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Rainu SK, Singh N. 3D microscaffolds with triple-marker sensitive nanoprobes for studying fatty liver disease in vitro. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10048-10063. [PMID: 38712552 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a heterogeneous condition that encompasses a wide range of liver diseases that progresses from simple hepatic steatosis to the life-threatening state of cirrhosis. However, due to the heterogeneity of this disease, comprehensive analysis of several physicochemical and biological factors that drive its progression is necessary. Therefore, an in vitro platform is required that would enable real-time monitoring of these changes to better understand the progression of these diseases. The earliest stage of NAFLD, i.e. hepatic steatosis, is characterised by triglyceride accumulation in the form of lipid vacuoles in the cytosol of hepatocytes. This fatty acid accumulation is usually accompanied by hepatic inflammation, leading to tissue acidification and dysregulated expression of certain proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Taking cues from the biological parameters of the disease, we report here a 3D in vitro GelMA/alginate microscaffold platform encapsulating a triple-marker (pH, MMP-3 and MMP-9) sensitive fluorescent nanoprobe for monitoring, and hence, distinguishing the fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) from healthy livers on the basis of pH change and MMP expression. The nanoprobe consists of a carbon nanoparticle (CNP) core, which exhibits intrinsic pH-dependent fluorescence properties, decorated either with an MMP-3 (NpMMP3) or MMP-9 (NpMMP9) sensitive peptide substrate. These peptide substrates are flanked with a fluorophore-quencher pair that separates on enzymatic cleavage, resulting in fluorescence emission. The cocktail of these nanoprobes generated multiple fluorescence signals corresponding to slightly acidic pH (blue) and overexpression of MMP-3 (green) and MMP-9 (red) enzymes in a 3D in vitro fatty liver model, whereas no/negligible fluorescence signals were observed in a healthy liver model. Moreover, this platform enabled us to mimic fatty liver disease in a more realistic manner. Therefore, this 3D in vitro platform encapsulating triple-marker sensitive fluorescent nanoprobes would facilitate the monitoring of the changes in pH and MMP expression, thereby enabling us to distinguish a healthy liver from a diseased liver and to study liver disease stages on the basis of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Rainu
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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2
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Ortega-Vallbona R, Méndez R, Tolosa L, Escher SE, Castell JV, Gozalbes R, Serrano-Candelas E. Uncovering the toxicity mechanisms of a series of carboxylic acids in liver cells through computational and experimental approaches. Toxicology 2024; 504:153764. [PMID: 38428665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity poses a significant concern in drug design due to the potential liver damage that can be caused by new drugs. Among common manifestations of hepatotoxic damage is lipid accumulation in hepatic tissue, resulting in liver steatosis or phospholipidosis. Carboxylic derivatives are prone to interfere with fatty acid metabolism and cause lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. This study investigates the toxic behaviour of 24 structurally related carboxylic acids in hepatocytes, specifically their ability to cause accumulation of fatty acids and phospholipids. Using high-content screening (HCS) assays, we identified two distinct lipid accumulation patterns. Subsequently, we developed structure-activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to determine relevant molecular substructures and descriptors contributing to these adverse effects. Additionally, we calculated physicochemical properties associated with lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and examined their correlation with our chemical structure characteristics. To assess the applicability of our findings to a wide range of chemical compounds, we employed two external datasets to evaluate the distribution of our QSAR descriptors. Our study highlights the significance of subtle molecular structural variations in triggering hepatotoxicity, such as the presence of nitrogen or the specific arrangement of substitutions within the carbon chain. By employing our comprehensive approach, we pinpointed specific molecules and elucidated their mechanisms of toxicity, thus offering valuable insights to guide future toxicology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ortega-Vallbona
- ProtoQSAR SL., Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación (CEEI), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, Av. Benjamín Franklin, 12, Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Rebeca Méndez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Valencia 46026, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), ISCIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Valencia 46026, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez, 15, Valencia 46010, Spain; CIBEREHD, ISCIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Rafael Gozalbes
- ProtoQSAR SL., Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación (CEEI), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, Av. Benjamín Franklin, 12, Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain; Moldrug AI Systems SL, c/Olimpia Arozena Torres 45, Valencia 46018, Spain
| | - Eva Serrano-Candelas
- ProtoQSAR SL., Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación (CEEI), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, Av. Benjamín Franklin, 12, Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
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3
