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Roth RH, Ding JB. Cortico-basal ganglia plasticity in motor learning. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00449-5. [PMID: 39002543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
One key function of the brain is to control our body's movements, allowing us to interact with the world around us. Yet, many motor behaviors are not innate but require learning through repeated practice. Among the brain's motor regions, the cortico-basal ganglia circuit is particularly crucial for acquiring and executing motor skills, and neuronal activity in these regions is directly linked to movement parameters. Cell-type-specific adaptations of activity patterns and synaptic connectivity support the learning of new motor skills. Functionally, neuronal activity sequences become structured and associated with learned movements. On the synaptic level, specific connections become potentiated during learning through mechanisms such as long-term synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine dynamics, which are thought to mediate functional circuit plasticity. These synaptic and circuit adaptations within the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry are thus critical for motor skill acquisition, and disruptions in this plasticity can contribute to movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Roth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Jun B Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Phil & Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Zhang ZH, Wang B, Peng Y, Xu YW, Li CH, Ning YL, Zhao Y, Shan FB, Zhang B, Yang N, Zhang J, Chen X, Xiong RP, Zhou YG, Li P. Identification of a Hippocampus-to-Zona Incerta Projection involved in Motor Learning. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2307185. [PMID: 38958448 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Motor learning (ML), which plays a fundamental role in growth and physical rehabilitation, involves different stages of learning and memory processes through different brain regions. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie ML are not sufficiently understood. Here, a previously unreported neuronal projection from the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) to the zona incerta (ZI) involved in the regulation of ML behaviors is identified. Using recombinant adeno-associated virus, the projections to the ZI are surprisingly identified as originating from the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 subregions of the dHPC. Furthermore, projection-specific chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulation reveals that the projections from the dorsal CA1 to the ZI play key roles in the acquisition and consolidation of ML behaviors, whereas the projections from the dorsal DG to the ZI mediate the retrieval/retention of ML behaviors. The results reveal new projections from the dorsal DG and dorsal CA1 to the ZI involved in the regulation of ML and provide insight into the stages over which this regulation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hang Zhang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Bo Wang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yan Peng
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ya-Wei Xu
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chang-Hong Li
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ya-Lei Ning
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fa-Bo Shan
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Nan Yang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xing Chen
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ren-Ping Xiong
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ping Li
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Army Occupational Disease, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Zhilu, Chongqing, 400042, China
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3
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Choi K, Choe Y, Park H. Reinforcement Learning May Demystify the Limited Human Motor Learning Efficacy Due to Visual-Proprioceptive Mismatch. Int J Neural Syst 2024; 34:2450037. [PMID: 38655914 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065724500370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Vision and proprioception have fundamental sensory mismatches in delivering locational information, and such mismatches are critical factors limiting the efficacy of motor learning. However, it is still not clear how and to what extent this mismatch limits motor learning outcomes. To further the understanding of the effect of sensory mismatch on motor learning outcomes, a reinforcement learning algorithm and the simplified biomechanical elbow joint model were employed to mimic the motor learning process in a computational environment. By applying a reinforcement learning algorithm to the motor learning of elbow joint flexion task, simulation results successfully explained how visual-proprioceptive mismatch limits motor learning outcomes in terms of motor control accuracy and task completion speed. The larger the perceived angular offset between the two sensory modalities, the lower the motor control accuracy. Also, the more similar the peak reward amplitude of the two sensory modalities, the lower the motor control accuracy. In addition, simulation results suggest that insufficient exploration rate limits task completion speed, and excessive exploration rate limits motor control accuracy. Such a speed-accuracy trade-off shows that a moderate exploration rate could serve as another important factor in motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungrak Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yoonsuck Choe
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hangue Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Vassiliadis P, Beanato E, Popa T, Windel F, Morishita T, Neufeld E, Duque J, Derosiere G, Wessel MJ, Hummel FC. Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01901-z. [PMID: 38811696 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Reinforcement feedback can improve motor learning, but the underlying brain mechanisms remain underexplored. In particular, the causal contribution of specific patterns of oscillatory activity within the human striatum is unknown. To address this question, we exploited a recently developed non-invasive deep brain stimulation technique called transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) during reinforcement motor learning with concurrent neuroimaging, in a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study. Striatal tTIS applied at 80 Hz, but not at 20 Hz, abolished the benefits of reinforcement on motor learning. This effect was related to a selective modulation of neural activity within the striatum. Moreover, 80 Hz, but not 20 Hz, tTIS increased the neuromodulatory influence of the striatum on frontal areas involved in reinforcement motor learning. These results show that tTIS can non-invasively and selectively modulate a striatal mechanism involved in reinforcement learning, expanding our tools for the study of causal relationships between deep brain structures and human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vassiliadis
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elena Beanato
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Traian Popa
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Windel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Impact Team, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, Bron, France
| | - Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute, EPFL Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland.
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Fukumoto Y, Todo M, Suzuki M, Kimura D, Suzuki T. Changes in spinal motoneuron excitability during the improvement of fingertip dexterity by actual execution combined with motor imagery practice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30016. [PMID: 38707302 PMCID: PMC11066649 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since there is an upper limit to skill improvement through the repetition of actual execution, we examined whether motor imagery could be used in combination with actual execution to maximize motor skill improvement. Fingertip dexterity was evaluated in 25 healthy participants performing a force adjustment task using a pinch movement with the left thumb and index finger. In the intervention condition, six sets of repetitions of combined actual execution and motor imagery were performed, while in the control condition, the same flow was performed, but with motor imagery replaced by rest. Changes in the excitability of spinal motoneurons during motor imagery compared to rest were compared in terms of the F/M amplitude ratio. Motor skill changes were compared before and after repeated practice and between the conditions, respectively, using the absolute amount of adjustment error between the target pinch force value and the delivered pinch force value (absolute error) as an index. The results showed that the repetition of exercise practice and motor imagery decreased the absolute error, which was greater than that of exercise practice alone in terms of motor skill improvement. The F/M amplitude ratio for motor imagery compared to rest did not increase. This suggests that motor imagery is involved in the degree of the increase of spinal motoneuron excitability based on the real-time prediction of motor execution and that there may be no need for an increase in excitability during motor skill control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fukumoto
- Kansai University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, 2-11-1 Wakaba Sennangun Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0482, Japan
- Graduate School of Kansai University of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 2-11-1 Wakaba Sennangun Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0482, Japan
| | - Marina Todo
- Kansai University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, 2-11-1 Wakaba Sennangun Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0482, Japan
- Graduate School of Kansai University of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 2-11-1 Wakaba Sennangun Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0482, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Bukkyo University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, 7 Higashitochio-cho Nishinokyo Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8418, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kimura
- Nagoya Women's University, Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Occupational Therapy, 3-40 Shioji Mizuho Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8610, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Suzuki
- Kansai University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, 2-11-1 Wakaba Sennangun Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0482, Japan
- Graduate School of Kansai University of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 2-11-1 Wakaba Sennangun Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0482, Japan
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6
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Fong PY, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L. The Past, Current and Future Research in Cerebellar TMS Evoked Responses-A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2024; 14:432. [PMID: 38790411 PMCID: PMC11118133 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation coupled with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is a novel technique to investigate cortical physiology in health and disease. The cerebellum has recently gained attention as a possible new hotspot in the field of TMS-EEG, with several reports published recently. However, EEG responses obtained by cerebellar stimulation vary considerably across the literature, possibly due to different experimental methods. Compared to conventional TMS-EEG, which involves stimulation of the cortex, cerebellar TMS-EEG presents some technical difficulties, including strong muscle twitches in the neck area and a loud TMS click when double-cone coils are used, resulting in contamination of responses by electromyographic activity and sensory potentials. Understanding technical difficulties and limitations is essential for the development of cerebellar TMS-EEG research. In this review, we summarize findings of cerebellar TMS-EEG studies, highlighting limitations in experimental design and potential issues that can result in discrepancies between experimental outcomes. Lastly, we propose a possible direction for academic and clinical research with cerebellar TMS-EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Fong
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (J.C.R.)
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Medical School, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - John C. Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (J.C.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (J.C.R.)
