiglhofstr. 69, 81377 Munich, Germany; (V.M.); (M.L.-D.)
- German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Partner Site Munich, Heiglhofstr. 69, 81377 Munich, Germany
- kbo-Kinderzentrum Munich, Heiglhofstr. 65, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Licata-Dandel
- Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Heiglhofstr. 69, 81377 Munich, Germany; (V.M.); (M.L.-D.)
- kbo-Kinderzentrum Munich, Heiglhofstr. 65, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Charlotte Fresenius University, Infanteriestr. 11a, 80797 Munich, Germany
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3
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Díaz-Faes DA, Widom CS. From childhood maltreatment to intimate partner violence perpetration: A prospective longitudinal examination of the roles of executive functioning and self-esteem. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:271-280. [PMID: 38554623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has found that childhood maltreatment predicts increased risk for violence and partner violence and there is some evidence for poorer executive functioning and low self-esteem. To date, there have been no longitudinal studies that have examined the extent to which executive functioning and self-esteem play a role in the relationship between child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. METHODS This study aims to fill this gap by utilizing data from a prospective longitudinal study of children with documented court cases of abuse and neglect (ages 0-11 years) from a metropolitan county area in the Midwest (during the years 1967-1971) and demographically matched controls. Both maltreated individuals and matched controls were followed up and assessed over several waves of the study in young and middle adulthood. At mean age 39 years, inhibition and cognitive control were evaluated, while cognitive flexibility and nonverbal reasoning were assessed at mean age 41. Self-esteem was also assessed at mean age 41. Physical IPV perpetration was evaluated at age 47 using two different scoring strategies in separate models: the number of acts and variety of acts, ensuring avoidance of potential score skewness. RESULTS Childhood maltreatment predicted lower executive functioning and self-esteem, and both independently predicted intimate partner violence perpetration. Lower executive functioning and self-esteem mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and physical IPV perpetration in midlife, irrespective of the scoring method. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that executive functioning and self-esteem play a role in the cycle of violence. Implications and suggestions for future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Díaz-Faes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cathy Spatz Widom
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College, City University of New York, USA; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA
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Halliday ER, Cepeda SL, Grassie HL, Jensen-Doss A, Ehrenreich-May J. Initial Effects of a Brief Transdiagnostic Intervention on Parent Emotion Management During COVID-19. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:372-383. [PMID: 35976544 PMCID: PMC9383671 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Parents are a vulnerable group to increased distress resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, 80 parents with at least mildly elevated internalizing symptoms were randomized to receive a four session, transdiagnostic intervention via telehealth during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic based on the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP-Caregiver), immediately or 6-weeks after receipt of psychoeducational materials. Results showed no between-condition differences in slopes of primary outcome measures; however, significant group differences in intercepts indicated that those receiving UP-Caregiver immediately had greater improvements in distress tolerance and intolerance of uncertainty than those in the delayed condition. Analyses also suggested within-condition improvements in emotional functioning and high satisfaction with UP-Caregiver. Results suggest that psychoeducation and symptom monitoring may be helpful to some distressed parents. Future investigations should utilize a larger sample to identify which parents might benefit the most from interventions like UP-Caregiver during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Halliday
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
| | - Sandra L Cepeda
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Hannah L Grassie
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Amanda Jensen-Doss
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Jill Ehrenreich-May
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
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5
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Kim-Spoon J, Lee TH, Clinchard C, Lindenmuth M, Brieant A, Steinberg L, Deater-Deckard K, Casas B. Brain Similarity as a Protective Factor in the Longitudinal Pathway Linking Household Chaos, Parenting, and Substance Use. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:176-184. [PMID: 37121398 PMCID: PMC10613128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioecological factors such as family environment and parenting behaviors contribute to the development of substance use. While biobehavioral synchrony has been suggested as the foundation for resilience that can modulate environmental effects on development, the role of brain similarity that attenuates deleterious effects of environmental contexts has not been clearly understood. We tested whether parent-adolescent neural similarity-the level of pattern similarity between parent-adolescent functional brain connectivity representing the level of attunement within each dyad-moderates the longitudinal pathways in which household chaos (a stressor) predicts adolescent substance use directly and indirectly via parental monitoring. METHODS In a sample of 70 parent-adolescent dyads, similarity in resting-state brain activity was identified using multipattern connectivity similarity estimation. Adolescents and parents reported on household chaos and parental monitoring, and adolescent substance use was assessed at a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS The moderated mediation model indicated that for adolescents with low neural similarity, but not high neural similarity, greater household chaos predicted higher substance use over time directly and indirectly via lower parental monitoring. Our data also indicated differential susceptibility in the overall association between household chaos and substance use: Adolescents with low neural similarity exhibited high substance use under high household chaos but low substance use under low household chaos. CONCLUSIONS Neural similarity acts as a protective factor such that the detrimental effects of suboptimal family environment and parenting behaviors on the development of adolescent health risk behaviors may be attenuated by neural similarity within parent-adolescent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
| | | | | | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Brooks Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia
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Skowron EA, Nekkanti AK, Skoranski AM, Scholtes CM, Lyons ER, Mills KL, Bard D, Rock A, Berkman E, Bard E, Funderburk BW. Randomized trial of parent-child interaction therapy improves child-welfare parents' behavior, self-regulation, and self-perceptions. J Consult Clin Psychol 2024; 92:75-92. [PMID: 38059943 PMCID: PMC10894622 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a large (N = 204) randomized, clinical trial to test the efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) on observed parenting, two key drivers of maladaptive parenting-self-regulation and social cognitions, and child behavior outcomes in a sample of child welfare-involved families. METHOD Participants were randomly assigned to standard PCIT (n = 120) or services-as-usual (SAU; n = 84). The sample was characterized by low household income, significant exposures to adverse childhood experiences, and substance abuse. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted on multiply imputed data followed by secondary per-protocol analyses. RESULTS Significant PCIT effects emerged on (a) increased positive parenting, reduced negative parenting and disruptive child behavior (small-to-medium intention-to-treat effects and medium-to-large per-protocol effects); (b) gains in parent inhibitory control on the stop-signal task (small-to-medium effects); (c) gains in parent-reported emotion regulation and (d) positive, affirming self-perceptions (small-to-medium effects), relative to the SAU control group. PCIT's effects on gains in parent emotion regulation were mediated by reductions in observed negative parenting. No differences in rates of parent commands or child compliance were observed across conditions. Harsh child attributions moderated treatment impact on parenting skills acquisition. PCIT parents who held harsher attributions displayed greater gains in use of labeled praises and declines in negative talk/criticism with their child, than control group parents. CONCLUSIONS This randomized trial presents the first evidence that PCIT improves inhibitory control and emotion regulation in a child welfare parents and replicates other published trials documenting intervention gains in positive parenting and child behavior in child welfare families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolyn M. Scholtes
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Emma R. Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | - David Bard
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Alexus Rock
