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Reuter-Rice K, Fitterer AN, Duquette P, Yang Q, Palipana AK, Laskowitz D, Garrett ME, Fletcher M, Smith J, Makor L, Grant G, Ramsey K, Bloom OJ, Ashley-Koch AE. A study protocol for risk stratification in children with concussion (RSiCC): Theoretical framework, design, and methods. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306399. [PMID: 39024215 PMCID: PMC11257289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Research shows that one in five children will experience a concussion by age 16. Compared to adults, children experience longer and more severe postconcussive symptoms (PCS), with severity and duration varying considerably among children and complicating management of these patients. Persistent PCS can result in increased school absenteeism, social isolation, and psychological distress. Although early PCS diagnosis and access to evidence-based interventions are strongly linked to positive health and academic outcomes, symptom severity and duration are not fully explained by acute post-injury symptoms. Prior research has focused on the role of neuroinflammation in mediating PCS and associated fatigue; however relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and PCS severity, has not examined longitudinally. To identify which children are at high risk for persistent PCS and poor health, academic, and social outcomes, research tracking PCS trajectories and describing school-based impacts across the entire first year postinjury is critically needed. This study will 1) define novel PCS trajectory typologies in a racially/ethnically diverse population of 500 children with concussion (11-17 years, near equal distribution by sex), 2) identify associations between these typologies and patterns of inflammatory biomarkers and genetic variants, 3) develop a risk stratification model to identify children at risk for persistent PCS; and 4) gain unique insights and describe PCS impact, including fatigue, on longer-term academic and social outcomes. We will be the first to use NIH's symptom science model and patient-reported outcomes to explore the patterns of fatigue and other physical, cognitive, psychological, emotional and academic responses to concussion in children over a full year. Our model will enable clinicians and educators to identify children most at risk for poor long-term health, social, and academic outcomes after concussion. This work is critical to meeting our long-term goal of developing personalized concussion symptom-management strategies to improve outcomes and reduce disparities in the health and quality of life of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Reuter-Rice
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda N. Fitterer
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Duquette
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Univeristy of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qing Yang
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anushka K. Palipana
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Margaret Fletcher
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julia Smith
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lynn Makor
- Department of Public Instruction, State of North Carolina, Office of Exceptional Children, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristen Ramsey
- Duke University Health System, Carolina Family Practice and Sports Medicine, Carolina Sports Concussion Clinic, Cary, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - O. Josh Bloom
- Duke University Health System, Carolina Family Practice and Sports Medicine, Carolina Sports Concussion Clinic, Cary, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison E. Ashley-Koch
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Leung WL, Dill LK, Perucca P, O'Brien TJ, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Semple BD. Inherent Susceptibility to Acquired Epilepsy in Selectively Bred Rats Influences the Acute Response to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2174-2192. [PMID: 37221897 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes seizures associated with a neuroinflammatory response and neurodegeneration. TBI responses may be influenced by differences between individuals at a genetic level, yet this concept remains understudied. Here, we asked whether inherent differences in one's vulnerability to acquired epilepsy would determine acute physiological and neuroinflammatory responses acutely after experimental TBI, by comparing selectively bred "seizure-prone" (FAST) rats with "seizure-resistant" (SLOW) rats, as well as control parental strains (Long Evans and Wistar rats). Eleven-week-old male rats received a moderate-to-severe lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) or sham surgery. Rats were assessed for acute injury indicators and neuromotor performance, and blood was serially collected. At 7 days post-injury, brains were collected for quantification of tissue atrophy by cresyl violet (CV) histology, and immunofluorescent staining of activated inflammatory cells. FAST rats showed an exacerbated physiological response acutely post-injury, with a 100% seizure rate and mortality within 24 h. Conversely, SLOW rats showed no acute seizures and a more rapid neuromotor recovery compared with controls. Brains from SLOW rats also showed only modest immunoreactivity for microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the injured hemisphere compared with controls. Further, group differences were apparent between the control strains, with greater neuromotor deficits observed in Long Evans rats compared with Wistars post-TBI. Brain-injured Long Evans rats also showed the most pronounced inflammatory response to TBI across multiple brain regions, whereas Wistar rats showed the greatest extent of regional brain atrophy. These findings indicate that differential genetic predisposition to develop acquired epilepsy (i.e., FAST vs. SLOW rat strains) determines acute responses after experimental TBI. Differences in the neuropathological response to TBI between commonly used control rat strains is also a novel finding, and an important consideration for future study design. Our results support further investigation into whether genetic predisposition to acute seizures predicts the chronic outcomes after TBI, including the development of post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Lam Leung
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Bladin-Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Tsitsipanis C, Miliaraki M, Paflioti E, Lazarioti S, Moustakis N, Ntotsikas K, Theofanopoulos A, Ilia S, Vakis A, Simos P, Venihaki M. Inflammation biomarkers IL‑6 and IL‑10 may improve the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of currently authorized traumatic brain injury tools. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:364. [PMID: 37408863 PMCID: PMC10318605 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. At present, no reliable inflammatory or specific molecular neurobiomarker exists in any of the standard models proposed for TBI classification or prognostication. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the value of a group of inflammatory mediators for evaluating acute TBI, in combination with clinical, laboratory and radiological indices and prognostic clinical scales. In the present single-centre, prospective observational study, 109 adult patients with TBI, 20 adult healthy controls and a pilot group of 17 paediatric patients with TBI from a Neurosurgical Department and two intensive care units of University General Hospital of Heraklion, Greece were recruited. Blood measurements using the ELISA method, of cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein, were performed. Compared with those in healthy control individuals, elevated IL-6 and IL-10 but reduced levels of IL-8 were found on day 1 in adult patients with TBI. In terms of TBI severity classifications, higher levels of IL-6 (P=0.001) and IL-10 (P=0.009) on day 1 in the adult group were found to be associated with more severe TBI according to widely used clinical and functional scales. Moreover, elevated IL-6 and IL-10 in adults were found to be associated with more serious brain imaging findings (rs<0.442; P<0.007). Subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis in adults revealed that early-measured (day 1) IL-6 [odds ratio (OR)=0.987; P=0.025] and UCH-L1 (OR=0.993; P=0.032) are significant independent predictors of an unfavourable outcome. In conclusion, results from the present study suggest that inflammatory molecular biomarkers may prove to be valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tsitsipanis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marianna Miliaraki
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elina Paflioti
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sofia Lazarioti
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Moustakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ntotsikas
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Stavroula Ilia
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Vakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Simos
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Charalambous M, Fischer A, Potschka H, Walker MC, Raedt R, Vonck K, Boon P, Lohi H, Löscher W, Worrell G, Leeb T, McEvoy A, Striano P, Kluger G, Galanopoulou AS, Volk HA, Bhatti SFM. Translational veterinary epilepsy: A win-win situation for human and veterinary neurology. Vet J 2023; 293:105956. [PMID: 36791876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a challenging multifactorial disorder with a complex genetic background. Our current understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy has substantially increased due to animal model studies, including canine studies, but additional basic and clinical research is required. Drug-resistant epilepsy is an important problem in both dogs and humans, since seizure freedom is not achieved with the available antiseizure medications. The evaluation and exploration of pharmacological and particularly non-pharmacological therapeutic options need to remain a priority in epilepsy research. Combined efforts and sharing knowledge and expertise between human medical and veterinary neurologists are important for improving the treatment outcomes or even curing epilepsy in dogs. Such interactions could offer an exciting approach to translate the knowledge gained from people and rodents to dogs and vice versa. In this article, a panel of experts discusses the similarities and knowledge gaps in human and animal epileptology, with the aim of establishing a common framework and the basis for future translational epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3JD, UK
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Department of Neurology, 4brain, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Department of Neurology, 4brain, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, 4brain, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, and Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | | | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Andrew McEvoy
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3JD, UK
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS 'G. Gaslini', Genova 16147, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Research Institute, Rehabilitation, Transition-Palliation', PMU Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth 83569, Germany
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R Korey Department of Neurology, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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Dhote VV, Samundre P, Upaganlawar AB, Ganeshpurkar A. Gene Therapy for Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges in Resolving Long-term Consequences of Brain Damage. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:3-19. [PMID: 34814817 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211123101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gene therapy is alluring not only for CNS disorders but also for other pathological conditions. Gene therapy employs the insertion of a healthy gene into the identified genome to replace or replenish genes responsible for pathological disorder or damage due to trauma. The last decade has seen a drastic change in the understanding of vital aspects of gene therapy. Despite the complexity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the advent of gene therapy in various neurodegenerative disorders has reinforced the ongoing efforts of alleviating TBI-related outcomes with gene therapy. The review highlights the genes modulated in response to TBI and evaluates their impact on the severity and duration of the injury. We have reviewed strategies that pinpointed the most relevant gene targets to restrict debilitating events of brain trauma and utilize vector of choice to deliver the gene of interest at the appropriate site. We have made an attempt to summarize the long-term neurobehavioral consequences of TBI due to numerous pathometabolic perturbations associated with a plethora of genes. Herein, we shed light on the basic pathological mechanisms of brain injury, genetic polymorphism in individuals susceptible to severe outcomes, modulation of gene expression due to TBI, and identification of genes for their possible use in gene therapy. The review also provides insights on the use of vectors and challenges in translations of this gene therapy to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin V Dhote
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP, 462044, India
| | - Prem Samundre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP, 462044, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shree Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, Nasik, Maharashtra, 423101, India
| | - Aditya Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Ram Institute of Technology, Jabalpur, MP, India
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6
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A review of molecular and genetic factors for determining mild traumatic brain injury severity and recovery. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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7
