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Sell NM, Testa M. Precollege Risk Markers for College Rape and Verbal Sexual Coercion: Same or Different? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:3261-3281. [PMID: 38345012 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241229722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Verbal sexual coercion (VSC) and rape are common experiences among college women. Although they have been theorized to involve different risk markers, few prospective studies have examined predictors of VSC and rape separately. The present prospective study was designed to identify precollege risk markers for VSC and rape in first-year college women, with the goal of considering the degree to which they overlap or differ. Women (N = 449) recruited from the community just prior to high school graduation completed measures of sexual victimization (SV) since age 14 but prior to college, sexual refusal assertiveness, high school heavy episodic drinking (HED), college drinking intentions, and sociosexuality. Follow-up surveys at the end of the first and second college semesters assessed VSC and rape. Using the Sexual Experiences Survey's severity scoring method, women were classified into one of three groups according to the most severe type of SV reported in the first year of college: neither VSC nor rape (71%), VSC (16%), and rape (13%). Most women who experienced rape (73%) also experienced VSC. Precollege SV and college drinking intentions predicted both rape and VSC. Sexual refusal assertiveness and high school HED did not independently predict either form of victimization. Sociosexuality predicted rape but not VSC. Findings suggest a substantial overlap in the predictors of VSC and rape and support the severity continuum underlying many conceptualizations of SV.
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Christ C, van Schaik DJF, Kikkert MJ, de Waal MM, Dozeman E, Hulstijn HL, Koomen LM, Krah IM, Schut DM, Beekman ATF, Dekker JJM. Internet-based emotion regulation training aimed at reducing violent revictimization and depressive symptoms in victimized depressed patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:95-103. [PMID: 38521137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressed patients who have become victim of violence are prone to revictimization. However, no evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing revictimization in this group exist. METHODS This multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of an internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT) added to TAU in reducing revictimization, emotion dysregulation, and depressive symptoms in recently victimized, depressed patients compared to TAU alone. Adult outpatients (N = 153) with a depressive disorder who had experienced threat, physical assault, or sexual assault within the previous three years were randomly allocated to TAU+iERT (n = 74) or TAU (n = 79). TAU involved psychotherapy (mainly cognitive behavioral therapy [77.8 %]). iERT comprised six guided online sessions focused on the acquisition of adaptive emotion regulation skills. The primary outcome measure was the number of revictimization incidents at 12 months after baseline, measured with the Safety Monitor. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS Both groups showed a large decrease in victimization incidents. Mixed-model negative binomial regression analyses showed that TAU+iERT was not effective in reducing revictimization compared to TAU (IRR = 0.97; 95%CI = 0.64,1.46; p = .886). Linear mixed-model analyses demonstrated that TAU+iERT yielded a larger reduction of emotion dysregulation (B = -7.217; p = .046; Cohens d = 0.33), but not depressive symptoms (B = -1.041; p = .607) than TAU. LIMITATIONS The study was underpowered to detect small treatment effects. Additionally, uptake of iERT was quite low. CONCLUSIONS Although TAU+iERT resulted in a larger decrease of emotion dysregulation than TAU alone, it was not effective in reducing revictimization and depressive symptoms. Patients' revictimization risk substantially decreased during psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christ
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - D J F van Schaik
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Kikkert
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M M de Waal
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Dozeman
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H L Hulstijn
- PuntP, Department of Affective Disorders, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M Koomen
- Arkin BasisGGZ, Department of Primary Mental Health Care, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I M Krah
- GGZ Breburg, Department of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - D M Schut
- Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Department of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - A T F Beekman
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Research and Innovation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J M Dekker
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lutz-Zois CJ, Selvey AM, Anderson KL, Smidt AM. The Role of Mistrust in Sexual Revictimization: An Analysis of Serial Indirect Effects. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1477-1497. [PMID: 36540934 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221145294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
A sample of 819 female college students completed measures of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), adult sexual victimization (ASV), mistrust, trauma-related symptoms, and drinking problems. Using a serial indirect effects model, we hypothesized that CSA would be associated with ASV through the indirect effects of mistrust → trauma-related symptoms → drinking problems. The results indicated that this serial indirect effects model was significant. When the order of the first two indirect effects was reversed, the model was not significant. These results highlight the importance of examining potential factors involved in sexual revictimization in tandem rather than in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia M Selvey
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kirsten L Anderson
