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Pędzich BD, Medrano M, Buckinx A, Smolders I, De Bundel D. Psychedelic-Induced Serotonin 2A Receptor Downregulation Does Not Predict Swim Stress Coping in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315284. [PMID: 36499610 PMCID: PMC9736085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotoninergic psychedelics such as psilocybin have been reported to elicit a long-lasting reduction in depressive symptoms. Although the main target for serotoninergic psychedelics, serotonin type 2A receptor (5-HT2A), has been established, the possible mechanism of the antidepressant action of psychedelics remains unknown. Using the mouse forced swim test model, we examined whether the administration of the synthetic serotoninergic psychedelic 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) would modulate 5-HT2A receptor levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and revert stress-induced changes in behavior. Mice subjected to swim stress developed a passive stress-coping strategy when tested in the forced swim test 6 days later. This change in behavior was not associated with the hypothesized increase in 5-HT2A receptor-dependent head twitch behaviors or consistent changes in 5-HT2A receptor levels in the mPFC. When DOI was administered 1 day before the forced swim test, a low dose (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) unexpectedly increased immobility while a high dose (2 mg/kg i.p.) had no significant effect on immobility. Nevertheless, DOI evoked a dose-dependent decrease in 5-HT2A levels in the mPFC of mice previously exposed to swim stress. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the downregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the mPFC contributes to the antidepressant-like properties of serotoninergic psychedelics.
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Kaplan AL, Confair DN, Kim K, Barros-Álvarez X, Rodriguiz RM, Yang Y, Kweon OS, Che T, McCorvy JD, Kamber DN, Phelan JP, Martins LC, Pogorelov VM, DiBerto JF, Slocum ST, Huang XP, Kumar JM, Robertson MJ, Panova O, Seven AB, Wetsel AQ, Wetsel WC, Irwin JJ, Skiniotis G, Shoichet BK, Roth BL, Ellman JA. Bespoke library docking for 5-HT 2A receptor agonists with antidepressant activity. Nature 2022; 610:582-591. [PMID: 36171289 PMCID: PMC9996387 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in screening ultralarge chemical libraries for ligand discovery, both empirically and computationally1-4. Efforts have focused on readily synthesizable molecules, inevitably leaving many chemotypes unexplored. Here we investigate structure-based docking of a bespoke virtual library of tetrahydropyridines-a scaffold that is poorly sampled by a general billion-molecule virtual library but is well suited to many aminergic G-protein-coupled receptors. Using three inputs, each with diverse available derivatives, a one pot C-H alkenylation, electrocyclization and reduction provides the tetrahydropyridine core with up to six sites of derivatization5-7. Docking a virtual library of 75 million tetrahydropyridines against a model of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) led to the synthesis and testing of 17 initial molecules. Four of these molecules had low-micromolar activities against either the 5-HT2A or the 5-HT2B receptors. Structure-based optimization led to the 5-HT2AR agonists (R)-69 and (R)-70, with half-maximal effective concentration values of 41 nM and 110 nM, respectively, and unusual signalling kinetics that differ from psychedelic 5-HT2AR agonists. Cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis confirmed the predicted binding mode to 5-HT2AR. The favourable physical properties of these new agonists conferred high brain permeability, enabling mouse behavioural assays. Notably, neither had psychedelic activity, in contrast to classic 5-HT2AR agonists, whereas both had potent antidepressant activity in mouse models and had the same efficacy as antidepressants such as fluoxetine at as low as 1/40th of the dose. Prospects for using bespoke virtual libraries to sample pharmacologically relevant chemical space will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Levit Kaplan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ximena Barros-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramona M Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oh Sang Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tao Che
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David N Kamber
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James P Phelan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luan Carvalho Martins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biochemistry Department, Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vladimir M Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jain Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alpay B Seven
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Autumn Q Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Roth BL. Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action. J Neurochem 2021; 162:24-38. [PMID: 34797943 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A confluence of factors has renewed interest in the scientific understanding and translational potential of psychedelic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, and psilocybin: the desire for additional approaches to mental health care, incremental progress in basic and clinical research, and the reconsideration and relaxation of existing drug policies. With the United States Food and Drug Administration's designation of psilocybin as a "Breakthrough Therapy" for treatment-resistant depression, a new path has been forged for the conveyance of psychedelics to the clinic. Essential to the further development of such applications, however, is a clearer understanding of how these drugs exert their effects at the molecular level. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the molecular details of psychedelic drug actions and suggest that these discoveries can facilitate new insights into their hallucinogenic and therapeutic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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LSD-stimulated behaviors in mice require β-arrestin 2 but not β-arrestin 1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17690. [PMID: 34480046 PMCID: PMC8417039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that psychedelic drugs can exert beneficial effects on anxiety, depression, and ethanol and nicotine abuse in humans. However, their hallucinogenic side-effects often preclude their clinical use. