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Gence L, Fernezelian D, Meilhac O, Rastegar S, Bascands JL, Diotel N. Insulin signaling promotes neurogenesis in the brain of adult zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1812-1827. [PMID: 37750011 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone that plays a central role in the regulation of circulating blood glucose in vertebrates, including zebrafish. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the important role of insulin in many brain functions. In zebrafish, two insulin receptor genes (insra and insrb) have been identified. However, their biodistribution in the adult brain as well as their cell-specific expression pattern has not been well described. Using gene expression analysis, in situ hybridization and transgenic fish, we confirmed the expression of insra, insrb, and irs1 (insulin receptor substrate 1, the downstream effector of insulin receptor) in the brain of adult zebrafish and characterized their specific expression in neurons and neural stem cells (radial glia). After demonstrating that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection resulted in the diffusion of the injected solution within the ventricular system, we analyzed the effect of insulin ICV injection on neurogenesis. We showed that insulin promotes ventricular cell proliferation 24 h postinjection. This neurogenic effect appeared to be independent of neuroinflammatory processes. Also, after a mechanical telencephalic stab-wound injury, we highlighted the overexpression of irs1 gene 5 days postlesion notably in the ventricular zone where radial glial cells (RGCs) are localized, suggesting key roles of insulin signaling in regenerative processes. Finally, our results reinforced the expression of insulin-related proteins in the brain of adult zebrafish, highlighting the potential role of insulin signaling on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gence
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Danielle Fernezelian
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
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Torres-López C, Cuartero MI, García-Culebras A, de la Parra J, Fernández-Valle ME, Benito M, Vázquez-Reyes S, Jareño-Flores T, de Castro-Millán FJ, Hurtado O, Buckwalter MS, García-Segura JM, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Ipsilesional Hippocampal GABA Is Elevated and Correlates With Cognitive Impairment and Maladaptive Neurogenesis After Cortical Stroke in Mice. Stroke 2023; 54:2652-2665. [PMID: 37694402 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.043516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is a frequent stroke sequela, but its pathogenesis and treatment remain unresolved. Involvement of aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis and maladaptive circuitry remodeling has been proposed, but their mechanisms are unknown. Our aim was to evaluate potential underlying molecular/cellular events implicated. METHODS Stroke was induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery occlusion in 2-month-old C57BL/6 male mice. Hippocampal metabolites/neurotransmitters were analyzed longitudinally by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cognitive function was evaluated with the contextual fear conditioning test. Microglia, astrocytes, neuroblasts, interneurons, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and c-fos were analyzed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Approximately 50% of mice exhibited progressive post-middle cerebral artery occlusion cognitive impairment. Notably, immature hippocampal neurons in the impaired group displayed more severe aberrant phenotypes than those from the nonimpaired group. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, significant bilateral changes in hippocampal metabolites, such as myo-inositol or N-acetylaspartic acid, were found that correlated, respectively, with numbers of glia and immature neuroblasts in the ischemic group. Importantly, some metabolites were specifically altered in the ipsilateral hippocampus suggesting its involvement in aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis and remodeling processes. Specifically, middle cerebral artery occlusion animals with higher hippocampal GABA levels displayed worse cognitive outcome. Implication of GABA in this setting was supported by the amelioration of ischemia-induced memory deficits and aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis after blocking pharmacologically GABAergic neurotransmission, an intervention which was ineffective when neurogenesis was inhibited. These data suggest that GABA exerts its detrimental effect, at least partly, by affecting morphology and integration of newborn neurons into the hippocampal circuits. CONCLUSIONS Hippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission could be considered a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for poststroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Torres-López
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.M.G.-S., I.L.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., I.L., M.A.M.)
| | - Maria I Cuartero
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.M.G.-S., I.L.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., I.L., M.A.M.)
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.M.G.-S., I.L.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina (A.G.-C.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., I.L., M.A.M.)
| | - Juan de la Parra
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - María E Fernández-Valle
- Infraestructura Científica y Técnica Singular (ICTS) Centro de Bioimagen Complutense (M.E.F.-V., J.M.G.-S.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Marina Benito
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos de Toledo, Spain (M.B.)
| | - Sandra Vázquez-Reyes
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Tania Jareño-Flores
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Francisco J de Castro-Millán
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Olivia Hurtado
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.S.B.)
| | - Juan M García-Segura
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.M.G.-S., I.L.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Infraestructura Científica y Técnica Singular (ICTS) Centro de Bioimagen Complutense (M.E.F.-V., J.M.G.-S.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (J.M.G.-S.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.M.G.-S., I.L.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., I.L., M.A.M.)
| | - María A Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., O.H., M.A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., J.d.l.P., S.V.-R., T.J.-F., F.J.d.C.-M., I.L., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (C.T.-L., M.I.C., A.G.-C., I.L., M.A.M.)
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Jung GA, Kim JA, Park HW, Lee H, Chang MS, Cho KO, Song BW, Kim HJ, Kwon YK, Oh IH. Induction of Nanog in neural progenitor cells for adaptive regeneration of ischemic brain. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1955-1966. [PMID: 36376495 PMCID: PMC9722910 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG plays a key role in cellular plasticity and the acquisition of the stem cell state during reprogramming, but its role in the regenerative process remains unclear. Here, we show that the induction of NANOG in neuronal cells is necessary for the physiological initiation of neuronal regeneration in response to ischemic stress. Specifically, we found that NANOG was preferentially expressed in undifferentiated neuronal cells, and forced expression of Nanog in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) promoted their self-renewing expansion both in ex-vivo slice cultures and in vitro limiting dilution analysis. Notably, the upstream region of the Nanog gene contains sequence motifs for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Therefore, cerebral neurons exposed to hypoxia significantly upregulated NANOG expression selectively in primitive (CD133+) cells, but not in mature cells, leading to the expansion of NPCs. Notably, up to 80% of the neuronal expansion induced by hypoxia was attributed to NANOG-expressing neuronal cells, whereas knockdown during hypoxia abolished this expansion and was accompanied by the downregulation of other pluripotency-related genes. Moreover, the number of NANOG-expressing neuronal cells were transiently increased in response to ischemic insult, predominantly in the infarct area of brain regions undergoing neurogenesis, but not in non-neurogenic loci. Together, these findings reveal a functional effect of NANOG-induction for the initiation of adaptive neuronal regeneration among heterogeneous NPC subsets, pointing to cellular plasticity as a potential link between regeneration and reprogramming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyung-Ah Jung
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan-Woo Park
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute & School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea ,grid.411143.20000 0000 8674 9741Present Address: Department of Cell Biology, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyemi Lee
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute & School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ok Cho
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Catholic Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702College of Medicine, Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, 25601 Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunhee Kim Kwon
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- grid.411947.e0000 0004 0470 4224Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea ,Institute for Regenerative Medical Research, StemMeditech Inc., Seoul, Korea
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Razavi Y, Keyhanfar F, Haghparast A, Shabani R, Mehdizadeh M. Cannabidiol promotes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus during an abstinence period in rats following chronic exposure to methamphetamine. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1381-1390. [PMID: 34143376 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine (meth) abuse can lead to certain deficits in the hippocampal function by affecting the hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity. To determine whether cannabidiol (CBD) can promote proliferation and maturation of neuronal progenitor cells, this study investigated the CBD effect on neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) following chronic exposure to meth in rats. The rats received 2 mg/kg of meth twice a day for ten days. Next, immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CBD (50 μg/5 μL) over an abstinence period (ten days) on the expression levels of neurogenesis markers, such as Ki67, NeuN, and doublecortin (DCX). Moreover, neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus was assessed using Nissl staining. According to our findings, repeated ICV administration of CBD improved cell proliferation and neurogenesis and increased the number of Ki-67 and DCX-positive cells in the abstinence period. Meanwhile, meth treatment subjects caused a significant decrease in the number of neurogenesis makers, as compared to the control group. The neurogenesis markers (Ki-67 and DCX) could be somewhat reversed, while NeuN did not show any significant increase in the CBD group. Our findings demonstrated that CBD can induce neuroprotective effects by modulating neurogenesis. Therefore, it can provide a promising therapeutic approach to improve cognitive performance following chronic exposure to psychostimulant drugs, including meth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Razavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Keyhanfar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Moura DMS, de Sales IRP, Brandão JA, Costa MR, Queiroz CM. Disentangling chemical and electrical effects of status epilepticus-induced dentate gyrus abnormalities. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106575. [PMID: 31704249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, status epilepticus (SE) triggered by chemoconvulsants can differently affect the proliferation and fate of adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs). It is unknown whether abnormal neurogenesis results from intracellular signaling associated with drug-receptor interaction, paroxysmal activity, or both. To test the contribution of these factors, we systematically compared the effects of kainic acid (KA)- and pilocarpine (PL)-induced SE on the morphology and localization of DGCs generated before or after SE in the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampi of mice. Hippocampal insult was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal (ihpc) administration of KA or PL. We employed conditional doublecortin-dependent expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to label adult-born cells committed to neuronal lineage either one month before (mature DGCs) or seven days after (immature DGCs) SE. Unilateral ihpc administration of KA and PL led to bilateral epileptiform discharges and focal and generalized behavioral seizures. However, drastic granule cell layer (GCL) dispersion occurred only in the ipsilateral side of KA injection, but not in PL-treated animals. Granule cell layer dispersion was accompanied by a significant reduction in neurogenesis after SE in the ipsilateral side of KA-treated animals, while neurogenesis increased in the contralateral side of KA-treated animals and both hippocampi of PL-treated animals. The ratio of ectopic neurons in the ipsilateral hippocampus was higher among immature as compared to mature neurons in the KA model (32.8% vs. 10.0%, respectively), while the occurrence of ectopic neurons in PL-treated animals was lower than 3% among both mature and immature DGCs. Collectively, our results suggest that KA- and PL-induced SE leads to distinct cellular alterations in mature and immature DGCs. We also show different local and secondary effects of KA or PL in the histological organization of the adult DG, suggesting that these unique epilepsy models may be complementary to our understanding of the disease. NEWroscience 2018.