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Hill CM, Sebastião E, Barzi L, Wilson M, Wood T. Reinforcement feedback impairs locomotor adaptation and retention. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1388495. [PMID: 38720784 PMCID: PMC11076767 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1388495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Locomotor adaptation is a motor learning process used to alter spatiotemporal elements of walking that are driven by prediction errors, a discrepancy between the expected and actual outcomes of our actions. Sensory and reward prediction errors are two different types of prediction errors that can facilitate locomotor adaptation. Reward and punishment feedback generate reward prediction errors but have demonstrated mixed effects on upper extremity motor learning, with punishment enhancing adaptation, and reward supporting motor memory. However, an in-depth behavioral analysis of these distinct forms of feedback is sparse in locomotor tasks. Methods For this study, three groups of healthy young adults were divided into distinct feedback groups [Supervised, Reward, Punishment] and performed a novel locomotor adaptation task where each participant adapted their knee flexion to 30 degrees greater than baseline, guided by visual supervised or reinforcement feedback (Adaptation). Participants were then asked to recall the new walking pattern without feedback (Retention) and after a washout period with feedback restored (Savings). Results We found that all groups learned the adaptation task with external feedback. However, contrary to our initial hypothesis, enhancing sensory feedback with a visual representation of the knee angle (Supervised) accelerated the rate of learning and short-term retention in comparison to monetary reinforcement feedback. Reward and Punishment displayed similar rates of adaptation, short-term retention, and savings, suggesting both types of reinforcement feedback work similarly in locomotor adaptation. Moreover, all feedback enhanced the aftereffect of locomotor task indicating changes to implicit learning. Discussion These results demonstrate the multi-faceted nature of reinforcement feedback on locomotor adaptation and demonstrate the possible different neural substrates that underly reward and sensory prediction errors during different motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Hill
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, United States
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Emerson Sebastião
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Leo Barzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, United States
| | - Matt Wilson
- School of Allied Health and Communicative Disorders, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, United States
| | - Tyler Wood
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, United States
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8
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Wessel MJ, Draaisma LR, Durand-Ruel M, Maceira-Elvira P, Moyne M, Turlan JL, Mühl A, Chauvigné L, Koch PJ, Morishita T, Guggisberg AG, Hummel FC. Multi-focal Stimulation of the Cortico-cerebellar Loop During the Acquisition of a Novel Hand Motor Skill in Chronic Stroke Survivors. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:341-354. [PMID: 36802021 PMCID: PMC10951005 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of hand motor function is a frequent consequence after a stroke and strongly determines the ability to regain a self-determined life. An influential research strategy for improving motor deficits is the combined application of behavioral training and non-invasive brain stimulation of the motor cortex (M1). However, a convincing clinical translation of the present stimulation strategies has not been achieved yet. One alternative and innovative approach is to target the functionally relevant brain network-based architecture, e.g., the dynamic interactions within the cortico-cerebellar system during learning. Here, we tested a sequential multifocal stimulation strategy targeting the cortico-cerebellar loop. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied simultaneously to a hand-based motor training in N = 11 chronic stroke survivors during four training sessions on two consecutive days. The tested conditions were: sequential multifocal (M1-cerebellum (CB)-M1-CB) vs. monofocal control stimulation (M1-sham-M1-sham). Additionally, skill retention was assessed 1 and 10 days after the training phase. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation data were recorded to characterize stimulation response determining features. The application of CB-tDCS boosted motor behavior in the early training phase in comparison to the control condition. No faciliatory effects on the late training phase or skill retention were detected. Stimulation response variability was related to the magnitude of baseline motor ability and short intracortical inhibition (SICI). The present findings suggest a learning phase-specific role of the cerebellar cortex during the acquisition of a motor skill in stroke and that personalized stimulation strategies encompassing several nodes of the underlying brain network should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
- University Hospital Würzburg (UKW), Department of Neurology, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - L R Draaisma
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - M Durand-Ruel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - P Maceira-Elvira
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - M Moyne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J-L Turlan
- Clinique Romande de Réadaptation (CRR Suva), Sion, Switzerland
| | - A Mühl
- Clinique Romande de Réadaptation (CRR Suva), Sion, Switzerland
| | - L Chauvigné
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P J Koch
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - T Morishita
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland
| | - A G Guggisberg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
- Universitäre Neurorehabilitation, Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Inselspital, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - F C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Av. Grand-Champsec 90, 1951, Sion, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland.
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9
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Dong X, Gui X, Klich S, Zhu L, Chen D, Sun Z, Shi Y, Chen A. The effects of football juggling learning on executive function and brain functional connectivity. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1362418. [PMID: 38516307 PMCID: PMC10954781 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1362418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between motor skill learning and executive function (EF), with an emphasis on the potential effects of football juggling learning. A randomized controlled trial involving 111 participants aged 17-19 years was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to either the football juggling learning (FJL) group or a control group. The FJL group underwent 70 sessions of football juggling learning, while the control group engaged in their normal daily activities without any exercise intervention during the same time frame. Both groups were assessed for EF performance and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after the experiment. The executive function test included three tasks, namely, inhibition, working memory, and shifting. The results showed significant improvement in inhibition and shifting in both groups, and the FJL group showed greater improvement in these aspects of EF compared to the control group. Additionally, in comparison to the control group, the FJL group exhibited increased functional connectivity within the frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions from the pre-test to the post-test. Notably, enhanced functional connectivity between the right superior temporal gyrus (posterior division) and left cerebellum 6 was identified in the FJL group and was associated with improved EF performance induced by football juggling learning. These findings shed light on the potential causal relationship between motor skill learning, EF, and brain plasticity. Importantly, our study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of motor skill learning, such as football juggling, as a potential avenue for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Gui
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lina Zhu
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yifan Shi
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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10
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Wang Y, Huynh AT, Bao S, Buchanan JJ, Wright DL, Lei Y. Memory consolidation of sequence learning and dynamic adaptation during wakefulness. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad507. [PMID: 38185987 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor learning involves acquiring new movement sequences and adapting motor commands to novel conditions. Labile motor memories, acquired through sequence learning and dynamic adaptation, undergo a consolidation process during wakefulness after initial training. This process stabilizes the new memories, leading to long-term memory formation. However, it remains unclear if the consolidation processes underlying sequence learning and dynamic adaptation are independent and if distinct neural regions underpin memory consolidation associated with sequence learning and dynamic adaptation. Here, we first demonstrated that the initially labile memories formed during sequence learning and dynamic adaptation were stabilized against interference through time-dependent consolidation processes occurring during wakefulness. Furthermore, we found that sequence learning memory was not disrupted when immediately followed by dynamic adaptation and vice versa, indicating distinct mechanisms for sequence learning and dynamic adaptation consolidation. Finally, by applying patterned transcranial magnetic stimulation to selectively disrupt the activity in the primary motor (M1) or sensory (S1) cortices immediately after sequence learning or dynamic adaptation, we found that sequence learning consolidation depended on M1 but not S1, while dynamic adaptation consolidation relied on S1 but not M1. For the first time in a single experimental framework, this study revealed distinct neural underpinnings for sequence learning and dynamic adaptation consolidation during wakefulness, with significant implications for motor skill enhancement and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Wang
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Angelina T Huynh
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Shancheng Bao
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - John J Buchanan
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - David L Wright
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Yuming Lei
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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11
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Hu YT, Hu XW, Han JF, Zhang JF, Wang YY, Wolff A, Tremblay S, Hirjak D, Tan ZL, Northoff G. Motor cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depressive disorder - A preliminary randomized controlled clinical trial. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:169-175. [PMID: 37827254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) is commonly used in major depressive disorder (MDD), even though its therapeutic efficacy is limited. Given that many MDD patients show psychomotor retardation, we aim to examine whether the left motor cortex (lMC) as a novel rTMS target would provide effective and well-tolerated treatment as being comparable to lDLPFC-rTMS. METHODS In this prospective double-blind randomized single-center study, 131 MDD patients were randomly assigned to the lDLPFC or lMC group and were treated with 10 Hz rTMS (90 % motor threshold) applied twice daily for 4000 pulses continuously over five days. The primary endpoint was the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) total score change after treatment. RESULTS After the five-day rTMS treatment, there was no significant difference in both HAMD reduction rate (lDLPFC 59.3 % ± 20.4 %, lMC 51.3 % ± 26.3 %, P = 0.10) and adverse effects (P = 0.79) between 48 (73.8 %) lMC subjects and 51 (77.3 %) lDLPFC subjects. Furthermore, the lMC study group showed stable HAMD scores at follow-up compared to their endpoint scores (P = 0.08). LIMITATIONS Sham-control group was not included and the sample size was small. Therefore, our results should be seen as exploratory and preliminary. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary good therapeutic response, comparability, and tolerability of lMC-rTMS suggest lMC a potential and more easily accessible rTMS target. Together, our findings raise the possibility of symptom-specific rTMS in motor cortex (psychomotor retardation) or lDLPFC (cognitive deficits). This warrants larger clinical trials of rTMS in MDD with symptom-specific stimulation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Hu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Xi-Wen Hu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Fang Han
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Feng Zhang
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Annemarie Wolff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sara Tremblay
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zhong-Lin Tan
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Georg Northoff
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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12
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Caccianiga G, Mooney RA, Celnik PA, Cantarero GL, Brown JD. Anodal cerebellar t-DCS impacts skill learning and transfer on a robotic surgery training task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21394. [PMID: 38123594 PMCID: PMC10733429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has demonstrated a critical role during adaptation in motor learning. However, the extent to which it can contribute to the skill acquisition of complex real-world tasks remains unclear. One particularly challenging application in terms of motor activities is robotic surgery, which requires surgeons to complete complex multidimensional visuomotor tasks through a remotely operated robot. Given the need for high skill proficiency and the lack of haptic feedback, there is a pressing need for understanding and improving skill development. We investigated the effect of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation applied during the execution of a robotic surgery training task. Study participants received either real or sham stimulation while performing a needle driving task in a virtual (simulated) and a real-world (actual surgical robot) setting. We found that cerebellar stimulation significantly improved performance compared to sham stimulation at fast (more demanding) execution speeds in both virtual and real-world training settings. Furthermore, participants that received cerebellar stimulation more effectively transferred the skills they acquired during virtual training to the real world. Our findings underline the potential of non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance skill learning and transfer in real-world relevant tasks and, more broadly, its potential for improving complex motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Caccianiga
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA.