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alec M Smidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Biluala F, Kayembe HC, Batumbo D, Kapour G, Mumbanza F, Bokabo E, Longo-Mbenza B, Zinga B. Magnitude and factors associated with sexual re-victimization among adolescent girls and young women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective multicenter study. Reprod Health 2023; 20:179. [PMID: 38057905 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls and young women are more exposed to sexual violence. A significant proportion of victims of sexual abuse are victims of sexual re-victimization. However, information on the burden of sexual re-victimization among AGYW in contexts other than conflict-affected areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of sexual re-victimization among AGYW and to identify associated risk factors in the capital, Kinshasa. METHODS We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study in which sexual violence records between 2015 and 2020 were used to extract and analyze victims' sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and profiles of sexual violence perpetrated. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to identify factors associated with sexual re-victimization using the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and p value < 0.05. RESULTS We found that 74 (31%) of the 241 AGYW included in this study had experienced sexual re-victimization. Sexual re-victimization was associated with being older (> 19 years), sexually active, and living in a single-parent family, and with perpetrator types, particularly intimate partners and family members. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide tools for developing and implementing targeted prevention and intervention programs to reduce sexual violence in general and sexual re-victimization in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fifiya Biluala
- Master of Ecology and Governance of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Harry César Kayembe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| | - Doudou Batumbo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Germain Kapour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Félicitée Mumbanza
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Bokabo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, B.P.: 834, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Berthe Zinga
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Angelino AC, Burns J, LaForme C, Giroux R. Missing and murdered Indigenous women, girls, and Two Spirit people: a paediatric health crisis. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:741-746. [PMID: 37451299 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous children and adolescents across the USA and Canada experience increased emotional, physical, and sexual violence resulting from the longstanding effects of colonialism and historical trauma. There is a substantial lack of research exploring these issues and scarce efforts outside of Indigenous communities to support victims. However, the association between exposure to violence and abuse and adverse health outcomes among Indigenous children and adolescents is clear. In this Viewpoint, we explore this association, discuss historical context, highlight important work by governments and community organisations, and suggest actions for paediatricians and paediatric health-care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Angelino
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph Burns
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheyenne LaForme
- Department of Pediatrics, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Giroux
- Department of Pediatrics, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Walsh K, Gilmore AK, Jaffe AE, Frazier P, Ledray L, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS. A preliminary examination of sexual and physical victimization 6 months after recent rape. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:495-501. [PMID: 37286883 PMCID: PMC10913087 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One in four US women will experience a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime, and more than 50% of survivors will experience two or more rapes. Rape and physical violence also co-occur. Multiple experiences of sexual and physical violence are associated with elevated mental and physical health problems. This secondary analysis examined the prevalence and correlates of experiencing sexual or physical violence within 6 months of a sexual assault medical forensic exam (SAMFE). Between May 2009 and December 2013, 233 female rape survivors aged 15 and older were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial during a SAMFE in the emergency department (ED). Demographics, rape characteristics, distress at the ED, and pre-rape history of sexual or physical victimization were assessed. New sexual and physical victimization was assessed 6 months after the SAMFE via telephone interview. Six months after the exam, 21.7% reported a new sexual or physical victimization. Predictors of revictimization during follow-up included sexual or physical victimization prior to the index rape, making less than $10,000 annually, remembering the rape well, life threat during the rape, and higher distress at the ED. In adjusted models, only pre-rape victimization and making less than $10,000 annually were associated with revictimization. Factors assessed at the ED can inform subsequent victimization risk. More research is needed to prevent revictimization among recent rape victims. Policies to provide financial support to recent rape victims and/or targeted prevention for those with pre-rape victimization at the SAMFE could reduce revictimization risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01430624.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Walsh
- Departments of Psychology and Gender & Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Patricia Frazier
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda Ledray
- SANE SART Resource Service, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ron Acierno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dean G Kilpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Heidi S Resnick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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7
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Jaffe AE, Brockdorf AN, Messman TL, Gratz KL, DiLillo D. Is the Risk for Sexual Revictimization Cumulative? A Prospective Examination. Womens Health Issues 2023; 33:208-214. [PMID: 36581510 PMCID: PMC10023376 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual abuse during childhood is associated with risk for sexual assault as an adult, known as revictimization. Although multiple experiences of sexual assault in adulthood are also common, it is unclear how risk trajectories might continue to evolve in emerging adulthood, defined as ages 18-25. Clarifying risk trajectories is important to inform the development of targeted risk reduction interventions. To fill this gap, we examined cumulative risk for sexual assault in emerging adult women following multiple experiences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adulthood sexual assault (ASA). METHODS Women (n = 447; aged 18-25 years at enrollment) completed behaviorally specific assessments of unwanted sexual experiences at up to 9 time points across 3 years. Logistic regression was used to predict any sexual assault during the 3-year period as a function of victimization history at baseline. A multilevel logistic regression analysis among ASA survivors was then used to determine whether each successive ASA increased risk for further victimization. RESULTS Extending prior research, findings revealed that the risk for sexual assault during the 3-year study was greater for women reporting more prior experiences of CSA and ASA. Unexpectedly, each ASA increased the risk for a subsequent ASA to a lesser extent among women with more experiences of CSA. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the risk for sexual revictimization can be cumulative, but that risk does not increase indefinitely. Future research should investigate the points at which survivors of multiple assaults may begin to experience a decreased risk for later assaults, as well as the factors associated with change in risk status (e.g., removal from violent environments or relationships, changes in institutional policies). Such research could inform intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
| | | | | | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - David DiLillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Reyes-Sosa H, Martínez-Cueva S, Idoiaga Mondragón N. Rape Culture, Revictimization, and Social Representations: Images and Discourses on Sexual and Violent Crimes in the Digital Sphere in Mexico. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP847-NP871. [PMID: 35360959 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221084747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The digital sphere has become a space in which misogyny-laden discourses are constantly presented. In fact, in Mexico persists a rape culture that justifies violent acts against women and blames the victims of the crimes through social opinions. The present study proposed an approach based on the Theory of Social Representations. In this sense, this study aimed to analyze the discourses that emerge in the digital sphere when users give their opinion on five types of crimes against women: femicide, rape, enforced disappearance, abuse, and sexual harassment. The results revealed that there are four types of discourse (representations) framed within rape culture: disbelief of rape, blaming the victim, revictimization, and disempowering women. It is concluded that Mexican society maintains a representation that stereotypes and devalues the image of women, which allows us to understand the aggressions that women suffer in their daily lives.
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Yesodharan R, Nayak V, Jose T, Palimar V, George A. The effectiveness of a sexual assault nurse examiner-grounding program (SANE-GP) on knowledge, skill and practice regarding sexual assault examination (SAE) among nurses working in a tertiary care hospital in Udupi district, India: A study protocol. F1000Res 2022; 11:134. [PMID: 36636475 PMCID: PMC9811034 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74978.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The medico-legal care of victims of sexual assault is very challenging, and requires specific knowledge and skills. Professionals in the emergency departments of hospitals might not have specialised training in forensic science. Nurses have a very significant role in these settings, but they lack any formal forensic training. This study aims to develop a sexual assault nurse examiner-grounding program (SANE-GP) for Indian nurses to inculcate knowledge and skill regarding sexual assault examination. The study adopts a three-stage Delphi technique to develop the training module and uses a time-series design to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. A questionnaire on nurses' knowledge on sexual assault examination (KQSANE-I) will be developed in phase-I and subsequently used in phase-II. The protocol of SANE-GP will help the medical community to implement the program across India. The implementation of SANE-GP can also help to start a sexual assault nurse examiner network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjulal Yesodharan
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India,
| | - Tessy Jose
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vikram Palimar
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anice George
- Department of Peadiatric Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Freitag SL, Lenzenweger MF, Crowson HM. Does Self-Silencing Behavior Mediate the Relation Between Rejection Sensitivity and Sexual Violence Victimization? Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221142918. [PMID: 36474445 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221142918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research reveals that rejection sensitivity is associated with both sexual violence victimization and self-silencing behavior, yet the association among these variables has not been examined. As the foundation for this study, we propose a theoretical model that integrates these constructs. Using mediational analyses with bootstrapping, the results from a sample of 241 heterosexual college women revealed that consistent with the proposed model, self-silencing mediated the link between rejection sensitivity and reports of unwanted sexual contact and rape. The implications of the findings for the prevention of victimization/revictimization and interventions with victimized women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark F Lenzenweger
- State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
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Women Selling Sex in Russia: Analyzing Women’s Appraisal of Exploitation and Mistreatment Using Cognitive Dissonance and Cultural Sex Script Frameworks. SEXES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes3030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, over a third of women have experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. In Russia, human trafficking, sexual exploitation, and physical abuse of women are amongst the world’s highest. Applying cognitive dissonance theory and sexual script theory, this study explores whether women (n = 654) trading sex in Russia appraise their experiences of entering the commercial sex trade as voluntary or forced. Contributing client factors were also analyzed, including beatings (66%), rape (66%), and humiliation (86%) by clients. Multiple logistic regression assessed whether women who reported voluntarily entering the commercial sex trade were more likely to experience physical abuse but less likely to experience rape (AOR:1.37); were more likely to perceive men using them as decent/caring (AOR = 2.54); were more likely to sell sadistic/masochistic services (AOR: 2.31); and less likely to stop selling sex (AOR: 5.84). Implications of this study reveal the importance of intervention strategies that account for a woman’s unawareness of her own exploitation and mistreatment as well as the psychological barriers that prevent her from seeking help. The necessity of recognizing women selling sex as sufferers of coercion and abuse is also emphasized.