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Van Wyck D, Kolls BJ, Wang H, Cantillana V, Maughan M, Laskowitz DT. Prophylactic treatment with CN-105 improves functional outcomes in a murine model of closed head injury. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2413-2423. [PMID: 35841411 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in military populations is hindered by underreporting and underdiagnosis. Clinical symptoms and outcomes may be mitigated with an effective pre-injury prophylaxis. This study evaluates whether CN-105, a 5-amino acid apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mimetic peptide previously shown to modify the post-traumatic neuroinflammatory response, would maintain its neuroprotective effects if administered prior to closed-head injury in a clinically relevant murine model. CN-105 was synthesized by Polypeptide Inc. (San Diego, CA) and administered to C57-BL/6 mice intravenously (IV) and/or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection at various time points prior to injury while vehicle treated animals received IV and/or IP normal saline. Animals were randomized following injury and behavioral observations were conducted by investigators blinded to treatment. Vestibulomotor function was assessed using an automated Rotarod (Ugo Basile, Comerio, Italy), and hippocampal microglial activation was assessed using F4/80 immunohistochemical staining in treated and untreated mice 7 days post-TBI. Separate, in vivo assessments of the pharmacokinetics was performed in healthy CD-1. IV CN-105 administered prior to head injury improved vestibulomotor function compared to vehicle control-treated animals. CN-105 co-administered by IP and IV dosing 6 h prior to injury also improved vestibulomotor function up to 28 days following injury. Microglia counted in CN-105 treated specimens were significantly fewer (P = 0.03) than in vehicle specimens. CN-105 improves functional outcomes and reduces hippocampal microglial activation when administered prior to injury and could be adapted as a pre-injury prophylaxis for soldiers at high risk for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Wyck
- 3Rd Special Forces Group (A), U.S. Army Special Operations Command, 111 Enduring Freedom Drive (Stop A), Fort Bragg, NC, 28310, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Bradley J Kolls
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Aegis-CN LLC., 701 W Main Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
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8
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Ashwal S, Siebold L, Krueger AC, Wilson CG. Post-traumatic Neuroinflammation: Relevance to Pediatrics. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 122:50-58. [PMID: 34304972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Both detrimental and beneficial effects of post-traumatic neuroinflammation have become a major research focus as they offer the potential for immediate as well as delayed targeted reparative therapies. Understanding the complex interactions of central and peripheral immunocompetent cells as well as their mediators on brain injury and recovery is complicated by the temporal, regional, and developmental differences in their response to injuries. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, have become central in these investigations as they serve a major surveillance function, have the ability to react swiftly to injury, recruit various cellular and chemical mediators, and monitor the reparative/degenerative processes. In this review we describe selected aspects of this burgeoning literature, describing the critical role of cytokines and chemokines, microglia, advances in neuroimaging, genetics and fractal morphology analysis, our research efforts in this area, and selected aspects of pediatric post-traumatic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California.
| | - Lorraine Siebold
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - A Camille Krueger
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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Carmichael J, Hicks AJ, Spitz G, Gould KR, Ponsford J. Moderators of gene-outcome associations following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:107-124. [PMID: 34411558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of genomics is the principal avenue in the ongoing development of precision/personalised medicine for a variety of health conditions. However, relating genes to outcomes is notoriously complex, especially when considering that other variables can change, or moderate, gene-outcome associations. Here, we comprehensively discuss moderation of gene-outcome associations in the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common, chronically debilitating, and costly neurological condition that is under complex polygenic influence. We focus our narrative review on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three of the most studied genes (apolipoprotein E, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and catechol-O-methyltransferase) and on three demographic variables believed to moderate associations between these SNPs and TBI outcomes (age, biological sex, and ethnicity). We speculate on the mechanisms which may underlie these moderating effects, drawing widely from biomolecular and behavioural research (n = 175 scientific reports) within the TBI population (n = 72) and other neurological, healthy, ageing, and psychiatric populations (n = 103). We conclude with methodological recommendations for improved exploration of moderators in future genetics research in TBI and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Carmichael
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Amelia J Hicks
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate Rachel Gould
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jennie Ponsford
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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10
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Chitrala KN, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Computational analysis of deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms in catechol O-Methyltransferase conferring risk to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:207-218. [PMID: 33865170 PMCID: PMC8969201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the prevalent neurological disorder which is drawing increased attention over the past few decades. Major risk factors for PTSD can be categorized into environmental and genetic factors. Among the genetic risk factors, polymorphisms in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is known to be associated with the risk for PTSD. In the present study, we analysed the impact of deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COMT gene conferring risk to PTSD using computational based approaches followed by molecular dynamic simulations. The data on COMT gene associated with PTSD were collected from several databases including Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) search. Datasets related to SNP were downloaded from the dbSNP database. To study the structural and dynamic effects of COMT wild type and mutant forms, we performed molecular dynamics simulations (MD simulations) at a time scale of 300 ns. Results from screening the SNPs using the computational tools SIFT and Polyphen-2 demonstrated that the SNP rs4680 (V158M) in COMT has a deleterious effect with phenotype in PTSD. Results from the MD simulations showed that there is some major fluctuations in the structural features including root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) and secondary structural elements including α-helices, sheets and turns between wild-type (WT) and mutant forms of COMT protein. In conclusion, our study provides novel insights into the deleterious effects and impact of V158M mutation on COMT protein structure which plays a key role in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Dept. of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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11
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The Role of BDNF in Experimental and Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073582. [PMID: 33808272 PMCID: PMC8037220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world with no current pharmacological treatment. The role of BDNF in neural repair and regeneration is well established and has also been the focus of TBI research. Here, we review experimental animal models assessing BDNF expression following injury as well as clinical studies in humans including the role of BDNF polymorphism in TBI. There is a large heterogeneity in experimental setups and hence the results with different regional and temporal changes in BDNF expression. Several studies have also assessed different interventions to affect the BDNF expression following injury. Clinical studies highlight the importance of BDNF polymorphism in the outcome and indicate a protective role of BDNF polymorphism following injury. Considering the possibility of affecting the BDNF pathway with available substances, we discuss future studies using transgenic mice as well as iPSC in order to understand the underlying mechanism of BDNF polymorphism in TBI and develop a possible pharmacological treatment.
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Rao HM, Yuditskaya S, Williamson JR, Vian TR, Lacirignola JJ, Shenk TE, Talavage TM, Heaton KJ, Quatieri TF. Using Oculomotor Features to Predict Changes in Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter and ImPACT Scores From Contact-Sport Athletes. Front Neurol 2021; 12:584684. [PMID: 33746869 PMCID: PMC7969804 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.584684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence linking the cumulative effects of repetitive head impacts to neuro-degenerative conditions. Robust clinical assessment tools to identify mild traumatic brain injuries are needed to assist with timely diagnosis for return-to-field decisions and appropriately guide rehabilitation. The focus of the present study is to investigate the potential for oculomotor features to complement existing diagnostic tools, such as measurements of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD) and Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT). Thirty-one high school American football and soccer athletes were tracked through the course of a sports season. Given the high risk of repetitive head impacts associated with both soccer and football, our hypotheses were that (1) ONSD and ImPACT scores would worsen through the season and (2) oculomotor features would effectively capture both neurophysiological changes reflected by ONSD and neuro-functional status assessed via ImPACT. Oculomotor features were used as input to Linear Mixed-Effects Regression models to predict ONSD and ImPACT scores as outcomes. Prediction accuracy was evaluated to identify explicit relationships between eye movements, ONSD, and ImPACT scores. Significant Pearson correlations were observed between predicted and actual outcomes for ONSD (Raw = 0.70; Normalized = 0.45) and for ImPACT (Raw = 0.86; Normalized = 0.71), demonstrating the capability of oculomotor features to capture neurological changes detected by both ONSD and ImPACT. The most predictive features were found to relate to motor control and visual-motor processing. In future work, oculomotor models, linking neural structures to oculomotor function, can be built to gain extended mechanistic insights into neurophysiological changes observed through seasons of participation in contact sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh M Rao
- Human Health & Performance Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Sophia Yuditskaya
- Human Health & Performance Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - James R Williamson
- Human Health & Performance Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Trina R Vian
- Counter-Weapons of Mass Destruction Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Joseph J Lacirignola
- Counter-Weapons of Mass Destruction Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Trey E Shenk
- Advanced Radio Frequency Techniques & Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kristin J Heaton
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Thomas F Quatieri
- Human Health & Performance Systems Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, United States
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13
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Antrobus MR, Brazier J, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Heffernan SM, Kilduff LP, Erskine RM, Williams AG. Genetic Factors That Could Affect Concussion Risk in Elite Rugby. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:19. [PMID: 33499151 PMCID: PMC7910946 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite rugby league and union have some of the highest reported rates of concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in professional sport due in part to their full-contact high-velocity collision-based nature. Currently, concussions are the most commonly reported match injury during the tackle for both the ball carrier and the tackler (8-28 concussions per 1000 player match hours) and reports exist of reduced cognitive function and long-term health consequences that can end a playing career and produce continued ill health. Concussion is a complex phenotype, influenced by environmental factors and an individual's genetic predisposition. This article reviews concussion incidence within elite rugby and addresses the biomechanics and pathophysiology of concussion and how genetic predisposition may influence incidence, severity and outcome. Associations have been reported between a variety of genetic variants and traumatic brain injury. However, little effort has been devoted to the study of genetic associations with concussion within elite rugby players. Due to a growing understanding of the molecular characteristics underpinning the pathophysiology of concussion, investigating genetic variation within elite rugby is a viable and worthy proposition. Therefore, we propose from this review that several genetic variants within or near candidate genes of interest, namely APOE, MAPT, IL6R, COMT, SLC6A4, 5-HTTLPR, DRD2, DRD4, ANKK1, BDNF and GRIN2A, warrant further study within elite rugby and other sports involving high-velocity collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Antrobus
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (J.B.); (G.K.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Jon Brazier
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (J.B.); (G.K.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Georgina K. Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (J.B.); (G.K.S.); (A.G.W.)
| | - Stephen H. Day
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Shane M. Heffernan
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; (S.M.H.); (L.P.K.)
| | - Liam P. Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK; (S.M.H.); (L.P.K.)
| | - Robert M. Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alun G. Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (J.B.); (G.K.S.); (A.G.W.)