- Haptic Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.
| | - Ronan A Mooney
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, John Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, 21218, USA
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, John Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, 21218, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Gabriela L Cantarero
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, John Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, 21218, USA
| | - Jeremy D Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA
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13
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Hardwick RM. Commentary on Frank et al., (2003): where does learning through motor imagery lie on the perceptual-motor continuum? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s00426-023-01910-z. [PMID: 38112805 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In this issue, Frank et al. (2023) propose that motor imagery provides a perceptual-cognitive scaffold allowing 'perceptual' learning to transfer into 'motor' learning. The present commentary explores the perspective that changes in perception itself are often critical to the development of motor skills. Motor imagery may therefore be most beneficial for developing motor skills with high perceptual demands, such as requiring rapid action selection. Potential challenges for the perceptual-cognitive scaffold approach are identified based on the possible involvement of mechanisms involved in motor learning through movement execution, and how they may be recruited through the use of motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hardwick
- Institute of Neurosciences, UC Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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14
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Qurat-ul-ain, Ahmad Z, Ilyas S, Ishtiaq S, Tariq I, Nawaz Malik A, Liu T, Wang J. Comparison of a single session of tDCS on cerebellum vs. motor cortex in stroke patients: a randomized sham-controlled trial. Ann Med 2023; 55:2252439. [PMID: 38100750 PMCID: PMC10732189 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2252439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether a single session of trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum and M1 has any advantages over one another or sham stimulation in terms of balance, gait and lower limb function. METHODS A total of 66 patients who had experienced their first ever stroke were recruited into three groups for this double-blinded, parallel, randomized, sham-controlled trial: cerebellar stimulation group (CbSG), M1 stimulation group (MSG) and sham stimulation group (SSG). A single session of anodal tDCS with an intensity of 2 mA for a duration of 20 min was administered in addition to gait and balance training based on virtual reality using an Xbox 360 with Kinect. Balance, gait, cognition and risk of fall were assessed using outcome measures before intervention (T0), immediately after intervention (T1) and an hour after intervention (T2). RESULTS Across group analysis of all outcome measures showed statistically non-significant results (p > .05) except for Six Minute Walk Test (p value T0 = .003, p value T1 = .025, p value T2 = .016). The training effect difference showed a significant difference in balance, gait and cognition, as well as cerebral and cerebellar stimulation, in comparison to sham stimulation (p < .05). The risk of falls remained unaffected by any stimulation (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS In addition to Xbox Kinect-based rehabilitation training, a single session of anodal tDCS to the M1 or cerebellum may be beneficial for improving lower limb function, balance and gait performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat-ul-ain
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics & Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zafran Ahmad
- Department of Logistics Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Saad Ilyas
- Faculty of Computing, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Computing, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Summaiya Ishtiaq
- Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Tariq
- Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Nawaz Malik
- Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics & Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Jue Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics & Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Xi’an, PR China
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15
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Kunavar T, Cheng X, Franklin DW, Burdet E, Babič J. Explicit learning based on reward prediction error facilitates agile motor adaptations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295274. [PMID: 38055714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Error based motor learning can be driven by both sensory prediction error and reward prediction error. Learning based on sensory prediction error is termed sensorimotor adaptation, while learning based on reward prediction error is termed reward learning. To investigate the characteristics and differences between sensorimotor adaptation and reward learning, we adapted a visuomotor paradigm where subjects performed arm movements while presented with either the sensory prediction error, signed end-point error, or binary reward. Before each trial, perturbation indicators in the form of visual cues were presented to inform the subjects of the presence and direction of the perturbation. To analyse the interconnection between sensorimotor adaptation and reward learning, we designed a computational model that distinguishes between the two prediction errors. Our results indicate that subjects adapted to novel perturbations irrespective of the type of prediction error they received during learning, and they converged towards the same movement patterns. Sensorimotor adaptations led to a pronounced aftereffect, while adaptation based on reward consequences produced smaller aftereffects suggesting that reward learning does not alter the internal model to the same degree as sensorimotor adaptation. Even though all subjects had learned to counteract two different perturbations separately, only those who relied on explicit learning using reward prediction error could timely adapt to the randomly changing perturbation. The results from the computational model suggest that sensorimotor and reward learning operate through distinct adaptation processes and that only sensorimotor adaptation changes the internal model, whereas reward learning employs explicit strategies that do not result in aftereffects. Additionally, we demonstrate that when humans learn motor tasks, they utilize both learning processes to successfully adapt to the new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjasa Kunavar
- Laboratory for Neuromechanics and Biorobotics, Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Xiaoxiao Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W Franklin
- Neuromuscular Diagnostics, Department Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Data Science Institute (MDSI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Etienne Burdet
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Babič
- Laboratory for Neuromechanics and Biorobotics, Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics, and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Daneshgar S, Tvrdy T, Enoka RM. Practice-Induced Changes in Manual Dexterity of Older Adults Depend on Initial Pegboard Time. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2045-2052. [PMID: 37379250 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of our study was to determine the influence of practice on the pegboard times and peg-manipulation phases of older adults who were classified as having either slow or fast initial pegboard times. METHODS Participants ( n = 26, 70 ± 6.6 yr) completed two evaluation sessions and six practice sessions in which they performed 25 trials (5 blocks of 5 trials) of the grooved pegboard test. All practice sessions were supervised, and the time to complete each trial was recorded. In each evaluation session, the pegboard was mounted on a force transducer so that the downward force applied to the board could be measured. RESULTS Participants were stratified into two groups based on the initial time to complete the grooved pegboard test: a fast group (68.1 ± 6.0 s) and a slow group (89.6 ± 9.2 s). Both groups exhibited the classic two-phase profile (acquisition + consolidation) for learning a de novo motor skill. Despite the similar learning profile for the two groups, there were differences between groups in the phases of the peg-manipulation cycle that became faster with practice. The fast group seemed to reduce trajectory variability when transporting the peg, whereas the slow group seemed to exhibit both a decrease in trajectory variability and greater precision when inserting pegs into the holes. CONCLUSIONS The changes underlying practice-induced decreases in grooved pegboard time differed for older adults who initially had either a fast or a slow pegboard time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Daneshgar
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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17
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Luedtke K, Luebke L, Elizagaray-Garcia I, Schindler O, Szikszay TM. Effectiveness of online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic on practical manual therapy skills of undergraduate physiotherapy students. J Man Manip Ther 2023; 31:349-357. [PMID: 36876463 PMCID: PMC10566393 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2023.2179285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study includes two separate parts: the objective for part A was to evaluate the practical manual therapy skills of undergraduate physiotherapy students who had learned manual therapy techniques either online or in classroom depending on the phases of the pandemic. The objective for part B was to evaluate in a randomized prospective design the effectiveness of video-based versus traditional teaching of a manual therapy technique. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study (part A) and randomized controlled trial (part B). SETTING University of Luebeck, undergraduate physiotherapy students in years 1-3. METHOD In part A, physiotherapy students who had learned manual therapy either online (during the pandemic) or in classroom (prior to and after the lock down periods of the pandemic) were videotaped while performing two manual techniques on the knee joint and on the lumbar spine. Recordings were analyzed independently by two blinded raters according to a 10-item list of criteria. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa for each item. Performance across cohorts was analyzed using analysis of variance. In part B, students were randomized to learn a new technique on the cervical spine either from a lecturer or from the same lecturer on a video recording (independent variable). Practical performance of the technique was analyzed by two raters blinded to group allocation according to a 10-item list of criteria (dependent variable). Results were analyzed statistically by using ANCOVA with year of study as a covariate. RESULTS Sixty-three and 56 students participated in part A and part B of the study, respectively. The inter-rater reliability for video analyses for both parts of the study was moderate (k = 0.402 to 0.441). In part A, there was no statistically significant difference across years of study for the practical performance of the technique on the back F(2,59) = 2.271; p = 0.112 or the knee joint F(2,59) = 3.028; p = 0.056. In part B, performance was significantly better when learned from a lecturer and practiced on a peer than when learned from a video and practiced on a rescue dummy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Practical skill performance can be acquired from videos but immediate skill reproduction is significantly better when the technique is presented by a lecturer in classroom and practiced on peer students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Luedtke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research, Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Health Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Luisa Luebke
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research, Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Health Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ignacio Elizagaray-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superiorde Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CranioSPain Research Group, Centro Superiorde Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Madrid, Spain
- Motion in BrainsResearch Group, Centro Superiorde Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Schindler
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research, Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Health Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tibor M. Szikszay
- Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research, Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Health Sciences, Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Spampinato DA, Casula EP, Koch G. The Cerebellum and the Motor Cortex: Multiple Networks Controlling Multiple Aspects of Behavior. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231189435. [PMID: 37649430 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231189435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and its thalamic projections to the primary motor cortex (M1) are well known to play an essential role in executing daily actions. Anatomic investigations in animals and postmortem humans have established the reciprocal connections between these regions; however, how these pathways can shape cortical activity in behavioral contexts and help promote recovery in neuropathological conditions remains not well understood. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive description of these pathways in animals and humans and discuss how novel noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the cerebellar-M1 connections. In the first section, we focus on recent animal literature that details how information sent from the cerebellum and thalamus is integrated into an broad network of cortical motor neurons. We then discuss how NIBS approaches in humans can be used to reliably assess the connectivity between the cerebellum and M1. Moreover, we provide the latest perspectives on using advanced NIBS approaches to investigate and modulate multiple cerebellar-cortical networks involved in movement behavior and plasticity. Finally, we discuss how these emerging methods have been used in translation research to produce long-lasting modifications of cerebellar-thalamic-M1 to restore cortical activity and motor function in neurologic patients.