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Cuartero MI, García-Culebras A, Torres-López C, Medina V, Fraga E, Vázquez-Reyes S, Jareño-Flores T, García-Segura JM, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Post-stroke Neurogenesis: Friend or Foe? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657846. [PMID: 33834025 PMCID: PMC8021779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The substantial clinical burden and disability after stroke injury urges the need to explore therapeutic solutions. Recent compelling evidence supports that neurogenesis persists in the adult mammalian brain and is amenable to regulation in both physiological and pathological situations. Its ability to generate new neurons implies a potential to contribute to recovery after brain injury. However, post-stroke neurogenic response may have different functional consequences. On the one hand, the capacity of newborn neurons to replenish the damaged tissue may be limited. In addition, aberrant forms of neurogenesis have been identified in several insult settings. All these data suggest that adult neurogenesis is at a crossroads between the physiological and the pathological regulation of the neurological function in the injured central nervous system (CNS). Given the complexity of the CNS together with its interaction with the periphery, we ultimately lack in-depth understanding of the key cell types, cell-cell interactions, and molecular pathways involved in the neurogenic response after brain damage and their positive or otherwise deleterious impact. Here we will review the evidence on the stroke-induced neurogenic response and on its potential repercussions on functional outcome. First, we will briefly describe subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis after stroke beside the main evidence supporting its positive role on functional restoration after stroke. Then, we will focus on hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) neurogenesis due to the relevance of hippocampus in cognitive functions; we will outline compelling evidence that supports that, after stroke, SGZ neurogenesis may adopt a maladaptive plasticity response further contributing to the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of specific steps in the neurogenic cascade that might ameliorate brain malfunctioning and the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment in the chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Cuartero
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-López
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Medina
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Fraga
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Vázquez-Reyes
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Jareño-Flores
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. García-Segura
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Dos Santos IRC, Dias MNC, Gomes-Leal W. Microglial activation and adult neurogenesis after brain stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:456-459. [PMID: 32985465 PMCID: PMC7996005 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.291383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that new neurons are produced in some regions of the adult mammalian brain is a paradigm-shift in neuroscience research. These new-born cells are produced from neuroprogenitors mainly in the subventricular zone at the margin of the lateral ventricle, subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and in the striatum, a component of the basal ganglia, even in humans. In the human hippocampus, neuroblasts are produced even in elderlies. The regulation of adult neurogenesis is a complex phenomenon involving a multitude of molecules, neurotransmitters and soluble factors released by different sources including glial cells. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are considered to play an important role on the regulation of adult neurogenesis both in physiological and pathological conditions. Following stroke and other acute neural disorders, there is an increase in the numbers of neuroblast production in the neurogenic niches. Microglial activation is believed to display both beneficial and detrimental role on adult neurogenesis after stroke, depending on the activation level and brain location. In this article, we review the scientific evidence addressing the role of microglial activation on adult neurogenesis after ischemia. A comprehensive understanding of the microglial role after stroke and other neural disorders it is an important step for development of future therapies based on manipulation of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijair R C Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Michelle Nerissa C Dias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
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8
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Liu X, Fan B, Chopp M, Zhang Z. Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Adult Post Stroke Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6179. [PMID: 32867041 PMCID: PMC7504398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of adult disability. Post-stroke neurogenesis contributes to functional recovery. As an intrinsic neurorestorative process, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying stroke-induced neurogenesis and to develop therapies designed specifically to augment neurogenesis. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification and its mediation by microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs. In this review, we highlight how epigenetic factors including DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs mediate stroke-induced neurogenesis including neural stem cell self-renewal and cell fate determination. We also summarize therapies targeting these mechanisms in the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baoyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Zhenggang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
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9
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Toll-Like Receptor 2 Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in Dentate Gyrus of Rats. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9814978. [PMID: 32879625 PMCID: PMC7448220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9814978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was not clear how and whether neural stem cells (NSCs) responded to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the inflammatory environment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The current study investigated the correlation of TLR2 and NSC proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG) using the TBI model of rats. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to observe the expression of BrdU, nestin, and TLR2 in the DG in morphology. Proliferating cells in the DG were labelled by thymidine analog 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Three-labelled BrdU, nestin, and DAPI was used for the identification of newly generated NSCs. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to observe the expression of TLR2 from the level of protein and mRNA. We observed that BrdU+/nestin+/DAPI+ cells accounted for 84.30% ± 6.54% among BrdU+ cells; BrdU+ and nestin+ cells in the DG were also TLR2+ cells. BrdU+ cells and the expression of TLR2 (both protein and mRNA levels) both elevated immediately at 6 hours (h), 24 h, 3 days (d), and 7 d posttrauma and peaked in 3 d. Results indicated that TLR2 was expressed on proliferating cells in the DG (NSCs possibly) and there was a potential correlation between increased TLR2 and proliferated NSCs after TBI. Taken together, these findings suggested that TLR2 was involved in endogenous neurogenesis in the DG after TBI.
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10
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Protective Mechanism and Treatment of Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2258-2277. [PMID: 32794152 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is a main cause of disability in adults. Neither currently marketed drugs nor commonly used treatments can promote nerve repair and neurogenesis after stroke, and the repair of neurons damaged by ischemia has become a research focus. This article reviews several possible mechanisms of stroke and neurogenesis and introduces novel neurogenic agents (fibroblast growth factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, purine nucleosides, resveratrol, S-nitrosoglutathione, osteopontin, etc.) as well as other treatments that have shown neuroprotective or neurogenesis-promoting effects.