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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14
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Deng H, Zusman BE, Nwachuku EL, Yue JK, Chang YF, Conley YP, Okonkwo DO, Puccio AM. B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Gene Is Associated with Intracranial Hypertension after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:291-299. [PMID: 32515262 PMCID: PMC8182479 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) activates the apoptotic cascade in neurons and glia as part of secondary cellular injury. B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene encodes a pro-survival protein to suppress programmed cell death, and variation in this gene has potential to affect intracranial pressure (ICP). Participants were recruited from a single clinical center using a prospective observational study design. Inclusion criteria were: age 16-80 years; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 4-8; and at least 24 h of ICP monitoring treated between 2000-2014. Outcomes were mean ICP, spikes >20 and >25 mm Hg, edema, and surgical intervention. Odds ratios (OR), mean increases/decreases (B), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. In 264 patients, average age was 39.2 years old and 78% of patients were male. Mean ICPs were 11.4 ± 0.4 mm Hg for patients with homozygous wild-type (AA), 12.8 ± 0.6 mm Hg for heterozygous (AG), and 14.3 ± 1.2 mm Hg for homozygous variant (GG; p = 0.023). Rs17759659 GG genotype was associated with more ICP spikes >20 mm Hg (p = 0.017) and >25 mm Hg (p = 0.048). Multi-variate analysis showed that GG relative to AA genotype had higher ICP (B = 2.7 mm Hg, 95% CI [0.5,4.9], p = 0.015), edema (OR = 2.5 [1.0, 6.0], p = 0.049) and need for decompression (OR = 3.7 [1.5-9.3], p = 0.004). In this prospective severe TBI cohort, Bcl-2 rs17759659 was associated with increased risk of intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema, and need for surgical intervention. The variant allele may impact programmed cell death of injured neurons, resulting in elevated ICP and post-traumatic secondary insults. Further risk stratification and targeted genotype-based therapies could improve outcomes after severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Zusman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enyinna L. Nwachuku
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John K. Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yue-Fang Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- School of Nursing and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Neurotrauma Clinical Trials Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ava M. Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Neurotrauma Clinical Trials Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Corrigan F, Semple BD, Salberg S, Zamani A, Jones NC, Mychasiuk R. Clinical Relevance of Behavior Testing in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2381-2400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Gagner C, Tuerk C, De Beaumont L, Bernier A, Beauchamp MH. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism and Internalizing Behaviors after Early Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:102-110. [PMID: 32605421 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to adverse emotional, social, and behavioral consequences. However, outcome is difficult to predict due to significant individual variability, likely reflecting a complex interaction between injury- and child-related variables. Among these variables are genetically determined individual differences, which can modulate TBI outcome through their influence on neuroplasticity mechanisms. In this study, we examined the effect of Val66Met, a common polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene known to be involved in neuroplasticity mechanisms, on behavioral symptoms of mild TBI (mTBI) sustained in early childhood. This work is part of a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of early TBI. The current sample consisted of 145 children between ages 18 and 60 months assigned to one of three participant groups: mild TBI, orthopedic injury, or typically developing children. Participants provided a saliva sample to detect the presence of the Val66Met polymorphism, and the Child Behavior Checklist was used to document the presence of behavioral symptoms at 6- and 18-months post-injury. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, at 6 months post-injury, non-carriers of the Val66Met polymorphism in the mTBI group presented significantly more internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety/depression and somatic complaints) than Val66Met carriers, who were similar to orthopedically injured and typically developing children. However, at 18 months post-injury, all children with mTBI presented more internalizing symptoms, independent of genotype. The results of the study provide evidence for a protective effect of the Val66Met polymorphism on internalizing behavior symptoms 6 months after early childhood mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carola Tuerk
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Miriam H Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Wilcox ME, McAndrews MP, Van J, Jackson JC, Pinto R, Black SE, Lim AS, Friedrich JO, Rubenfeld GD. Sleep Fragmentation and Cognitive Trajectories After Critical Illness. Chest 2020; 159:366-381. [PMID: 32717265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ICU survivors can experience both cognitive dysfunction and persistent sleep disturbances after hospitalization. Sleep disturbances have been linked with cognitive impairment in various patient populations, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has been linked to sleep-related impairments in cognition. RESEARCH QUESTION Is there an association between sleep, long-term cognition, and APOE status in ICU survivors? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We enrolled 150 patients from five centers who had been mechanically ventilated for at least 3 days; 102 patients survived to ICU discharge. Actigraphy and cognitive testing were undertaken at 7 days, 6 months, and 12 months after ICU discharge, and sleep duration, quality, and timing were estimated by actigraphy. APOE single nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed for each patient. RESULTS Actigraphy-estimated sleep fragmentation, but not total sleep time or interdaily stability (estimate of circadian rhythmicity), was associated with worse cognitive impairment at 7 days of ICU discharge. No actigraphy-estimated variable of sleep estimation at 7 days post-ICU discharge predicted cognitive impairment or persistent sleep abnormalities at 6 and 12 months of follow-up in subsequently assessed survivors. Possessing the APOE ε4 allele was not significantly associated with sleep disturbances and its presence did not modify the risk of sleep-related cognitive impairment at follow-up. INTERPRETATION Sleep fragmentation estimated by actigraphy was associated with worse cognitive performance in hospital, but not at later time intervals. Further research is needed to better delineate the relationship between persistent sleep disturbances and cognition in larger numbers of ICU survivors. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02086877; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Wilcox
- Department of Medicine (Critical Care Medicine), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartment Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mary Pat McAndrews
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Van
- Center for Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS Center), Nashville, TN; Department of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - James C Jackson
- Center for Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS Center), Nashville, TN; Department of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ruxandra Pinto
- Interdepartment Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine (Critical Care Medicine), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Department of Medicine (Critical Care Medicine), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew S Lim
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan O Friedrich
- Interdepartment Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Critical Care and Medicine Departments and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, University of Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon D Rubenfeld
- Interdepartment Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine (Critical Care Medicine), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Bertozzi G, Maglietta F, Sessa F, Scoto E, Cipolloni L, Di Mizio G, Salerno M, Pomara C. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Forensic Approach: A Literature Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:538-550. [PMID: 31686630 PMCID: PMC7457403 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191101123145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of invalidity and death in the population under 45 years of age worldwide. This mini-review aims to systematize the forensic approach in neuropathological studies, highlighting the proper elements to be noted during external, radiological, autoptical, and histological examinations with particular attention paid to immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. In the light of the results of this mini-review, an accurate forensic approach can be considered mandatory in the examination of suspected TBI with medico-legal importance, in order to gather all the possible evidence to corroborate the diagnosis of a lesion that may have caused, or contributed to, death. From this point of view, only the use of an evidence-based protocol can reach a suitable diagnosis, especially in those cases in which there are other neuropathological conditions (ischemia, neurodegeneration, neuro-inflammation, dementia) that may have played a role in death. This is even more relevant when corpses, in an advanced state of decomposition, are studied, where the radiological, macroscopic and histological analyses fail to give meaningful answers. In these cases, immune-histochemical and molecular biology diagnostics are of fundamental importance and a forensic neuropathologist has to know them. Particularly, MiRNAs are promising biomarkers for TBI both for brain damage identification and for medico-legal aspects, even if further investigations are required to validate the first experimental studies. In the same way, the genetic substrate should be examined during any forensic examination, considering its importance in the outcome of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; Tel: (39) 095.3782153; E-mail:
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19
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Wang YJ, Wong HSC, Wu CC, Chiang YH, Chiu WT, Chen KY, Chang WC. The functional roles of IGF-1 variants in the susceptibility and clinical outcomes of mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:94. [PMID: 31787098 PMCID: PMC6886173 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an important pleiotropic hormone that exerts neuroprotective and neuroreparative effects after a brain injury. However, the roles of IGF-1 variants in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are not yet fully understood. This study attempted to elucidate the effects of IGF-1 variants on the risk and neuropsychiatric outcomes of mTBI. METHODS Based on 176 recruited mTBI patients and 1517 control subjects from the Taiwan Biobank project, we first compared the genotypic distributions of IGF-1 variants between the two groups. Then, we analyzed associations of IGF-1 variants with neuropsychiatric symptoms after mTBI, including anxiety, depression, dizziness, and sleep disturbances. Functional annotation of IGF-1 variants was also performed through bioinformatics databases. RESULTS The minor allele of rs7136446 was over-represented in mTBI patients compared to community-based control subjects. Patients carrying minor alleles of rs7136446 and rs972936 showed more dizziness and multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms after brain injury. CONCLUSIONS IGF-1 variants were associated with the risk and neuropsychiatric symptoms of mTBI. The findings highlight the important role of IGF-1 in the susceptibility and clinical outcomes of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Wang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Henry Sung-Ching Wong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Chiu
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Pain Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Bryden DW, Tilghman JI, Hinds SR. Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Concepts and Research Considerations. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519872213. [PMID: 31548796 PMCID: PMC6743194 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519872213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a well-known consequence of participation in activities such as military combat or collision sports. But the wide variability in eliciting circumstances and injury severities makes the study of TBI as a uniform disease state impossible. Military Service members are under additional, unique threats such as exposure to explosive blast and its unique effects on the body. This review is aimed toward TBI researchers, as it covers important concepts and considerations for studying blast-induced head trauma. These include the comparability of blast-induced head trauma to other mechanisms of TBI, whether blast overpressure induces measureable biomarkers, and whether a biodosimeter can link blast exposure to health outcomes, using acute radiation exposure as a corollary. This examination is contextualized by the understanding of concussive events and their psychological effects throughout the past century's wars, as well as the variables that predict sustaining a TBI and those that precipitate or exacerbate psychological conditions. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are solely the views of the authors and not those of the Department of Defense Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, US Army Futures Command, US Army, or the Department of Defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bryden
- Booz Allen Hamilton, contract support to
DoD Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office, US Army Medical Research and
Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jessica I Tilghman
- Booz Allen Hamilton, contract support to
DoD Blast Injury Research Coordinating Office, US Army Medical Research and
Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Sidney R Hinds
- DoD Blast Injury Research Coordinating
Office, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD,
USA
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21
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Herrold AA, Smith B, Aaronson AL, Coleman J, Pape TLB. Relationships and Evidence-Based Theoretical Perspectives on Persisting Symptoms and Functional Impairment Among Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Behavioral Health Conditions. Mil Med 2019; 184:138-147. [PMID: 30901443 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize and describe the relationships between symptoms and functional impairment following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and behavioral health conditions (BHCs) in order to inform evidence-based theories on why symptoms and functional impairments persist in some individuals but not others. This is a retrospective, multi-site, cross-sectional study utilizing data collected from a total of 289 Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Veterans who were classified into diagnostic groups using the symptom attribution and classification algorithm and the VA clinical reminder and comprehensive traumatic brain injury evaluation. The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory was used to assess mTBI symptom number and severity. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 was used to assess functional impairment. Symptom profiles differed between diagnostic groups irrespective of symptom attribution method used. Veterans with both mTBI and BHCs and those with BHCs alone had consistently greater number of symptoms and more severe symptoms relative to no symptom and symptoms resolved groups. Symptom number and severity were significantly associated with functional impairment. Both symptom number and functional impairment were significantly associated with the number of mTBI exposures. Together, these results informed evidence-based theories on understanding why symptoms and functional impairment persist among some OEF/OIF Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Herrold
- Research Service & Center for Innovation and Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr., VA Hospital, 5000 S 5th Ave, MC 151 H, Hines, IL.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, IL
| | - Bridget Smith
- Research Service & Center for Innovation and Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr., VA Hospital, 5000 S 5th Ave, MC 151 H, Hines, IL.,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 310 E. Superior St., Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL
| | - Alexandra L Aaronson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, IL.,Mental Health Service Line, Edward Hines Jr., VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave, Hines, IL
| | - John Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX
| | - Theresa L-B Pape
- Research Service & Center for Innovation and Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Jr., VA Hospital, 5000 S 5th Ave, MC 151 H, Hines, IL.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, IL
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22
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Zeiler FA, McFadyen C, Newcombe VFJ, Synnot A, Donoghue EL, Ripatti S, Steyerberg EW, Gruen RL, McAllister TW, Rosand J, Palotie A, Maas AIR, Menon DK. Genetic Influences on Patient-Oriented Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Living Systematic Review of Non-Apolipoprotein E Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms. J Neurotrauma 2019; 38:1107-1123. [PMID: 29799308 PMCID: PMC8054522 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing literature on the impact of genetic variation on outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Whereas a substantial proportion of these publications have focused on the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, several have explored the influence of other polymorphisms. We undertook a systematic review of the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in non–apolipoprotein E (non-APOE) genes associated with patient outcomes in adult TBI). We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and gray literature from inception to the beginning of August 2017 for studies of genetic variance in relation to patient outcomes in adult TBI. Sixty-eight articles were deemed eligible for inclusion into the systematic review. The SNPs described were in the following categories: neurotransmitter (NT) in 23, cytokine in nine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in 12, mitochondrial genes in three, and miscellaneous SNPs in 21. All studies were based on small patient cohorts and suffered from potential bias. A range of SNPs associated with genes coding for monoamine NTs, BDNF, cytokines, and mitochondrial proteins have been reported to be associated with variation in global, neuropsychiatric, and behavioral outcomes. An analysis of the tissue, cellular, and subcellular location of the genes that harbored the SNPs studied showed that they could be clustered into blood–brain barrier associated, neuroprotective/regulatory, and neuropsychiatric/degenerative groups. Several small studies report that various NT, cytokine, and BDNF-related SNPs are associated with variations in global outcome at 6–12 months post-TBI. The association of these SNPs with neuropsychiatric and behavioral outcomes is less clear. A definitive assessment of role and effect size of genetic variation in these genes on outcome remains uncertain, but could be clarified by an adequately powered genome-wide association study with appropriate recording of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Zeiler
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Clinician Investigator Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles McFadyen
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anneliese Synnot
- Centre for Excellence in Traumatic Brain Injury Research, National Trauma Research Institute, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia and Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group, Centre for Health Communication and Participation, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma L Donoghue
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Cochrane Australia, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands and Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Russel L Gruen
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Thomas W McAllister
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew I R Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Zetterberg H, Winblad B, Bernick C, Yaffe K, Majdan M, Johansson G, Newcombe V, Nyberg L, Sharp D, Tenovuo O, Blennow K. Head trauma in sports - clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers. J Intern Med 2019; 285:624-634. [PMID: 30481401 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is clinically divided into a spectrum of severities, with mild TBI being the least severe form and a frequent occurrence in contact sports, such as ice hockey, American football, rugby, horse riding and boxing. Mild TBI is caused by blunt nonpenetrating head trauma that causes movement of the brain and stretching and tearing of axons, with diffuse axonal injury being a central pathogenic mechanism. Mild TBI is in principle synonymous with concussion; both have similar criteria in which the most important elements are acute alteration or loss of consciousness and/or post-traumatic amnesia following head trauma and no apparent brain changes on standard neuroimaging. Symptoms in mild TBI are highly variable and there are no validated imaging or fluid biomarkers to determine whether or not a patient with a normal computerized tomography scan of the brain has neuronal damage. Mild TBI typically resolves within a few weeks but 10-15% of concussion patients develop postconcussive syndrome. Repetitive mild TBI, which is frequent in contact sports, is a risk factor for a complicated recovery process. This overview paper discusses the relationships between repetitive head impacts in contact sports, mild TBI and chronic neurological symptoms. What are these conditions, how common are they, how are they linked and can they be objectified using imaging or fluid-based biomarkers? It gives an update on the current state of research on these questions with a specific focus on clinical characteristics, epidemiology and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - B Winblad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - C Bernick
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - K Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - G Johansson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - V Newcombe
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, Cambs, UK
| | - L Nyberg
- Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - D Sharp
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Tenovuo
- Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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24
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Kurowski BG, Treble-Barna A, Pilipenko V, Wade SL, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Martin LJ, Jegga AG. Genetic Influences on Behavioral Outcomes After Childhood TBI: A Novel Systems Biology-Informed Approach. Front Genet 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 31191606 PMCID: PMC6540783 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To test whether genetic associations with behavioral outcomes after early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) are enriched for biologic pathways underpinning neurocognitive and behavioral networks. Design: Cross-sectional evaluation of the association of genetic factors with early (~ 6 months) and long-term (~ 7 years) post-TBI behavioral outcomes. We combined systems biology and genetic association testing methodologies to identify biologic pathways associated with neurocognitive and behavior outcomes after TBI. We then evaluated whether genes/single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with these biologic pathways were more likely to demonstrate a relationship (i.e., enrichment) with short and long-term behavioral outcomes after early childhood TBI compared to genes/SNPs not associated with these biologic pathways. Setting: Outpatient research setting. Participants:140 children, ages 3–6:11 years at time of injury, admitted for a TBI or orthopedic injury (OI). Interventions: Not Applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Child behavior checklist total problems T score. Results: Systems biology methodology identified neuronal systems and neurotransmitter signaling (Glutamate receptor, dopamine, serotonin, and calcium signaling), inflammatory response, cell death, immune systems, and brain development as important biologic pathways to neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes after TBI. At 6 months post injury, the group (TBI versus OI) by polymorphism interaction was significant when the aggregate signal from the highest ranked 40% of case gene associations was compared to the control set of genes. At ~ 7 years post injury, the selected polymorphisms had a significant main effect after controlling for injury type when the aggregate signal from the highest ranked 10% of the case genes were compared to the control set of genes Conclusions: Findings demonstrate the promise of applying a genomics approach, informed by systems biology, to understanding behavioral recovery after pediatric TBI. A mixture of biologic pathways and processes are associated with behavioral recovery, specifically genes associated with cell death, inflammatory response, neurotransmitter signaling, and brain development. These results provide insights into the complex biology of TBI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad G Kurowski
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Amery Treble-Barna
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Valentina Pilipenko
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shari L Wade
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics, and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Bioinformatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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25
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Gan ZS, Stein SC, Swanson R, Guan S, Garcia L, Mehta D, Smith DH. Blood Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Quantitative Assessment of Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:446. [PMID: 31105646 PMCID: PMC6498532 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood biomarkers have been explored for their potential to provide objective measures in the assessment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is not clear which biomarkers are best for diagnosis and prognosis in different severities of TBI. Here, we compare existing studies on the discriminative abilities of serum biomarkers for four commonly studied clinical situations: detecting concussion, predicting intracranial damage after mild TBI (mTBI), predicting delayed recovery after mTBI, and predicting adverse outcome after severe TBI (sTBI). We conducted a literature search of publications on biomarkers in TBI published up until July 2018. Operating characteristics were pooled for each biomarker for comparison. For detecting concussion, 4 biomarker panels and creatine kinase B type had excellent discriminative ability. For detecting intracranial injury and the need for a head CT scan after mTBI, 2 biomarker panels, and hyperphosphorylated tau had excellent operating characteristics. For predicting delayed recovery after mTBI, top candidates included calpain-derived αII-spectrin N-terminal fragment, tau A, neurofilament light, and ghrelin. For predicting adverse outcome following sTBI, no biomarker had excellent performance, but several had good performance, including markers of coagulation and inflammation, structural proteins in the brain, and proteins involved in homeostasis. The highest-performing biomarkers in each of these categories may provide insight into the pathophysiologies underlying mild and severe TBI. With further study, these biomarkers have the potential to be used alongside clinical and radiological data to improve TBI diagnostics, prognostics, and evidence-based medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe S Gan