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a prototypical hallucinogen and its psychedelic actions are exerted through the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor (5-HT2AR). 5-HT2AR activation stimulates Gq- and β-arrestin- (βArr) mediated signaling. To separate these signaling modalities, we have used βArr1 and βArr2 mice. We find that LSD stimulates motor activities to similar extents in WT and βArr1-KO mice, without effects in βArr2-KOs. LSD robustly stimulates many surrogates of psychedelic drug actions including head twitches, grooming, retrograde walking, and nose-poking in WT and βArr1-KO animals. By contrast, in βArr2-KO mice head twitch responses are low with LSD and this psychedelic is without effects on other surrogates. The 5-HT2AR antagonist MDL100907 (MDL) blocks the LSD effects. LSD also disrupts prepulse inhibition (PPI) in WT and βArr1-KOs, but not in βArr2-KOs. MDL restores LSD-mediated disruption of PPI in WT mice; haloperidol is required for normalization of PPI in βArr1-KOs. Collectively, these results reveal that LSD’s psychedelic drug-like actions appear to require βArr2.
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Hoyer D. Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108233. [PMID: 32805212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the serotonin (5-HT) system is no simple task: there are at least 15 5-HT receptors, in addition to a number of transporters and metabolizing enzymes. Multiple 5-HT receptor variants exist due to genetic variations and/or post translational modifications, splice variants or editing variants. Some receptors may form homo and heteromers. The 5-HT system is targeted by multiple drugs to treat a variety of diseases. Given the homology amongst the 5-HT and neighbouring receptor classes, only few drugs are actually selective for a single target. In fact, many 5-HT drugs act on a combination of targets, i.e. several receptors and/or transporters or enzymes. For instance, a number of antidepressants or antipsychotics act on 5-HT and other transmitter systems. Recently developed drugs may show target selectivity by design, based on the current state of knowledge, whereas many older compounds hit multiple targets since they were developed using phenotypic screens, as was done well into the 1980's. Ergot analogues, antipsychotics or antidepressants, fall into this category. As our knowledge developed over the last 25-30 years, some targets have very well-defined liabilities: for instance, 5HT2B or 5-HT2A receptor agonists, will produce valvulopathies or hallucinations, respectively, whereas 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, may lead to constipation. This short review will be limited in scope as there are multiple targets and even more compounds to discuss. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Ren A, Zhu X, Feichtinger K, Lehman J, Kasem M, Schrader TO, Wong A, Dang H, Le M, Frazer J, Unett DJ, Grottick AJ, Whelan KT, Morgan ME, Sage CR, Semple G. Discovery of a lead series of potent benzodiazepine 5-HT2C receptor agonists with high selectivity in functional and binding assays. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Roth BL, Lopez E, Patel S, Kroeze WK. The Multiplicity of Serotonin Receptors: Uselessly Diverse Molecules or an Embarrassment of Riches? Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A large number of 5-HT receptors (>15) have been identified by molecular cloning technology over the past 10 years. This review briefly summarizes available information regarding the functional and therapeutic implications of serotonin receptor diversity for neurology and psychiatry. 5-HT receptors are divided into seven main families: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7. Several families (e.g., 5-HT1 family) have many members (e.g., 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F), each of which is encoded by a distinct gene product. In addition to the genomic diversity of 5-HT receptors, splice variants and editing isoforms exist for many of the 5-HT receptors, making the family even more diverse. Evidence that is summarized in this review suggests that 5-HT receptors represent novel therapeutic targets for a number of neurologic and psychiatric diseases including migraine headaches, chronic pain conditions, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, and obesity-related conditions (Type II diabetes, hypertension, obesity syndromes). It is possible that sub-type-selective serotonergic agents may revolutionize the treatment for a number of medical, psychiatric, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio,
| | - Estelle Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shamil Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wesley K. Kroeze
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, Ohio
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Meltzer HY, Roth BL. Lorcaserin and pimavanserin: emerging selectivity of serotonin receptor subtype-targeted drugs. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4986-91. [PMID: 24292660 DOI: 10.1172/jci70678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) receptors mediate a plethora of physiological phenomena in the brain and the periphery. Additionally, serotonergic dysfunction has been implicated in nearly every neuropsychiatric disorder. The effects of serotonin are mediated by fourteen GPCRs. Both the therapeutic actions and side effects of commonly prescribed drugs are frequently due to nonspecific actions on various 5-HT receptor subtypes. For more than 20 years, the search for clinically efficacious drugs that selectively target 5-HT receptor subtypes has been only occasionally successful. This review provides an overview of 5-HT receptor pharmacology and discusses two recent 5-HT receptor subtype-selective drugs, lorcaserin and pimavanserin, which target the 5HT2C and 5HT2A receptors and provide new treatments for obesity and Parkinson's disease psychosis, respectively.
