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Li N, Lavalley CA, Chou KP, Chuning AE, Taylor S, Goldman CM, Torres T, Hodson R, Wilson RC, Stewart JL, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Smith R. Directed exploration is elevated in affective disorders but reduced by an aversive interoceptive state induction. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.19.24309110. [PMID: 38947082 PMCID: PMC11213056 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.19.24309110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Elevated anxiety and uncertainty avoidance are known to exacerbate maladaptive choice in individuals with affective disorders. However, the differential roles of state vs. trait anxiety remain unclear, and underlying computational mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized. In the present study, we investigated how a somatic (interoceptive) state anxiety induction influences learning and decision-making under uncertainty in individuals with clinically significant levels of trait anxiety. A sample of 58 healthy comparisons (HCs) and 61 individuals with affective disorders (iADs; i.e., depression and/or anxiety) completed a previously validated explore-exploit decision task, with and without an added breathing resistance manipulation designed to induce state anxiety. Computational modeling revealed a pattern in which iADs showed greater information-seeking (i.e., directed exploration; Cohen's d =.39, p =.039) in resting conditions, but that this was reduced by the anxiety induction. The affective disorders group also showed slower learning rates across conditions (Cohen's d =.52, p =.003), suggesting more persistent uncertainty. These findings highlight a complex interplay between trait anxiety and state anxiety. Specifically, while elevated trait anxiety is associated with persistent uncertainty, acute somatic anxiety can paradoxically curtail exploratory behaviors, potentially reinforcing maladaptive decision-making patterns in affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | | | - Ko-Ping Chou
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rowan Hodson
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
| | - Robert C. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
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2
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Hedley FE, Larsen E, Mohanty A, Liu JZ, Jin J. Understanding anxiety through uncertainty quantification. Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38217080 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Uncertainty has been a central concept in psychological theories of anxiety. However, this concept has been plagued by divergent connotations and operationalizations. The lack of consensus hinders the current search for cognitive and biological mechanisms of anxiety, jeopardizes theory creation and comparison, and restrains translation of basic research into improved diagnoses and interventions. Drawing upon uncertainty decomposition in Bayesian Decision Theory, we propose a well-defined conceptual structure of uncertainty in cognitive and clinical sciences, with a focus on anxiety. We discuss how this conceptual structure provides clarity and can be naturally applied to existing frameworks of psychopathology research. Furthermore, it allows formal quantification of various types of uncertainty that can benefit both research and clinical practice in the era of computational psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmett Larsen
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Aprajita Mohanty
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jeremiah Zhe Liu
- Google Research, Mountain View, California, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingwen Jin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Erdman A, Eldar E. The computational psychopathology of emotion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2231-2238. [PMID: 36811651 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Mood and anxiety disorders involve recurring, maladaptive patterns of distinct emotions and moods. Here, we argue that understanding these maladaptive patterns first requires understanding how emotions and moods guide adaptive behavior. We thus review recent progress in computational accounts of emotion that aims to explain the adaptive role of distinct emotions and mood. We then highlight how this emerging approach could be used to explain maladaptive emotions in various psychopathologies. In particular, we identify three computational factors that may be responsible for excessive emotions and moods of different types: self-intensifying affective biases, misestimations of predictability, and misestimations of controllability. Finally, we outline how the psychopathological roles of these factors can be tested, and how they may be used to improve psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Erdman
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Eran Eldar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501, Jerusalem, Israel.