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11
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Ranjan AK, Briyal S, Gulati A. Sovateltide (IRL-1620) activates neuronal differentiation and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in adult mammalian brains following stroke. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12737. [PMID: 32728189 PMCID: PMC7391684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective drugs for stroke is urgently required as it is the 2nd largest killer in the world and its incidence is likely to increase in the future. We have demonstrated cerebral endothelin B receptors (ETBR) as a potential target to treat acute cerebral ischemic stroke. However, the mechanism of ETBR mediated neural regeneration and repair remains elusive. In this study, a permanent middle cerebral artery occluded (MCAO) rat model was used. Sovateltide (an ETBR agonist) injected intravenously showed better survival and neurological and motor function improvement than control. Higher neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiation along with better mitochondrial morphology and biogenesis in the brain of sovateltide rats were noted. Exposure of cultured NPCs to hypoxia and sovateltide also showed higher NPC differentiation and maturation. This study shows a novel role of ETBR in NPCs and mitochondrial fate determination in cerebral ischemia, and in improving neurological deficit after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh K Ranjan
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Seema Briyal
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA. .,Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willlowbrook, IL, USA.
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12
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Ranjan AK, Briyal S, Khandekar D, Gulati A. Sovateltide (IRL-1620) affects neuronal progenitors and prevents cerebral tissue damage after ischemic stroke. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:659-666. [PMID: 32574518 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of endothelin B receptors by its agonist IRL-1620 (INN, sovateltide) provides neuroprotection and neurological and motor function improvement following cerebral ischemia. We investigated the effect of sovateltide on stem and progenitor cells mediated neural regeneration and its effect on the cerebral tissue repair and restoration of neurological and motor function. Sovateltide (5 μg/kg) was injected intravenously in permanent middle cerebral artery occluded (MCAO) rats at 4, 6, and 8 h at days 0, 3, and 6. Neurological and motor function tests were carried out pre-MCAO and at day 7 post-MCAO. At day 7, significantly reduced expression of neuronal differentiation markers HuC/HuD and NeuroD1 was seen in MCAO + vehicle than sham rats. Sovateltide treatment upregulated HuC/HuD and NeuroD1 compared to MCAO + vehicle and their expression was similar to sham. Expression of stem cell markers Oct 4 and Sox 2 was similar in rats of all of the groups. Significantly reduced infarct volume and DNA damage with recovery of neurological and motor function was observed in sovateltide-treated MCAO rats. These results indicate that sovateltide initiates a regenerative response by promoting differentiation of neuronal progenitors and maintaining stem cells in an equilibrium following cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh K Ranjan
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Seema Briyal
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Divya Khandekar
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.,Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL 60527, USA
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13
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Guardia de Souza e Silva T, do Val de Paulo MEF, da Silva JRM, da Silva Alves A, Britto LRG, Xavier GF, Lopes Sandoval MR. Oral treatment with royal jelly improves memory and presents neuroprotective effects on icv-STZ rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03281. [PMID: 32055729 PMCID: PMC7005440 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function. Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (icv-STZ) has been used as an experimental model of Sporadic AD (SAD) in rodents and represents a promising tool for etiopathogenic analysis and evaluation of new therapeutic proposals for AD. The icv-STZ model shows many aspects of SAD abnormalities, resulting in decreased brain glucose and energy metabolism, cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, neuronal loss, and amyloid angiopathy. Royal jelly (RJ), a substance produced by worker honeybees of the Apis mellifera species, has been popularly used for more than 30 years in areas related to health eating and natural medicine. Researches indicate that RJ has a several pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective and improvement of cognitive function. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oral treatment with royal jelly during 2 weeks in Wistar rats submitted to icv-STZ on a working memory and neuroprotection, as evaluated by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. In this study, icv-STZ injection induced deleterious effects in the hippocampus, associated with cognitive impairments, and developed marked neurodegeneration, besides the reduction of neurogenesis and increased oxidative stress. On the other hand, RJ long-term oral administration induced beneficial effects in animals injured by icv-STZ injection, increasing retention time for working spatial memory, reducing neurodegeneration and oxidative stress level and increasing the proliferation of new neurons in the hippocampus. Thus, RJ promotes beneficial effects on cognitive functions and exhibits a neuroprotective action in the STZ experimental model of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adilson da Silva Alves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto G. Britto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Lopes Sandoval
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, cep 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Luo F, Zhang Z, Barnett A, Bellinger TJ, Turcato F, Schmidt K, Luo Y. Cuprizone-induced demyelination under physiological and post-stroke condition leads to decreased neurogenesis response in adult mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113168. [PMID: 31904386 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limitation in treatment window of the rtPA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator), the development of delayed treatment for stroke is needed. We previously reported that there is a difference in neurogenesis and neuroblast migration patterns in different mouse stroke models (proximal and distal middle cerebral artery occlusion models, pMCAo or dMCAo). Specifically, compared to robust neurogenesis and substantial migration of newly born neuroblasts in pMCAo model, dMCAo only illicit limited neurogenesis and migration of neuroblasts towards ischemic area. One potential reason for this difference is the relative location of ischemic area to white matter and the neurogenic niche (subventricular zone, SVZ). Specifically, white matter could serve as a physical barrier or inhibitory factor to neurogenesis and migration in the dMCAo model. Given that a major difference in human and rodent brains is the content of white matter in the brain, in this study, we further characterize these two models and test the important hypothesis that white matter is an important contributing inhibitory factor for the limited neurogenesis in the dMCAo model. We utilized a genetically inducible NSC-specific reporter mouse line (nestin-CreERT2-R26R-YFP) to label and track NSC proliferation, survival and differentiation in ischemic brain. To test whether myelin is inhibitory to neurogenesis in dMCAo model, we demyelinated mouse brains using cuprizone treatment after stroke and examined whether there is enhanced neurogenesis or migration of neuroblasts cells in stroke mice treated with cuprizone. Our data suggests that demyelination of the brain does not result in enhanced neurogenesis or migration of neuroblasts, supporting that myelin is not a major inhibitory factor for stroke-induced neurogenesis. In addition, our results suggest that in non-stroke mice, demyelination causes decreased neurogenesis in adult brain, indicating a potential positive role of myelin in maintenance of adult neural stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Austin Barnett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Tania J Bellinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Flavia Turcato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Kelly Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA.
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15
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Zhou C, Chen H, Zheng JF, Guo ZD, Huang ZJ, Wu Y, Zhong JJ, Sun XC, Cheng CJ. Pentraxin 3 contributes to neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2318-2326. [PMID: 32594056 PMCID: PMC7749468 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.285001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that pentraxin 3 is an acute-phase protein that is linked with the immune response to inflammation. It is also a newly discovered marker of anti-inflammatory A2 reactive astrocytes, and potentially has multiple protective effects in stroke; however, its role in the adult brain after traumatic brain injury is unknown. In the present study, a moderate model of traumatic brain injury in mice was established using controlled cortical impact. The models were intraventricularly injected with recombinant pentraxin 3 (the recombinant pentraxin 3 group) or an equal volume of vehicle (the control group). The sham-operated mice underwent craniotomy, but did not undergo the controlled cortical impact. The potential neuroprotective and neuroregenerative roles of pentraxin 3 were investigated on days 14 and 21 after traumatic brain injury. Western blot assay showed that the expression of endogenous pentraxin 3 was increased after traumatic brain injury in mice. Furthermore, the neurological severity test and wire grip test revealed that recombinant pentraxin 3 treatment reduced the neurological severity score and increased the wire grip score, suggesting an improved recovery of sensory-motor functions. The Morris water maze results demonstrated that recombinant pentraxin 3 treatment reduced the latency to the platform, increased the time spent in the correct quadrant, and increased the number of times traveled across the platform, thus suggesting an improved recovery of cognitive function. In addition, to investigate the effects of pentraxin 3 on astrocytes, specific markers of A2 astrocytes were detected in primary astrocyte cultures in vitro using western blot assay. The results demonstrated that pentraxin 3 administration activates A2 astrocytes. To explore the protective mechanisms of pentraxin 3, immunofluorescence staining was used. Intraventricular injection of recombinant pentraxin 3 increased neuronal maintenance in the peri-injured cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus, increased the number of doublecortin-positive neural progenitor cells in the subventricular and subgranular zones, and increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine (proliferation) and neuronal nuclear antigen (mature neuron) double-labeled cells in the hippocampus and peri-injured cortex. Pentraxin 3 administration also increased the number of neurospheres and the number of bromodeoxyuridine and doublecortin double-labeled cells in neurospheres, and enhanced the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in primary neural progenitor cell cultures in vitro. In conclusion, recombinant pentraxin 3 administration activated A2 astrocytes, and consequently improved the recovery of neural function by increasing neuronal survival and enhancing neurogenesis. All experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China on March 1, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zong-Duo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong-Jie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Brain injury in the full-term and near-term neonates is a significant cause of mortality and long-term morbidity, resulting in injury patterns distinct from that seen in premature infants and older patients. Therapeutic hypothermia improves long-term outcomes for many of these infants, but there is a continued search for therapies to enhance the plasticity of the newborn brain, resulting in long-term repair. It is likely that a combination strategy utilizing both early and late interventions may have the most benefit, capitalizing on endogenous mechanisms triggered by hypoxia or ischemia. Optimizing care of these critically ill newborns in the acute setting is also vital for improving both short- and long-term outcomes.