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | | | - Elizabeth Bard
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Beverly W. Funderburk
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
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7
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Power J, Watson S, Chen W, Lewis A, van IJzendoorn M, Galbally M. The trajectory of maternal perinatal depressive symptoms predicts executive function in early childhood. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7953-7963. [PMID: 37781906 PMCID: PMC10755237 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal maternal depression may affect fetal neurodevelopment directly or indirectly via exposures such as smoking, alcohol, or antidepressant use. The relative contribution of these risk factors on child executive function (EF) has not been explored systematically. METHODS A prospective pregnancy cohort of 197 women and their children was studied to determine whether maternal depression diagnosis and the trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms (MDSs) from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum predicts child EF at age 4 (measured using the preschool age psychiatric assessment, NEPSY-II, and Shape School task) using latent growth curve modeling. Indirect effects of smoking, alcohol, and antidepressant use were also formally tested. RESULTS Increasing maternal perinatal depressive symptoms over time predicted more inattentive symptoms, poorer switching, and motor inhibition, but not cognitive inhibition. When adjusted for multiple comparison, and after accounting for maternal cognition and education, the association with child inattentive symptoms remained significant. However, diagnosed depression did not predict child EF outcomes. Prenatal exposure to smoking, alcohol, and antidepressants also did not mediate pathways from depressive symptoms to EF outcomes. Our findings were limited by sample size and statistical power to detect outcome effects of smaller effect size. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that increasing MDSs over the perinatal period is associated with poorer EF outcomes in children at age 4 - independent of prenatal smoking, drinking, or antidepressant use. Depressive chronicity, severity, and postpartum influences may play crucial roles in determining childhood outcomes of EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Power
- School of Clinical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Watson
- School of Clinical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Wai Chen
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Perth, Australia
- Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Centre of Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- University of Western Australia Medical School, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Marinus van IJzendoorn
- School of Clinical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Megan Galbally
- School of Clinical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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8
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Lean RE, Gerstein ED, Smyser TA, Smyser CD, Rogers CE. Socioeconomic disadvantage and parental mood/affective problems links negative parenting and executive dysfunction in children born very preterm. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1092-1107. [PMID: 34725016 PMCID: PMC9058043 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poverty increases the risk of poorer executive function (EF) in children born full-term (FT). Stressors associated with poverty, including variability in parenting behavior, may explain links between poverty and poorer EF, but this remains unclear for children born very preterm (VPT). We examine socioeconomic and parental psychosocial adversity on parenting behavior, and whether these factors independently or jointly influence EF in children born VPT. At age five years, 154 children (VPT = 88, FT = 66) completed parent-child interaction and EF tasks. Parental sensitivity, intrusiveness, cognitive stimulation, and positive and negative regard were coded with the Parent-Child Interaction Rating Scale. Socioeconomic adversity spanned maternal demographic stressors, Income-to-Needs ratio, and Area Deprivation Index. Parents completed measures of depression, anxiety, inattention/hyperactivity, parenting stress, and social-communication interaction (SCI) problems. Parental SCI problems were associated with parenting behavior in parents of children born VPT, whereas socioeconomic adversity was significant in parents of FT children. Negative parenting behaviors, but not positive parenting behaviors, were related to child EF. This association was explained by parental depression/anxiety symptoms and socioeconomic adversity. Results persisted after adjustment for parent and child IQ. Findings may inform research on dyadic interventions that embed treatment for parental mood/affective symptoms and SCI problems to improve childhood EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Lean
- Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Emily D Gerstein
- Psychological Sciences, University Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Tara A Smyser
- Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Christopher D Smyser
- Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Cynthia E Rogers
- Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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Musso MF, Moyano S, Rico-Picó J, Conejero Á, Ballesteros-Duperón MÁ, Cascallar EC, Rueda MR. Predicting Effortful Control at 3 Years of Age from Measures of Attention and Home Environment in Infancy: A Machine Learning Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:982. [PMID: 37371215 DOI: 10.3390/children10060982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) is a dimension of temperament that encompass individual differences in self-regulation and the control of reactivity. Much research suggests that EC has a strong foundation on the development of executive attention, but increasing evidence also shows a significant contribution of the rearing environment to individual differences in EC. The aim of the current study was to predict the development of EC at 36 months of age from early attentional and environmental measures taken in infancy using a machine learning approach. A sample of 78 infants participated in a longitudinal study running three waves of data collection at 6, 9, and 36 months of age. Attentional tasks were administered at 6 months of age, with two additional measures (i.e., one attentional measure and another self-restraint measure) being collected at 9 months of age. Parents reported household environment variables during wave 1, and their child's EC at 36 months. A machine-learning algorithm was implemented to identify children with low EC scores at 36 months of age. An "attention only" model showed greater predictive sensitivity than the "environmental only" model. However, a model including both attentional and environmental variables was able to classify the groups (Low-EC vs. Average-to-High EC) with 100% accuracy. Sensitivity analyses indicate that socio-economic variables together with attention control processes at 6 months, and self-restraint capacity at 9 months, are the most important predictors of EC. Results suggest a foundational role of executive attention processes in the development of EC in complex interactions with household environments and provide a new tool to identify early markers of socio-emotional regulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel F Musso
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Mathematical and Experimental Psychology (CIIPME), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1040, Argentina
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1073, Argentina
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sebastián Moyano
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Josué Rico-Picó
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ángela Conejero
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Ballesteros-Duperón
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo C Cascallar
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Rosario Rueda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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10
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Li W, Nefs HT, Emmen RA, Woudstra MLJ, Branger MC, Wang L, Alink LR, Mesman J. Does parental autonomy support mediate the relation between parent and infant executive function? A study of mothers and fathers in the Netherlands and China. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 71:101833. [PMID: 36990019 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Parenting skills, such as Autonomy Support (AS), have been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the intergenerational contiguity of Executive Function (EF). However, few studies have focused on mothers and fathers among non-Western families. The current study investigated the role of maternal and paternal AS in the relation between parental EF and infant EF at 14 months of age among 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese first-time mothers and fathers and their infants. Multiple-group structural equation models were built for mothers and fathers separately with country as a grouping variable. Results showed that parental AS did not mediate the relation between parent EF and infant EF at 14 months. Mean-level differences were found in parental AS, maternal EF, and infant inhibition across countries, while no country differences were found in the relation between parent EF, AS and infant EF. Our findings suggested that individual differences in early EF may not be stable enough to be reliably predicted from parental factors across the Netherlands and China.