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Substituted Iboga-alkaloids and their model receptor interactions – Theoretical and experimental studies. Nat Prod Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.704375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Allen JA, Yadav PN, Roth BL. Insights into the regulation of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors by scaffolding proteins and kinases. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:961-8. [PMID: 18640136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-HT(2A) serotonin receptors are essential molecular targets for the actions of LSD-like hallucinogens and atypical antipsychotic drugs. 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptors also mediate a variety of physiological processes in peripheral and central nervous systems including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, and the modulation of mood and perception. Scaffolding proteins have emerged as important regulators of 5-HT(2A) receptors and our recent studies suggest multiple scaffolds exist for 5-HT(2A) receptors including PSD95, arrestin, and caveolin. In addition, a novel interaction has emerged between p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and 5-HT(2A) receptors which attenuates receptor signaling. This article reviews our recent studies and emphasizes the role of scaffolding proteins and kinases in the regulation of 5-HT(2A) trafficking, targeting and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, 8032 Burnett-Womack, CB #7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
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Shapiro DA, Renock S, Arrington E, Chiodo LA, Liu LX, Sibley DR, Roth BL, Mailman R. Aripiprazole, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1400-11. [PMID: 12784105 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotic drugs have revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. The current clinically approved atypical antipsychotic drugs are characterized by having relatively low affinities for D(2)-dopamine receptors and relatively high affinities for 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptors (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)). Aripiprazole (OPC-14597) is a novel atypical antipsychotic drug that is reported to be a high-affinity D(2)-dopamine receptor partial agonist. We now provide a comprehensive pharmacological profile of aripiprazole at a large number of cloned G protein-coupled receptors, transporters, and ion channels. These data reveal a number of interesting and potentially important molecular targets for which aripiprazole has affinity. Aripiprazole has highest affinity for h5-HT(2B)-, hD(2L)-, and hD(3)-dopamine receptors, but also has significant affinity (5-30 nM) for several other 5-HT receptors (5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(7)), as well as alpha(1A)-adrenergic and hH(1)-histamine receptors. Aripiprazole has less affinity (30-200 nM) for other G protein-coupled receptors, including the 5-HT(1D), 5-HT(2C), alpha(1B)-, alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)-, alpha(2C)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-adrenergic, and H(3)-histamine receptors. Functionally, aripiprazole is an inverse agonist at 5-HT(2B) receptors and displays partial agonist actions at 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), D(3), and D(4) receptors. Interestingly, we also discovered that the functional actions of aripiprazole at cloned human D(2)-dopamine receptors are cell-type selective, and that a range of actions (eg agonism, partial agonism, antagonism) at cloned D(2)-dopamine receptors are possible depending upon the cell type and function examined. This mixture of functional actions at D(2)-dopamine receptors is consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Lawler et al (1999) that aripiprazole has "functionally selective" actions. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that the unique actions of aripiprazole in humans are likely a combination of "functionally selective" activation of D(2) (and possibly D(3))-dopamine receptors, coupled with important interactions with selected other biogenic amine receptors--particularly 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A)).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA
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Sheffler DJ, Roth BL. Salvinorin A: the "magic mint" hallucinogen finds a molecular target in the kappa opioid receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2003; 24:107-9. [PMID: 12628350 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(03)00027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene, is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known and rivals the synthetic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide in potency. Recently, the molecular target of salvinorin A was identified as the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Salvinorin A represents the only known non-nitrogenous KOR selective agonist. Based on the selectivity of salvinorin A for the KOR, this receptor represents a potential molecular target for the development of drugs to treat disorders characterized by alterations in perception, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Xia Z, Hufeisen SJ, Gray JA, Roth BL. The PDZ-binding domain is essential for the dendritic targeting of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 2003; 122:907-20. [PMID: 14643760 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor represents an important molecular target for atypical antipsychotic drugs and for most hallucinogens. In the mammalian cerebral cortex, 5-HT(2A) receptors are enriched in pyramidal neurons, within which 5-HT(2A) receptors