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17
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From Tumor Metastasis towards Cerebral Ischemia-Extracellular Vesicles as a General Concept of Intercellular Communication Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235995. [PMID: 31795140 PMCID: PMC6928831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been tremendous carriers in both experimental and translational science. These vesicles—formerly regarded as artifacts of in vitro research—have a heterogeneous population of vesicles derived from virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs consist of a bilayer lipid structure with a diameter of about 30 to 1000 nm and have a characteristic protein and non-coding RNA content that make up different forms of EVs such as exosomes, microvesicles, and others. Despite recent progress in the EV field, which is known to serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic tools under various pathological conditions, fundamental questions are yet to be answered. This short review focuses on recently reported data regarding EVs under pathological conditions with a particular emphasis on the role of EVs under such different conditions like tumor formation and cerebral ischemia. The review strives to point out general concepts of EV intercellular communication processes that might be vital to both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the long run.
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18
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Heredia M, Rodríguez N, Sánchez Robledo V, Criado JM, de la Fuente A, Devesa J, Devesa P, Sánchez Riolobos A. Factors Involved in the Functional Motor Recovery of Rats with Cortical Ablation after GH and Rehabilitation Treatment: Cortical Cell Proliferation and Nestin and Actin Expression in the Striatum and Thalamus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225770. [PMID: 31744113 PMCID: PMC6888370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated, in rats, that treatment with growth hormone (GH) and rehabilitation, carried out immediately after a motor cortical ablation, significantly improved the motor affectation produced by the lesion and induced the re-expression of nestin in the contralateral motor cortex. Here we analyze cortical proliferation after ablation of the frontal motor cortex and investigate the re-expression of nestin in the contralateral motor cortex and the role of the striatum and thalamus in motor recovery. The rats were subjected to ablation of the frontal motor cortex in the dominant hemisphere or sham-operated and immediately treated with GH or the vehicle (V), for five days. At 1 dpi (days post-injury), all rats received daily injections (for four days) of bromodeoxyuridine and five rats were sacrificed at 5 dpi. The other 15 rats (n = 5/group) underwent rehabilitation and were sacrificed at 25 dpi. GH induced the greatest number of proliferating cells in the perilesional cortex. GH and rehabilitation produced the functional recovery of the motor lesion and increased the expression of nestin in the striatum. In the thalamic ventral nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion, cells positive for nestin and actin were detected, but this was independent on GH. Our data suggest that GH-induced striatal nestin is involved in motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.R.); (V.S.R.); (J.M.C.); (A.d.l.F.); (A.S.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (J.D.); Tel.: +34-9232-9454-0 (M.H); +34-9810-292-8 (J.D.)
| | - Natalia Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.R.); (V.S.R.); (J.M.C.); (A.d.l.F.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Virginia Sánchez Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.R.); (V.S.R.); (J.M.C.); (A.d.l.F.); (A.S.R.)
| | - José María Criado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.R.); (V.S.R.); (J.M.C.); (A.d.l.F.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Antonio de la Fuente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.R.); (V.S.R.); (J.M.C.); (A.d.l.F.); (A.S.R.)
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15894 Teo, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (J.D.); Tel.: +34-9232-9454-0 (M.H); +34-9810-292-8 (J.D.)
| | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15894 Teo, Spain;
| | - Adelaida Sánchez Riolobos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla and León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.R.); (V.S.R.); (J.M.C.); (A.d.l.F.); (A.S.R.)
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19
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Kim S, Jeon SG, Nam Y, Kim HS, Yoo DH, Moon M. Bilingualism for Dementia: Neurological Mechanisms Associated With Functional and Structural Changes in the Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1224. [PMID: 31798405 PMCID: PMC6868000 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of older adults increases, the prevalence of dementias, such as Alzheimer's dementia (AD), vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementias, also increases. Despite research into pharmacological approaches for treating diverse diseases, there is still no cure. Recently, novel non-pharmacological interventions are attracting attention. Non-pharmacological approaches include cognitive stimulation, alterations in diet, physical activity, and social engagement. Cognitive stimulating activities protect against the negative effects of cognitive decline caused by age-related neurogenerative diseases. Bilingualism is one form of cognitive stimulation that requires multiple aspects of brain activity and has been shown to delay the onset of dementia symptoms in patients by approximately 4-5 years as compared with monolingual patients through cognitive reserve. The purpose of this review was to bilingualism protects against cognitive decline associated with AD and other dementias. We discuss potential underlying neurological mechanisms, including: (1) stimulating adult neurogenesis, (2) enhancing synaptogenesis, (3) strengthening functional connectivity that bilingualism may delay clinical AD symptoms, (4) protecting white matter integrity, and (5) preserving gray matter density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Han Yoo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
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20
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Yoneyama M, Ogita K. [Adult Neurogenesis-activating Signals as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:853-859. [PMID: 31155525 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In most mammalian species, adult neurogenesis appears to occur only in the olfactory bulb and hippocampal dentate gyrus, where neural stem/progenitor cells exist to create new neurons. The discovery of multi-potential neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult brain has precipitated a novel therapeutic strategy for harnessing these endogenous cells to aid in recovery from neurodegenerative disorders. During neurodegeneration, a plethora of endogenous factors, including cytokines, chemokines, neurotransmitters, blood-derived factors, and reactive oxygen species, are released by the activation of resident microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrating peripheral macrophages. It is interesting that these endogenous factors affect the proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of newly generated cells involved in the incorporation of newly generated neurons into the brain's circuitry. The unique profile of these endogenous factors can vary the degree of neuroregeneration after neurodegeneration. We show that adult neurogenesis-activating signals are regulated by endogenous factors produced during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Kiyokazu Ogita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
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21
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Walters KM, Boucher M, Boucher GG, Opsahl AC, Mouton PR, Liu CN, Ritenour CR, Kawabe TT, Pryski HN, Somps CJ. No Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adult Rat Sympathetic Ganglia Following Guanethidine-Induced Neuronal Loss. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:228-237. [PMID: 30987556 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319843052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential for neurogenesis in the cranial (superior) cervical ganglia (SCG) of the sympathetic nervous system was evaluated. Eleven consecutive daily doses of guanethidine (100 mg/kg/d) were administered intraperitoneally to rats in order to destroy postganglionic sympathetic neurons in SCG. Following the last dose, animals were allowed to recover 1, 3, or 6 months. Right and left SCG from guanethidine-treated and age-matched, vehicle-treated control rats were harvested for histopathologic, morphometric, and stereologic evaluations. Both morphometric and stereologic evaluations confirmed neuron loss following guanethidine treatment. Morphometric analysis revealed a 50% to 60% lower number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons per unit area of SCG at both 3 and 6 months of recovery, compared to ganglia of age-matched controls, with no evidence of restoration of neuron density between 3 and 6 months. Reductions in TH-positive neurons following guanethidine treatment were corroborated by unbiased stereology of total hematoxylin and eosin-stained neuron numbers in SCG. Stereologic analyses revealed that total neuron counts were lower by 37% at 3 months of recovery when compared to age-matched vehicle controls, again with no obvious restoration between 3 and 6 months. Thus, no evidence was found that postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system in the adult rat have a neurogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Walters
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Alan C Opsahl
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Peter R Mouton
- SRC Biosciences, Stereology Resource Center, Inc, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Thomas T Kawabe
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Hayley N Pryski
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
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22
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Kyle J, Wu M, Gourzi S, Tsirka SE. Proliferation and Differentiation in the Adult Subventricular Zone Are Not Affected by CSF1R Inhibition. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:97. [PMID: 31001085 PMCID: PMC6454047 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are reported to have significant roles in regulating normal mammalian adult neurogenesis. There are two neurogenic niches in the adult mammal brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone (SVZ), which makes up the lining of the lateral ventricles. While the microglia interactions on adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus have been characterized, the SVZ niche is not as well investigated. The SVZ niche is unique in that the newborn neurons migrate a much longer distance through multiple brain structures compared to newborn neurons in the hippocampus, making it more difficult to fully characterize how microglia influence this process. To examine the SVZ niche and migration pathway, we used the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) antagonist PLX5622, which promotes brain wide microglia ablation. Microglia ablation resulted in no changes in the numbers of neural stem cells (NSCs), transient amplifying cells, and neuroblasts. Microglia ablation in the olfactory bulb (OB) was decreased compared to the SVZ. CSF1R inhibition had no effect on the ability of microglia to proliferate. Thus, our data suggest that microglia are not required for normal functioning SVZ adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Kyle