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11
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Examining the role of parents and teachers in executive function development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Cheng N, Ruan X, Wu Z, Yue X, Wang Z. The effect of maternal empathy on infants' attachment security: Moderation by maternal emotion regulation and infant temperament. Psych J 2023. [PMID: 36750399 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between maternal empathy and infants' attachment security and tested the moderating effects of maternal emotion regulation and infant negative emotional temperament. Participants were sampled from 215 families whose infants were 6 months old (T1) and from 170 families of the same cohort whose infants were 14 months old (T2). At T1, mothers were measured for their empathy (empathic concern and perspective taking), emotion regulation (reappraisal and suppression), and infant negative emotional temperament (sadness, falling reactivity, fear, and distress to limitations). At T2, mothers were again measured for their emotion regulation, and infant attachment was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure. Maternal empathic concern (EC) and perspective taking (PT) were found to be positively related to infant attachment security, while maternal reappraisal and infant temperamental sadness moderated the relationship between maternal PT and infant attachment security. No significant moderation effects were found between maternal EC and infant attachment security. Simple slope results showed that for infants with higher maternal reappraisal or infant sadness, maternal PT could positively predict infant attachment security. These findings highlight the importance of how the individual characteristics of mothers and infants may interact with maternal empathy during the critical period of infant attachment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Cheng
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjian Ruan
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yue
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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13
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Li Z, Xu X, Xing X. The intergenerational transmission of executive function: The mediating effect of parental harsh discipline. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 136:106019. [PMID: 36608402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The important roles of parental EF in shaping children's EF is less clear, especially in Chinese families. Moreover, it is suggested that the negative parenting behavior may be important environmental mechanisms underlying the EF transmission. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the transmission of EF across generations and the mediating roles of parental harsh discipline in this transmission in a Chinese sample. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 311 Chinese preschool-aged children and their fathers and mothers were recruited from three public kindergartens in Beijing. METHODS The Chinese version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), Parent-child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschooler Version (BRIEF-P) were respectively used to assess parental EF, harsh discipline and children's EF. RESULTS Both paternal and maternal EF positively predicted children's EF (βpaternal = 0.16, p < .01; βmaternal = 0.42, p < .001), and maternal but not paternal psychological aggression (standardized indirect estimate = 0.03, p < .05) and corporal punishment (standardized indirect estimate = 0.02, p < .05) mediated the above transmission. CONCLUSIONS These findings broaden our understanding of the distal or proximal factors and processes that account for the development of child EF in Chinese culture. Interventions focusing on improving parental especially maternal parenting practices would be helpful to shape children's EF or to interrupt the transmission of poor EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Research Center for Child Development, College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopei Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Thériault-Couture F, Matte-Gagné C, Dallaire S, Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Séguin JR, Dionne G, Boivin M. Child Cognitive Flexibility and Maternal Control: A First Step toward Untangling Genetic and Environmental Contributions. J Genet Psychol 2023; 184:55-69. [PMID: 36102122 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2022.2121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) play an essential role in many spheres of child development. Therefore, it is crucial to get a better understanding of their etiology. Using a genetic design that involved 934 twins (400 monozygotic), this study examined the etiology of cognitive flexibility, a component of EF, at 5 years of age and its phenotypic and etiological associations with maternal control. Cognitive flexibility was measured in a laboratory setting at 5 years of age using a well-known EF-task, i.e. the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS). Maternal control was measured using a self-report questionnaire. The univariate genetic model demonstrated that environmental factors mainly explained individual differences in preschoolers' performance on the DCCS task. A bivariate genetic model demonstrated that non-shared environmental mechanisms mainly explained the association (r = .-13) between maternal control and children's performance on the DCCS task. This study represents a preliminary step toward a better understanding of the genetic and environmental contributions underlying the relation between parenting behaviors and children's EF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Dallaire
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, Queebec, Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean R Séguin
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Jebraeili H, Davudizadeh S, Rezaee R. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and impulsive and risky behaviors: the mediating role of positive and negative emotional motivations. J Inj Violence Res 2022; 15:1748. [PMID: 36335464 PMCID: PMC10369327 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v15i1.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on healthy behaviors of adulthood is largely investigated, the role of these adversities in a wide variety of impulsive and risky behaviors (RBs) as well as the role of mediating variables has been rarely studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of positive-negative emotional motivations in the relationship between ACEs and RBs. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 401 adults of the general population of Kermanshah (201 individuals) and Kurdistan (200 individuals) were selected and they were assessed using the Risky, Impulsive, & Self-destructive behavior Questionnaire (RISQ) and the Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ). Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis (LPA), the correlation tests and structural equation modeling. RESULTS The prevalence of ACEs using LPA was estimated 37.7%. There was a significant correlation between all types of child abuse (not child neglect) and RBs. Emotional motivations played a mediating role in the relationship between ACEs and RBs (RMSEA=0.07, SRMR=0.05, CFI=0.92, TFI=0.90). The proposed model could explain about 11% of the variance of emotional motivations and around 70% of the variance of RBs. CONCLUSIONS Considering the impact of ACEs on emotional motivations and the impact of emotional motivations on RBs, intervention on emotional motivations may help to reduce RBs in people who suffer from ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Jebraeili
- Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Educational Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | | | - Roya Rezaee
- School of Social Sciences and Education, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Tomlinson RC, Hyde LW, Weigard AS, Klump KL, Burt SA. The role of parenting in the intergenerational transmission of executive functioning: A genetically informed approach. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-13. [PMID: 35957575 PMCID: PMC9922338 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in executive functioning both run in families and serve as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. The present study employed twin modeling to examine parenting as an environmental pathway underlying the intergenerational transmission of executive functioning in an at-risk community sample of children and adolescents (N = 354 pairs, 167 monozygotic). Using structural equation modeling of multi-informant reports of parenting and a multi-method measure of child executive functioning, we found that better parent executive functioning related to less harsh, warmer parenting, which in turn related to better child executive functioning. Second, we assessed the etiology of executive functioning via the nuclear twin family model, finding large non-shared environmental effects (E = .69) and low-to-moderate heritability (A = .22). We did not find evidence of shared environmental effects or passive genotype-environment correlation. Third, a bivariate twin model revealed significant shared environmental overlap between both warm and harsh parenting and child executive functioning (which may indicate either passive genotype-environment correlation or environmental mediation), and non-shared environmental overlap between only harsh parenting and child executive functioning (indicating an effect of harsh parenting separable from genetic confounds). In summary, genetics contribute to the intergenerational transmission of executive functioning, with environmental mechanisms, including harsh parenting, also making unique contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke W. Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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17
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Blum M, Ribner A. Parents’ expressed emotions and children’s executive functions. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 219:105403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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El-Deen GMS, Yousef AM, Mohamed AE, Ibrahim AS. Socio-demographic and clinical correlates of parenting style among parents having ADHD children: a cross-section study. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-021-00151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
ADHD affects 7.8% of the school-aged population, making it one of the most common childhood brain illnesses. It is characterized by abnormally high levels of inattention, activity, and impulsivity at a young age. Being a parent of a child with ADHD is a real challenge, as the parents tend to be more disapproving, critical, and provide more impulse control directions; such parenting style can have an impact on the illnesses course, accentuate its signs and symptoms, and lead to secondary development of co-morbid psychiatric and behavioral problems. This makes the parent-child effect a matter of clinical importance that needs to be carefully assessed and managed. We aimed to estimate the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of parenting attitudes among parents having ADHD children. This cross-sectional study included 48 ADHD children from both sexes, aged from 6 to 12 years old, and their parents. In our study, we applied the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th edition, the Conner’s Parent Rating Scale-revised, the parenting style as perceived by children questionnaire, and the Fahmy and El-Sherbini questionnaire for the measurement of socioeconomic status.