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4
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Kwon M, Lee SH, Ahn WY. Adaptive Design Optimization as a Promising Tool for Reliable and Efficient Computational Fingerprinting. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:798-804. [PMID: 36805245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in understanding mental (dys)functions is their etiological and functional heterogeneity, and several multidimensional assessments have been proposed for their comprehensive characterization. However, such assessments require lengthy testing, which may hinder reliable and efficient characterization of individual differences due to increased fatigue and distraction, especially in clinical populations. Computational modeling may address this challenge as it often provides more reliable measures of latent neurocognitive processes underlying observed behaviors and captures individual differences better than traditional assessments. However, even with a state-of-the-art hierarchical modeling approach, reliable estimation of model parameters still requires a large number of trials. Recent work suggests that Bayesian adaptive design optimization (ADO) is a promising way to address these challenges. With ADO, experimental design is optimized adaptively from trial to trial to extract the maximum amount of information about an individual's characteristics. In this review, we first describe the ADO methodology and then summarize recent work demonstrating that ADO increases the reliability and efficiency of latent neurocognitive measures. We conclude by discussing the challenges and future directions of ADO and proposing development of ADO-based computational fingerprints to reliably and efficiently characterize the heterogeneous profiles of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Young Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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5
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Meyer HC, Fields A, Vannucci A, Gerhard DM, Bloom PA, Heleniak C, Opendak M, Sullivan R, Tottenham N, Callaghan BL, Lee FS. The Added Value of Crosstalk Between Developmental Circuit Neuroscience and Clinical Practice to Inform the Treatment of Adolescent Anxiety. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:169-178. [PMID: 37124361 PMCID: PMC10140450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in recent years regarding the developmental trajectories of brain circuits and networks, revealing links between brain structure and function. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of developmental trajectories in determining early psychiatric outcomes. However, efforts to encourage crosstalk between basic developmental neuroscience and clinical practice are limited. Here, we focus on the potential advantage of considering features of neural circuit development when optimizing treatments for adolescent patient populations. Drawing on characteristics of adolescent neurodevelopment, we highlight two examples, safety cues and incentives, that leverage insights from neural circuit development and may have great promise for augmenting existing behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders during adolescence. This commentary seeks to serve as a framework to maximize the translational potential of basic research in developmental populations for strengthening psychiatric treatments. In turn, input from clinical practice including the identification of age-specific clinically relevant phenotypes will continue to guide future basic research in the same neural circuits to better reflect clinical practices. Encouraging reciprocal communication to bridge the gap between basic developmental neuroscience research and clinical implementation is an important step toward advancing both research and practice in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C. Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Fields
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Danielle M. Gerhard
- Department of Psychiatry, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Paul A. Bloom
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Maya Opendak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
- Department of Neuroscience, Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Regina Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Bridget L. Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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6
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Emanuel A, Eldar E. Emotions as computations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:104977. [PMID: 36435390 PMCID: PMC9805532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emotions ubiquitously impact action, learning, and perception, yet their essence and role remain widely debated. Computational accounts of emotion aspire to answer these questions with greater conceptual precision informed by normative principles and neurobiological data. We examine recent progress in this regard and find that emotions may implement three classes of computations, which serve to evaluate states, actions, and uncertain prospects. For each of these, we use the formalism of reinforcement learning to offer a new formulation that better accounts for existing evidence. We then consider how these distinct computations may map onto distinct emotions and moods. Integrating extensive research on the causes and consequences of different emotions suggests a parsimonious one-to-one mapping, according to which emotions are integral to how we evaluate outcomes (pleasure & pain), learn to predict them (happiness & sadness), use them to inform our (frustration & content) and others' (anger & gratitude) actions, and plan in order to realize (desire & hope) or avoid (fear & anxiety) uncertain outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Emanuel
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel; Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
| | - Eran Eldar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel; Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
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7
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Weigard A, Sripada C. Task-general efficiency of evidence accumulation as a computationally-defined neurocognitive trait: Implications for clinical neuroscience. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 1:5-15. [PMID: 35317408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying individual differences in higher-order cognitive functions is a foundational area of cognitive science that also has profound implications for research on psychopathology. For the last two decades, the dominant approach in these fields has been to attempt to fractionate higher-order functions into hypothesized components (e.g., "inhibition", "updating") through a combination of experimental manipulation and factor analysis. However, the putative constructs obtained through this paradigm have recently been met with substantial criticism on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Concurrently, an alternative approach has emerged focusing on parameters of formal computational models of cognition that have been developed in mathematical psychology. These models posit biologically plausible and experimentally validated explanations of the data-generating process for cognitive tasks, allowing them to be used to measure the latent mechanisms that underlie performance. One of the primary insights provided by recent applications of such models is that individual and clinical differences in performance on a wide variety of cognitive tasks, ranging from simple choice tasks to complex executive paradigms, are largely driven by efficiency of evidence accumulation (EEA), a computational mechanism defined by sequential sampling models. This review assembles evidence for the hypothesis that EEA is a central individual difference dimension that explains neurocognitive deficits in multiple clinical disorders and identifies ways in which in this insight can advance clinical neuroscience research. We propose that recognition of EEA as a major driver of neurocognitive differences will allow the field to make clearer inferences about cognitive abnormalities in psychopathology and their links to neurobiology.