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19
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Iwane F, Dash D, Salamanca-Giron RF, Hayward W, Bönstrup M, Buch ER, Cohen LG. Combined low-frequency brain oscillatory activity and behavior predict future errors in human motor skill. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3145-3154.e5. [PMID: 37442139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Human skills are composed of sequences of individual actions performed with utmost precision. When occasional errors occur, they may have serious consequences, for example, when pilots are manually landing a plane. In such cases, the ability to predict an error before it occurs would clearly be advantageous. Here, we asked whether it is possible to predict future errors in a keyboard procedural human motor skill. We report that prolonged keypress transition times (KTTs), reflecting slower speed, and anomalous delta-band oscillatory activity in cingulate-entorhinal-precuneus brain regions precede upcoming errors in skill. Combined anomalous low-frequency activity and prolonged KTTs predicted up to 70% of future errors. Decoding strength (posterior probability of error) increased progressively approaching the errors. We conclude that it is possible to predict future individual errors in skill sequential performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Iwane
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debadatta Dash
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - William Hayward
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Larssen BC, Hodges NJ. Updating of Implicit Adaptation Processes through Erroneous Numeric Feedback. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:475-492. [PMID: 37442571 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2232739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
There is debate about how implicit and explicit processes interact in sensorimotor adaptation, implicating how error signals drive learning. Target error information is thought to primarily influence explicit processes, therefore manipulations to the veracity of this information should impact adaptation but not implicit recalibration (i.e. after-effects). Thirty participants across three groups initially adapted to rotated cursor feedback. Then we manipulated numeric target error through knowledge of results (KR) feedback, where groups practised with correct or incorrect (+/-15°) numeric KR. Participants adapted to erroneous KR, but only the KR + 15 group showed augmented implicit recalibration, evidenced by larger after-effects than before KR exposure. In the presence of sensory prediction errors, target errors modulated after-effects, suggesting an interaction between implicit and explicit processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley C Larssen
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicola J Hodges
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Bonuzzi GMG, Bastos FH, Schweighofer N, Wade E, Winstein CJ, Torriani-Pasin C. Moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise performed before motor practice attenuates offline implicit motor learning in stroke survivors but not age-matched neurotypical adults. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06659-w. [PMID: 37395857 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The acute impact of cardiovascular exercise on implicit motor learning of stroke survivors is still unknown. We investigated the effects of cardiovascular exercise on implicit motor learning of mild-moderately impaired chronic stroke survivors and neurotypical adults. We addressed whether exercise priming effects are time-dependent (e.g., exercise before or after practice) in the encoding (acquisition) and recall (retention) phases. Forty-five stroke survivors and 45 age-matched neurotypical adults were randomized into three sub-groups: BEFORE (exercise, then motor practice), AFTER (motor practice, then exercise), and No-EX (motor practice alone). All sub-groups practiced a serial reaction time task (five repeated and two pseudorandom sequences per day) on three consecutive days, followed 7 days later by a retention test (one repeated sequence). Exercise was performed on a stationary bike, (one 20-min bout per day) at 50% to 70% heart rate reserve. Implicit motor learning was measured as a difference score (repeated-pseudorandom sequence response time) during practice (acquisition) and recall (delayed retention). Separate analyses were performed on the stroke and neurotypical groups using linear mixed-effects models (participant ID was a random effect). There was no exercise-induced benefit on implicit motor learning for any sub-group. However, exercise performed before practice impaired encoding in neurotypical adults and attenuated retention performance of stroke survivors. There is no benefit to implicit motor learning of moderately intense cardiovascular exercise for stroke survivors or age-matched neurotypical adults, regardless of timing. Practice under a high arousal state and exercise-induced fatigue may have attenuated offline learning in stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Marcio Gatinho Bonuzzi
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Piauí, Professor Barros Araújo Campus, BR-316, KM 299, Altamira, Picos, Piaui, 64602-000, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Flavio Henrique Bastos
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Schweighofer
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Wade
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Carolee Joyce Winstein
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Camila Torriani-Pasin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neurorehabilitation, Exercise Science and Learning (NEUROEXCEL), Department of Physical Therapy and Movement Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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22
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Kim H, Lee G, Lee J, Kim YH. Alterations in learning-related cortical activation and functional connectivity by high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation after stroke: an fNIRS study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1189420. [PMID: 37332855 PMCID: PMC10275383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1189420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motor learning is a key component of stroke neurorehabilitation. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) was recently developed as a tDCS technique that increases the accuracy of current delivery to the brain using arrays of small electrodes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HD-tDCS alters learning-related cortical activation and functional connectivity in stroke patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods Using a sham-controlled crossover study design, 16 chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to one of two intervention conditions. Both groups performed the sequential finger tapping task (SFTT) on five consecutive days, either with (a) real HD-tDCS or (b) with sham HD-tDCS. HD-tDCS (1 mA for 20 min, 4 × 1) was administered to C3 or C4 (according to lesion side). fNIRS signals were measured during the SFTT with the affected hand before (baseline) and after each intervention using fNIRS measurement system. Cortical activation and functional connectivity of NIRS signals were analyzed using a statistical parametric mapping open-source software package (NIRS-SPM), OptoNet II®. Results In the real HD-tDCS condition, oxyHb concentration increased significantly in the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1). Connectivity between the ipsilesional M1 and the premotor cortex (PM) was noticeably strengthened after real HD-tDCS compared with baseline. Motor performance also significantly improved, as shown in response time during the SFTT. In the sham HD-tDCS condition, functional connectivity between contralesional M1 and sensory cortex was enhanced compared with baseline. There was tendency toward improvement in SFTT response time, but without significance. Discussion The results of this study indicated that HD-tDCS could modulate learning-related cortical activity and functional connectivity within motor networks to enhance motor learning performance. HD-tDCS can be used as an additional tool for enhancing motor learning during hand rehabilitation for chronic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegoo Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Haeundae Sharing and Happiness Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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23
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Fong PY, Spampinato D, Michell K, Mancuso M, Brown K, Ibáñez J, Santo AD, Latorre A, Bhatia K, Rothwell JC, Rocchi L. EEG responses induced by cerebellar TMS at rest and during visuomotor adaptation. Neuroimage 2023; 275:120188. [PMID: 37230209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connections between the cerebellum and the cortex play a critical role in learning and executing complex behaviours. Dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used non-invasively to probe connectivity changes between the lateral cerebellum and motor cortex (M1) using the motor evoked potential as an outcome measure (cerebellar-brain inhibition, CBI). However, it gives no information about cerebellar connections to other parts of cortex. OBJECTIVES We used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether it was possible to detect activity evoked in any areas of cortex by single-pulse TMS of the cerebellum (cerebellar TMS evoked potentials, cbTEPs). A second experiment tested if these responses were influenced by the performance of a cerebellar-dependent motor learning paradigm. METHODS In the first series of experiments, TMS was applied over either the right or left cerebellar cortex, and scalp EEG was recorded simultaneously. Control conditions that mimicked auditory and somatosensory inputs associated with cerebellar TMS were included to identify responses due to non-cerebellar sensory stimulation. We conducted a follow-up experiment that evaluated whether cbTEPs are behaviourally sensitive by assessing individuals before and after learning a visuomotor reach adaptation task. RESULTS A TMS pulse over the lateral cerebellum evoked EEG responses that could be distinguished from those caused by auditory and sensory artefacts. Significant positive (P80) and negative peaks (N110) over the contralateral frontal cerebral area were identified with a mirrored scalp distribution after left vs. right cerebellar stimulation. The P80 and N110 peaks were replicated in the cerebellar motor learning experiment and changed amplitude at different stages of learning. The change in amplitude of the P80 peak was associated with the degree of learning that individuals retained following adaptation. Due to overlap with sensory responses, the N110 should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral potentials evoked by TMS of the lateral cerebellum provide a neurophysiological probe of cerebellar function that complements the existing CBI method. They may provide novel insight into mechanisms of visuomotor adaptation and other cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Fong
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Medical School, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Danny Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306/354, 00142, Rome, Italy
| | - Kevin Michell
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Mancuso
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Katlyn Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jaime Ibáñez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; BSICoS group, I3A Institute, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Di Santo
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Serena Onlus, AOS Monaldi, Naples, Italy; Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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24
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Mattos DJS, Rutlin J, Hong X, Zinn K, Shimony JS, Carter AR. The Role of Extra-motor Networks in Upper Limb Motor Performance Post-stroke. Neuroscience 2023; 514:1-13. [PMID: 36736882 PMCID: PMC11009936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor improvement post-stroke may happen even if resting state functional connectivity between the ipsilesional and contralesional components of the sensorimotor network is not fully recovered. Therefore, we investigated which extra-motor networks might support upper limb motor gains in response to treatment post-stroke. METHODS Both resting state functional connectivity and upper limb capacity were measured prior to and after an 8-week intervention of task-specific training in 29 human participants [59.24 ± (SD) 10.40 yrs., 12 females and 17 males] with chronic stroke. The sensorimotor and five extra-motor networks were defined: default mode, frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, dorsal attention network, and salience networks. The Network Level Analysis toolbox was used to identify network pairs whose connectivities were enriched in connectome-behavior relationships. RESULTS Mean upper limb capacity score increased 5.45 ± (SD) 5.55 following treatment. Baseline connectivity of some motor but mostly extra-motor network interactions of cingulo-opercular and default-mode networks were predictive of upper limb capacity following treatment. Also, changes in connectivity for extra-motor interactions of salience with default mode, cingulo-opercular, and dorsal attention networks were correlated with gains in upper limb capacity. CONCLUSIONS These connectome-behavior patterns suggest larger involvement of cingulo-opercular networks in prediction of treatment response and of salience networks in maintenance of improved skilled behavior. These results support our hypothesis that cognitive networks may contribute to recovery of motor performance after stroke and provide additional insights into the neural correlates of intensive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J S Mattos
