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Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2377. [PMID: 33322366 PMCID: PMC7764021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the "One-Health" concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corazzola
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Steffen De Vreese
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrù, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Filippo Torrigiani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
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Piñeyro PE, Lozada MI, Alarcón LV, Sanguinetti R, Cappuccio JA, Pérez EM, Vannucci F, Armocida A, Madson DM, Perfumo CJ, Quiroga MA. First retrospective studies with etiological confirmation of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in Argentina. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:292. [PMID: 30249258 PMCID: PMC6154422 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2014, a notification of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was made by the National Services of Animal Health of Argentina (SENASA) to the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). The notification was based on a serological diagnosis in a small farm with a morbidity rate of 2.3% without enteric clinical signs. In order to determine if TGEV was circulating before the official report, a retrospective study on cases of neonatal diarrhea was performed. The selection criteria was a sudden increase in mortality in 1- to 21-day-old piglets with watery diarrhea that did not respond to antibiotics. Based on these criteria, three clinical cases were identified during 2010–2015. Results All animals that were evaluated presented histological lesions consistent with enteric viral infection. The feces and ultrathin sections of intestine that were evaluated by electron microscopy confirmed the presence of round particles of approximately 80 nm in size and characterized by finely granular electrodense nucleoids consistent with complete particles of coronavirus. The presence of the TGEV antigen was confirmed by monoclonal specific immunohistochemistry, and final confirmation of a metabolically-active virus was performed by in situ hybridization to detect a TGE mRNA encoding spike protein. All sections evaluated in this case were negative for PEDV and rotavirus A. Conclusions This is the first case series describing neonatal mortality with etiological confirmation of TGEV in Argentina. The clinical diagnosis of TGEV infections in endemic regions is challenging due to the epidemiological distribution and coinfection with other enteric pathogens that mask the clinical presentation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1615-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Enrique Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Maria Inez Lozada
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria FCV-UNLP, Calle 60 y 118 S/N (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ramon Sanguinetti
- DILACOT-SENASA, Av A Fleming 1653, Martinez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Estefanía Marisol Pérez
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria FCV-UNLP, Calle 60 y 118 S/N (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabio Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alberto Armocida
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria FCV-UNLP, Calle 60 y 118 S/N (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darin Michael Madson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Carlos Juan Perfumo
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria FCV-UNLP, Calle 60 y 118 S/N (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Alejandra Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial Veterinaria FCV-UNLP, Calle 60 y 118 S/N (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vitosh-Sillman S, Loy JD, Brodersen B, Kelling C, Doster A, Topliff C, Nelson E, Bai J, Schirtzinger E, Poulsen E, Meadors B, Anderson J, Hause B, Anderson G, Hesse R. Experimental infection of conventional nursing pigs and their dams with Porcine deltacoronavirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 28:486-97. [PMID: 27578872 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716654200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly identified virus that has been detected in swine herds of North America associated with enteric disease. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pathogenicity, course of infection, virus kinetics, and aerosol transmission of PDCoV using 87 conventional piglets and their 9 dams, including aerosol and contact controls to emulate field conditions. Piglets 2-4 days of age and their dams were administered an oronasal PDCoV inoculum with a quantitative real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR quantification cycle (Cq) value of 22 that was generated from a field sample having 100% nucleotide identity to USA/Illinois121/2014 determined by metagenomic sequencing and testing negative for other enteric disease agents using standard assays. Serial samples of blood, serum, oral fluids, nasal and fecal swabs, and tissues from sequential autopsy, conducted daily on days 1-8 and regular intervals thereafter, were collected throughout the 42-day study for qRT-PCR, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Diarrhea developed in all inoculated and contact control pigs, including dams, by 2 days post-inoculation (dpi) and in aerosol control pigs and dams by 3-4 dpi, with resolution occurring by 12 dpi. Mild to severe atrophic enteritis with PDCoV antigen staining was observed in the small intestine of affected piglets from 2 to 8 dpi. Mesenteric lymph node and small intestine were the primary sites of antigen detection by immunohistochemistry, and virus RNA was detected in these tissues to the end of the study. Virus RNA was detectable in piglet fecal swabs to 21 dpi, and dams to 14-35 dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vitosh-Sillman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - John Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Bruce Brodersen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Clayton Kelling
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Alan Doster
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Christina Topliff
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Eric Nelson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Jianfa Bai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Erin Schirtzinger
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Elizabeth Poulsen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Barbara Meadors
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Joseph Anderson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Benjamin Hause
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Gary Anderson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
| | - Richard Hesse
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse)
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