are preferentially sorted to the apical dendrites. In primary cortical cultures, 5-HT(2A) receptors are sorted to dendrites and not found in the axons of pyramidal neurons. We identified a sorting motif that mediates the preferential targeting of 5-HT(2A) receptors to the dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro. We constructed green fluorescent protein-tagged 5-HT(2A) receptors wherein potential sorting motifs were disrupted, and subsequently employed either the Semliki Forest virus or calcium phosphate for the transient expression of recombinant 5-HT(2A) receptors in cultured cortical pyramidal neurons. Using dual-labeling immunofluorescent confocal microscopy, we quantified the axonal and dendritic sorting patterns of endogenous and recombinant 5-HT(2A) receptors. We discovered that disruption of the PDZ-binding domain of the 5-HT(2A) receptor greatly attenuates the dendritic targeting of 5-HT(2A) receptors without inappropriately sorting 5-HT(2A) receptors to axons. The PDZ-binding domain is therefore a necessary signal for the preferential targeting of the 5-HT(2A) receptor to the dendritic compartment of cultured cortical pyramidal neurons, the first such role ascribed to this protein-protein interaction motif of any G protein-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xia
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Quinn JC, Johnson-Farley NN, Yoon J, Cowen DS. Activation of extracellular-regulated kinase by 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptors in PC12 cells is protein kinase C-independent and requires calmodulin and tyrosine kinases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:746-52. [PMID: 12388661 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.038083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2A) receptors have been implicated to play a role in both the treatment and pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric disorders. Therefore, the coupling of this receptor to signals, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), that elicit long-term neuronal changes may be relevant. In the present study we examined the coupling of the G(q)-coupled receptor to ERK in PC12 cells, a cell line commonly used as a neuronal model system. Activation of ERK occurred through a pathway different than the protein kinase C-dependent pathways described previously in studies of non-neuronal cells. Activation of ERK, in PC12 cells, was inhibited by both chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) and by depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Surprisingly, activation was not inhibited, but actually potentiated, by a variety of protein kinase C inhibitors covering all known protein kinase C isoforms. In contrast, the coupling of receptor to activation of ERK was found to be sensitive to N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W7) and N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W13), inhibitors of calmodulin, but not to 1-(N,O-bis[5-isoquinolinesulfonyl]-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl)-4-phenylpiperazine (KN62) and 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine) (KN93), inhibitors of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Additionally, the general tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, as well as the Src inhibitor PP1 and the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor 4-(3-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (AG 1478), inhibited receptor-mediated activation of ERK, suggesting a role for tyrosine kinases. In fact, 5-HT was found to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins, and this phosphorylation was inhibited by W7. 5-HT(2A) receptor-activation of ERK through a protein kinase C-independent pathway requiring Ca(2+)/calmodulin/tyrosine kinases represents a pathway distinct from those described in studies of non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Roth BL, Shapiro DA. Insights into the structure and function of 5-HT(2) family serotonin receptors reveal novel strategies for therapeutic target development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2001; 5:685-695. [PMID: 12540278 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.5.6.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
5-HT(2) family serotonin receptors, principal sites of action of serotonin in the brain, represent major molecular targets for drugs used in treating a variety of diseases including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain conditions and obesity. The 5-HT(2) family of receptors has three members: 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C). Therefore, it is likely that subtype-selective compounds will be needed to avoid serious side effects and to enhance therapeutic indices. Unfortunately, recent insights into the structure and function of 5-HT(2A) receptors have revealed that structurally-diverse agonists and antagonists have distinct modes of interacting with 5-HT(2A) receptors, complicating efforts at structure-based drug-design. These distinct binding modes would not have been predicted based on conventional structure-activity relationships or static docking models. Fortunately, these complicated binding modes can be predicted and simulated using molecular dynamics, allowing for the possibility of structure-based drug design. Thus, provided appropriately sophisticated drug design strategies are employed, it is likely that uniquely valuable medications will result which could have great potential for treating a variety of mental and physical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- Departments of Biochemistry, Neurosciences and Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-4935, USA.
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