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8
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Sharp PB, Russek EM, Huys QJM, Dolan RJ, Eldar E. Humans perseverate on punishment avoidance goals in multigoal reinforcement learning. eLife 2022; 11:e74402. [PMID: 35199640 PMCID: PMC8912924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing multiple goals is essential to adaptation, yet we are only beginning to understand computations by which we navigate the resource demands entailed in so doing. Here, we sought to elucidate how humans balance reward seeking and punishment avoidance goals, and relate this to variation in its expression within anxious individuals. To do so, we developed a novel multigoal pursuit task that includes trial-specific instructed goals to either pursue reward (without risk of punishment) or avoid punishment (without the opportunity for reward). We constructed a computational model of multigoal pursuit to quantify the degree to which participants could disengage from the pursuit goals when instructed to, as well as devote less model-based resources toward goals that were less abundant. In general, participants (n = 192) were less flexible in avoiding punishment than in pursuing reward. Thus, when instructed to pursue reward, participants often persisted in avoiding features that had previously been associated with punishment, even though at decision time these features were unambiguously benign. In a similar vein, participants showed no significant downregulation of avoidance when punishment avoidance goals were less abundant in the task. Importantly, we show preliminary evidence that individuals with chronic worry may have difficulty disengaging from punishment avoidance when instructed to seek reward. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that people avoid punishment less flexibly than they pursue reward. Future studies should test in larger samples whether a difficulty to disengage from punishment avoidance contributes to chronic worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Sharp
- The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Evan M Russek
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Quentin JM Huys
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eran Eldar
- The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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9
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Smith R, Mayeli A, Taylor S, Al Zoubi O, Naegele J, Khalsa SS. Gut inference: A computational modelling approach. Biol Psychol 2021; 164:108152. [PMID: 34311031 PMCID: PMC8429276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurocomputational theories have hypothesized that Bayesian inference underlies interoception, which has become a topic of recent experimental work in heartbeat perception. To extend this approach beyond cardiac interoception, we describe the application of a Bayesian computational model to a recently developed gastrointestinal interoception task completed by 40 healthy individuals undergoing simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) and peripheral physiological recording. We first present results that support the validity of this modelling approach. Second, we provide a test of, and confirmatory evidence supporting, the neural process theory associated with a particular Bayesian framework (active inference) that predicts specific relationships between computational parameters and event-related potentials in EEG. We also offer some exploratory evidence suggesting that computational parameters may influence the regulation of peripheral physiological states. We conclude that this computational approach offers promise as a tool for studying individual differences in gastrointestinal interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States.
| | - Ahmad Mayeli
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Samuel Taylor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Obada Al Zoubi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Jessyca Naegele
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States; Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, United States.
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10
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Edershile EA. Leveraging economic games to integrate and differentiate personality and psychopathology. J Pers 2021; 90:103-114. [PMID: 34053069 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive model that integrates, yet differentiates, between personality and psychopathology is needed. Emerging empirical models of psychopathology are aligned structurally with trait models of personality, suggesting clear points of convergence. However, traits, themselves, are not sufficient to quantify consequential adaptivity and maladaptivity. Rather, as multiple theoretical accounts argue, unsuccessful pursuit of goals and needs, and the inability to flexibly adapt goals to fit the situation, is how maladaptivity is understood to emerge. Thus far, though, the empirical literature has suffered from an unsatisfactory connection between structural (or trait-based personality) models and our understanding of dysfunctional processes (psychopathology). Economic games, which elicit intensive repeated behavior suitable for studying dynamic processes, have been leveraged to explore how personality and pathology are associated with behavior across a variety of tasks. When coupled with computational modeling, economic games offer a promising method for integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology. Ultimately, a fully formed model of psychopathology will be achieved when structural models of personality and psychopathology can be merged with a better understanding of the underlying functional processes of each. This will likely only be achieved by leveraging a number of available tools across disciplines.