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Michelle Wu
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Stefania Gourzi
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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23
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The Role of SVZ Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040448. [PMID: 30934929 PMCID: PMC6521108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As most common primary brain cancer, glioblastoma is also the most aggressive and malignant form of cancer in the adult central nervous system. Glioblastomas are genetic and transcriptional heterogeneous tumors, which in spite of intensive research are poorly understood. Over the years conventional therapies failed to affect a cure, resulting in low survival rates of affected patients. To improve the clinical outcome, an important approach is to identify the cells of origin. One potential source for these are neural stem cells (NSCs) located in the subventricular zone, which is one of two niches in the adult nervous system where NSCs with the capacity of self-renewal and proliferation reside. These cells normally give rise to neuronal as well as glial progenitor cells. This review summarizes current findings about links between NSCs and cancer stem cells in glioblastoma and discusses current therapeutic approaches, which arise as a result of identifying the cell of origin in glioblastoma.
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24
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Agoston DV, Kamnaksh A. Protein biomarkers of epileptogenicity after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 123:59-68. [PMID: 30030023 PMCID: PMC6800147 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) develops over time in up to 50% of patients with severe TBI. PTE is mostly unresponsive to traditional anti-seizure treatments suggesting distinct, injury-induced pathomechanisms in the development of this condition. Moderate and severe TBIs cause significant tissue damage, bleeding, neuron and glia death, as well as axonal, vascular, and metabolic abnormalities. These changes trigger a complex biological response aimed at curtailing the physical damage and restoring homeostasis and functionality. Although a positive correlation exists between the type and severity of TBI and PTE, there is only an incomplete understanding of the time-dependent sequelae of TBI pathobiologies and their role in epileptogenesis. Determining the temporal profile of protein biomarkers in the blood (serum or plasma) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can help to identify pathobiologies underlying the development of PTE, high-risk individuals, and disease modifying therapies. Here we review the pathobiological sequelae of TBI in the context of blood- and CSF-based protein biomarkers, their potential role in epileptogenesis, and discuss future directions aimed at improving the diagnosis and treatment of PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Alaa Kamnaksh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Cannabinoid signalling in embryonic and adult neurogenesis: possible implications for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:1-16. [PMID: 29764526 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid signalling modulates several aspects of brain function, including the generation and survival of neurons during embryonic and adult periods. The present review intended to summarise evidence supporting a role for the endocannabinoid system on the control of neurogenesis and neurogenesis-dependent functions. Studies reporting participation of cannabinoids on the regulation of any step of neurogenesis and the effects of cannabinoid compounds on animal models possessing neurogenesis-dependent features were selected from Medline. Qualitative evaluation of the selected studies indicated that activation of cannabinoid receptors may change neurogenesis in embryonic or adult nervous systems alongside rescue of phenotypes in animal models of different psychiatric and neurological disorders. The text offers an overview on the effects of cannabinoids on central nervous system development and the possible links with psychiatric and neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, brain ischaemia/stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An understanding of the mechanisms by which cannabinoid signalling influences developmental and adult neurogenesis will help foster the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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26
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Castro-Torres RD, Landa J, Rabaza M, Busquets O, Olloquequi J, Ettcheto M, Beas-Zarate C, Folch J, Camins A, Auladell C, Verdaguer E. JNK Isoforms Are Involved in the Control of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice, Both in Physiological Conditions and in an Experimental Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5856-5865. [PMID: 30685843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus allows the continuous generation of new neurons. This cellular process can be disturbed under specific environmental conditions, such as epileptic seizures; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for their control remain largely unknown. Although different studies have linked the JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase) activity with the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, the specific function of JNK in controlling adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not well known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of JNK isoforms (JNK1/JNK2/JNK3) in adult-hippocampal neurogenesis. To achieve this goal, we used JNK-knockout mice (Jnk1-/-, Jnk2-/-, and Jnk3-/-), untreated and treated with intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid (KA), as an experimental model of epilepsy. In each condition, we identified cell subpopulations at different stages of neuronal maturation by immunohistochemical specific markers. In physiological conditions, we evidenced that JNK1 and JNK3 control the levels of one subtype of early progenitor cells (GFAP+/Sox2+) but not the GFAP+/Nestin+ cell subtype. Moreover, the absence of JNK1 induces an increase of immature neurons (Doublecortin+; PSA-NCAM+ cells) compared with wild-type (WT). On the other hand, Jnk1-/- and Jnk3-/- mice showed an increased capacity to maintain hippocampal homeostasis, since calbindin immunoreactivity is higher than in WT. An important fact is that, after KA injection, Jnk1-/- and Jnk3-/- mice show no increase in the different neurogenic cell subpopulation analyzed, in contrast to what occurs in WT and Jnk2-/- mice. All these data support that JNK isoforms are involved in the adult neurogenesis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jon Landa
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Rabaza
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente No. 1670, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jaume Folch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Vargas-Saturno L, Ayala-Grosso C. Adaptive neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex and contralateral subventricular zone induced by unilateral cortical devascularization: Possible modulation by dopamine neurotransmission. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3514-3533. [PMID: 30402991 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding endogenous neurogenesis and neuronal replacement to mature circuits is a topic of discussion as a therapeutic alternative under acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Adaptive neurogenic response may result as a result of ischemia which could support long-term recovery of behavioral functions. Endogenous sources of neural progenitors may be stimulated by changes in blood flow or neuromodulation. Using a mouse model of unilateral cortical devascularization, we have observed reactive neurogenesis in the perilesional cortex and subventricular zone neurogenic niche. C57BL/6L 4 weeks old male mice were craneotomized at 1 mm caudal from frontal suture and 1 mm lateral from midline to generate a window of 3 mm side. Brain injury was produced by removal of the meninges and superficial vasculature of dorsal parietal cortex. BrdU agent (50 mg/kg, ip) was injected to lesioned and sham animals, during days 0 and 1 after surgery. Sagittal sections were analyzed at 1, 4, 7, and 10 days post-injury. A time-dependent increase in BrdU+ cells in the perilesional parietal cortex was accompanied by augmented BrdU+ cells in the sub ventricular and rostral migratory stream of ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. Neural progenitors and neuroblasts proliferated in the lesioned and non-lesioned subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream on day 4 after injury. Augmented contralateral neurogenesis was associated with an increase in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 protein in the striosomal sub ventricular neurogenic niche of non-lesioned hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Vargas-Saturno
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Ayala-Grosso
- Unidad de Terapia Celular, Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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28
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Bao H, Song J. Treating Brain Disorders by Targeting Adult Neural Stem Cells. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:991-1006. [PMID: 30447904 PMCID: PMC6351137 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, a developmental process of generating functionally integrated neurons from neural stem cells, occurs throughout life in the hippocampus of the mammalian brain and highlights the plastic nature of the mature central nervous system. Substantial evidence suggests that new neurons participate in cognitive and affective brain functions and aberrant adult neurogenesis contributes to various brain disorders. Focusing on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we review recent findings that advance our understanding of the key properties and potential functions of adult neural stem cells. We further discuss the key evidence demonstrating the causal role of aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis and various brain disorders. Finally, we propose strategies aimed at simultaneously correcting stem cells and their niche for treating brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechen Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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29