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sherman C Stein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Randel Swanson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shaobo Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lizette Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Devanshi Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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26
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Neuroprotective Effects of Collagen-Glycosaminoglycan Matrix Implantation following Surgical Brain Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6848943. [PMID: 30809107 PMCID: PMC6369484 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6848943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurological deficits following neurosurgical procedures are inevitable; however, there are still no effective clinical treatments. Earlier reports revealed that collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) matrix implantation promotes angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and functional recovery following surgical brain injury (SBI). The present study was conducted to further examine the potential neuroprotective effects of collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) matrix implantation following neurosurgery. Methods CG implantation was performed in the lesion cavity created by surgical trauma. The Sprague-Dawley rat model of SBI was used as established in the previous study by the author. The rats were divided into three groups as follows: (1) sham (SHAM), (2) surgery-induced lesion cavity (L), and (3) CG matrix implantation following surgery-induced lesion cavity (L+CG). Proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells)) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF)) cytokine expression was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Microglial activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the neuroprotective effect of CG matrix implantation was evaluated by an immunohistochemical study of microglia ED-1 and IBA-1 (activated microglia) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and by the analysis of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GMCSF cytokine levels. Apoptosis was also assessed using a TUNEL assay. Results The results showed that CG matrix implantation following surgically induced lesions significantly decreased the density of ED-1, IBA-1, and MPO (activated microglia). The tissue concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB was significantly decreased. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory cytokines GMCSF and IL-10 were significantly increased. Conclusions Implantation of the CG matrix following SBI has neuroprotective effects, including the suppression of microglial activation and the production of inflammatory-related cytokines.
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27
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Lee HH, Ma HP, Ou JC, Ong JR, Chen KY, Wu CC, Chiu WT, Liao KH, Lin CM, Lin SY, Wu D, Huang YH, Wang YH, Hu CJ, Hong CT. Association Between Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 3 Gene Variants and Balance Impairment in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2019; 10:88. [PMID: 30804886 PMCID: PMC6378888 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dizziness and balance impairment are common symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) is expressed in the vestibular and proprioceptive systems and associated with balance functions. However, whether the genetic variants of ASIC3 are associated with people who suffer dizziness and balance impairment after mTBI remained unknown. Materials and methods: A total of 200 people with mTBI and 109 non-mTBI controls were recruited. Dizziness, balance functions, and the ability to perform daily activities were assessed by Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), and objective balance functions were investigated by the postural stability test. Three diseases-related genetic variants of ASIC3 were determined through polymerase chain reaction and followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for normal and abnormal distributed data, respectively. The regression was applied to adjust gender and age. The normality of continuous data was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk test. Results: In the mTBI people, the rs2288645-A allele carriers exhibited a significantly worse physical domain DHI score (A-allele carriers: 11.39 ± 8.42, non-A carriers: 8.76 ± 7.87, p = 0.03). The rs4148855-GTC deletion carriers an exhibited significantly worse overall postural stability (GTC deletion carriers: 0.53 ± 0.33, non-carriers: 0.46 ± 0.20, p = 0.03). In the controls, rs2288646-A allele carriers were significant worse in the medial-to-lateral postural stability (A-allele carriers: 0.31 ± 0.17, non-A carriers: 0.21 ± 0.10, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that ASIC3 genetic variants were associated with certain aspects of balance functions and dizziness questionnaires in people of mTBI and non-mTBI. It provides a possible evidence that ASIC3 could be a new target for the management of the balancing disorders. However, further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Hua Lee
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Ping Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Public Health and Nutrition, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Ou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiann Ruey Ong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- College of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Chiu
- College of Public Health and Nutrition, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dean Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsien Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tai Hong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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28
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McGrew CA. Sports-related Concussion - Genetic Factors. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:20-22. [PMID: 30624331 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic biomarkers have been evaluated for validity in predicting risk for sports-related concussion as well as prognosticating recovery from this injury. Research results from predominantly small-scale pilot studies thus far are mixed and preliminary findings have not been adequately replicated. Currently, the use of such genetic biomarkers should be considered investigational and not for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A McGrew
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
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29
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Merritt VC, Padgett CR, Jak AJ. A systematic review of sex differences in concussion outcome: What do we know? Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 33:1016-1043. [PMID: 30618335 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1508616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this review was to examine sex differences in concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) outcome, updating previous critical reviews of the literature. Method: Within adult human studies, we reviewed a wide range of concussion outcome variables: prevalence of concussion, injury characteristics, postconcussion symptom trajectories and psychiatric distress, neuropsychological performance, and neuroimaging findings. Sports-related concussion, civilian, and military samples were included in the review. Results: Given the robust concussion literature, there is a relative paucity of research addressing sex differences following concussion. The majority of available studies focused on sports-related concussion, with fewer studies targeting other civilian causes of concussion or military-related concussion in females. Prevalence of concussion was generally reported to be higher in females than males. Although symptom reporting largely showed a pattern for females to report greater overall symptoms than males, examining individual symptoms or symptom clusters resulted in mixed findings between the sexes. Neuropsychological studies generally showed females performing more poorly than males on measures of visual memory following concussion, though this finding was not consistently reported. Conclusion: Research examining sex differences in humans following concussion, in general, is in its infancy, and exploration of sex differences in studies outside of the sports concussion domain is particularly nascent. Given the increased prevalence of concussion and potential higher symptom reporting among women, ongoing research is necessary to better understand the role of biological sex on outcome following concussion. Understanding sex differences has important implications for assessment, management, and treatment of concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine R Padgett
- b School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania , Hobart , TAS , Australia
| | - Amy J Jak
- a VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA.,c University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , La Jolla , CA , USA
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30
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Cohen-Zimerman S, Salvi C, Krueger F, Gordon B, Grafman J. Intelligence across the seventh decade in patients with brain injuries acquired in young adulthood. Trends Neurosci Educ 2018; 13:1-7. [PMID: 30613804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this longitudinal study, we examined intelligence in a group of Vietnam veterans in their 60 s who suffered combat-related penetrating traumatic brain injuries (pTBI) in their 20 s (n = 120), as well as matched veterans with no brain damage (n = 33). Intelligence was evaluated using the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) administered before the injury occurred and then again at three points in time over the following 45 years. We tested for potential predictors and correlates of late midlife intelligence score, as well as the recent change in score over the seventh decade. The pTBI group had lower intelligence scores than the control group when currently evaluated. Pre-injury intelligence and the presence of a pTBI were the most consistent predictors of current intelligence scores. While exacerbated intellectual decline occurs following a young-adulthood pTBI and affects everyday life, no evidence for late midlife accelerated cognitive decline or dementia was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Cohen-Zimerman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think+Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Carola Salvi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think+Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barry Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cognitive Science Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think+Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Semple BD, Zamani A, Rayner G, Shultz SR, Jones NC. Affective, neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders associated with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:27-41. [PMID: 30059725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often develop chronic neurological, neurocognitive, psychological, and psychosocial deficits that can have a profound impact on an individual's wellbeing and quality of life. TBI is also a common cause of acquired epilepsy, which is itself associated with significant behavioral morbidity. This review considers the clinical and preclinical evidence that post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) acts as a 'second-hit' insult to worsen chronic behavioral outcomes for brain-injured patients, across the domains of emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Surprisingly, few well-designed studies have specifically examined the relationship between seizures and behavioral outcomes after TBI. The complex mechanisms underlying these comorbidities remain incompletely understood, although many of the biological processes that precipitate seizure occurrence and epileptogenesis may also contribute to the development of chronic behavioral deficits. Further, the relationship between PTE and behavioral dysfunction is increasingly recognized to be a bidirectional one, whereby premorbid conditions are a risk factor for PTE. Clinical studies in this arena are often challenged by the confounding effects of anti-seizure medications, while preclinical studies have rarely examined an adequately extended time course to fully capture the time course of epilepsy development after a TBI. To drive the field forward towards improved treatment strategies, it is imperative that both seizures and neurobehavioral outcomes are assessed in parallel after TBI, both in patient populations and preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Genevieve Rayner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Alfred Health, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Costello DM, Kaye AH, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. Sport related concussion - Potential for biomarkers to improve acute management. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 56:1-6. [PMID: 30055944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sport-related concussion is a common form of mild traumatic brain injury that is now recognised as a serious health issue. Growing evidence suggests concussion may result in long-term and severe neurological disabilities. Recent research into the diagnosis and management of concussion may provide new approaches to concussion management that limit the potential long-term adverse effects of concussion. This paper summarises the problem of sport-related concussion and reviews key factors (sex, age, genetics) that may modify concussion outcomes. Current sport-related concussion tools are described. Analysis of emerging methods of acute concussion diagnosis using objective fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers is provided. These new concussion biomarkers have the potential to change management of sport-related concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Costello