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jerrel Rutlin
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xin Hong
- Departments of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristina Zinn
- Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Departments of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexandre R Carter
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Wessel MJ, Draaisma LR, Hummel FC. Mini-review: Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:120-128. [PMID: 35060078 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory activity in the cerebellum and linked networks is an important aspect of neuronal processing and functional implementation of behavior. So far, it was challenging to quantify and study cerebellar oscillatory signatures in human neuroscience due to the constraints of non-invasive cerebellar electrophysiological recording and interventional techniques. The emerging cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation technique (CB-tACS) is a promising tool, which may partially overcome this challenge and provides an exciting non-invasive opportunity to better understand cerebellar physiology.Several studies have successfully demonstrated that CB-tACS can modulate the cerebellar outflow and cerebellum-linked behavior. In the present narrative review, we summarize current studies employing the CB-tACS approach and discuss open research questions. Hereby, we aim to provide an overview on this emerging electrophysiological technique and strive to promote future research in the field. CB-tACS will contribute in the further deciphering of cerebellar oscillatory signatures and its role for motor, cognitive, or affective functions. In long term, CB-tACS could develop into a therapeutic tool for retuning disturbed oscillatory activity in cerebellar networks underlying brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland. .,Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Laurijn R Draaisma
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland.,Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Lewis AF, Bohnenkamp R, Johnson L, den Ouden DB, Wilcox S, Fritz SL, Stewart JC. Effects of positive social comparative feedback on motor sequence learning and performance expectancies. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1005705. [PMID: 36760911 PMCID: PMC9902358 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1005705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Positive social comparative feedback indicates to the learner that they are performing better than others. While this type feedback supports motor skill learning in some tasks, the effect of social comparative feedback on implicit motor sequence learning remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of positive social comparative feedback on the learning of and expectancies for a motor sequence task. Methods Forty-eight individuals practiced a joystick-based sequence task and were divided into three feedback groups: CONTROL (no performance feedback), RT ONLY (response time only feedback), and RT+POS (response time plus positive social comparison). Participants attended sessions on two consecutive days: Day 1 for repetitive motor practice/skill acquisition and Day 2 for retention testing. Performance related expectancies, like perceived competence, were measured before and after motor practice on Day 1 and at retention on Day 2. Results While all groups improved with practice, the CONTROL group showed better overall performance/learning (faster response times) compared with the RT ONLY group. Despite similar response times, the RT+POS showed higher peak velocities than the RT ONLY group. Overall, the RT+POS and CONTROL demonstrated increases in perceived competence while the RT ONLY group did not. Discussion The results of this study suggest that feedback content is an important consideration during motor practice sessions since feedback without context (RT ONLY) may be detrimental to motor sequence learning. The results also suggest that, if providing performance related feedback during practice of a skill that relies on implicit sequence learning processes, comparative context may be necessary for enhancing expectancies and supporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison F. Lewis
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rachel Bohnenkamp
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Lynn Johnson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Dirk B. den Ouden
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sara Wilcox
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Stacy L. Fritz
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jill Campbell Stewart
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States,*Correspondence: Jill Campbell Stewart, ✉
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27
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Norup M, Bjørndal JR, Nielsen AL, Wiegel P, Lundbye-Jensen J. Dynamic motor practice improves movement accuracy, force control and leads to increased corticospinal excitability compared to isometric motor practice. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1019729. [PMID: 36684837 PMCID: PMC9849878 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1019729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system has a remarkable ability to plan motor actions, to predict and monitor the sensory consequences during and following motor actions and integrate these into future actions. Numerous studies investigating human motor learning have employed tasks involving either force control during isometric contractions or position control during dynamic tasks. To our knowledge, it remains to be elucidated how motor practice with an emphasis on position control influences force control and vice versa. Furthermore, it remains unexplored whether these distinct types of motor practice are accompanied by differential effects on corticospinal excitability. In this study, we tested motor accuracy and effects of motor practice in a force or position control task allowing wrist flexions of the non-dominant hand in the absence of online visual feedback. For each trial, motor performance was quantified as errors (pixels) between the displayed target and the movement endpoint. In the main experiment, 46 young adults were randomized into three groups: position control motor practice (PC), force control motor practice (FC), and a resting control group (CON). Following assessment of baseline motor performance in the position and force control tasks, intervention groups performed motor practice with, augmented visual feedback on performance. Motor performance in both tasks was assessed following motor practice. In a supplementary experiment, measures of corticospinal excitability were obtained in twenty additional participants by application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary motor cortex hot spot of the flexor carpi radialis muscle before and following either position or force control motor practice. Following motor practice, accuracy in the position task improved significantly more for PC compared to FC and CON. For the force control task, both the PC and FC group improved more compared to CON. The two types of motor practice thus led to distinct effects including positive between-task transfer accompanying dynamic motor practice The results of the supplementary study demonstrated an increase in corticospinal excitability following dynamic motor practice compared to isometric motor practice. In conclusion, dynamic motor practice improves movement accuracy, and force control and leads to increased corticospinal excitability compared to isometric motor practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Norup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Midwifery, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy and Psychomotor Therapy, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Malene Norup,
| | - Jonas Rud Bjørndal
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - August Lomholt Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Kodama M, Iwama S, Morishige M, Ushiba J. Thirty-minute motor imagery exercise aided by EEG sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback enhances morphing of sensorimotor cortices: a double-blind sham-controlled study. Cereb Cortex 2023:6967448. [PMID: 36600612 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback training using electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) combined with mental rehearsals of motor behavior has demonstrated successful self-regulation of motor cortical excitability. However, it remains unclear whether the acquisition of skills to voluntarily control neural excitability is accompanied by structural plasticity boosted by neurofeedback. Here, we sought short-term changes in cortical structures induced by 30 min of BCI-based neurofeedback training, which aimed at the regulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) in scalp EEG. When participants performed kinesthetic motor imagery of right finger movement with online feedback of either event-related desynchronisation (ERD) of SMR magnitude from the contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SM1) or those from other participants (i.e. placebo), the learning rate of SMR-ERD control was significantly different. Although overlapped structural changes in gray matter volumes were found in both groups, significant differences revealed by group-by-group comparison were spatially different; whereas the veritable neurofeedback group exhibited sensorimotor area-specific changes, the placebo exhibited spatially distributed changes. The white matter change indicated a significant decrease in the corpus callosum in the verum group. Furthermore, the learning rate of SMR regulation was correlated with the volume changes in the ipsilateral SM1, suggesting the involvement of interhemispheric motor control circuitries in BCI control tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kodama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa 108-0073, Japan
| | - Seitaro Iwama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa 108-0073, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0082, Japan
| | - Masumi Morishige
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa 108-0073, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa 108-0073, Japan
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29
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Cristini J, Parwanta Z, De las Heras B, Medina-Rincon A, Paquette C, Doyon J, Dagher A, Steib S, Roig M. Motor Memory Consolidation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:865-892. [PMID: 37458048 PMCID: PMC10578244 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to encode and consolidate motor memories is essential for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), who usually experience a progressive loss of motor function. Deficits in memory encoding, usually expressed as poorer rates of skill improvement during motor practice, have been reported in these patients. Whether motor memory consolidation (i.e., motor skill retention) is also impaired is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether motor memory consolidation is impaired in PD compared to neurologically intact individuals. METHODS We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020222433) following PRISMA guidelines that included 46 studies. RESULTS Meta-analyses revealed that persons with PD have deficits in retaining motor skills (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.32, -0.02; p = 0.0225). However, these deficits are task-specific, affecting sensory motor (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI -0.47, -0.15; p = 0.0002) and visuomotor adaptation (SMD = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.32, -0.79; p = 0.0001) tasks, but not sequential fine motor (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.05, 0.39; p = 0.1292) and gross motor tasks (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.25, 0.33; p = 0.7771). Importantly, deficits became non-significant when augmented feedback during practice was provided, and additional motor practice sessions reduced deficits in sensory motor tasks. Meta-regression analyses confirmed that deficits were independent of performance during encoding, as well as disease duration and severity. CONCLUSION Our results align with the neurodegenerative models of PD progression and motor learning frameworks and emphasize the importance of developing targeted interventions to enhance motor memory consolidation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zohra Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernat De las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Almudena Medina-Rincon