Results
Mothers of ADHD children had significantly lower scores of over-protections parenting style than the fathers; the current study showed a significant increase in total parenting scores and warmth/support in mild ADHD cases than in moderate and severe ones, and there is a significant increase in the mother’s positive parenting style toward ADHD children with lower levels of social problems, mild cases, and older age. There is a significant increase of positive parenting style toward ADHD children exerted by post graduated, professionally working, and high social class fathers and by working mothers among rural residents and high social class mothers. There is a positive correlation between IQ and a mother’s warmth/support.
Conclusion
ADHD children with mild symptoms, higher social functioning of the child, high socioeconomic level of the family, better education, and professional occupations of parents were associated with positive parenting style.
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19
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Kim SY, Song J, Wen W, Chen S, Zhang M, Yan J, Lopez BG, Arredondo MM, Ip KI. Culturally relevant stressors as moderators of intergenerational transmission of mother-adolescent executive function in Mexican immigrant families. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2021; 6:70. [PMID: 34731353 PMCID: PMC8566615 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The intergenerational transmission of executive function may be enhanced or interrupted by culturally salient environmental stressors that shape the practice of executive function in the family. Building upon past research, the current study tests whether culturally relevant stressors such as economic stress and foreigner stress have a direct effect on adolescent executive function, as well as whether they modify the intergenerational transmission of mother–child executive function (i.e., working memory, inhibitory control, and shifting) in low-income Mexican immigrant families. The sample consists of 179 Mexican American adolescents (Mage = 17.03 years; SDage = 0.83; 58% females) and their Mexico-born mothers (Mage = 43.25 years; SDage = 5.90). Results show that mothers’ perceived economic stress is associated with poor inhibitory control in adolescents. Low levels of mothers’ perceived foreigner stress related to a stronger association between mothers’ and adolescents’ working memory, while high levels of mothers’ perceived foreigner stress related to enhanced intergenerational transmission of poor shifting ability. Study findings demonstrate the prominence of perceived foreigner stress as a contextually relevant factor moderating the intergenerational transmission of mother–child executive function in low-income Mexican immigrant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Jiaxiu Song
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Minyu Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jinjin Yan
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Belem G Lopez
- Department of Mexican American and Latina/O Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maria M Arredondo
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ka I Ip
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Braren SH, Perry RE, Ribner A, Brandes-Aitken A, Brito N, Blair C. Prenatal mother-father cortisol linkage predicts infant executive functions at 24 months. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22151. [PMID: 34674244 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated associations between prenatal mother-father cortisol linkage and infant executive functions. Data come from an international sample (N = 358) of predominantly white and middle- to upper-class first-time parents. During late pregnancy, parents collected diurnal salivary cortisol samples and reported on levels of psychological stress. At 24 months, children completed a battery of executive function tasks. Parent cortisol linkage was operationalized as the time-dependent, within-dyad association between maternal and paternal diurnal cortisol. Results indicated that prenatal linkage was positively related to infant executive functions, suggesting that stronger mother-father cortisol linkage was associated with higher executive function scores. Additionally, this relation was moderated by paternal average cortisol levels such that executive function scores were lower when fathers had higher average cortisol levels and linkage was weak. This association suggests that elevated paternal cortisol amplifies the negative relation between lower cortisol linkage and lower infant executive function scores. Importantly, these findings were observed while controlling for observational measures of caregiving and self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and infant social-emotional behavior. These results suggest that prenatal linkage of mother's and father's stress physiology plays a potentially important part in programming and regulating infant neurocognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Ribner
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, USA
| | | | - Natalie Brito
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, USA
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, USA
| | -
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, USA.,Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Brieant AE, Sisk LM, Gee DG. Associations among negative life events, changes in cortico-limbic connectivity, and psychopathology in the ABCD Study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 52:101022. [PMID: 34710799 PMCID: PMC8556598 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adversity exposure is a risk factor for psychopathology, which most frequently onsets during adolescence, and prior research has demonstrated that alterations in cortico-limbic connectivity may account in part for this association. In a sample of youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 4006), we tested a longitudinal structural equation model to examine the indirect effect of adversity exposure (negative life events) on later psychopathology via changes in cortico-limbic resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We also examined the potential protective effects of parental acceptance. Generally, cortico-limbic connectivity became more strongly negative between baseline and year 2 follow-up, suggesting that stronger negative correlations within these cortico-limbic networks may reflect a more mature phenotype. Exposure to a greater number of negative life events was associated with stronger negative cortico-limbic rsFC which, in turn, was associated with lower internalizing (but not externalizing) symptoms. The indirect effect of negative life events on internalizing symptoms via cortico-limbic rsFC was significant. Parental acceptance did not moderate the association between negative life events and rsFC. Our findings highlight how stressful childhood experiences may accelerate neurobiological maturation in specific cortico-limbic connections, potentially reflecting an adaptive process that protects against internalizing problems in the context of adversity. Childhood adversity shapes cortico-limbic connectivity and mental health. In the ABCD Study, cortico-limbic functional connectivity changed over time. These changes explain the association between adversity and internalizing symptoms. Adversity exposure may accelerate corticolimbic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Lucinda M Sisk
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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22
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Hébert É, Regueiro S, Bernier A. Investigating the Associations between Family Alliance and Executive Functioning in Middle Childhood. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2021.1956930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Giuliani NR, Harrington EM, Trevino SD. Intergenerational transmission of appetite self-regulation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 76:101330. [PMID: 36911419 PMCID: PMC10003670 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parents and other primary caregivers affect the development of children's self-regulation in myriad ways, including via the parent's own self-regulation abilities. Ample evidence supports the association between mother and child self-regulation, yet this has never been experimentally assessed with regard to appetite self-regulation, the self-regulation of food intake. This study sought to explicitly test the associations between mother and child self-regulation across 3 domains: (1) appetite, (2) attentional control, and (3) inhibitory control. A community sample of 88 mother-preschooler dyads (ages 3-5) participated in this cross-sectional, experimental study. Results demonstrated that maternal self-regulation was significantly positively associated with child self-regulation in the appetite domain, b = 0.52, t(63.54) = 2.39, p = .020, but not for attentional or inhibitory control. These results add to the literature on parental influences on self-regulation development in early childhood and suggest that patterns of mother-child associations may vary across domains of self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Giuliani
- Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ellie M. Harrington
- Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shaina D. Trevino
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, United States of America
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24
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Cabrera NJ, Hennigar A, Alonso A, McDorman SA, Reich SM. The Protective Effects of Maternal and Paternal Factors on Children's Social Development. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2021; 2:85-98. [PMID: 34423312 PMCID: PMC8372823 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-021-00041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to examine associations among family and child protective factors, maternal and paternal levels of distress, and children's social competence in a sample of 156 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse first-time mothers, fathers, and their children, followed from 9 months to 30 months of age. Using multiple linear regression modeling, our results indicate that dyadic synchrony and children's positive temperament during infancy are significantly associated with fewer behavior problems and paternal optimism with high levels of social competence at 21 months (main effects). Father optimism and child positive temperament are only significantly related to higher levels of social competence and fewer behavioral problems, respectively, in the context of low levels of paternal distress (interaction effects). These results suggest that in our sample maternal dyadic synchrony operates in the same way across levels of maternal distress as it relates to children's behavior problems, with the exception of paternal optimism and children's positive temperament. Results also suggest that protective factors are different for mothers, fathers, and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J. Cabrera