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Abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis in Parkinson’s disease: relevance to a new therapeutic target for depression with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:943-954. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Giebel B, Hermann DM. Immunological and non-immunological effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the ischaemic brain. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418789326. [PMID: 30083231 PMCID: PMC6071165 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418789326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the implementation of thrombolysis and endovascular recanalization
strategies, stroke therapy has profoundly changed in recent years. In spite of
these advancements, a considerable proportion of stroke patients still exhibit
functional impairment in the long run, increasing the need for adjuvant
therapies that promote neurological recovery. Stem cell therapies have initially
attracted great interest in the stroke field, since there were hopes that
transplanted cells may allow for the replacement of lost cells. After the
recognition that transplanted cells integrate poorly into existing neural
networks and that they induce brain remodelling in a paracrine way by secreting
a heterogeneous group of nanovesicles, these extracellular vesicles (EVs) have
been identified as key players that mediate restorative effects of stem and
progenitor cells in ischaemic brain tissue. We herein review restorative effects
of EVs in stroke models and discuss immunological and non-immunological
mechanisms that may underlie recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neurology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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31
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Magagna-Poveda A, Moretto JN, Scharfman HE. Increased gyrification and aberrant adult neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus in adult rats. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:4219-4237. [PMID: 28656372 PMCID: PMC5909844 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable example of maladaptive plasticity is the development of epilepsy after a brain insult or injury to a normal animal or human. A structure that is considered central to the development of this type of epilepsy is the dentate gyrus (DG), because it is normally a relatively inhibited structure and its quiescence is thought to reduce hippocampal seizure activity. This characteristic of the DG is also considered to be important for normal hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions. It has been suggested that the brain insults which cause epilepsy do so because they cause the DG to be more easily activated. One type of brain insult that is commonly used is induction of severe seizures (status epilepticus; SE) by systemic injection of a convulsant drug. Here we describe an alteration in the DG after this type of experimental SE that may contribute to chronic seizures that has not been described before: large folds or gyri that develop in the DG by 1 month after SE. Large gyri appeared to increase network excitability because epileptiform discharges recorded in hippocampal slices after SE were longer in duration when recorded inside gyri relative to locations outside gyri. Large gyri may also increase excitability because immature adult-born neurons accumulated at the base of gyri with time after SE, and previous studies have suggested that abnormalities in adult-born DG neurons promote seizures after SE. In summary, large gyri after SE are a common finding in adult rats, show increased excitability, and are associated with the development of an abnormal spatial distribution of adult-born neurons. Together these alterations may contribute to chronic seizures and associated cognitive comorbidities after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Magagna-Poveda
- The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd. Bldg. 35, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Jillian N Moretto
- The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd. Bldg. 35, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd. Bldg. 35, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, One Park Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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32
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Ghazale H, Ramadan N, Mantash S, Zibara K, El-Sitt S, Darwish H, Chamaa F, Boustany RM, Mondello S, Abou-Kheir W, Soueid J, Kobeissy F. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enhances the therapeutic potential of neonatal neural stem cell transplantation post-Traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2017; 340:1-13. [PMID: 29126932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide with 1.5 million people inflicted yearly. Several neurotherapeutic interventions have been proposed including drug administration as well as cellular therapy involving neural stem cells (NSCs). Among the proposed drugs is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, exhibiting neuroprotective properties. In this study, we utilized an innovative intervention of neonatal NSCs transplantation in combination with DHA injections in order to ameliorate brain damage and promote functional recovery in an experimental model of TBI. Thus, NSCs derived from the subventricular zone of neonatal pups were cultured into neurospheres and transplanted in the cortex of an experimentally controlled cortical impact mouse model of TBI. The effect of NSC transplantation was assessed alone and/or in combination with DHA administration. Motor deficits were evaluated using pole climbing and rotarod tests. Using immunohistochemistry, the effect of transplanted NSCs and DHA treatment was used to assess astrocytic (Glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) and microglial (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, IBA-1) activity. In addition, we quantified neuroblasts (doublecortin; DCX) and dopaminergic neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase; TH) expression levels. Combined NSC transplantation and DHA injections significantly attenuated TBI-induced motor function deficits (pole climbing test), promoted neurogenesis, coupled with an increase in glial reactivity at the cortical site of injury. In addition, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons was found to increase markedly in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra in the combination therapy group. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that DHA+NSCs treated animals showed decreased levels of 38kDa GFAP-BDP (breakdown product) and 145kDa αII-spectrin SBDP indicative of attenuated calpain/caspase activation. These data demonstrate that prior treatment with DHA may be a desirable strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of NSC transplantation in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ghazale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Naify Ramadan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Sara Mantash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, DSST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally El-Sitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Hala Darwish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Farah Chamaa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rose Mary Boustany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon; American University of Beirut Medical Center Special Kids Clinic, Neurogenetics Program and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, A.O.U. "Policlinico G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, 98125, Italy
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Jihane Soueid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Lebanon; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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33
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Hermann DM, Giebel B. Concise Review: Extracellular Vesicles Overcoming Limitations of Cell Therapies in Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2044-2052. [PMID: 28941317 PMCID: PMC6430061 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in stroke therapy, current therapeutic concepts are still limited. Thus, additional therapeutic strategies are in order. In this sense, the transplantation of stem cells has appeared to be an attractive adjuvant tool to help boost the endogenous regenerative capacities of the brain. Although transplantation of stem cells is known to induce beneficial outcome in (preclinical) stroke research, grafted cells do not replace lost tissue directly. Rather, these transplanted cells like neural progenitor cells or mesenchymal stem cells act in an indirect manner, among which the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) appears to be one key factor. Indeed, the application of EVs in preclinical stroke studies suggests a therapeutic role, which appears to be noninferior in comparison to the transplantation of stem cells themselves. In this short review, we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of EVs as a therapeutic means to counter stroke. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2044–2052
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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34
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Jahn K, Wieltsch C, Blumer N, Mehlich M, Pathak H, Khan AQ, Hildebrandt H, Frieling H. A cell culture model for investigation of synapse influenceability: epigenetics, expression and function of gene targets important for synapse formation and preservation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated by retinoic acid. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1341-1367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Yurek DM, Fletcher-Turner A. Comparison of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dopamine Neuron Grafts and Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Tissue Grafts: Morphology and Function. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:295-306. [PMID: 15191167 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared the function and morphology of two types of neural grafts: allografts of fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue and xenografts of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived dopamine neurons. Mouse embryonic stem cells were cultured and exposed to differentiation factors that induced approximately 10% of the cells to express a dopaminergic phenotype. These cells were then harvested and implanted into the denervated striatum of rats with unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. Another group of lesioned rats received allografts of fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue. While both types of grafts yield a similar number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells, amphetamine-induced rotational behavior was differentially affected by these grafts: rotational behavior was significantly reduced in lesioned rats receiving allografts of fetal VM tissue while ESC grafts had slight but insignificant effects on rotational scores. Densitometry measures of TH+ fiber outgrowth revealed a similar area of reinnervation and a comparable number of TH+ cells for ESC graft when compared with VM grafts. These data suggest there are similarities and also distinct differences in the manner in which ESC and VM grafts interact with the denervated striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Yurek
- Department of Surgery/Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA.