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Cusack SE, Bourdon JL, Bountress K, Saunders TR, Kendler KS, Dick DM, Amstadter AB. Prospective Predictors of Sexual Revictimization Among College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:8494-8518. [PMID: 31130049 PMCID: PMC7251549 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519849680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence rates of sexual violence revictimization during each year of college. In addition, the impact of key mental health concerns on these rates was investigated. Incoming first-year students at a large, urban university completed a survey about their exposure to incidences of sexual assault before college and about their mental health symptoms. During each subsequent spring semester, experiences of sexual assault and mental health symptoms were reassessed. The sample was limited to individuals who reported sexual assault for at least one time period (N = 3,294). More than 60% of individuals who endorsed an initial incident of sexual assault reported no subsequent incidences, leading to an overall revictimization rate of 39.5%. Rates of revictimization were higher for those identifying as women, as compared to men, and those identifying as White, as compared to those identifying as Asian or "other." Trauma-related distress and increased symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depression were all related to a greater risk of experiencing revictimization. Given that experiencing an initial sexual assault greatly increases the risk of experiencing revictimization, and considering the notable prevalence rates of sexual assault on college campuses, it is imperative to examine trends in revictimization throughout the course of college. Examining factors that increase risk for experiencing revictimization is crucial to developing university-wide effective prevention and intervention efforts. In addition to the efforts to increase the reporting of incidences of sexual assault, universal programming efforts should also focus on factors that promote resilience in the face of sexual assault, such as reducing risky drinking behavior, increasing social support, and reducing stigma around the reporting of mental health symptoms.
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Sutton TE, Simons LG, Tyler KA. Hooking-Up and Sexual Victimization on Campus: Examining Moderators of Risk. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8146-NP8175. [PMID: 30973050 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519842178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hooking-up among college students presents an increased risk of sexual victimization, perhaps due to increased contact with potential perpetrators in a risky context. However, little work has examined factors that might increase the risk of victimization associated with hooking-up, and few studies examine victimization among both men and women. To address this gap in the literature, we utilize data from 702 college women and 677 college men to explore childhood sexual abuse, family violence, sexual minority (SM) status, and problematic alcohol use as potential moderators of the association between hooking-up and three forms of sexual victimization: coerced, incapacitated, and forced. Results of regression analyses indicate several significant interactions and significant main effects. For example, SM men and women were each at an increased risk of forced and incapacitated victimization when hook-up frequency was high compared with non-SM students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutton
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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14
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Kirwan M, Lanni DJ, Nagy S, Pickett SM. Building a Model to Predict Sexual Assault Victimization Frequency Among Undergraduate Women. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1925-1946. [PMID: 34229524 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211022777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has identified several factors, including sexual risk behaviors, alcohol consumption, sexual refusal assertiveness, impulse control difficulties, drinking to cope, and sex to cope, as being associated with sexual assault victimization. Data were collected from 465 adult, undergraduate women, and analyzed using structural equation modeling to determine how these variables related to one another. Results showed that together, these factors predicted 17.1% of the variance in victimization frequency. These findings may help future researchers better understand the etiology of sexual assault victimization on college campuses and prove crucial to the development of future intervention programs which reduce victimization.
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15
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Murphy-Oikonen J, Chambers L, McQueen K, Hiebert A, Miller A. Sexual Assault: Indigenous Women's Experiences of Not Being Believed by the Police. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1237-1258. [PMID: 34074172 PMCID: PMC8899806 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211013903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rates of sexual victimization among Indigenous women are 3 times higher when
compared with non-Indigenous women. The purpose of this secondary data analysis
was to explore the experiences and recommendations of Indigenous women who
reported sexual assault to the police and were not believed. This qualitative
study of the experiences of 11 Indigenous women reflects four themes. The women
experienced (a) victimization across the lifespan, (b) violent sexual assault,
(c) dismissal by police, and (d) survival and resilience. These women were
determined to voice their experience and make recommendations for change in the
way police respond to sexual assault.