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Avery Hennigar
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Angelica Alonso
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - S. Alexa McDorman
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
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25
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Rollins EM, Crandall A. Self-Regulation and Shame as Mediators Between Childhood Experiences and Young Adult Health. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649911. [PMID: 33935835 PMCID: PMC8085257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-regulation and shame mediated the relationship between adverse and positive childhood experiences (ACEs and PCEs) and young adult health. Data came from the Flourishing Families Project (FFP), a 10-year longitudinal study. Adolescent participants (N = 489; 51% female) completed an annual survey. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that PCEs negatively predicted shame and positively predicted self-regulation while ACEs negatively predicted self-regulation. Shame mediated the relationship between PCEs and depression. Self-regulation mediated the relationship between both ACEs and PCEs with anxiety; self-regulation also mediated the relationship between ACEs and substance abuse. Childhood experiences appear to affect the development and maintenance of self-regulation in adolescence. Self-regulation appears to be especially important in protecting against depression, anxiety, and substance abuse in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - AliceAnn Crandall
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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26
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Chronic early trauma impairs emotion recognition and executive functions in youth; specifying biobehavioral precursors of risk and resilience. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1339-1352. [PMID: 33779536 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic early trauma carries lasting effects on children's well-being and adaptation. Guided by models on resilience, we assessed the interplay of biological, emotional, cognitive, and relational factors in shaping two regulatory outcomes in trauma-exposed youth: emotion recognition (ER) and executive functions (EF). A unique war-exposed cohort was followed from early childhood to early adolescence. At preadolescence (11-13 years), ER and EF were assessed and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), biomarker of parasympathetic regulation, was quantified. Mother-child dyadic reciprocity, child's avoidance symptoms, and cortisol (CT) were measured in early childhood. Trauma-exposed youth displayed impaired ER and EF abilities. Conditional process analysis described two differential indirect paths leading from early trauma to regulatory outcomes. ER was mediated by avoidance symptoms in early childhood and modulated by cortisol, such that this path was evident only for preadolescents with high, but not low, CT. In comparison, EF was mediated by the degree of dyadic reciprocity experienced in early childhood and modulated by RSA, observed only among youth with lower RSA. Findings pinpoint trauma-related disruptions to key regulatory support systems in preadolescence as mediated by early-childhood relational, clinical, and physiological factors and highlight the need to specify biobehavioral precursors of resilience toward targeted early interventions.
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27
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Giuliani NR, Kelly NR. Delay of Gratification Predicts Eating in the Absence of Hunger in Preschool-Aged Children. Front Psychol 2021; 12:650046. [PMID: 33868128 PMCID: PMC8044964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor ability to regulate one's own food intake based on hunger cues may encourage children to eat beyond satiety, leading to increased risk of diet-related diseases. Self-regulation has multiple forms, yet no one has directly measured the degree to which different domains of self-regulation predict overeating in young children. The present study investigated how three domains of self-regulation (i.e., appetitive self-regulation, inhibitory control, and attentional control) predicted eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in a community sample of 47 preschool-aged children (M age = 4.93, SD = 0.86). Appetitive self-regulation, as measured using a delay of gratification task, was significantly and negatively associated with EAH 1 year later (p < 0.5). Measures of inhibitory and attentional control did not significantly predict EAH. These results suggest that food-related self-regulation may be a better predictor of overeating behaviors than general measures of self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Giuliani
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Nichole R. Kelly
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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28
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Brieant A, Herd T, Deater-Deckard K, Lee J, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Processes linking socioeconomic disadvantage and neural correlates of cognitive control in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100935. [PMID: 33581593 PMCID: PMC7887639 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) is broadly associated with self-regulatory abilities across childhood and adolescence. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying this association, especially during adolescence when individuals are particularly sensitive to environmental influences. The current study tested perceived stress, household chaos, parent cognitive control, and parent-adolescent relationship quality as potential proximal mediators of the association between family SES and neural correlates of cognitive control. A sample of 167 adolescents and their primary caregivers participated in a longitudinal study across four years. SES was indexed by caregivers' education and income-to-needs ratio at Time 1. At Time 2, adolescents reported on their perceived stress, household chaos, and relationship with parents, and parents completed a cognitive control task. Two years later, adolescents completed the same cognitive control task while blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response was monitored with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A parallel mediation model indicated that parent cognitive control, but not other proximal factors, explained the relation between SES and adolescents' activation in the middle frontal gyrus during a cognitive control task. The results suggest potential targets for intervention and prevention efforts that may positively alter neurocognitive outcomes related to socioeconomic disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, United States
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, United States
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Hays-Grudo J, Morris AS, Beasley L, Ciciolla L, Shreffler K, Croff J. Integrating and synthesizing adversity and resilience knowledge and action: The ICARE model. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021; 76:203-215. [PMID: 33734789 PMCID: PMC8188569 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes a model for understanding the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as dynamic and interrelated biobehavioral adaptations to early life stress that have predictable consequences on development and health. Drawing upon research from multiple theoretical and methodological approaches, the intergenerational and cumulative adverse and resilient experiences (ICARE) model posits that the negative consequences of ACEs result from biological and behavioral adaptations to adversity that alter cognitive, social, and emotional development. These adaptations often have negative consequences in adulthood and may be transmitted to subsequent generations through epigenetic changes as well as behavioral and environmental pathways. The ICARE model also incorporates decades of resilience research documenting the power of protective relationships and contextual resources in mitigating the effects of ACEs. Examples of interventions are provided that illustrate the importance of targeting the dysregulated biobehavioral adaptations to ACEs and developmental impairments as well as resulting problem behaviors and health conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hays-Grudo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, OSU Center for Health Sciences
| | | | - Lana Beasley
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University
| | | | - Karina Shreffler
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa
| | - Julie Croff
- Department of Rural Health, OSU Center for Health Sciences
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Jespersen JE, Morris AS, Hubbs-Tait L, Washburn IJ. Evaluation of a Parent Education Program Emphasizing Responsive Parenting and Mindfulness: An Inclusive Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rosenblum S, Navon H, Meyer S. Being late for school as related to mothers and children's executive functions and daily routine management. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hong Y, McCormick SA, Deater-Deckard K, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Household Chaos, Parental Responses to Emotion, and Child Emotion Regulation in Middle Childhood. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 30:786-805. [PMID: 34334970 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parents' responses to children's negative emotional states play a key role in the socialization of emotion regulation skills in childhood. Much of the prior research on child ER has focused on early development using cross-sectional designs. The current study addresses these gaps by using a longitudinal design to examine individual differences of ER at two times points in middle childhood. We examined the development of children's ER by testing hypotheses about the interplay of parent response to emotions and household chaos in the prediction of individual differences in children's ER. Participants were the mothers of children at 6 and 9 years of age among 224 families in a socioeconomically diverse sample that was part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Mothers completed questionnaires regarding themselves, their children, and their home environment. Mothers' reports of better child ER at both time points were positively associated with mothers' more supportive responses and negatively associated with mothers' less non-supportive responses, as well as lower household chaos. Chaos statistically moderated the link between non-supportive parental responses to emotion and child ER, but only at 6 years of age. The strength of the link between child ER and non-supportive parental responses to emotions was strong only at lower levels of household chaos. At the beginning of middle childhood, family processes linking parent responses to child emotions and children's developing ER may not function at higher levels of household chaos.