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- Grupo de investigación iPhysio, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC,Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Bao S, Lei Y, Keenan KG, Wang J. Generalization of visuomotor adaptation associated with use-dependent learning across different movement workspaces and limb postures. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 86:103017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bao S, Lei Y. Memory decay and generalization following distinct motor learning mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:1534-1545. [PMID: 36321731 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00105.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor skill learning is considered to arise out of contributions from multiple learning mechanisms, including error-based learning (EBL), use-dependent learning (UDL), and reinforcement learning (RL). These learning mechanisms exhibit dissociable roles and engage different neural circuits during skill acquisition. However, it remains largely unknown how a newly formed motor memory acquired through each learning mechanism decays over time and whether distinct learning mechanisms produce different generalization patterns. Here, we used variants of reaching paradigms that dissociated these learning mechanisms to examine the time course of memory decay following each learning and the generalization patterns of each learning. We found that motor memories acquired through these learning mechanisms decayed as a function of time. Notably, 15 min, 6 h, and 24 h after acquisition, the memory of EBL decayed much greater than that of RL. The memory acquired through UDL faded away within a few minutes. Motor memories formed through EBL and RL for given movement directions generalized to untrained movement directions, with the generalization of EBL being greater than that of RL. In contrast, motor memory of UDL could not generalize to untrained movement directions. These results suggest that distinct learning mechanisms exhibit different patterns of memory decay and generalization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor skill learning is likely to involve error-based learning, use-dependent plasticity, and operant reinforcement. Here, we showed that these dissociable learning mechanisms exhibited distinct patterns of memory decay and generalization. With a better understanding of the characteristics of these learning mechanisms, it becomes possible to regulate each learning process separately to improve neurological rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Bao
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Yuming Lei
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Ota T, Kikuchi Y, Amiya I, Ohno-Shosaku T, Koike Y, Yoneda M. Evaluation of motor learning in predictable loading task using a force sense presentation device. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3305-3314. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Do Primary School Children Benefit from Drop-Jump Training with Different Schedules of Augmented Feedback about the Jump Height? Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10090133. [PMID: 36136388 PMCID: PMC9506256 DOI: 10.3390/sports10090133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In children, the training of jumps leads to improved jumping and running performance. Augmented feedback about the jump height is known to facilitate performance improvements in adults. In the present study, the impact of augmented feedback on jumping performance was investigated in 4th grade primary school children executing drop-jump training for 8 weeks (24 sessions, 3 times/week). Ten children (eight males, two females, aged 9.6 ± 0.3 years), received feedback for 8 weeks, and 11 children (nine males, two females, aged 9.5 ± 0.2 years) received feedback only during the last 4 weeks. Drop-jumps training was integrated in physical education classes. Drop-jump and countermovement-jump heights were improved after 24 training sessions (p < 0.01 for both types of jumps in both groups). Ground contact times of drop-jumps were quite long (>200 ms) and not altered by training, and the reactive strength index of drop-jumps was between 0.75 and 1.5 in most children. Augmented feedback did not facilitate jumping performance like in previous studies with adult participants. In contrast, withholding augmented feedback during the first 4 weeks of training was associated with a reduction in jumping performance (p < 0.01 for drop-jumps, p < 0.05 for countermovement-jumps). Finally, improvements did not transfer to functional motor tasks containing jumps. According to the costs and outcomes we do not recommend drop-jump training with augmented feedback about the jump height for 4th grade physical education classes.
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Veldema J, Gharabaghi A. Non-invasive brain stimulation for improving gait, balance, and lower limbs motor function in stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:84. [PMID: 35922846 PMCID: PMC9351139 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize and analyze the available evidence of non-invasive brain stimulation/spinal cord stimulation on gait, balance and/or lower limb motor recovery in stroke patients. Methods The PubMed database was searched from its inception through to 31/03/2021 for randomized controlled trials investigating repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial/trans-spinal direct current/alternating current stimulation for improving gait, balance and/or lower limb motor function in stroke patients. Results Overall, 25 appropriate studies (including 657 stroke subjects) were found. The data indicates that non-invasive brain stimulation/spinal cord stimulation is effective in supporting recovery. However, the effects are inhomogeneous across studies: (1) transcranial/trans-spinal direct current/alternating current stimulation induce greater effects than repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and (2) bilateral application of non-invasive brain stimulation is superior to unilateral stimulation. Conclusions The current evidence encourages further research and suggests that more individualized approaches are necessary for increasing effect sizes in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Veldema
- Department of Sport Science, Bielefeld University, 33 501, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Matsugi A, Nishishita S, Yoshida N, Tanaka H, Douchi S, Bando K, Tsujimoto K, Honda T, Kikuchi Y, Shimizu Y, Odagaki M, Nakano H, Okada Y, Mori N, Hosomi K, Saitoh Y. Impact of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Cerebellum on Performance of a Ballistic Targeting Movement. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01438-9. [PMID: 35781778 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum on changes in motor performance during a series of repetitive ballistic-targeting tasks. Twenty-two healthy young adults (n = 12 in the active-rTMS group and n = 10 in the sham rTMS group) participated in this study. The participants sat on a chair in front of a monitor and fixed their right forearms to a manipulandum. They manipulated the handle with the flexion/extension of the wrist to move the bar on the monitor. Immediately after a beep sound was played, the participant moved the bar as quickly as possible to the target line. After the first 10 repetitions of the ballistic-targeting task, active or sham rTMS (1 Hz, 900 pulses) was applied to the right cerebellum. Subsequently, five sets of 100 repetitions of this task were conducted. Participants in the sham rTMS group showed improved reaction time, movement time, maximum velocity of movement, and targeting error after repetition. However, improvements were inhibited in the active-rTMS group. Low-frequency cerebellar rTMS may disrupt motor learning during repetitive ballistic-targeting tasks. This supports the hypothesis that the cerebellum contributes to motor learning and motor-error correction in ballistic-targeting movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Matsugi
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate Gakuen University, Hojo 5-11-10, Daitou city, Osaka, 574-0011, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, 3-11-1 Sakuranocho, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0054, Japan.,Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, 3-11-1 Sakuranocho, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0054, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshida
- Okayama Healthcare Professional University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University Hirakata Hospital, Shinmachi 2-3-1, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1191, Japan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi 2-5-1, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shinya Douchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Town, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 591-8025, Japan
| | - Kyota Bando
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, 187-0031, Japan
| | - Kengo Tsujimoto
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, 187-0031, Japan
| | - Takeru Honda
- Basic Technology Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Department of Rehabilitation for Intractable Neurological Disorders, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Ohtamachi366, Isesaki City, Gunma, 372-0006, Japan
| | - Yuto Shimizu
- Department of Rehabilitation for Intractable Neurological Disorders, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Ohtamachi366, Isesaki City, Gunma, 372-0006, Japan
| | - Masato Odagaki
- Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center of Kio University, Nara, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, 635-0832, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Mori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Hosomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youichi Saitoh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Machikaneyama 1-3, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Tokuyukai Rehabilitation Clinic, Shinsenrinishimachi 2-24-18, Toyonaka City, Osaka, 560-0083, Japan
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Cao N, Pi Y, Qiu F, Wang Y, Xia X, Liu Y, Zhang J. Plasticity changes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with procedural sequence learning are hemisphere-specific. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119406. [PMID: 35752417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticocortical neuroplastic changes from higher-order cortices to primary motor cortex (M1) have been described for procedural sequence learning. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays critical roles in cognition, including in motor learning and memory. However, neuroplastic changes in the DLPFC and their influence on M1 and on motor learning are not well understood. The present study examined bilateral DLPFC-M1 changes in plasticity induced by procedural motor sequence learning in a serial reaction time task. DLPFC plasticity induced by procedural sequence learning was examined by comparing before vs. after training assessments of ipsilateral/contralateral DLPFC-M1 interactions between sequence order and random order trials performed using either the left or right hand. Intra-hemispheric (inter-stimulus interval [ISI] = 10 ms) and inter-hemispheric (ISI = 10 or 50 ms) DLPFC-M1 interactions and single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The reaction times of participants measured during motor training were faster for sequence learning than for random learning with either hand. Paired-pulse TMS induced DLPFC-M1 interactions that were disinhibited after motor sequence learning, especially for left DLPFC-left M1 interactions with right hand task performance and for left DLPFC-right M1 interactions with left hand task performance. These findings indicate that motor sequence learning induces neuroplastic changes to enhance DLPFC-M1 interactions. This manifestation of plasticity showed hemispheric specificity, favoring the left DLPFC. DLPFC plasticity may be a useful index of DLPFC function and may be a treatment target for enhancing DLPFC function and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yanling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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Beroukhim-Kay D, Kim B, Monterosso J, Lewthwaite R, Winstein C. Different Patterns of Neural Activity Characterize Motor Skill Performance During Acquisition and Retention. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:900405. [PMID: 35769253 PMCID: PMC9234574 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.900405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor performance and learning have distinct behavioral and neural signatures and can be uniquely modulated by various informational and motivational factors. Contemporary frameworks describe four different motor learning mechanisms mapped onto specific neural regions which are key for motor skill acquisition: error-based learning (cerebellum), reinforcement learning (basal ganglia), cognitive strategies (prefrontal cortex), and use-dependent learning (motor cortex). However, little is known about the neural circuits engaged during skill acquisition that are modulated specifically by practice-based performance improvement and those that predict recall performance. Based on previous work, we hypothesize that brain activity during practice in primary motor cortex and basal ganglia (1) is associated with trial-by-trial practice performance and (2) is predictive of immediate recall performance. Leveraging the contemporary framework, we use a well-known task paradigm that primarily relies upon cognitive strategy, reinforcement, and use-based learning mechanisms to test our hypotheses. Forty neurotypical young adults were asked to practice a pinch force tracking task. Participants received performance feedback after each trial during practice. We used whole brain analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral performance measures (i.e., time-on-target and self-efficacy) during the practice phase to determine which brain activation patterns are (1) associated with trial-by-trial tracking performance and (2) predictive of immediate no-feedback retention performance. We observed brain activations in the frontal orbital cortex, putamen, amygdala, and insula correlated with tracking performance improvement during practice. In contrast, a different set of performance-related activated regions were observed that were associated with immediate retention performance that included the primary motor cortex, superior frontal gyrus, somatosensory cortex, angular gyrus, and parietal gyrus. Our findings demonstrate that improved practice performance and recall of a sensorimotor skill are correlated with distinct neural activity patterns during acquisition, drawing on different motor learning mechanisms during encoding. While motor performance improvements depend on both cortical and subcortical regions, motor skill recall depends primarily on prefrontal and motor cortices. We discuss possible interpretations for why our hypothesis regarding basal ganglia activity and retention performance was not supported. Understanding the different neural mechanisms engaged in motor performance and learning may inform novel interventions to enhance motor skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Beroukhim-Kay
- Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Southern California Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bokkyu Kim
- Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - John Monterosso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Lewthwaite
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Rehabilitation Therapies Division, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, United States
| | - Carolee Winstein
- Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Carolee Winstein,
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Demers M, Varghese R, Winstein C. Retrospective Analysis of Task-Specific Effects on Brain Activity After Stroke: A Pilot Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:871239. [PMID: 35721357 PMCID: PMC9201099 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.871239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEvidence supports cortical reorganization in sensorimotor areas induced by constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). However, only a few studies examined the neural plastic changes as a function of task specificity. This retrospective analysis aims to evaluate the functional brain activation changes during a precision and a power grasp task in chronic stroke survivors who received 2-weeks of CIMT compared to a no-treatment control group.MethodsFourteen chronic stroke survivors, randomized to CIMT (n = 8) or non-CIMT (n = 6), underwent functional MRI (fMRI) before and after a 2-week period. Two behavioral measures, the 6-item Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT-6) and the Motor Activity Log (MAL), and fMRI brain scans were collected before and after a 2-week period. During scan runs, participants performed two different grasp tasks (precision, power). Pre to post changes in laterality index (LI) were compared by group and task for two predetermined motor regions of interest: dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and primary motor cortex (MI).ResultsIn contrast to the control group, the CIMT group showed significant improvements in the WMFT-6. For the MAL, both groups showed a trend toward greater improvements from baseline. Two weeks of CIMT resulted in a relative increase in activity in a key region of the motor network, PMd of the lesioned hemisphere, under precision grasp task conditions compared to the non-treatment control group. No changes in LI were observed in MI for either task or group.ConclusionThese findings provide preliminary evidence for task-specific effects of CIMT in the promotion of recovery-supportive cortical reorganization in chronic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Demers
- Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rini Varghese
- Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carolee Winstein
- Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Carolee Winstein,
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Transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation over the cerebellum differentially affect the cerebellum and primary motor cortex pathway. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 100:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Mooney RA, Ni Z, Shirota Y, Chen R, Ugawa Y, Celnik PA. Age-related strengthening of cerebello-cortical motor circuits. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 118:9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Anwar H, Caby S, Dura-Bernal S, D’Onofrio D, Hasegan D, Deible M, Grunblatt S, Chadderdon GL, Kerr CC, Lakatos P, Lytton WW, Hazan H, Neymotin SA. Training a spiking neuronal network model of visual-motor cortex to play a virtual racket-ball game using reinforcement learning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265808. [PMID: 35544518 PMCID: PMC9094569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent models of spiking neuronal networks have been trained to perform behaviors in static environments using a variety of learning rules, with varying degrees of biological realism. Most of these models have not been tested in dynamic visual environments where models must make predictions on future states and adjust their behavior accordingly. The models using these learning rules are often treated as black boxes, with little analysis on circuit architectures and learning mechanisms supporting optimal performance. Here we developed visual/motor spiking neuronal network models and trained them to play a virtual racket-ball game using several reinforcement learning algorithms inspired by the dopaminergic reward system. We systematically investigated how different architectures and circuit-motifs (feed-forward, recurrent, feedback) contributed to learning and performance. We also developed a new biologically-inspired learning rule that significantly enhanced performance, while reducing training time. Our models included visual areas encoding game inputs and relaying the information to motor areas, which used this information to learn to move the racket to hit the ball. Neurons in the early visual area relayed information encoding object location and motion direction across the network. Neuronal association areas encoded spatial relationships between objects in the visual scene. Motor populations received inputs from visual and association areas representing the dorsal pathway. Two populations of motor neurons generated commands to move the racket up or down. Model-generated actions updated the environment and triggered reward or punishment signals that adjusted synaptic weights so that the models could learn which actions led to reward. Here we demonstrate that our biologically-plausible learning rules were effective in training spiking neuronal network models to solve problems in dynamic environments. We used our models to dissect the circuit architectures and learning rules most effective for learning. Our model shows that learning mechanisms involving different neural circuits produce similar performance in sensory-motor tasks. In biological networks, all learning mechanisms may complement one another, accelerating the learning capabilities of animals. Furthermore, this also highlights the resilience and redundancy in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Anwar
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Simon Caby
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Salvador Dura-Bernal
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - David D’Onofrio
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hasegan
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Matt Deible
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Grunblatt
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - George L. Chadderdon
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Cliff C. Kerr
- Dept Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Lakatos
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Dept. Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William W. Lytton
- Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Dept Neurology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Hananel Hazan
- Dept of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel A. Neymotin
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
- Dept. Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Iannone A, Santiago I, Ajao ST, Brasil-Neto J, Rothwell JC, Spampinato DA. Comparing the effects of focal and conventional tDCS on motor skill learning: A proof of principle study. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:83-86. [PMID: 35123828 PMCID: PMC9042790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising intervention in clinical and behavioral neuroscience; however, the response variability to this technique has limited its impact, partly due to the widespread of current flow with conventional methods. Here, we investigate whether a more targeted, focal approach over the primary motor cortex (M1) is advantageous for motor learning and targeting specific neuronal populations. Our preliminary results show that focal stimulation leads to enhanced skill learning and differentially recruits distinct pathways to M1. This finding suggests that focal tDCS approaches may improve the outcomes of future studies aiming to enhance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Iannone
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Irene Santiago
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Biomedicine, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvia T Ajao
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joaquim Brasil-Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Danny A Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Cerebellar noninvasive neuromodulation influences the reactivity of the contralateral primary motor cortex and surrounding areas: a TMS-EMG-EEG study. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 22:319-331. [PMID: 35355218 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding cerebellar-cortical physiological interactions is of fundamental importance to advance the efficacy of neurorehabilitation strategies for patients with cerebellar damage. Previous works have aimed to modulate this pathway by applying transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the cerebellum and probing the resulting changes in the primary motor cortex (M1) excitability with motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). While these protocols produce changes in cerebellar excitability, their ability to modulate MEPs has produced inconsistent results, mainly due to the MEP being a highly variable outcome measure that is susceptible to fluctuations in the excitability of M1 neurons and spinal interneurons. To overcome this limitation, we combined TMS with electroencephalography (EEG) to directly record TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and oscillations from the scalp. In three sessions, we applied intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), cathodal direct current stimulation (c-DC) or sham stimulation to modulate cerebellar activity. To assess the effects on M1 and nearby cortex, we recorded TMS-EEG and MEPs before, immediately after (T1) and 15 min (T2) following cerebellar neuromodulation. We found that cerebellar iTBS immediately increased TMS-induced alpha oscillations and produced lasting facilitatory effects on TEPs, whereas c-DC immediately decreased TMS-induced alpha oscillations and reduced TEPs. We also found increased MEP following iTBS but not after c-DC. All of the TMS-EEG measures showed high test-retest repeatability. Overall, this work importantly shows that cerebellar neuromodulation influences both cortical and corticospinal physiological measures; however, they are more pronounced and detailed when utilizing TMS-EEG outcome measures. These findings highlight the advantage of using TMS-EEG over MEPs when assessing the effects of neuromodulation.