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11
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Smith R, Kuplicki R, Feinstein J, Forthman KL, Stewart JL, Paulus MP, Khalsa SS. A Bayesian computational model reveals a failure to adapt interoceptive precision estimates across depression, anxiety, eating, and substance use disorders. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008484. [PMID: 33315893 PMCID: PMC7769623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neurocomputational theories have hypothesized that abnormalities in prior beliefs and/or the precision-weighting of afferent interoceptive signals may facilitate the transdiagnostic emergence of psychopathology. Specifically, it has been suggested that, in certain psychiatric disorders, interoceptive processing mechanisms either over-weight prior beliefs or under-weight signals from the viscera (or both), leading to a failure to accurately update beliefs about the body. However, this has not been directly tested empirically. To evaluate the potential roles of prior beliefs and interoceptive precision in this context, we fit a Bayesian computational model to behavior in a transdiagnostic patient sample during an interoceptive awareness (heartbeat tapping) task. Modelling revealed that, during an interoceptive perturbation condition (inspiratory breath-holding during heartbeat tapping), healthy individuals (N = 52) assigned greater precision to ascending cardiac signals than individuals with symptoms of anxiety (N = 15), depression (N = 69), co-morbid depression/anxiety (N = 153), substance use disorders (N = 131), and eating disorders (N = 14)-who failed to increase their precision estimates from resting levels. In contrast, we did not find strong evidence for differences in prior beliefs. These results provide the first empirical computational modeling evidence of a selective dysfunction in adaptive interoceptive processing in psychiatric conditions, and lay the groundwork for future studies examining how reduced interoceptive precision influences visceral regulation and interoceptively-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Justin Feinstein
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer L. Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
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12
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Sharp PB, Miller GA, Dolan RJ, Eldar E. Towards formal models of psychopathological traits that explain symptom trajectories. BMC Med 2020; 18:264. [PMID: 32981516 PMCID: PMC7520959 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dominant methodology in contemporary clinical neuroscience is the use of dimensional self-report questionnaires to measure features such as psychological traits (e.g., trait anxiety) and states (e.g., depressed mood). These dimensions are then mapped to biological measures and computational parameters. Researchers pursuing this approach tend to equate a symptom inventory score (plus noise) with some latent psychological trait. MAIN TEXT We argue this approach implies weak, tacit, models of traits that provide fixed predictions of individual symptoms, and thus cannot account for symptom trajectories within individuals. This problem persists because (1) researchers are not familiarized with formal models that relate internal traits to within-subject symptom variation and (2) rely on an assumption that trait self-report inventories accurately indicate latent traits. To address these concerns, we offer a computational model of trait depression that demonstrates how parameters instantiating a given trait remain stable while manifest symptom expression varies predictably. We simulate patterns of mood variation from both the computational model and the standard self-report model and describe how to quantify the relative validity of each model using a Bayesian procedure. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, we would urge a tempering of a reliance on self-report inventories and recommend a shift towards developing mechanistic trait models that can explain within-subject symptom dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Sharp
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Gregory A Miller
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eran Eldar
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, IL, Israel
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13
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Wise T, Dolan RJ. Associations between aversive learning processes and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms in a general population sample. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4179. [PMID: 32826918 PMCID: PMC7443146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptom expression in psychiatric conditions is often linked to altered threat perception, however how computational mechanisms that support aversive learning relate to specific psychiatric symptoms remains undetermined. We answer this question using an online game-based aversive learning task together with measures of common psychiatric symptoms in 400 subjects. We show that physiological symptoms of anxiety and a transdiagnostic compulsivity-related factor are associated with enhanced safety learning, as measured using a probabilistic computational model, while trait cognitive anxiety symptoms are associated with enhanced learning from danger. We use data-driven partial least squares regression to identify two separable components across behavioural and questionnaire data: one linking enhanced safety learning and lower estimated uncertainty to physiological anxiety, compulsivity, and impulsivity; the other linking enhanced threat learning and heightened uncertainty estimation to symptoms of depression and social anxiety. Our findings implicate aversive learning processes in the expression of psychiatric symptoms that transcend diagnostic boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Wise