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Branje S, Geeraerts S, de Zeeuw EL, Oerlemans AM, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Schulz S, Nelemans S, Meeus W, Hartman CA, Hillegers MHJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Boomsma DI. Intergenerational transmission: Theoretical and methodological issues and an introduction to four Dutch cohorts. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100835. [PMID: 32823179 PMCID: PMC7451818 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Behaviors, traits and characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring because of complex genetic and non-genetic processes. We review genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology and parenting and focus on recent methodological advances in disentangling genetic and non-genetic factors. In light of this review, we propose that future studies on intergenerational transmission should aim to disentangle genetic and non-genetic transmission, take a long-term longitudinal perspective, and focus on paternal and maternal intergenerational transmission. We present four large longitudinal cohort studies within the Consortium on Individual Development, which together address many of these methodological challenges. These four cohort studies aim to examine the extent to which genetic and non-genetic transmission from the parental generation shapes parenting behavior and psychopathology in the next generation, as well as the extent to which self-regulation and social competence mediate this transmission. Conjointly, these four cohorts provide a comprehensive approach to the study of intergenerational transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Branje
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Geeraerts
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline L de Zeeuw
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anoek M Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Elisabeth Koopman-Verhoeff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Schulz
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Nelemans
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Meeus
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Black CFD, Barker TV, Fisher P. Measurement of parental executive function in early childhood settings: Instrument reliability and validity in community-led research projects. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:2277-2289. [PMID: 32667059 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of early childhood (EC) parenting programs target adult executive function (EF) to build responsive parenting behaviors and to promote positive child development. Although measurement of EF is well understood in academic research, little work has examined EF measurement in community settings. The present study examined psychometric properties of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version among 203 parents whose children were enrolled in EC programs serving under-resourced communities. We calculated Cronbach's α and mean-item correlations to test internal consistency reliability. To test factor structure, we conducted exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. Results suggest adequate internal consistency and that factor structures, beyond the original proposed, are appropriate for our community sample. Together, findings indicate that self-report measures of adult EF may perform differently for families experiencing adversity, raising questions about the acceptability of clinical EF tools in in underserved communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyson V Barker
- Center for Translational Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Philip Fisher
- Center for Translational Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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The Longitudinal Relation between Observed Maternal Parenting in the Preschool Period and the Occurrence of Child ADHD Symptoms in Middle Childhood. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:755-764. [PMID: 30417251 PMCID: PMC6469827 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this longitudinal population-based cohort (N = 547) we examined the relation between maternal discipline and sensitivity in the preschool period and the occurrence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in middle childhood, taking into account pre-existing child attention and executive function (EF) problems, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom comorbidity. Maternal parenting was observed during a ‘do not touch task’ (positive and negative discipline) and a teaching task (sensitivity) at age 3. Parents reported on the occurrence of ADHD and ODD symptoms at age 8 using the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale. Attention and executive function problems were assessed using parent questionnaires at age 4. Important covariates such as harsh discipline and maternal depression were also taken into account. Maternal sensitivity significantly predicted later ADHD symptoms beyond pre-existing child attention and EF problems, and comorbid ODD symptoms. However, maternal negative and positive discipline did not significantly predict later ADHD symptoms over and above these covariates. This study demonstrates the importance of maternal sensitivity in the etiology of core ADHD symptoms above and beyond pre-existing child attention and EF problems, and comorbid ODD symptoms.