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36
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Wang F, Baba N, Shen Y, Yamashita T, Tsuru E, Tsuda M, Maeda N, Sagara Y. CCL11 promotes migration and proliferation of mouse neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28173860 PMCID: PMC5297016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induces massive brain damage during the perinatal period, resulting in long-term consequences to central nervous system structural and functional maturation. Although neural progenitor cells (NPCs) migrate through the parenchyma and home in to injury sites in the rodent brain, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. We examined the role of chemokines in mediating NPC migration after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. METHODS Nine-day-old mice were exposed to a 120-minute hypoxia following unilateral carotid occlusion. Chemokine levels were quantified in mouse brain extract. Migration and proliferation assays were performed using embryonic and infant mouse NPCs. RESULTS The neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury resulted in an ipsilateral lesion, which was extended to the cortical and striatal areas. NPCs migrated toward an injured area, where a marked increase of CC chemokines was detected. In vitro studies showed that incubation of NPCs with recombinant mouse CCL11 promoted migration and proliferation. These effects were partly inhibited by a CCR3 antagonist, SB297006. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate an important effect of CCL11 for mouse NPCs. The effective activation of NPCs may offer a promising strategy for neuroregeneration in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Nobuyasu Baba
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yuan Shen
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yamashita
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Emi Tsuru
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Science Research Center, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Nagamasa Maeda
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sagara
- Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
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Chan HH, Wathen CA, Ni M, Zhuo S. Stem cell therapies for ischemic stroke: current animal models, clinical trials and biomaterials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the facilitation of stem cell therapy in stroke by tissue engineering and applications of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H. Chan
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
- Department of Neuroscience
| | | | - Ming Ni
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
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38
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Gu J, Bao Y, Chen J, Huang C, Zhang X, Jiang R, Liu Q, Liu Y, Xu X, Shi W. The Expression of NP847 and Sox2 after TBI and Its Influence on NSCs. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:282. [PMID: 28066182 PMCID: PMC5177638 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is important for neural regeneration after cerebral injury. Here, for the first time, we show that phosphorylated (p)-ser847-nNOS (NP847), rather than nNOS, may play a major role in NSC proliferation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Western blot results demonstrated that the expression of NP847 and Sox2 in the hippocampus is up-regulated after TBI, and they both peak 3 days after brain injury. In addition, an immunofluorescence experiment indicated that NP847 and Sox2 partly co-localize in the nuclei of NSCs after TBI. Further immunoprecipitation experiments found that NP847 and Sox2 can directly interact with each other in NSCs. Moreover, in an OGD model of NSCs, NP847 expression is decreased, which is followed by the down-regulation of Sox2. Interestingly, in this study, we did not observe changes in the expression of nNOS in the OGD model. Further research data suggest that the NP847-Sox2 complex may play a major role in NSCs through the Shh/Gli signaling pathway in a CaMKII-dependent manner after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Third People's HospitalYancheng, China
| | - Yifeng Bao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Chuanjun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang Soochow, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Xide Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
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Sirt1 regulates glial progenitor proliferation and regeneration in white matter after neonatal brain injury. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13866. [PMID: 27991597 PMCID: PMC5187440 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative processes in brain pathologies require the production of distinct neural cell populations from endogenous progenitor cells. We have previously demonstrated that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation is crucial for oligodendrocyte (OL) regeneration in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxia (HX) that reproduces diffuse white matter injury (DWMI) of premature infants. Here we identify the histone deacetylase Sirt1 as a Cdk2 regulator in OPC proliferation and response to HX. HX enhances Sirt1 and Sirt1/Cdk2 complex formation through HIF1α activation. Sirt1 deacetylates retinoblastoma (Rb) in the Rb/E2F1 complex, leading to dissociation of E2F1 and enhanced OPC proliferation. Sirt1 knockdown in culture and its targeted ablation in vivo suppresses basal and HX-induced OPC proliferation. Inhibition of Sirt1 also promotes OPC differentiation after HX. Our results indicate that Sirt1 is an essential regulator of OPC proliferation and OL regeneration after neonatal brain injury. Therefore, enhancing Sirt1 activity may promote OL recovery after DWMI.
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation is crucial for regeneration after hypoxic lesions in mice, a model of diffuse white matter injury of premature infants. Here, the authors show that the histone deacetylase Sirt1 is a Cdk2-dependent mediator of OPC proliferation and OPC response to hypoxia.
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40
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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Chopp M. Function of neural stem cells in ischemic brain repair processes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2034-2043. [PMID: 27742890 PMCID: PMC5363673 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16674487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic injury is the single most important cause of disabilities in infants, while stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity in children and adults around the world. The injured brain has limited repair capacity, and thereby only modest improvement of neurological function is evident post injury. In rodents, embryonic neural stem cells in the ventricular zone generate cortical neurons, and adult neural stem cells in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle produce new neurons through animal life. In addition to generation of new neurons, neural stem cells contribute to oligodendrogenesis. Neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis are essential for repair of injured brain. Much progress has been made in preclinical studies on elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control and coordinate neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in perinatal hypoxic/ischemic injury and the adult ischemic brain. This article will review these findings with a focus on the ventricular-subventricular zone neurogenic niche and discuss potential applications to facilitate endogenous neurogenesis and thereby to improve neurological function post perinatal hypoxic/ischemic injury and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, USA
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41
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Bravo-Ferrer I, Cuartero MI, Zarruk JG, Pradillo JM, Hurtado O, Romera VG, Díaz-Alonso J, García-Segura JM, Guzmán M, Lizasoain I, Galve-Roperh I, Moro MA. Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptor Drives Neurogenesis and Improves Functional Outcome After Stroke. Stroke 2016; 48:204-212. [PMID: 27899748 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.014793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability characterized by physical, cognitive, and emotional disturbances. Unfortunately, pharmacological options are scarce. The cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) is neuroprotective in acute experimental stroke by anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, its role in chronic stroke is still unknown. METHODS Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice; CB2R modulation was assessed by administering the CB2R agonist JWH133 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran) or the CB2R antagonist SR144528 (N-[(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) once daily from day 3 to the end of the experiment or by CB2R genetic deletion. Analysis of immunofluorescence-labeled brain sections, 5-bromo-2´-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of brain cell suspensions, and behavioral tests were performed. RESULTS SR144528 decreased neuroblast migration toward the boundary of the infarct area when compared with vehicle-treated mice 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Consistently, mice on this pharmacological treatment, like mice with CB2R genetic deletion, displayed a lower number of new neurons (NeuN+/BrdU+ cells) in peri-infarct cortex 28 days after stroke when compared with vehicle-treated group, an effect accompanied by a worse sensorimotor performance in behavioral tests. The CB2R agonist did not affect neurogenesis or outcome in vivo, but increased the migration of neural progenitor cells in vitro; the CB2R antagonist alone did not affect in vitro migration. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that CB2R is fundamental for driving neuroblast migration and suggest that an endocannabinoid tone is required for poststroke neurogenesis by promoting neuroblast migration toward the injured brain tissue, increasing the number of new cortical neurons and, conceivably, enhancing motor functional recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cuartero
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Hurtado
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Romera
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Alonso
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M García-Segura
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Song M, Yu SP, Mohamad O, Cao W, Wei ZZ, Gu X, Jiang MQ, Wei L. Optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neuronal activity in the striatum enhances neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of normal and stroke mice. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:9-24. [PMID: 27884724 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain may contribute to tissue repair after brain injuries. Whether SVZ neurogenesis can be upregulated by specific neuronal activity in vivo and promote functional recovery after stroke is largely unknown. Using the spatial and cell type specific optogenetic technique combined with multiple approaches of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo examinations, we tested the hypothesis that glutamatergic activation in the striatum could upregulate SVZ neurogenesis in the normal and ischemic brain. In transgenic mice expressing the light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) channel in glutamatergic neurons, optogenetic stimulation of the glutamatergic activity in the striatum triggered glutamate release into SVZ region, evoked membrane currents, Ca2+ influx and increased proliferation of SVZ neuroblasts, mediated by AMPA receptor activation. In ChR2 transgenic mice subjected to focal ischemic stroke, optogenetic stimuli to the striatum started 5days after stroke for 8days not only promoted cell proliferation but also the migration of SVZ neuroblasts into the peri-infarct cortex with increased neuronal differentiation and improved long-term functional recovery. These data provide the first morphological and functional evidence showing a unique striatum-SVZ neuronal regulation via a semi-phasic synaptic mechanism that can boost neurogenic cascades and stroke recovery. The benefits from stimulating endogenous glutamatergic activity suggest a novel regenerative strategy after ischemic stroke and other brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