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Krypotos AM, Crombez G, Meulders A, Claes N, Vlaeyen JWS. Decomposing conditioned avoidance performance with computational models. Behav Res Ther 2020; 133:103712. [PMID: 32836110 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Avoidance towards innocuous stimuli is a key characteristic across anxiety-related disorders and chronic pain. Insights into the relevant learning processes of avoidance are often gained via laboratory procedures, where individuals learn to avoid stimuli or movements that have been previously associated with an aversive stimulus. Typically, statistical analyses of data gathered with conditioned avoidance procedures include frequency data, for example, the number of times a participant has avoided an aversive stimulus. Here, we argue that further insights into the underlying processes of avoidance behavior could be unraveled using computational models of behavior. We then demonstrate how computational models could be used by reanalysing a previously published avoidance data set and interpreting the key findings. We conclude our article by listing some challenges in the direct application of computational modeling to avoidance data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos
- Department of Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Heath Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ann Meulders
- Department of Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Experimental Health Psychology, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan W S Vlaeyen
- Department of Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Experimental Health Psychology, Maastricht University, Netherlands
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Paulus MP. Driven by Pain, Not Gain: Computational Approaches to Aversion-Related Decision Making in Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:359-367. [PMID: 31653478 PMCID: PMC7012695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that "losses loom larger than gains," computational approaches to aversion-related decision making (ARDM) for psychiatric disorders is an underdeveloped area. Computational models of ARDM have been implemented primarily as state-dependent reinforcement learning models with bias parameters to quantify Pavlovian associations, and differential learning rates to quantify instrumental updating have been shown to depend on context, involve complex cost calculations, and include the consideration of counterfactual outcomes. Little is known about how individual differences influence these models relevant to anxiety-related conditions or addiction-related dysfunction. It is argued that model parameters reflecting 1) Pavlovian biases in the context of reinforcement learning or 2) hyperprecise prior beliefs in the context of active inference play an important role in the emergence of dysfunctional avoidance behaviors. The neural implementation of ARDM includes brain areas that are important for valuation (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and positive reinforcement-related prediction errors (ventral striatum), but also aversive processing (insular cortex and cerebellum). Computational models of ARDM will help to establish a quantitative explanatory account of the development of anxiety disorders and addiction, but such models also face several challenges, including limited evidence for stability of individual differences, relatively low reliability of tasks, and disorder heterogeneity. Thus, it will be necessary to develop robust, reliable, and model-based experimental probes; recruit larger sample sizes; and use single case experimental designs for better pragmatic and explanatory biological models of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Altered learning under uncertainty in unmedicated mood and anxiety disorders. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:1116-1123. [PMID: 31209369 PMCID: PMC6790140 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is characterized by altered responses under uncertain conditions, but the precise mechanism by which uncertainty changes the behaviour of anxious individuals is unclear. Here we probe the computational basis of learning under uncertainty in healthy individuals and individuals with a mix of mood and anxiety disorders. Participants chose between four competing slot machines with fluctuating, reward/punishment outcomes during safety and stress. We predicted that anxious individuals under stress would learn faster about punishments, and exhibit choices that were more affected by them, formalising our predictions as parameters in reinforcement-learning accounts of behaviour. Overall, data suggest that anxious individuals are quicker to update their behaviour in response to negative outcomes (i.e. increased punishment learning-rates). When treating anxiety, it may therefore be more fruitful to encourage anxious individuals to integrate information over longer horizons when bad things happen, rather than try to blunt responses to negative outcomes.
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