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36
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Cheung RY, Chan LY, Chung KK. Emotion dysregulation between mothers, fathers, and adolescents: Implications for adolescents' internalizing problems. J Adolesc 2020; 83:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Damian RI, Atherton OE, Lawson KM, Robins RW. The co-development of chores and effortful control among Mexican-origin youth and prospective work outcomes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Herd T, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Developmental Changes in Emotion Regulation during Adolescence: Associations with Socioeconomic Risk and Family Emotional Context. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1545-1557. [PMID: 31981049 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although theoretical work proposes that emotion regulation development exhibits a positive growth trajectory across adolescence as prefrontal brain regions continue to mature, individual differences in developmental changes of emotion regulation merit elucidation. The present study investigates longitudinal links between the family environment (i.e., socioeconomic risk and family emotional context) and emotion regulation development. The sample included 167 adolescents (53% males) who were first recruited at 13-14 years of age and assessed annually four times. Latent change score analyses identified family emotional context as a mediator between socioeconomic risk and emotion regulation development, such that lower socioeconomic risk (higher socioeconomic status and lower household chaos) at Time 1 was associated with a more positive family emotional context (parent emotion regulation, parenting practices, and parent-adolescent relationship quality), which in turn was associated with larger year-to-year increases in emotion regulation. The findings highlight the important role of the family emotional context as a process explaining how the challenges of growing up in a household laden with socioeconomic risk may be associated with emotion regulation development during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
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39
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Druker K, Mazzucchelli T, Hennessey N, Beilby J. Parent perceptions of an integrated stuttering treatment and behavioral self-regulation program for early developmental stuttering. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2019; 62:105726. [PMID: 31756581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent research has identified approximately half of children who stutter present with self-regulation challenges. These manifest in elevated inattentive and/or impulsive behaviours, aligned with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. These symptoms have been found to influence the child's responsiveness to their stuttering treatment, and may exacerbate the psychosocial consequences of stuttering for them and their families. Early stuttering intervention identifies parents as key agents of change in the management of their children's stuttering. This study sought feedback from parents regarding their experiences with an integrated stuttering treatment and behavioral self-regulation program for early developmental stuttering, addressing the child's self-regulation challenges. METHOD Eight parents of children who stutter who had co-occurring self-regulation challenges completed the integrated program. This incorporated the Triple P--Positive Parenting Program adapted for the developmental stuttering population, and the Curtin University Stuttering Program (CUSP). Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted to capture parents' reflections on, and experiences with, the integrated program. RESULTS Thematic analysis identified several major themes regarding the parents' experiences with the integrated program: emotional impact on parents, child self-regulation, link between stuttering and behaviour, parent self-regulation, impact on family dynamics, and overall positive perceptions of the integrated program. All of the parents indicated they would recommend the program to future parents of children who stutter. CONCLUSION This study provides insights into parents' perceptions regarding an integrated intervention approach for early stuttering and behavior management. It also indicates how adopting a holistic approach to stuttering intervention is positive and has social validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerianne Druker
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Neville Hennessey
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janet Beilby
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
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40
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Prime H, Wade M, Gonzalez A. The link between maternal and child verbal abilities: An indirect effect through maternal responsiveness. Dev Sci 2019; 23:e12907. [PMID: 31571333 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Language abilities in early childhood show stability over time and play an important role in the development of other cognitive processes. Identifying modifiable environmental risk factors is important to informing prevention and early intervention efforts. Maternal verbal ability has been previously linked to child verbal ability. The current study examined whether maternal and child verbal abilities were linked indirectly through early childhood maternal responsiveness. Data come from a longitudinal birth cohort study. Participants included 133 mothers and their children recruited from maternity wards shortly after birth. Maternal verbal ability was measured using the Vocabulary subtest from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (child age 8 months). Child verbal ability was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (36 months). A latent maternal responsiveness variable was estimated using three developmentally sensitive indicators; one during infancy (child age 8 months) and two when children were 36 months. Results of a structural equation model indicated a significant indirect effect from maternal verbal abilities to child verbal abilities through maternal responsiveness. This indirect path was significant even after inclusion of another indirect path from maternal executive functioning to child verbal ability through maternal responsiveness (which was not significant). Future studies will benefit from experimental, genetically sensitive and/or cross-lagged designs to allow for conclusions related to directionality and causality. This body of research has implications for the study of the intergenerational transmission of verbal abilities and associated skills, behaviours and adaptive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Prime
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Wade
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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41
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Parenting Stress and Broader Phenotype in Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyslexia or Typical Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111878. [PMID: 31141931 PMCID: PMC6603552 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study parenting stress and the broader phenotype are investigated in two highly common developmental disorders, namely Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and specific reading impairment (dyslexia). Within a total sample of 130 parents, 27 were parents of children with ADHD (P-ADHD), 38 were parents of children with a diagnosis of dyslexia (P-DYS) and the other 65 participants were parents of children with typical development (P-TD). A battery of cognitive tasks was administered which included verbal and non-verbal Intellectual Quotient (IQ), reading speed (passage and nonwords), verbal fluency and the Attention Network Task (ANT). Reading history, symptoms of ADHD in adults and parenting stress were measured through questionnaires. Group differences evidenced that the P-DYS group had lower scores in the reading tasks, in the verbal fluency task and in the reading history questionnaire. Conversely, the P-ADHD group had more transversal cognitive weaknesses (IQ, reading tasks, verbal fluency) and the highest scores in parenting stress and ADHD symptoms, together with poor reading history. The groups did not differ in the ANT task. Parenting stress was predicted, on the whole sample, by lower socioeconomic status (SES) and number of family members and higher ADHD symptoms. Implications for research and clinical settings are discussed.
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Brody GH, Yu T, Nusslock R, Barton AW, Miller GE, Chen E, Holmes C, McCormick M, Sweet LH. The Protective Effects of Supportive Parenting on the Relationship Between Adolescent Poverty and Resting-State Functional Brain Connectivity During Adulthood. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:1040-1049. [PMID: 31088209 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619847989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Children growing up in poverty are vulnerable to negative changes in the developing brain; however, these outcomes vary widely. We tested the hypothesis that receipt of supportive parenting would offset the association between living in poverty during adolescence and the connectivity of neural networks that support cognition and emotion regulation during young adulthood. In a sample of African American youths (N = 119) living in the rural South, poverty status and receipt of supportive parenting were assessed when youths were 11 to 13 and 16 to 18 years old. At age 25, resting-state functional connectivity of the central-executive and emotion-regulation neural networks was assessed using functional MRI. The results revealed that more years spent living in poverty presaged less connectivity in both neural networks among young adults who received low levels of supportive parenting but not among those who received high levels of such parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene H Brody
- 1 Center for Family Research, University of Georgia
| | - Tianyi Yu
- 1 Center for Family Research, University of Georgia
| | | | | | - Gregory E Miller
- 2 Department of Psychology, Northwestern University.,3 Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
| | - Edith Chen
- 2 Department of Psychology, Northwestern University.,3 Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
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Meuwissen AS, Carlson SM. An experimental study of the effects of autonomy support on preschoolers' self-regulation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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44