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Williams JR, McCabe BE, de Tantillo L, Levoy K, Behar-Zusman V. Health Correlates of Abuse History and Moderating Effect of Parenting Stress for Mothers with Mental Disorders. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2021; 42:555-563. [PMID: 32965137 PMCID: PMC8020494 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1820121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parenting stress is common and may lead to worsening health, particularly in the context of other risk factors such as mental disorders or a history of abuse. This study investigated how parenting-related stress impacts the effect of abuse experiences on health among mothers with mental health disorders. Survey data was analyzed from 172 predominantly Hispanic mothers receiving outpatient behavioral health services. Most (80.2%) mothers had experienced abuse. Those reporting childhood abuse had 3.82 greater odds of experiencing abuse in adulthood. Findings demonstrated worse health outcomes among those experiencing abuse in both childhood and adulthood and those with a greater number of abuse experiences. Caregiving load intensified the relationship between abuse and anxiety and sleep disturbance. Parenting self-agency intensified the relationship between abuse and cigarette use. These findings have important implications for mental health nursing practice by identifying parenting-stress as an important target for interventions to improve health among women with histories of abuse and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Williams
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian E. McCabe
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Lila de Tantillo
- Keigwin School of Nursing, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristin Levoy
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victoria Behar-Zusman
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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Walker HE, Wamser-Nanney R, Howell KH. Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Sexual Assault among Emerging Adults: Exploring the Roles of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Emotion Regulation, and Anger. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:407-426. [PMID: 33622193 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1890295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been previously linked with a risk for adult sexual assault (ASA) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Yet, the relations between CSA, ASA, and other psychological outcomes that may contribute to increased risk for ASA are less clear. This study aims to: 1) examine the links between CSA and ASA and potential risk factors (i.e., PTSS, emotion dysregulation, anger), 2) determine whether there are indirect effects between CSA and ASA through each factor, and 3) investigate whether there are indirect effects between CSA and ASA through the DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters. The sample included 567 undergraduates (Mage = 20.84, SD = 4.10; 81.1% women; 56.6% white) from two universities. Both CSA and ASA were related to PTSS, emotion dysregulation, and anger. There were indirect effects of CSA on ASA through PTSS and anger (B = .04, B = .01, respectively). CSA was associated with each of the PTSD symptom clusters, but only marked alterations in arousal and reactivity were linked with ASA (B = .01). The clusters had no indirect effects on the relation between CSA and ASA. These findings revealed several factors that may be linked with increased risk for sexual victimization.
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18
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Santaularia NJ, Baker MR, Erickson D, Frazier P, Laska MN, Lust K, Mason SM. Classes of lifetime adversity in emerging adult women and men and their associations with weight status. Prev Med 2021; 146:106455. [PMID: 33636192 PMCID: PMC8149137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to better understand how child and adult adversities cluster together into classes, and how these classes relate to body weight and obesity. Analyses included 2015 and 2018 data from emerging adults (18-25 years old) who participated in a state surveillance system of 2- and 4-year college students in Minnesota (N = 7475 in 2015 and N = 6683 in 2018). Latent Class Analyses (LCA) of 12 child and adult adversities were run stratified by gender and replicated between 2015 and 2018. The distal outcome procedure and three-step Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars approach were used to estimate predicted BMI means and predicted probabilities of obesity for each class, adjusted for covariates. The LCA identified seven classes in women and 5 in men. In women, BMI ranged from 23.9 kg/m2 in the lowest-BMI class ("Adult Adversities and Childhood Household Dysfunction"; 95% CI: 22.6-25.1) to 27.3 kg/m2 in the highest-BMI class ("High Lifetime Adversities"; 95% CI: 25.9-28.7), a statistically significant difference of 3.4 kg/m2. In men, the adjusted BMIs ranged from 24.6 kg/m2 ("Low Adversities"; 95% CI: 24.3-25.0) to 26.0 kg/m2 ("Childhood Household Mental Illness"; 95% CI: 25.1-26.9), a statistically significant difference of 1.4 kg/m2. The pattern was similar for obesity. These results indicate that specific classes of child and adult adversities are strongly associated with BMI and obesity, particularly in women. A key contribution of LCA appeared to be identification of small classes at high risk for excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jeanie Santaularia
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St Unit 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States of America; Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, 225 19th Ave S #50th, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
| | - Majel R Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Darin Erickson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St Unit 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States of America
| | - Patricia Frazier
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Melissa N Laska
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St Unit 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States of America
| | - Katherine Lust