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Chen YH, Huang EYK, Kuo TT, Miller J, Chiang YH, Hoffer BJ. Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury on Dopaminergic Transmission. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1156-1168. [PMID: 28933212 PMCID: PMC5657731 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717714105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain trauma is often associated with severe morbidity and is a major public health concern. Even when injury is mild and no obvious anatomic disruption is seen, many individuals suffer disabling neuropsychological impairments such as memory loss, mood dysfunction, substance abuse, and adjustment disorder. These changes may be related to subtle disruption of neural circuits as well as functional changes at the neurotransmitter level. In particular, there is considerable evidence that dopamine (DA) physiology in the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways might be impaired after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Alterations in DA levels can lead to oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction, and DA plays an important role in central nervous system inflammation. Therapeutic targeting of DA pathways may offer benefits for both neuronal survival and functional outcome after TBI. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of DA pathology in acute TBI and the potential impact of therapies that target these systems for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Yuan-Hao Chen, Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 4F, No. 325, 2nd Sec., Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei City, 114 Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Tai Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Influence of Catechol-O-methyltransferase on Executive Functioning Longitudinally After Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Findings. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 31:E1-9. [PMID: 26394291 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the association of a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype (rs4680) with recovery of executive functions up to 18 months after early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with an orthopedic injury (OI) group. SETTING Outpatient. PARTICIPANTS A total of 134 children with a moderate to severe TBI (n = 63) or OI (n = 71) between the ages of 3 and 6 years who were followed 18 months postinjury. DESIGN Case-comparison, longitudinal cohort MAIN MEASURES : The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment (NEPSY) of Verbal Fluency, and a modified Stroop Test for young children (Shape School). RESULTS The low-activity COMT enzyme genotype (AA) was associated with better scores on the developmental NEPSY of Verbal Fluency (F = 3.80; P = .02) and the Shape School (F = 2.89; P = .06) in all participants when controlling for injury type (TBI vs OI) over the first 18 months after injury. Injury type (TBI vs OI) did not significantly moderate the effect of the COMT genotypes on executive function recovery. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence for a role of COMT genotypes in long-term recovery of executive function after pediatric TBI and OI. Larger studies are needed to determine the exact link between genetic variation in the COMT gene and TBI recovery in children.
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Markos S, Failla MD, Ritter AC, Dixon CE, Conley YP, Ricker JH, Arenth PM, Juengst SB, Wagner AK. Genetic Variation in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter: Preliminary Associations With Cognitive Outcomes After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2018; 32:E24-E34. [PMID: 26828714 PMCID: PMC4967045 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently results in impaired cognition, a function that can be modulated by monoaminergic signaling. Genetic variation among monoaminergic genes may affect post-TBI cognitive performance. The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) gene may be a novel source of genetic variation important for cognitive outcomes post-TBI given VMAT2's role in monoaminergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between VMAT2 variability and cognitive outcomes post-TBI. METHODS We evaluated 136 white adults with severe TBI for variation in VMAT2 using a tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) approach (rs363223, rs363226, rs363251, and rs363341). We show genetic variation interacts with assessed cognitive impairment (cognitive composite [Comp-Cog] T-scores) to influence functional cognition (functional independence measure cognitive [FIM-Cog] subscale] 6 and 12 months postinjury. RESULTS Multivariate analyses at 6 months postinjury showed rs363226 genotype was associated with Comp-Cog (P = .040) and interacted with Comp-Cog to influence functional cognition (P < .001). G-homozygotes had the largest cognitive impairment, and their cognitive impairment had the greatest adverse effect on functional cognition. DISCUSSION We provide the first evidence that genetic variation within VMAT2 is associated with cognitive outcomes after TBI. Further work is needed to validate this finding and elucidate mechanisms by which genetic variation affects monoaminergic signaling, mediating differences in cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Markos
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Michelle D. Failla
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anne C Ritter
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
- Health Promotion & Development, University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph H Ricker
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Patricia M. Arenth
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Shannon B. Juengst
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Adams SM, Conley YP, Wagner AK, Jha RM, Clark RSB, Poloyac SM, Kochanek PM, Empey PE. The pharmacogenomics of severe traumatic brain injury. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:1413-1425. [PMID: 28975867 PMCID: PMC5694019 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) is focused on resuscitation, prevention of secondary injury, rehabilitation and recovery. Pharmacogenomics may play a role in TBI for predicting therapies for sedation, analgesia, seizure prevention, intracranial pressure-directed therapy and neurobehavioral/psychiatric symptoms. Research into genetic predictors of outcomes and susceptibility to complications may also help clinicians to tailor therapeutics for high-risk individuals. Additionally, the expanding use of genomics in the drug development pipeline has provided insight to novel investigational and repurposed medications that may be useful in the treatment of TBI and its complications. Genomics in the context of treatment and prognostication for patients with TBI is a promising area for clinical progress of pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon M Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- Health Promotion & Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ruchira M Jha
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert SB Clark
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Philip E Empey
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kenzie ES, Parks EL, Bigler ED, Lim MM, Chesnutt JC, Wakeland W. Concussion As a Multi-Scale Complex System: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis of Current Knowledge. Front Neurol 2017; 8:513. [PMID: 29033888 PMCID: PMC5626937 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been called "the most complicated disease of the most complex organ of the body" and is an increasingly high-profile public health issue. Many patients report long-term impairments following even "mild" injuries, but reliable criteria for diagnosis and prognosis are lacking. Every clinical trial for TBI treatment to date has failed to demonstrate reliable and safe improvement in outcomes, and the existing body of literature is insufficient to support the creation of a new classification system. Concussion, or mild TBI, is a highly heterogeneous phenomenon, and numerous factors interact dynamically to influence an individual's recovery trajectory. Many of the obstacles faced in research and clinical practice related to TBI and concussion, including observed heterogeneity, arguably stem from the complexity of the condition itself. To improve understanding of this complexity, we review the current state of research through the lens provided by the interdisciplinary field of systems science, which has been increasingly applied to biomedical issues. The review was conducted iteratively, through multiple phases of literature review, expert interviews, and systems diagramming and represents the first phase in an effort to develop systems models of concussion. The primary focus of this work was to examine concepts and ways of thinking about concussion that currently impede research design and block advancements in care of TBI. Results are presented in the form of a multi-scale conceptual framework intended to synthesize knowledge across disciplines, improve research design, and provide a broader, multi-scale model for understanding concussion pathophysiology, classification, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S. Kenzie
- Systems Science Program, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elle L. Parks
- Systems Science Program, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Erin D. Bigler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Miranda M. Lim
- Sleep Disorders Clinic, Division of Hospital and Specialty Medicine, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
- Departments of Neurology, Medicine, and Behavioral Neuroscience, and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - James C. Chesnutt
- TBI/Concussion Program, Orthopedics & Rehabilitation and Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Wayne Wakeland
- Systems Science Program, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
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Pierce JD, Shen Q, Peltzer J, Thimmesch A, Hiebert JB. A pilot study exploring the effects of ubiquinol on brain genomics after traumatic brain injury. Nurs Outlook 2017; 65:S44-S52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Panenka WJ, Gardner AJ, Dretsch MN, Crynen GC, Crawford FC, Iverson GL. Systematic Review of Genetic Risk Factors for Sustaining a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2093-2099. [PMID: 28100103 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review examined the association between genetics and risk for sustaining a traumatic brain injury. We retrieved articles published in English from 1980 to July 2016 obtained from the online databases PubMed, PsycINFO®, MEDLINE®, Embase, and Web of Science. In total 5903 articles were identified, 77 underwent full-text screening, and 6 were included in this review. Five studies examined the risk of concussion associated with apolipoprotein E alleles (APOE-ɛ2, ɛ3,ɛ4), and polymorphisms of the APOE promoter (rs405509), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, rs6265), and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2, rs1800497) were each considered in two studies. Microtubule associated protein tau (TAU exon 6 polymorphisms His47Tyr [rs2258689] and Ser53Pro [rs10445337]), and neurofilament heavy (NEHF, rs165602) genotypic variants, were the focus of single studies. No study showed an increased risk associated solely with the presence of the APOE-ɛ4 allele, nor were there any significant findings for the NEFH, TAU, or DRD2 genotypic variants. Two studies examined the APOE promoter -219G/T polymorphism in athletes, and both found an association with concussion. Both BDNF studies also found a significant association with concussion incidence; United States soldiers with the Met/Met genotype were more likely to report a history of concussion prior to deployment and to sustain a concussion during deployment. We conclude that the APOE promoter -219G/T polymorphism and the BDNF Met/Met genotype might confer risk for sustaining a TBI. Based on research to date, the APOE-ɛ4 allele does not appear to influence risk. More research is needed to determine if these findings replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Panenka
- 1 British Columbia Neuropsychiatry Program and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Gardner
- 2 Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Program; & Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael N Dretsch
- 3 Human Dimension Division (HDD), Headquarters Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC) , Fort Eustis, Virginia
| | | | | | - Grant L Iverson
- 5 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program; and Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program , Boston, Massachusetts
- 6 Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda, Maryland
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Neurotrauma: The Crosstalk between Neurotrophins and Inflammation in the Acutely Injured Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051082. [PMID: 28524074 PMCID: PMC5454991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young individuals worldwide. Understanding the pathophysiology of neurotrauma is crucial for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. After the trauma occurs, immediate neurologic damage is produced by the traumatic forces; this primary injury triggers a secondary wave of biochemical cascades together with metabolic and cellular changes, called secondary neural injury. In the scenario of the acutely injured brain, the ongoing secondary injury results in ischemia and edema culminating in an uncontrollable increase in intracranial pressure. These areas of secondary injury progression, or areas of “traumatic penumbra”, represent crucial targets for therapeutic interventions. Neurotrophins are a class of signaling molecules that promote survival and/or maintenance of neurons. They also stimulate axonal growth, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmitter synthesis and release. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of neurotrophins in the acute post-injury response. Here, we discuss possible endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms of neurotrophins in the prevailing environment surrounding the injured areas, and highlight the crosstalk between neurotrophins and inflammation with focus on neurovascular unit cells, particularly pericytes. The perspective is that neurotrophins may represent promising targets for research on neuroprotective and neurorestorative processes in the short-term following TBI.