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Allemand M, Job V, Mroczek DK. Self-control development in adolescence predicts love and work in adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 2018; 117:621-634. [PMID: 30550330 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study over a 23-year time span examined predictive associations between self-control development in adolescence and love and work outcomes in adulthood. Participants were 1,527 adults aged 35 years (48.3% female). The predictor variable self-control was measured yearly at the ages of 12 to 16 years. Adult outcome variables were measured at the age of 35 years. Three important results stand out. First, the measure of adolescent self-control functioned equivalently across the adolescent years. Second, adolescents showed a mean-level increase in self-control across the adolescent years and significant individual differences in level and change of self-control. Finally, individual differences in change in adolescent self-control predicted better intimate relationships in terms of higher relationship satisfaction and lower conflict; and more satisfaction and engagement in work-life in adulthood independent of the initial levels of self-control in early adolescence. These findings demonstrate that developmental self-regulatory processes reveal long-term consequences in important life domains beyond the adolescent years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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45
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Gambin M, Wozniak-Prus M, Sharp C. Executive functions and attachment to mother and father in inpatient female and male adolescents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2018.1511419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Menninger Clinic, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Kitsaras G, Goodwin M, Allan J, Kelly MP, Pretty IA. Bedtime routines child wellbeing & development. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:386. [PMID: 29562892 PMCID: PMC5861615 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bedtime routines has shown important associations with areas associated with child wellbeing and development. Research into bedtime routines is limited with studies mainly focusing on quality of sleep. The objectives of the present study were to examine the relationship between bedtime routines and a variety of factors associated with child wellbeing and to examine possible determinants of bedtime routines. Methods A total of 50 families with children between 3 and 5 years old took part in the study. Data on bedtime routines, parenting styles, school readiness, children’s dental health, and executive function were collected. Results Children in families with optimal bedtime routines showed better performance in terms of executive function, specifically working memory (t (44)= − 8.51, p ≤ .001), inhibition and attention (t (48)= − 9.70, p ≤ .001) and cognitive flexibility (t (48)= − 13.1, p ≤ .001). Also, children in households with optimal bedtime routines scored higher in their readiness for school (t (48)= 6.92, p ≤ .001) and had better dental health (U = 85.5, p = .011). Parents in households with suboptimal bedtime routines showed worse performance on all measures of executive function including working memory (t (48)= − 10.47, p ≤ .001), inhibition-attention (t (48)= − 10.50, p ≤ .001) and cognitive flexibility (t (48)= − 13.6, p ≤ .001). Finally, parents with optimal bedtime routines for their children deployed a more positive parenting style in general (i.e. authoritative parenting) compared to those with suboptimal bedtime routines (t (48)= − 6.45, p ≤ .001). Conclusion The results of the present study highlight the potentially important role of bedtime routines in a variety of areas associated with child wellbeing and the need for further research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5290-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kitsaras
- Dental Health Unit, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Michaela Goodwin
- Dental Health Unit, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julia Allan
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michael P Kelly
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain A Pretty
- Dental Health Unit, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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47
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Lawson GM, Hook CJ, Farah MJ. A meta-analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic status and executive function performance among children. Dev Sci 2018; 21:10.1111/desc.12529. [PMID: 28557154 PMCID: PMC5821589 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and executive function (EF) has recently attracted attention within psychology, following reports of substantial SES disparities in children's EF. Adding to the importance of this relationship, EF has been proposed as a mediator of socioeconomic disparities in lifelong achievement and health. However, evidence about the relationship between childhood SES and EF is mixed, and there has been no systematic attempt to evaluate this relationship across studies. This meta-analysis systematically reviewed the literature for studies in which samples of children varying in SES were evaluated on EF, including studies with and without primary hypotheses about SES. The analysis included 8760 children between the ages of 2 and 18 gathered from 25 independent samples. Analyses showed a small but statistically significant correlation between SES and EF across all studies (rrandom = .16, 95% CI [.12, .21]) without correcting for attenuation owing to range restriction or measurement unreliability. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among studies, and a number of factors, including the amount of SES variability in the sample and the number of EF measures used, emerged as moderators. Using only the 15 studies with meaningful SES variability in the sample, the average correlation between SES and EF was small-to-medium in size (rrandom = .22, 95% CI [.17, .27]). Using only the six studies with multiple measures of EF, the relationship was medium in size (rrandom = .28, 95% CI [.18, .37]). In sum, this meta-analysis supports the presence of SES disparities in EF and suggests that they are between small and medium in size, depending on the methods used to measure them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cayce J Hook
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Rolan EP, Schmitt SA, Purpura DJ, Nichols DL. Sibling presence, executive function, and the role of parenting. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Håkansson U, Söderström K, Watten R, Skårderud F, Øie MG. Parental reflective functioning and executive functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Attach Hum Dev 2017; 20:181-207. [PMID: 29105598 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1398764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Having a substance use disorder (SUD) may adversely affect caregiving capacities. Reflective functioning (RF) and executive functioning (EF) are both important capacities for sensitive parenting, and are often impaired in a SUD. Only a few studies have explored the possible association between the two phenomena. In this study, we used a neuropsychological test battery to assess EF, and the Parent Development Interview to assess RF in a sample of mothers with a SUD (N = 43). Although parental RF (PRF) was associated with EF, when controlled for intelligence (IQ) and mental health, there was no significant association between EF and PRF. Mental health, however, showed a significant negative association with PRF. Splitting the group in two based on PRF level, mothers with a negative to low PRF exhibited more severe difficulties in SUD-related aspects, as well as in several EF components, compared to mothers with an adequate to high PRF, highlighting the association between EF and PRF. The results from this study contribute to enhance our understanding of the dynamics underlying vulnerability in PRF that mothers with small children may experience. We suggest EF to be a prerequisite for adequate PRF, and for interventions to be customized accordingly regarding parents with a SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Håkansson
- a The Research Centre for Child and Youth Competence and Development , Innland Norway University of Applied Sciences , Lillehammer , Norway
| | - Kerstin Söderström
- a The Research Centre for Child and Youth Competence and Development , Innland Norway University of Applied Sciences , Lillehammer , Norway.,b Division Mental Health Care , Innlandet Hospital Trust , Lillehammer , Norway
| | - Reidulf Watten
- a The Research Centre for Child and Youth Competence and Development , Innland Norway University of Applied Sciences , Lillehammer , Norway
| | - Finn Skårderud
- c Norwegian School of Sport Science , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Merete Glenne Øie
- d Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,e Research Division , Innlandet Hospital Trust , Lillehammer , Norway
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Nikolas MA, Momany AM. DRD4 Variants Moderate the Impact of Parental Characteristics on Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Exploratory Evidence from a Multiplex Family Design. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:429-442. [PMID: 28138806 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental ADHD symptomatology and related impairments have been robustly associated with youth ADHD across decades of work. Notably, these factors may impede typical development of child self-regulation capabilities through both neurobiological and interpersonal processes. High heritability of estimates for the disorder further suggest that these effects are likely genetically-mediated, at least in part. Variation within the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been shown to moderate parental influences on youth ADHD. Use of a multiplex family design (i.e., samples of families that included multiple affected members) may facilitate identification of additional gene variants of interest and advance understanding of gene-environment interplay in regard to parenting. Thirty multiplex families consisting of 114 individuals (66 youth, 48 parents) completed a multi-stage, multi-informant diagnostic and neurocognitive assessment, measures of parenting, and provided saliva samples for DNA analyses. Sanger sequencing of the DRD4 gene yielded 16 rare variants; a polygenic risk score was computed for both parents and youth. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) examined the predictive effects of parental ADHD symptoms, parental neurocognitive functioning, and poor parenting dimensions on youth ADHD as well as moderation of these effects by parental and youth DRD4 variants. Findings indicated that parental DRD4 variants moderated the impact of parental ADHD and neurocognitive functioning on youth ADHD symptoms. Youth DRD4 variants moderated the impact of parental inconsistent discipline on child ADHD. In all cases, stronger associations were observed for those individuals with more risk variants. These exploratory findings highlight the potential utility of a multiplex family design for examining the interplay between parent and child characteristics in predicting youth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Allison M Momany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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