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Lien YR, Lin YC, Lin SHN, Lin CP, Chang LH. Frequency-Dependent Effects of Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Visuomotor Accuracy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:804027. [PMID: 35368261 PMCID: PMC8971901 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.804027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in acquiring visuomotor skills. Visuomotor task mastery requires improving both visuomotor accuracy and stability; however, the cerebellum’s contribution to these processes remains unclear. We hypothesized that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum exerts frequency-dependent modulatory effects on both accuracy and stability in subjects performing a visuomotor coordination task (i.e., pursuit rotor task). We recruited 43 healthy volunteers and randomly assigned them to the high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF), and sham rTMS groups. We calculated changes in performance of the pursuit rotor task at the highest rotation speed and the minimum distance from target as indices of accuracy. We also calculated the intertrial variability (standard deviations) of time on target and distance from target as indices of stability. Visuomotor accuracy was significantly enhanced in the HF group and disrupted in the LF group compared to the sham group, indicating frequency-dependent effects of rTMS. In contrast, both HF and LF rTMS demonstrated no significant change in visuomotor stability. Surprisingly, our findings demonstrated that the accuracy and stability of visuomotor performance may be differentially influenced by cerebellar rTMS. This suggests that visuomotor accuracy and stability have different underlying neural mechanisms and revealed the possibility of training strategies based on cerebellar neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun R. Lien
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hua N. Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Education Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Li-Hung Chang,
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Stokes W, Stilling J, Anaya M, Statton M, St Pierre M, Celnik P, Cantarero G. Visuomotor adaptation learning not affected by repeated sport-related concussion. JOURNAL OF CONCUSSION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20597002221130658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports-related concussions (SRC) have been associated with emotional, cognitive, and affective symptoms including a negative impact on motor-based learning. However, no study has assessed the impact of SRC on cerebellar-based motor learning. Cerebellar-based motor learning was assessed in three different groups of athletes with different SRC history: athletes with no history of SRC: athletes in the acute stage of SRC (within two weeks of injury), and athletes in the chronic stage of SRC (over one year after injury). We used a visuomotor adaptation task (VAT) to measure both explicit strategy-based learning and implicit error-based learning. We found that there was no difference in cerebellar dependent motor learning in SRC and non-SRC athletes. These findings suggest that the cerebellum may be more resilient to damage from SRCs than the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew Statton
- Kennedy Krieger Institute Center for Movement Studies, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria St Pierre
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Akizuki K, Yamamoto R, Yabuki J, Yamaguchi K, Ohashi Y. Association between the Effects of Positive Social-Comparative Feedback and Learners' Competitiveness. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:537-547. [PMID: 34937519 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.2020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of positive social-comparative feedback on learners' intrinsic motivation on a motor learning task, as well as its association with learners' competitiveness. The participants, who performed a balance task in a positive social-comparative feedback and a control group, were assessed for performance outcome, perceived competence, and competitiveness. The positive social-comparative feedback group demonstrated more effective balance performance than the control group on the retention test. In addition, the participants in the positive social-comparative feedback group reported significantly higher perceived competence than the participants in the control group after practice. Further, a subscale of learners' competitiveness-instrumental competitiveness-predicted the performance on a retention test in the positive social-comparative feedback group, but not in the control group. Our results suggest that positive social-comparative feedback is not beneficial to all learners, and may even be less effective for learners with lower competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Akizuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Yabuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamaguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Misato Central General Hospital, Misato, Japan
| | - Yukari Ohashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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Leech KA, Roemmich RT, Gordon J, Reisman DS, Cherry-Allen KM. Updates in Motor Learning: Implications for Physical Therapist Practice and Education. Phys Ther 2021; 102:6409654. [PMID: 34718787 PMCID: PMC8793168 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, the volume of human motor learning research has grown enormously. As such, the understanding of motor learning (ie, sustained change in motor behavior) has evolved. It has been learned that there are multiple mechanisms through which motor learning occurs, each with distinctive features. These mechanisms include use-dependent, instructive, reinforcement, and sensorimotor adaptation-based motor learning. It is now understood that these different motor learning mechanisms contribute in parallel or in isolation to drive desired changes in movement, and each mechanism is thought to be governed by distinct neural substrates. This expanded understanding of motor learning mechanisms has important implications for physical therapy. It has the potential to facilitate the development of new, more precise treatment approaches that physical therapists can leverage to improve human movement. This Perspective describes scientific advancements related to human motor learning mechanisms and discusses the practical implications of this work for physical therapist practice and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristan A Leech
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Address all correspondence to Dr Leech at:
| | - Ryan T Roemmich
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Gordon
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Physical Therapy Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kendra M Cherry-Allen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Simis M, Fregni F, Battistella LR. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with robotic training in incomplete spinal cord injury: a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2021; 7:87. [PMID: 34580282 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-021-00448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. OBJECTIVE To test the effects of tDCS, combined with robotic training, on gait disability in SCI. Our hypothesis was that participants who received active tDCS would experience greater walking gains, as indexed by the WISCI-II, than those who received sham tDCS. SETTING University of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS This randomized, double-blind study comprised 43 participants with incomplete SCI who underwent 30 sessions of active (n = 21) or sham (n = 22) tDCS (20 min, 2 mA) before every Lokomat session of 30 min (3 times a week over 12 weeks or 5 times a week over 6 weeks). The main outcome was the improvement in WISCI-II. Participants were assessed at baseline, after 15 and 30 sessions of Lokomat, and after three months of treatment. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the percentage of participants that improved in WISCI-II at the 30-session, compared with baseline: 33.3% in the sham group and 70.0% in the active group (p = 0.046; OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.0-13.5). At the follow-up, the improvement compared with baseline in the sham group was 35.0% vs. 68.4% for the active group (p = 0.046; OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.0-13.5). There was no significant difference at the 15-session. CONCLUSION Thirty sessions of active tDCS is associated with a significant improvement in walking, compared to sham. Moreover, 15 sessions had no significant effect. The improvement in WISCI-II can be related to different aspects of motor learning, including motor recovery and compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Simis
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Institute of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Linamara R Battistella
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Mizuguchi N, Tsuchimoto S, Fujii H, Kato K, Nagami T, Kanosue K. Recognition capability of one's own skilled movement is dissociated from acquisition of motor skill memory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16710. [PMID: 34408254 PMCID: PMC8373862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When we have rehearsed a movement using an object, we can reproduce the movement without holding the object. However, the reproduced movement sometimes differs from the movement holding a real object, likely because movement recognition is inaccurate. In the present study, we tested whether the recognition capability was dissociated from the acquisition of motor skill memory. Twelve novices were asked to rotate two balls with their right hand as quickly as possible; they practiced the task for 29 days. To evaluate recognition capability, we calculated the difference in coordination pattern of all five digits between the ball-rotation movement and the reproduced movement without holding balls. The recognition capability did not change within the first day, but improved after one week of practice. On the other hand, performance of the ball rotation significantly improved within the first day. Since improvement of performance is likely associated with acquisition of motor skill memory, we suggest that recognition capability, which reflects the capability to cognitively access motor skill memory, was dissociated from the acquisition of motor skill memory. Therefore, recognition of one’s own skilled movement would rely on a hierarchical structure of acquisition of motor skill memory and cognitive access to that memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizuguchi
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Shohei Tsuchimoto
- Division of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kouki Kato
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.,Physical Education Center, Nanzan University, 18 Yamazato, Aichi, 466-8673, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nagami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.,College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kanosue
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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50
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Abstract
During prism adaptation (PA), active exposure to an optical shift results in sustained modifications of the sensorimotor system, which have been shown to expand to the cognitive level and serve as a rehabilitation technique for spatial cognition disorders. Several models based on evidence from clinical and neuroimaging studies offered a description of the cognitive and the neural correlates of PA. However, recent findings using noninvasive neurostimulation call for a reexamination of the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in PA. Specifically, recent studies demonstrated that M1 stimulation reactivates previously vanished sensorimotor changes 1 day after PA, induces after-effect strengthening, and boosts therapeutic effects up to the point of reversing treatment-resistant unilateral neglect. Here, we articulate findings from clinical, neuroimaging, and noninvasive brain stimulation studies to show that M1 contributes to acquiring and storing PA, by means of persisting latent changes after the behavioral training is terminated, consistent with studies on other sensorimotor adaptation procedures. Moreover, we describe the hierarchical organization as well as the timing of PA mechanisms and their anatomical correlates, and identify M1 as an anatomo-functional interface between low- and high-order PA-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Fleury
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.,Trajectoires, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Luigi Trojano
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy
| | - Yves Rossetti
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.,Trajectoires, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Bron, France
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