- Boynton Health, University of Minnesota, 410 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Susan M Mason
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 1300 S 2nd St Unit 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States of America
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Worthen MGF, Wallace SA. "Why Should I, the One Who Was Raped, Be Forced to Take Training in What Sexual Assault Is?" Sexual Assault Survivors' and Those Who Know Survivors' Responses to a Campus Sexual Assault Education Program. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP2640-NP2674. [PMID: 29629634 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518768571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study critically examines sexual assault survivors' (people with histories of sexual assault) and those who know survivors' (those who know and/or who are close to people with histories of sexual assault) responses to a mandatory online campus sexual assault education program using both quantitative survey data (N = 1,899) and qualitative narratives (n = 41) from a sample of students at a large southern university with special attention to gender, sexual identity, race, ethnicity, college group affiliations (student athletics, fraternities/sororities, LGBTQ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, queer] ally programs), and the intersections between these identities and affiliations. The quantitative findings show that knowing/being a woman survivor is positively related to supportive attitudes toward the sexual assault education program and inversely, knowing/being a man survivor is negatively related to support of the program. In addition, being a woman, being gay/lesbian, being Black/African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan Native, or another race, and being a sorority member are all significantly related to supportive attitudes toward the sexual assault education program. Furthermore, qualitative analyses revealed that the majority of personal survivors' narratives indicated traumatic/triggering responses whereas most of those who provided narratives about knowing survivors(s) indicated praiseworthy reactions. Overall, the current study offers empirically driven sexual assault education program implications that acknowledge survivors' and those who know survivors' experiences with the ultimate goal of determining how to best meet students' needs.
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Mulder J, Teunissen TAM, Pranger ES, Hiddink-Til A, Lagro-Janssen ALM. Reporting after sexual violence: The influence of victim, assault and perpetrator characteristics. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 79:102076. [PMID: 33896595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence is a worldwide public health concern. Care for victims has improved with the development of sexual assault centres, which have served to professionalise and tailor care and to get different services to improve collaboration. Nonetheless, reporting rates remain low, causing perpetrators to walk free without prosecution. We aimed to investigate, firstly, the influence of victim, perpetrator and assault characteristics on the reporting rate, and, secondly, the reasons why victims did not report to the police. Data of a Dutch sexual assault centre was used in this cross-sectional study. All victims who attended the centre between January 2016 and January 2019 were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relation of certain characteristics with reporting. Forty per cent of the victims reported to the police. Age and injuries were significantly related to reporting. Victims of 26 years or over were less likely to report than victims under 18 years old. Victims with objectified injuries reported to the police more often. Contrary to previous research, no relation between the perpetrator being well-known to the victim and a lower reporting rate was found. Victims mainly refrained from reporting as they experienced conflicting emotions, followed by their feeling discouraged by the police. Other reasons were fear of the perpetrator and defamation, wanting to move on with their life and wanting to spare the perpetrator. Our findings will serve to further optimise care for victims of sexual violence and increase reporting rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mulder
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - T A M Teunissen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - E S Pranger
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - A Hiddink-Til
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - A L M Lagro-Janssen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women's Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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21
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Ullman SE, O'Callaghan E, Shepp V, Harris C. Reasons for and Experiences of Sexual Assault Nondisclosure in a Diverse Community Sample. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2020; 35:839-851. [PMID: 33746358 PMCID: PMC7967004 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE After a sexual assault (SA), victims often disclose their SA to an informal support provider (SP) to receive social support; however, many survivors do not disclose or wait months or years to tell anyone. While research exists on disclosure, social reactions of informal SPs to disclosure, and how those reactions affect the victim both positively and negatively, little research exists on reasons for and impact of adult SA survivors' nondisclosure to informal social network members. METHOD This qualitative interview study examined 42 ethnically diverse women who had disclosed SA to an informal SP (e.g., friend, family, significant other). For this study, nondisclosure of SA mentioned by survivors was examined. RESULTS Various reasons for not telling people in their lives and/or delaying doing so were uncovered including fear of negative social reactions, lack of perceived available support and fear of burdening others, family and social norms expectations, and anticipated problematic gendered responses by both men (e.g., violence) and women (e.g., overwhelmed) SPs. CONCLUSIONS Implications for future SA disclosure research and supporting survivors in their choice to selectively/not disclose are discussed.
