1
|
Yamada S, Katano H, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Uda A, Ishijima K, Suzuki M, Yamada D, Harada S, Kinoshita H, Nguyen PHA, Ebihara H, Maeda K, Saijo M, Fukushi S. Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (B Virus) Infection in Humans, Japan, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:177-179. [PMID: 38086399 PMCID: PMC10756385 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.230435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two human patients with Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 infection were identified in Japan in 2019. Both patients had worked at the same company, which had a macaque facility. The rhesus-genotype B virus genome was detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples from both patients.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu J, Long Y, Sun J, Gong L. Towards a comprehensive view of the herpes B virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281384. [PMID: 38035092 PMCID: PMC10687423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
[B virus]. Uirusu 2021; 71:125-136. [PMID: 37245975 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.71.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
B virus is a herpes virus that natutaly infects macaque monkeys. It is extremely neuropathogenic when infection occurs in humans. B virus infection has been reported only in laboratory workers and breeders of macaque monkeys in North America and the United Kingdom, and it is therefore recognized as a rare infectious disease. The first cases of B virus disease were reported in Japan in 2019 and in China in 2021, although no cases had been reported since 1997. Although B virus disease has not been reported for more than 20 years, the potential threat has always existed. The viral factors responsible for the strong neuropathogenicity of B virus to humans has not been identified. There are no reports of infection by contact with wild macaque monkeys, but the possibility can not been ruled out. In this paper, we describe its virological properties, findings from B virus disease from patient-reported cases, and the genotype of B virus.
Collapse
|
4
|
Magden ER, Nehete BP, Chitta S, Williams LE, Simmons JH, Abee CR, Nehete PN. Comparative Analysis of Cellular Immune Responses in Conventional and SPF Olive Baboons ( Papio anubis). Comp Med 2020; 70:160-169. [PMID: 32014083 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Olive baboons (P. anubis) have provided a useful model of human diseases and conditions, including cardiac, respiratory, and infectious diseases; diabetes; and involving genetics, immunology, aging, and xenotransplantation. The development of a immunologically defined SPF baboons has advanced research further, especially for studies involving the immune system and immunosuppression. In this study, we compare normal immunologic changes of PBMC subsets, and their function in age-matched conventional and SPF baboons. Our results revealed that both groups have comparable numbers of different lymphocyte subsets, but phenotypic differences in central and effector memory T-cell subsets are more pronounced in CD4+ T cells. Despite equal proportions of CD3+ T cells among the conventional and SPF baboons, PBMC from the conventional group showed greater proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and higher numbers of IFNγ-producing cells after stimulation with concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen, whereas plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα were significantly higher in SPF baboons. Exposure of PBMC from conventional baboons to various Toll-like (TLR) ligands, including TLR3, TLR4, and TLR8, yielded increased numbers of IFNγ producing cells, whereas PBMC from SPF baboons stimulated with TLR5 or TLR6 ligand had more IFNγ-producing cells. These findings suggest that although lymphocyte subsets share many phenotypic and functional similarities in conventional and SPF baboons, specific differences in the immune function of lymphocytes could differentially influence the quality and quantity of their innate and adaptive immune responses. These differences should be considered in interpreting experimental outcomes, specifically in studies measuring immunologic endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Magden
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bharti P Nehete
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas;,
| | - Sriram Chitta
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joe H Simmons
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christian R Abee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Pramod N Nehete
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mosmann JP, Talavera AD, Criscuolo MI, Venezuela RF, Kiguen AX, Panico R, Ferreyra De Prato R, López De Blanc SA, Ré V, Cuffini CG. Sexually transmitted infections in oral cavity lesions: Human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Herpes simplex virus. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1632129. [PMID: 31275530 PMCID: PMC6598522 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1632129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Provide evidence of HPV, C. trachomatis, and HSV infection in the oral cavity from patients with different types of stomatological lesions. Materials and Methods: Oral swabs samples were collected from a total of 318 patients. The infectious agents were analyzed using the PCR technique. HPV genotyping and HSV type were studied using the RFLP method. Results: We studied 137 benign lesions (B), 96 potentially malignant disorders (PMD) and 85 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). The prevalence of HPV was 34%. The most frequently genotypes detected were 6 low risk and 16 high risk. The prevalence of C. trachomatis was 16% and HSV 3%. Co-infections were detected mostly in benign lesions as following: HPV-C. trachomatis in 4%, C. trachomatis- HSV in 1.8% and HPV-HSV in 0.3%. Conclusion: This report is the first contribution to the identification and genotype characterization of HPV in a scenario little studied in our area, and it also contributes to improving our understanding on sexually transmitted infectious agents and their associations with the oral cavity. Besides, we detect the presence of C. trachomatis and HSV and co-infection with HPV in the oral cavity, which they should be taken into account for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Mosmann