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Kurowski BG, Treble-Barna A, Pitzer AJ, Wade SL, Martin LJ, Chima RS, Jegga A. Applying Systems Biology Methodology To Identify Genetic Factors Possibly Associated with Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2280-2290. [PMID: 28301983 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is linked with a number of medical, neurological, cognitive, and behavioral sequelae. The influence of genetic factors on the biology and related recovery after TBI is poorly understood. Studies that seek to elucidate the impact of genetic influences on neurorecovery after TBI will lead to better individualization of prognosis and inform development of novel treatments, which are considerably lacking. Current genetic studies related to TBI have focused on specific candidate genes. The objectives of this study were to use a system biology-based approach to identify biologic processes over-represented with genetic variants previously implicated in clinical outcomes after TBI and identify unique genes potentially related to recovery after TBI. After performing a systematic review to identify genes in the literature associated with clinical outcomes, we used the genes identified to perform a systems biology-based integrative computational analysis to ascertain the interactions between molecular components and to develop models for regulation and function of genes involved in TBI recovery. The analysis identified over-representation of genetic variants primarily in two biologic processes: response to injury (cell proliferation, cell death, inflammatory response, and cellular metabolism) and neurocognitive and behavioral reserve (brain development, cognition, and behavior). Overall, this study demonstrates the use of a systems biology-based approach to identify unique/novel genes or sets of genes important to the recovery process. Findings from this systems biology-based approach provide additional insight into the potential impact of genetic variants on the underlying complex biological processes important to TBI recovery and may inform the development of empirical genetic-related studies for TBI. Future studies that combine systems biology methodology and genomic, proteomic, and epigenetic approaches are needed in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad G Kurowski
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amery Treble-Barna
- 2 Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis J Pitzer
- 3 Department of Psychology, Xavier University , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shari L Wade
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa J Martin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ranjit S Chima
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anil Jegga
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
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McDevitt J, Krynetskiy E. Genetic findings in sport-related concussions: potential for individualized medicine? Concussion 2017; 2:CNC26. [PMID: 30202567 PMCID: PMC6096436 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion is a traumatic transient disturbance of the brain. In sport, the initial time and severity of concussion is known giving an opportunity for subsequent analysis. Variability in susceptibility and recovery between individual athletes depends, among other parameters, on genetic factors. The genes-encoding polypeptides that determine incidence, severity and prognosis for concussion are the primary candidates for genetic analysis. Genetic polymorphisms in the genes contributing to plasticity and repair (APOE), synaptic connectivity (GRIN2A), calcium influx (CACNA1E), uptake and deposit of glutamate (SLC17A7) are potential biomarkers of concussion incidence and recovery rate. With catalogued genetic variants, prospective genotyping of athletes at the beginning of their career will allow medical professionals to improve concussion management and return-to-play decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McDevitt
- East Stroudsburg University, Athletic Training Department, East Stroudsburg, PA 18301, USA.,East Stroudsburg University, Athletic Training Department, East Stroudsburg, PA 18301, USA
| | - Evgeny Krynetskiy
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Temple University School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Loss of PAFR prevents neuroinflammation and brain dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40614. [PMID: 28094295 PMCID: PMC5240097 DOI: 10.1038/srep40614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a principal cause of death and disability worldwide, which is a major public health problem. Death caused by TBI accounts for a third of all damage related illnesses, which 75% TBI occurred in low and middle income countries. With the increasing use of motor vehicles, the incidence of TBI has been at a high level. The abnormal brain functions of TBI patients often show the acute and long-term neurological dysfunction, which mainly associated with the pathological process of malignant brain edema and neuroinflammation in the brain. Owing to the neuroinflammation lasts for months or even years after TBI, which is a pivotal causative factor that give rise to neurodegenerative disease at late stage of TBI. Studies have shown that platelet activating factor (PAF) inducing inflammatory reaction after TBI could not be ignored. The morphological and behavioral abnormalities after TBI in wild type mice are rescued by general knockout of PAFR gene that neuroinflammation responses and cognitive ability are improved. Our results thus define a key inflammatory molecule PAF that participates in the neuroinflammation and helps bring about cerebral dysfunction during the TBI acute phase.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are clinically grouped by severity: mild, moderate and severe. Mild TBI (the least severe form) is synonymous with concussion and is typically caused by blunt non-penetrating head trauma. The trauma causes stretching and tearing of axons, which leads to diffuse axonal injury - the best-studied pathogenetic mechanism of this disorder. However, mild TBI is defined on clinical grounds and no well-validated imaging or fluid biomarkers to determine the presence of neuronal damage in patients with mild TBI is available. Most patients with mild TBI will recover quickly, but others report persistent symptoms, called post-concussive syndrome, the underlying pathophysiology of which is largely unknown. Repeated concussive and subconcussive head injuries have been linked to the neurodegenerative condition chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which has been reported post-mortem in contact sports athletes and soldiers exposed to blasts. Insights from severe injuries and CTE plausibly shed light on the underlying cellular and molecular processes involved in mild TBI. MRI techniques and blood tests for axonal proteins to identify and grade axonal injury, in addition to PET for tau pathology, show promise as tools to explore CTE pathophysiology in longitudinal clinical studies, and might be developed into diagnostic tools for CTE. Given that CTE is attributed to repeated head trauma, prevention might be possible through rule changes by sports organizations and legislators.