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22
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Dovran A, Winje D, Arefjord K, Tobiassen S, Stokke K, Skogen JC, Øverland S. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adversities later in life. Survey data from a high-risk Norwegian sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 98:104234. [PMID: 31689619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A history of childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) is associated with exposure to later negative life events. CAN at an early age, multiple cooccurring exposures (cumulative events), and a high severity and frequency of exposure have potential detrimental long-term effects. OBJECTIVE The present study examines the relationship between the severity of CAN and the prevalence of school difficulties and hardship at school, adult adversity and mental health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS Participants were recruited from in- and outpatient mental health or substance abuse treatment facilities, child protective services (CPS), and prisons (N = 809, age range = 13-66, mean age = 27.62, SD = 10.47). METHODS Exposure to childhood maltreatment was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF). After adjusting for gender and age, we conducted a risk ratio regression analysis to investigate associations between severity of child abuse and neglect and hardship at school, adult adversity and adult mental health. RESULTS The moderate and severe level groups of CAN had statistically significant higher risk ratios for experiences of school difficulties, hardship at school, adult adversity and mental health problems. A robust dose-response was found between severity levels. CONCLUSION At an individual level the findings highlight the association between exposure to abuse and adult adversity, underscoring the importance of targeting individuals with high risk of exposure to CAN to reduce the negative long-term risk for Polyvictimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Dovran
- Stine Sofies Foundation & Stine Sofie Centre, Grimstad, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway; Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Dagfinn Winje
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjersti Arefjord
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Tobiassen
- Stine Sofies Foundation & Stine Sofie Centre, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Kristin Stokke
- Stine Sofies Foundation & Stine Sofie Centre, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Alcohol & Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Simon Øverland
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Wadsworth P, Krahe JAE, Allen E. Occupational Well-Being in Sexual Assault Victims and Survivors. J Holist Nurs 2019; 38:170-185. [PMID: 31347435 DOI: 10.1177/0898010119863537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: While researchers have established that sexual assault may adversely affect successful employment and academic achievement, little is known about the barriers and facilitators of occupational well-being from the perspective of sexual assault survivors. This study assessed the barriers and facilitators of occupational well-being. Design: Constructivist grounded theory. Method: Digitally recorded, semistructured interviews were used to collect data. Data were collected from 22 adult female sexual assault survivors. Analysis consisted of coding, creation of data matrices, and within and across case analysis. Findings: Theoretical saturation was achieved after interviews with 22 participants. Barriers to occupational well-being were mental health symptoms and diagnoses, substance abuse, inflexible attendance policies, and workplace bullying. Facilitators to occupational well-being were personal coping strategies, and organizational and social support. Conclusions: Sexual assault has significant effects on the occupational well-being of women. The work or academic environment can exacerbate the harms of sexual assault or facilitate healing in sexual assault survivors. To facilitate the occupational well-being of sexual assault survivors, workplaces and academic institutions can adopt a trauma-informed approach, create policies that allow for time off to deal with sequela of sexual assault, implement anti-bullying programs, and make resources for gendered violence available.
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24
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Lorenz K, Kirkner A, Ullman SE. A Qualitative Study Of Sexual Assault Survivors' Post-Assault Legal System Experiences. J Trauma Dissociation 2019; 20:263-287. [PMID: 31072270 PMCID: PMC6994185 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2019.1592643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Following sexual assault, survivors may turn to the civil or criminal justice systems in pursuit of some form of legal justice. Informal support providers (SPs) often play a large role in survivors' post-assault experiences and recovery, including providing support during survivors' decision to pursue legal justice and in navigating the system. Yet, this has not been thoroughly examined in research, particularly through a dyadic lens. Using qualitative dyadic data from 45 survivor-SP matched pairs (i.e., friend, family, or significant other), the current study addresses this gap by looking broadly at survivors' post-assault experiences with the criminal and civil legal systems. Of the 45 pairs in the sample, the current study presents findings from a subsample of 28 survivors and 13 SPs regarding post-assault legal system experiences. Our findings suggest that survivors and SPs consider the perceived strength of their case, perceptions of police, and the possibility of institutional bias when deciding to report the assault to the police. Interviews revealed that reasons for legal system involvement extend beyond pursuance of perpetrator prosecution, such as filing for custody of their children after leaving a domestic violence situation or seeking financial compensation. Many survivors who had interactions with the police and legal system experienced secondary victimization, while a few survivors had positive experiences, despite their expectations. We recommend improved access to survivor advocates and suggest directions for future research stemming from findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Kirkner