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Angel D Talavera
- Cátedra de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María I Criscuolo
- Cátedra de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl F Venezuela
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana X Kiguen
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rene Panico
- Cátedra de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruth Ferreyra De Prato
- Cátedra de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia A López De Blanc
- Cátedra de Estomatología, Facultad de Odontología- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia G Cuffini
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kosoltanapiwat N, Reamtong O, Okabayashi T, Ampawong S, Rungruengkitkun A, Thiangtrongjit T, Thippornchai N, Leaungwutiwong P, Mahittikorn A, Mori H, Yoohanngoa T, Yamwong P. Mass spectrometry-based identification and whole-genome characterisation of the first pteropine orthoreovirus isolated from monkey faeces in Thailand. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:135. [PMID: 30332986 PMCID: PMC6192116 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) was isolated from monkey (Macaca fascicularis) faecal samples collected from human-inhabited areas in Lopburi Province, Thailand. These samples were initially obtained to survey for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Results Two virus isolates were retrieved by virus culture of 55 monkey faecal samples. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was successfully used to identify the viruses as the segmented dsRNA orthoreovirus. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lopburi orthoreovirus whole-genomes revealed relationships with the well-characterised PRVs Pulau (segment L1), Cangyuan (segments L2, M3 and S3), Melaka (segments L3 and M2), Kampar (segments M1 and S2) and Sikamat (segments S1 and S4) of Southeast Asia and China with nucleotide sequence identities of 93.5–98.9%. RT-PCR showed that PRV was detected in 10.9% (6/55) and HEV was detected in 25.5% (14/55) of the monkey faecal samples. Conclusions PRV was isolated from monkey faeces for the first time in Thailand via viral culture and LC-MS/MS. The genetic diversity of the virus genome segments suggested a re-assortment within the PRV species group. The overall findings emphasise that monkey faeces can be sources of zoonotic viruses, including PRV and HEV, and suggest the need for active virus surveillance in areas of human and monkey co-habitation to prevent and control emerging zoonotic diseases in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1302-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi-1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.,Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Amporn Rungruengkitkun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Narin Thippornchai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Hirotake Mori
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanada Yoohanngoa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Prechaya Yamwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yakovleva LA, Lapin BA, Agumava AA. Enzooty of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma of Papio hamadryas in Sukhumi monkey colony. Clinical and morphological signs of pre-lymphoma. J Med Primatol 2017; 47:136-138. [PMID: 29231971 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation of hamadryas baboons with blood of leukemia ill people-induced malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in experimental animals for a very considerable latency period. At close contact of inoculated baboons with healthy non-inoculated animals, the lymphoma spread between them. The epidemiological analysis, postmortem examination, histological analysis, tissue culturing, and PCR were used for the diagnostics of lymphoma and pre-lymphoma, purification, identification of STLV-1, and HVP viruses. Characteristic clinical and morphological signs designated by us as pre-lymphoma often precede the lymphoma development. In some cases, pre-lymphoma does not develop in lymphoma because animals die from various diseases and do not reach the point of the lymphoma development. The horizontal transmission of lymphoma arising with the participation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus STLV-1 is shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris A Lapin
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pöhlmann S, Suntz M, Akimkin V, Bleyer M, Kaul A. Herpes B virus replication and viral lesions in the liver of a cynomolgus macaque which died from severe disease with rapid onset. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:256-259. [PMID: 28439900 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes B virus (BV, Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) infects macaques asymptomatically, with rare exceptions, but can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. Here, we report disseminated BV infection in a cynomolgus macaque that had died within 12 hour after the onset of unspecific symptoms. Multifocal lesions surrounded by viral antigen were detected in liver while other organs remained inconspicuous, indicating that the liver is a major target. Moreover, high copy numbers of viral DNA were found in feces, underlining the excrements are a potential source of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Suntz
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Viruses related to the herpes simplex viruses of humans are present in all nonhuman primate (NHP) species tested and cross species transmission has been documented. The herpesvirus present in macaques, Herpes B virus (BV) rarely causes disease in its natural macaque host. However, when transmitted to a nonnative host, BV has occasionally caused severe and even fatal disease if not treated immediately. Here we present a comprehensive review of the taxonomy, molecular biology, physiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of BV. We also summarizes what is known about related herpesviruses of other NHP species and the zoonotic potential of these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