| | - Osama Mohamad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wenyuan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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43
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Kang E, Berg DA, Furmanski O, Jackson WM, Ryu YK, Gray CD, Mintz CD. Neurogenesis and developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 60:33-39. [PMID: 27751818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which anesthetics might act on the developing brain in order to cause long term deficits remains incompletely understood. The hippocampus has been identified as a structure that is likely to be involved, as rodent models show numerous deficits in behavioral tasks of learning that are hippocampal-dependent. The hippocampus is an unusual structure in that it is the site of large amounts of neurogenesis postnatally, particularly in the first year of life in humans, and these newly generated neurons are critical to the function of this structure. Intriguingly, neurogenesis is a major developmental event that occurs during postulated windows of vulnerability to developmental anesthetic neurotoxicity across the different species in which it has been studied. In this review, we examine the evidence for anesthetic effects on neurogenesis in the early postnatal period and ask whether neurogenesis should be studied further as a putative mechanism of injury. Multiple anesthetics are considered, and both in vivo and in vitro work is presented. While there is abundant evidence that anesthetics act to suppress neurogenesis at several different phases, evidence of a causal link between these effects and any change in learning behavior remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchai Kang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel A Berg
- Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Orion Furmanski
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - William M Jackson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yun Kyoung Ryu
- School of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christy D Gray
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C David Mintz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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44
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Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
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45
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Kang E, Wen Z, Song H, Christian KM, Ming GL. Adult Neurogenesis and Psychiatric Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a019026. [PMID: 26801682 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders continue to be among the most challenging disorders to diagnose and treat because there is no single genetic or anatomical locus that is causative for the disease. Current treatments are often blunt tools used to ameliorate the most severe symptoms, at the risk of disrupting functional neural systems. There is a critical need to develop new therapeutic strategies that can target circumscribed functional or anatomical domains of pathology. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis may be one such domain. Here, we review the evidence suggesting that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in emotional regulation and forms of learning and memory that include temporal and spatial memory encoding and context discrimination, and that its dysregulation is associated with psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Further, adult neurogenesis has proven to be an effective model to investigate basic processes of neuronal development and converging evidence suggests that aberrant neural development may be an etiological factor, even in late-onset diseases. Constitutive neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the mature brain reflects large-scale plasticity unique to this region and could be a potential hub for modulation of a subset of cognitive and affective behaviors that are affected by multiple psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchai Kang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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46
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Zhang Z, Chopp M. Neural Stem Cells and Ischemic Brain. J Stroke 2016; 18:267-272. [PMID: 27488979 PMCID: PMC5066435 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke activates neural stem cells in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V/SVZ) of the lateral ventricle, which increases neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Within the ischemic brain, neural stem cells, neuroblasts and OPCs appear to actively communicate with cerebral endothelial cells and other brain parenchymal cells to mediate ischemic brain repair; however, stroke-induced neurogenesis unlikely plays any significant roles in neuronal replacement. In this mini-review, we will discuss recent findings how intercellular communications between stroke-induced neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis and brain parenchymal cells could potentially facilitate brain repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Chopp
- Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States
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47
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Song J, Olsen RHJ, Sun J, Ming GL, Song H. Neuronal Circuitry Mechanisms Regulating Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a018937. [PMID: 27143698 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain is a dynamic structure, capable of remodeling in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli. One dramatic example of brain plasticity is the birth and subsequent integration of newborn neurons into the existing circuitry. This process, termed adult neurogenesis, recapitulates neural developmental events in two specialized adult brain regions: the lateral ventricles of the forebrain. Recent studies have begun to delineate how the existing neuronal circuits influence the dynamic process of adult neurogenesis, from activation of quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) to the integration and survival of newborn neurons. Here, we review recent progress toward understanding the circuit-based regulation of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
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48
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De Lucia C, Rinchon A, Olmos-Alonso A, Riecken K, Fehse B, Boche D, Perry VH, Gomez-Nicola D. Microglia regulate hippocampal neurogenesis during chronic neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:179-190. [PMID: 26541819 PMCID: PMC4907582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is altered in neurodegenerative disorders, partly regulated by inflammatory factors. We have investigated whether microglia, the innate immune brain cells, regulate hippocampal neurogenesis in neurodegeneration. Using the ME7 model of prion disease we applied gain- or loss-of CSF1R function, as means to stimulate or inhibit microglial proliferation, respectively, to dissect the contribution of these cells to neurogenesis. We found that increased hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with the expansion of the microglia population. The selective inhibition of microglial proliferation caused a reduction in neurogenesis and a restoration of normal neuronal differentiation, supporting a pro-neurogenic role for microglia. Using a gene screening strategy, we identified TGFβ as a molecule controlling the microglial pro-neurogenic response in chronic neurodegeneration, supported by loss-of-function mechanistic experiments. By the selective targeting of microglial proliferation we have been able to uncover a pro-neurogenic role for microglia in chronic neurodegeneration, suggesting promising therapeutic targets to normalise the neurogenic niche during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Lucia
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Rinchon
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - V. Hugh Perry
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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49
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Darkazalli A, Ismail AAO, Abad N, Grant SC, Levenson CW. Use of human mesenchymal stem cell treatment to prevent anhedonia in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:433-41. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darkazalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Abdol Aziz Ould Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nastaren Abad
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Cathy W. Levenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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50
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Tanaka M, Yoneyama M, Shiba T, Yamaguchi T, Ogita K. Protease-activated receptor-1 negatively regulates proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells derived from the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the adult mouse. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:162-71. [PMID: 27426918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin-activated protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 regulates the proliferation of neural cells following brain injury. To elucidate the involvement of PAR-1 in the neurogenesis that occurs in the adult hippocampus, we examined whether PAR-1 regulated the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from the murine hippocampal dentate gyrus. NPC cultures expressed PAR-1 protein and mRNA encoding all subtypes of PAR. Direct exposure of the cells to thrombin dramatically attenuated the cell proliferation without causing cell damage. This thrombin-induced attenuation was almost completely abolished by the PAR antagonist RWJ 56110, as well as by dabigatran and 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), which are selective and non-selective thrombin inhibitors, respectively. Expectedly, the PAR-1 agonist peptide (AP) SFLLR-NH2 also attenuated the cell proliferation. The cell proliferation was not affected by the PAR-1 negative control peptide RLLFT-NH2, which is an inactive peptide for PAR-1. Independently, we determined the effect of in vivo treatment with AEBSF or AP on hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult mouse. The administration of AEBSF, but not that of AP, significantly increased the number of newly-generated cells in the hippocampal subgranular zone. These data suggest that PAR-1 negatively regulated adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus by inhibiting the proliferative activity of the NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Taro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Ogita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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