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45
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Haar CV, Lam FC, Adams WA, Riparip LK, Kaur S, Muthukrishna M, Rosi S, Winstanley CA. Frontal Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Causes Long-Lasting Impairments in Impulse Control That Are Differentially Sensitive to Pharmacotherapeutics and Associated with Chronic Neuroinflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1531-1542. [PMID: 27525447 PMCID: PMC9487719 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions yearly, and is increasingly associated with chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms. We assessed the long-term effects of different bilateral frontal controlled cortical impact injury severities (mild, moderate, and severe) on the five-choice serial reaction time task, a paradigm with relatively independent measurements of attention, motor impulsivity, and motivation. Moderately- and severely injured animals exhibited impairments across all cognitive domains that were still evident 14 weeks postinjury, while mild-injured animals only demonstrated persistent deficits in impulse control. However, recovery of function varied considerably between subjects such that some showed no impairment ("TBI-resilient"), some demonstrated initial deficits that recovered ("TBI-vulnerable"), and some never recovered ("chronically-impaired"). Three clinically relevant treatments for impulse-control or TBI, amphetamine, atomoxetine, and amantadine, were assessed for efficacy in treating injury-induced deficits. Susceptibility to TBI affected the response to pharmacological challenge with amphetamine. Whereas sham and TBI-resilient animals showed characteristic impairments in impulse control at higher doses, amphetamine had the opposite effect in chronically impaired rats, improving task performance. In contrast, atomoxetine and amantadine reduced premature responding but increased omissions, suggesting psychomotor slowing. Analysis of brain tissue revealed that generalized neuroinflammation was associated with impulsivity even when accounting for the degree of brain damage. This is one of the first studies to characterize psychiatric-like symptoms in experimental TBI. Our data highlight the importance of testing pharmacotherapies in TBI models in order to predict efficacy, and suggest that neuroinflammation may represent a treatment target for impulse control problems following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Vonder Haar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding author: Cole Vonder Haar or Catharine A. Winstanley, CV: Department of Psychology, 53 Campus Dr, Morgantown, WV, 26506, Tel: 1-304-293-1787, , CAW: Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada, Tel: 1-604-822-2024,
| | - Frederick C.W. Lam
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wendy A. Adams
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lara-Kirstie Riparip
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science and Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science and Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catharine A. Winstanley
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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46
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Yue JK, Winkler EA, Rick JW, Burke JF, McAllister TW, Oh SS, Burchard EG, Hu D, Rosand J, Temkin NR, Korley FK, Sorani MD, Ferguson AR, Lingsma HF, Sharma S, Robinson CK, Yuh EL, Tarapore PE, Wang KKW, Puccio AM, Mukherjee P, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gordon WA, Valadka AB, Okonkwo DO, Manley GT. DRD2 C957T polymorphism is associated with improved 6-month verbal learning following traumatic brain injury. Neurogenetics 2016; 18:29-38. [PMID: 27826691 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-016-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to heterogeneous clinical outcomes, which may be influenced by genetic variation. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) may influence cognitive deficits following TBI. However, part of the association with DRD2 has been attributed to genetic variability within the adjacent ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 protein (ANKK1). Here, we utilize the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Pilot (TRACK-TBI Pilot) study to investigate whether a novel DRD2 C957T polymorphism (rs6277) influences outcome on a cognitive battery at 6 months following TBI-California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-II), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test Processing Speed Index Composite Score (WAIS-PSI), and Trail Making Test (TMT). Results in 128 Caucasian subjects show that the rs6277 T-allele associates with better verbal learning and recall on CVLT-II Trials 1-5 (T-allele carrier 52.8 ± 1.3 points, C/C 47.9 ± 1.7 points; mean increase 4.9 points, 95% confidence interval [0.9 to 8.8]; p = 0.018), Short-Delay Free Recall (T-carrier 10.9 ± 0.4 points, C/C 9.7 ± 0.5 points; mean increase 1.2 points [0.1 to 2.5]; p = 0.046), and Long-Delay Free Recall (T-carrier 11.5 ± 0.4 points, C/C 10.2 ± 0.5 points; mean increase 1.3 points [0.1 to 2.5]; p = 0.041) after adjusting for age, education years, Glasgow Coma Scale, presence of acute intracranial pathology on head computed tomography scan, and genotype of the ANKK1 SNP rs1800497 using multivariable regression. No association was found between DRD2 C947T and non-verbal processing speed (WAIS-PSI) or mental flexibility (TMT) at 6 months. Hence, DRD2 C947T (rs6277) may be associated with better performance on select cognitive domains independent of ANKK1 following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ethan A Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Rick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John F Burke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W McAllister
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sam S Oh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy R Temkin
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frederick K Korley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco D Sorani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hester F Lingsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sourabh Sharma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin K Robinson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Esther L Yuh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phiroz E Tarapore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ava M Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wayne A Gordon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex B Valadka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David O Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. .,Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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47
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between the apolipoprotein E genotype and delirium. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26:53-9. [PMID: 26901792 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias has been investigated intensively. However, the relationship between APOE and delirium has only recently been explored in studies that have included relatively small samples. A meta-analysis of the published pooled data is timely to explore the relationship between APOE and delirium and to inform further research in this topic. PubMed, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, Scopus, all EBM Reviews (OVID) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched with relevant keywords and from the references of relevant papers. Ten papers were found that examined the relationship between APOE and delirium. Data were extracted from eight of them and pooled for meta-analysis using random effects with R software. Data from 1762 participants, of whom 479 (27.2%) were diagnosed with delirium, showed low heterogeneity (Q=13.11, d.f.=7, P=0.07; I=44.86%). The possession of the APOE ε4 allele has a small (log odds ratio: 0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.59), nonsignificant (P=0.38) effect on the presence of delirium. No publication bias was identified. The metapower of the pooled data was low (α=0.05, power=0.65). On analysing the studies to date, it seems that there is no association between APOE and the occurrence of delirium. We suggest that further studies are needed with greater number of patients to clarify any association as well as to examine for other patterns of association including relevance for subgroups of patients who develop delirium and for effects on the phenotype of delirium and the outcomes.
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48
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COMT Val 158Met polymorphism is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and functional outcome following mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 35:109-116. [PMID: 27769642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in variable clinical trajectories and outcomes. The source of variability remains unclear, but may involve genetic variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A SNP in catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) is suggested to influence development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but its role in TBI remains unclear. Here, we utilize the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Pilot (TRACK-TBI Pilot) study to investigate whether the COMT Val158Met polymorphism is associated with PTSD and global functional outcome as measured by the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version and Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE), respectively. Results in 93 predominately Caucasian subjects with mTBI show that the COMT Met158 allele is associated with lower incidence of PTSD (univariate odds ratio (OR) of 0.25, 95% CI [0.09-0.69]) and higher GOSE scores (univariate OR 2.87, 95% CI [1.20-6.86]) 6-months following injury. The COMT Val158Met genotype and PTSD association persists after controlling for race (multivariable OR of 0.29, 95% CI [0.10-0.83]) and pre-existing psychiatric disorders/substance abuse (multivariable OR of 0.32, 95% CI [0.11-0.97]). PTSD emerged as a strong predictor of poorer outcome on GOSE (multivariable OR 0.09, 95% CI [0.03-0.26]), which persists after controlling for age, GCS, and race. When accounting for PTSD in multivariable analysis, the association of COMT genotype and GOSE did not remain significant (multivariable OR 1.73, 95% CI [0.69-4.35]). Whether COMT genotype indirectly influences global functional outcome through PTSD remains to be determined and larger studies in more diverse populations are needed to confirm these findings.
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49
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Vonder Haar C, Meconi A, Vink R, van Donkelaar P, Taneja C, Iverson GL, Christie BR. The potential for animal models to provide insight into mild traumatic brain injury: Translational challenges and strategies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 76:396-414. [PMID: 27659125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common health problem. There is tremendous variability and heterogeneity in human mTBI, including mechanisms of injury, biomechanical forces, injury severity, spatial and temporal pathophysiology, genetic factors, pre-injury vulnerability and resilience factors, and clinical outcomes. Animal models greatly reduce this variability and heterogeneity, and provide a means to study mTBI in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner. Rodent models, in particular, are time- and cost-efficient, and they allow researchers to measure morphological, cellular, molecular, and behavioral variables in a single study. However, inter-species differences in anatomy, morphology, metabolism, neurobiology, and lifespan create translational challenges. Although the term "mild" TBI is used often in the pre-clinical literature, clearly defined criteria for mild, moderate, and severe TBI in animal models have not been agreed upon. In this review, we introduce current issues facing the mTBI field, summarize the available research methodologies and previous studies in mTBI animal models, and discuss how a translational research approach may be useful in advancing our understanding and management of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cole Vonder Haar
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical Sciences, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Robert Vink
- Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul van Donkelaar
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Chand Taneja
- Division of Medical Sciences, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, and MassGeneral Hospital for Children™ Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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50
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Osier ND, Bales JW, Pugh B, Shin S, Wyrobek J, Puccio AM, Okonkwo DO, Ren D, Alexander S, Conley YP, Dixon CE. Variation in PPP3CC Genotype Is Associated with Long-Term Recovery after Severe Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:86-96. [PMID: 27225880 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), calcineurin is upregulated; blocking calcineurin is associated with improved outcomes. In humans, variation in the calcineurin A-gamma gene (PPP3CC) has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, though any role in TBI recovery remains unknown. This study examines associations between PPP3CC genotype and mortality, as well as gross functional status assessed at admission using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after severe TBI using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). The following tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in PPP3CC were genotyped: rs2443504, rs2461491, rs2469749, and rs10108011. The rs2443504 AA genotype was univariately associated with GCS (p = 0.022), GOS at 3, 6, and 12 months (p = 0.002, p = 0.034, and p = 0.004, respectively), and mortality (p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, and GCS, the AA genotype of rs2443504 was associated with GOS at 3 (p = 0.02), and 12 months (p = 0.01), with a trend toward significance at 6 months (p = 0.05); the AA genotype also was associated with mortality in the multivariate model (p = 0.04). Further work is warranted to better understand the role of calcineurin, as well as the genes encoding it and their relevance to outcomes after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Osier
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James W Bales
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Bunny Pugh
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Seton Hill University , Greensburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Shin
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie Wyrobek
- 5 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ava M Puccio
- 6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David O Okonkwo
- 6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dianxu Ren
- 3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheila Alexander
- 3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yvette P Conley
- 3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,8 Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C Edward Dixon
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,9 VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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