| | - L Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee MH, Rostal MK, Hughes T, Sitam F, Lee CY, Japning J, Harden ME, Griffiths A, Basir M, Wolfe ND, Epstein JH, Daszak P. Macacine Herpesvirus 1 in Long-Tailed Macaques, Malaysia, 2009-2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1107-13. [PMID: 26080081 PMCID: PMC4480374 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.140162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus shedding by 39% of wild-caught macaques creates potential occupational risk for humans. Macacine herpesvirus 1 (MaHV1; B virus) naturally infects macaques (Macaca spp.) and can cause fatal encephalitis in humans. In Peninsular Malaysia, wild macaques are abundant, and translocation is used to mitigate human–macaque conflict. Most adult macaques are infected with MaHV1, although the risk for transmission to persons who handle them during capture and translocation is unknown. We investigated MaHV1 shedding among 392 long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) after capture and translocation by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Peninsular Malaysia, during 2009–2011. For detection of MaHV1 DNA, PCR was performed on urogenital and oropharyngeal swab samples. Overall, 39% of macaques were shedding MaHV1 DNA; rates of DNA detection did not differ between sample types. This study demonstrates that MaHV1 was shed by a substantial proportion of macaques after capture and transport and suggests that persons handling macaques under these circumstances might be at risk for exposure to MaHV1.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tischer BK, Osterrieder N. Herpesviruses--a zoonotic threat? Vet Microbiol 2009; 140:266-70. [PMID: 19616388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are highly host specific and share a long synchronous evolution with their hosts. Only in rare cases, species barriers fall and allow animal to human or human to animal transmission. Among the zoonotic herpesviruses, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 is the most significant and can be transmitted from macaques to human. Conversely, Human herpesvirus 1 is capable of causing severe disease in primates. Besides those two examples, there are several herpesviruses with a certainly limited or only suspected ability to cross species barriers. Those include Saimiriine herpesvirus 2, Phocid herpesvirus 2, Equid herpesvirus 1, Epstein-Barr Virus, Marek's disease virus, and Pseudorabies virus. Concerning xenotransplantations, porcine gammaherpesviruses must be considered as a zoonotic threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Karsten Tischer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schoeb TR, Eberle R, Black DH, Parker RF, Cartner SC. Diagnostic exercise: papulovesicular dermatitis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol 2008; 45:592-4. [PMID: 18587109 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-4-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleven rhesus monkeys developed multifocal erythematous and a vesicular rash. Most recovered spontaneously, but a 21-year-old female became moribund and was euthanized. Findings were of vesicular dermatitis and widespread multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis of the lungs and other viscera, with intralesional intranuclear inclusions. Simian varicella virus was identified as the cause by polymerase chain reaction analysis and serologic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, Univeresity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luebcke E, Dubovi E, Black D, Ohsawa K, Eberle R. Isolation and characterization of a chimpanzee alphaherpesvirus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:11-19. [PMID: 16361413 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although both beta- and gammaherpesviruses indigenous to great-ape species have been isolated, to date all alphaherpesviruses isolated from apes have proven to be human viruses [herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV1) and 2 (HSV2) or varicella-zoster virus]. If the alphaherpesviruses have co-evolved with their host species, some if not all ape species should harbour their own alphaherpesviruses. Here, the isolation and characterization of an alphaherpesvirus from a chimpanzee (ChHV) are described. Sequencing of a number of genes throughout the ChHV genome indicates that it is collinear with that of HSV. Phylogenetic analyses place ChHV in a clade with HSV1 and HSV2, the alphaherpesviruses of Old World monkeys comprising a separate clade. Analysis of reactivity patterns of HSV2-immune human sera and ChHV-immune chimpanzee sera by competition ELISA support this relationship. Phylogenetic analyses also place ChHV rather than HSV1 as the closest relative of HSV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Luebcke
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Darla Black
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kazutaka Ohsawa
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Center for Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rogers KM, Ealey KA, Ritchey JW, Black DH, Eberle R. Pathogenicity of different baboon herpesvirus papio 2 isolates is characterized by either extreme neurovirulence or complete apathogenicity. J Virol 2003; 77:10731-9. [PMID: 14512523 PMCID: PMC224954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.10731-10739.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparisons of the pathogenicity of simian alphaherpesviruses in mice, two isolates of the baboon virus HVP2 were nearly as lethal as monkey B virus, a biological safety level 4 agent (J. W. Ritchey, K. A. Ealey, M. Payton, and R. Eberle, J. Comp. Pathol. 