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Testoni I, Mariani C, Zamperini A. Domestic Violence Between Childhood Incest and Re-victimization: A Study Among Anti-violence Centers in Italy. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2377. [PMID: 30546336 PMCID: PMC6279881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study focuses on a specific problem in the area of child sexual abuse (CSA), which is still under-researched: the relationship between incest and adult female re-victimization treatment within the ambit of domestic violence in Italian centers. About 112 anti-violence centers were contacted, but only 13 participated and only 16 psychologists were interviewed to reconstruct the biographies of 32 victims. The study aimed to examine if and how the service centers recognized and dealt with the problem of re-victimization among survivors based on psychologists' narrations. Findings showed that the description of perpetrators revealed not only sexual abuse was perpetrated, but also psychological and physical abuse. About half of mothers did not come to their daughters' aid and those who cooperated with the abusers had mostly suffered from CSA at a time in their life. Only three mothers did help their daughters in contacting the anti-violence centers. However, most of the service centers were not concerned with the relationship between incest and domestic re-victimization, while those who considered the problem, dealt with it only on the practitioner-patient level. In addition, despite the psychologists used professional and empathetic language, they disclosed their high emotional involvement and a genuine bewilderment. A discussion on the need to standardize the psychotherapeutic support given to these re-victimized women was presented, with a critique to the un-discriminated de-pathologization approach adopted by almost all anti-violence centers. In particular, we wanted to underline the fact that, although, this approach is useful in treating victims who were not abused during infancy, it could be insufficient for women who suffered from incest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Testoni
- FISPPA Department, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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26
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Gilbert L, Sarvet AL, Wall M, Walsh K, Reardon L, Wilson P, Santelli J, Khan S, Thompson M, Hirsch JS, Mellins CA. Situational Contexts and Risk Factors Associated with Incapacitated and Nonincapacitated Sexual Assaults Among College Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 28:185-193. [PMID: 30481099 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has documented multilevel risk factors associated with experiencing incapacitated sexual assault among undergraduate women. Less is known about multilevel risk factors associated with nonincapacitated sexual assault. This study examines and compares the different settings, coercion methods, and relationships in which incapacitated and nonincapacitated sexual assaults occur among undergraduate women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our sample included 253 undergraduate women who reported experiencing sexual assault during college on a population-based survey of randomly selected students at two colleges in New York City in 2016 (N = 1671, response rate = 67%). We examined event-level data on their most significant sexual assault incident since entering college. Using multivariable statistical analysis, we identified situational contexts associated with incapacitated and nonincapacitated assault incidents adjusting for binge drinking, illicit drug use, and other confounding sociodemographic and psychosocial variables. RESULTS Almost half (47%) of women who experienced sexual assault reported being incapacitated due to alcohol or drugs during the most significant incident. Being at a party before the event and "acquaintance" perpetrators were associated with incapacitated sexual assault after adjusting for binge drinking and other confounders. Meeting a perpetrator through an Internet dating app or indicating the perpetrator was an intimate partner were each associated with nonincapacitated assault incidents. Perpetrator use of physical force and verbal coercion were also associated with nonincapacitated assault incident. CONCLUSIONS The different situational contexts associated with incapacitated and nonincapacitated sexual assaults have important implications for the design of prevention strategies that will effectively target the diverse risk environments in which campus sexual assault occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Gilbert
- 1 Social Intervention Group, School of Social Work, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Aaron L Sarvet
- 2 Mental Health Data Science, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York, New York
| | - Melanie Wall
- 2 Mental Health Data Science, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York, New York
| | - Kate Walsh
- 3 Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University , Bronx, New York.,4 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Leigh Reardon
- 5 Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Patrick Wilson
- 5 Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - John Santelli
- 6 Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Shamus Khan
- 7 Department of Sociology, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Martie Thompson
- 8 Department of Youth, Family, and Community Studies, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Jennifer S Hirsch
- 5 Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Claude A Mellins
- 9 Division of Gender, Sexuality and Health, Department of Psychiatry and Sociomedical Sciences, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University , New York, New York
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27
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Ullman SE. Sexual revictimization, PTSD, and problem drinking in sexual assault survivors. Addict Behav 2016; 53:7-10. [PMID: 26414205 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problem drinking are common and often co-occurring sequelae experienced by women survivors of adult sexual assault, yet revictimization may mediate risk of symptoms over time. Structural equation modeling was used to examine data from a 3-wave panel design with a large (N=1012), ethnically diverse sample of women assault survivors to examine whether repeated sexual victimization related to greater PTSD and problem drinking. Structural equation modeling revealed that child sexual abuse was associated with greater symptoms of PTSD and problem drinking and intervening sexual victimization was associated with greater symptoms of PTSD and problem drinking at both 1 and 2year follow-ups. We found no evidence, however, that PTSD directly influenced problem drinking over the long term or vice versa, although they were correlated at each timepoint. Revictimization during the study predicted survivors' prospective PTSD and problem drinking symptoms inconsistently. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ullman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7140, United States.
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