127:150-161, 2002). To confirm these results, mice were inoculated intramuscularly with 10(5) PFU of HVP2 isolates obtained from different baboon subspecies and primate centers. Some of the HVP2 isolates (6 of 13) caused paralysis and death in the mice, while 7 of 13 HVP2 isolates produced no clinical signs of disease. The apathogenic HVP2 isolates (HVP2ap) induced only low levels of serum antiviral immunoglobulin G relative to levels observed in sera from mice infected with the neurovirulent isolates of HVP2 (HVP2nv). Histological examination of tissues from mice inoculated with HVP2nv isolates showed extensive neural tissue destruction, while mice infected with HVP2ap isolates showed no lesions. Tissue samples collected at 48-h intervals postinfection suggested that HVP2ap isolates failed to replicate at the site of inoculation. There was no significant difference in the in vitro replication, plaque size, or cytopathic effect morphology of HVP2ap versus HVP2nv isolates. While HVP2 isolates replicated better in Vero monkey kidney cells than in murine L cells, plaquing efficiency of individual isolates did not correlate with the dichotomous pathogenic properties seen in mice. Phylogenetic analyses of both coding and intergenic regions (US4-6) of the HVP2 genome separated isolates into two distinct clades that correlated with the two in vivo virulence phenotypes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that two subtypes of HVP2 exist that are very closely related but differ dramatically in their ability to cause disease in a murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Rogers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-2007, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mätz-Rensing K, Jentsch KD, Rensing S, Langenhuyzen S, Verschoor E, Niphuis H, Kaup FJ. Fatal Herpes simplex infection in a group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Vet Pathol 2003; 40:405-11. [PMID: 12824512 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-4-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of classical herpetic infection causing vesicoulcerative stomatitis in a family group (eight animals) of Callithrix jacchus is described. In all eight infected animals, human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) was identified as the causative agent. This was confirmed by histologic, immunohistologic, and molecular biologic investigations, as well as by virus isolation. The clinical picture, the macroscopic appearance, and the histologic results indicated a herpes infection as the cause of mortality. Alterations of the oral mucous membranes were erosive to ulcerative with typical intranuclear inclusions. Immunohistologic and molecular biologic techniques clearly identified the HHV-1 virus and excluded other possible primate herpesviruses such as B-virus, SA8, HVP-2, and Herpes tamarinus. The significance of this herpesvirus infection for colony management is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mätz-Rensing
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Primate Husbandry, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perelygina L, Patrusheva I, Manes N, Wildes MJ, Krug P, Hilliard JK. Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) in clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2003; 109:245-51. [PMID: 12711069 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A TaqMan based real-time PCR assay was developed for rapid detection and quantitation of herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) in clinical samples. The assay utilizes B virus-specific primers and a probe to the non-conserved region of the gG gene to discriminate B virus from closely related alphaherpesviruses. Fifty copies of B virus DNA could be detected with 100% sensitivity with a wide range of quantitation spanning 6 logs. The assay was highly reproducible with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 0.6 and 2.4%, respectively. Clinical utility of the developed real-time PCR was evaluated by testing genomic DNA prepared from B virus clinical isolates (n=23) and human and monkey clinical specimens (n=62). This novel method was also compared with conventional cell culture with respect to sensitivity and specificity. TaqMan PCR assay was shown to be equally specific and more sensitive than culture method (culture vs. PCR sensitivity 50%) and was able to identify all B virus clinical isolates tested. Fast, reliable assessment of B virus DNA in infected cells and tissues makes real-time PCR assay a valuable tool for diagnosis and management of B virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Perelygina
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4118, Atlanta, GA 30302-4118, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huff JL, Eberle R, Capitanio J, Zhou SS, Barry PA. Differential detection of B virus and rhesus cytomegalovirus in rhesus macaques. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:83-92. [PMID: 12533703 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate herpesviruses establish and maintain a lifelong persistent infection in immunocompetent hosts in the absence of clinical signs of disease. A fundamental issue for understanding the natural history of non-human primate herpesviruses is whether the viruses are maintained in a truly latent state or one characterized by a low level of chronic expression. To address this issue, a real-time PCR assay was developed to quantify Cercopithecine herpesvirus type 1 (B virus) DNA in mucosal fluids of rhesus macaques. This assay was rapid, sensitive (10 genome copies) and specific for B virus obtained from multiple species of macaques. The shedding profile of B virus was compared to another endemic herpesvirus, rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), in colony-reared monkeys. Mucosal swabs or saliva samples were taken daily from two groups of seropositive monkeys undergoing either a stressful relocation (group 1) or daily chair restraint (group 2). B virus DNA was detected in mucosal fluids from four animals relocated during the breeding season (group 1) but not from 10 animals moved at other times of the year. No B virus DNA was detected in any group 2 monkey. In contrast, RhCMV DNA was detected in the majority of animals of both groups 1 and 2. Detection of B virus DNA shedding is a relatively rare event associated with the breeding season, while RhCMV DNA is persistently detected in mucosal fluids of most monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Huff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - R Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - J Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S S Zhou
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Medical Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hirano M, Nakamura S, Mitsunaga F, Okada M, Shirahama S, Eberle R. One-step PCR to distinguish B virus from related primate alphaherpesviruses. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:716-9. [PMID: 11986284 PMCID: PMC119990 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.3.716-719.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By adding betaine to the PCR mixture, we previously established a PCR method to amplify a DNA segment of the glycoprotein G gene of B virus (BV) derived from a rhesus macaque. We have found that DNA of other BV strains derived from cynomolgus, pigtail, and lion-tailed macaques can also serve as the template in our PCR assay. Under the same conditions no product was obtained with DNA of simian agent 8 of green monkeys and Herpesvirus papio 2 of baboons, or the human herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2. Thus, this PCR method is useful to discriminate BV from other closely related primate alphaherpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hirano M, Nakamura S, Okada M, Ueda M, Mukai R. Rapid discrimination of monkey B virus from human herpes simplex viruses by PCR in the presence of betaine. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1255-7. [PMID: 10699035 PMCID: PMC86391 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1255-1257.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR method to amplify DNA segments of the glycoprotein G gene of monkey B virus (BV) was achieved by adding betaine to the PCR mixture, in spite of the high G+C content of this gene. No product was obtained when DNA of human herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) was used as the template under the same conditions. Thus, this PCR method is useful in discriminating BV from HSVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hirano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Davis CL, Field D, Metzgar D, Saiz R, Morin PA, Smith IL, Spector SA, Wills C. Numerous length polymorphisms at short tandem repeats in human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 1999; 73:6265-70. [PMID: 10400717 PMCID: PMC112704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6265-6270.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1999] [Accepted: 04/12/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show the presence of numerous short tandem repeats in the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and assess their usefulness as molecular markers. The genome is shown to contain at least 24 microsatellite regions that exhibit length polymorphisms. Insertion-deletion polymorphisms at these short tandem repeats are common (80% of repeats examined are polymorphic among two laboratory strains and 10 clinical isolates). This is the first report of widespread microsatellite length polymorphism in a viral genome. Some regions are highly polymorphic: one was revealed by DNA sequencing to contain length variants at five closely linked sites, which combined resulted in 10 variants for this region among the 12 strains and isolates examined. This study not only provides a new molecular marker system for this virus but also extends our understanding of microsatellite polymorphism in two important ways. First, variable-length repeats in HCMV can be considerably shorter than polymorphic repeats previously found in other organisms. Second, highly variable microsatellite repeats are not confined to prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as previously assumed. This variation provides a useful marker system for distinguishing viral isolates, and similar markers are also likely to be found in other large-genome DNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Davis
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith AL, Black DH, Eberle R. Molecular evidence for distinct genotypes of monkey B virus (herpesvirus simiae) which are related to the macaque host species. J Virol 1998; 72:9224-32. [PMID: 9765470 PMCID: PMC110342 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.9224-9232.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/1998] [Accepted: 08/10/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although monkey B virus (herpesvirus simiae; BV) is common in all macaque species, fatal human infections appear to be associated with exposure to rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), suggesting that BV isolates from rhesus monkeys may be more lethal to nonmacaques than are BV strains indigenous to other macaque species. To determine if significant differences that would support this supposition exist among BV isolates, we compared multiple BV strains isolated from rhesus, cynomolgus, pigtail, and Japanese macaques. Antigenic analyses indicated that while the isolates were very closely related to one another, there are some antigenic determinants that are specific to BV isolates from different macaque species. Restriction enzyme digest patterns of viral DNA revealed marked similarities between rhesus and Japanese macaque isolates, while pigtail and cynomolgus macaque isolates had distinctive cleavage patterns. To further compare genetic diversity among BV isolates, DNA sequences from two regions of the viral genome containing genes that are conserved (UL27 and US6) and variable (US4 and US5) among primate alphaherpesviruses, as well as from two noncoding intergenic regions, were determined. From these sequence data and a phylogenetic analysis of them it was evident that while all isolates were closely related strains of BV, there were three distinct genotypes. The three BV genotypes were directly related to the macaque species of origin and were composed of (i) isolates from rhesus and Japanese macaques, (ii) cynomolgus monkey isolates, and (iii) isolates from pigtail macaques. This study demonstrates the existence of different BV genotypes which are related to the macaque host species and thus provides a molecular basis for the possible existence of BV isolates which vary in their levels of pathogenicity for nonmacaque species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-2006, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|