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Müller FA, Stamou M, Englert FH, Frenzel O, Diedrich S, Suter-Dick L, Wambaugh JF, Sturla SJ. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation and high-content imaging for simultaneous characterization of chemically induced liver steatosis and markers of hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1701-1721. [PMID: 37046073 PMCID: PMC10182956 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemically induced steatosis is characterized by lipid accumulation associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and nucleus distortion. New approach methods integrating in vitro and in silico models are needed to identify chemicals that may induce these cellular events as potential risk factors for steatosis and associated hepatotoxicity. In this study we used high-content imaging for the simultaneous quantification of four cellular markers as sentinels for hepatotoxicity and steatosis in chemically exposed human liver cells in vitro. Furthermore, we evaluated the results with a computational model for the extrapolation of human oral equivalent doses (OED). First, we tested 16 reference chemicals with known capacities to induce cellular alterations in nuclear morphology, lipid accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress. Then, using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and reverse dosimetry, OEDs were extrapolated from data of any stimulated individual sentinel response. The extrapolated OEDs were confirmed to be within biologically relevant exposure ranges for the reference chemicals. Next, we tested 14 chemicals found in food, selected from thousands of putative chemicals on the basis of structure-based prediction for nuclear receptor activation. Amongst these, orotic acid had an extrapolated OED overlapping with realistic exposure ranges. Thus, we were able to characterize known steatosis-inducing chemicals as well as data-scarce food-related chemicals, amongst which we confirmed orotic acid to induce hepatotoxicity. This strategy addresses needs of next generation risk assessment and can be used as a first chemical prioritization hazard screening step in a tiered approach to identify chemical risk factors for steatosis and hepatotoxicity-associated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice A Müller
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Stamou
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix H Englert
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ole Frenzel
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Suter-Dick
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John F Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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In Vitro Models for Studying Chronic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911428. [PMID: 36232728 PMCID: PMC9569683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem in terms of patient morbidity and mortality, cost to healthcare systems and failure of the development of new drugs. The need for consistent safety strategies capable of identifying a potential toxicity risk early in the drug discovery pipeline is key. Human DILI is poorly predicted in animals, probably due to the well-known interspecies differences in drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity targets. For this reason, distinct cellular models from primary human hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines cultured as 2D monolayers to emerging 3D culture systems or the use of multi-cellular systems have been proposed for hepatotoxicity studies. In order to mimic long-term hepatotoxicity in vitro, cell models, which maintain hepatic phenotype for a suitably long period, should be used. On the other hand, repeated-dose administration is a more relevant scenario for therapeutics, providing information not only about toxicity, but also about cumulative effects and/or delayed responses. In this review, we evaluate the existing cell models for DILI prediction focusing on chronic hepatotoxicity, highlighting how better characterization and mechanistic studies could lead to advance DILI prediction.
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Brecklinghaus T, Albrecht W, Duda J, Kappenberg F, Gründler L, Edlund K, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Rieck A, Vartak N, Tolosa L, Castell JV, Gardner I, Halilbasic E, Trauner M, Ullrich A, Zeigerer A, Demirci Turgunbayer Ö, Damm G, Seehofer D, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG. In vitro/in silico prediction of drug induced steatosis in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations by the Nile Red assay. Toxicol Lett 2022; 368:33-46. [PMID: 35963427 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes is a key feature of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and can be induced by a subset of hepatotoxic compounds. In the present study, we optimized and evaluated an in vitro technique based on the fluorescent dye Nile Red, further named Nile Red assay to quantify lipid droplets induced by the exposure to chemicals. The Nile Red assay and a cytotoxicity test (CTB assay) were then performed on cells exposed concentration-dependently to 60 different compounds. Of these, 31 were known to induce hepatotoxicity in humans, and 13 were reported to also cause steatosis. In order to compare in vivo relevant blood concentrations, pharmacokinetic models were established for all compounds to simulate the maximal blood concentrations (Cmax) at therapeutic doses. The results showed that several hepatotoxic compounds induced an increase in lipid droplets at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. To compare how well (1) the cytotoxicity test alone, (2) the Nile Red assay alone, and (3) the combination of the cytotoxicity test and the Nile Red assay (based on the lower EC10 of both assays) allow the differentiation between hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds, a previously established performance metric, the Toxicity Separation Index (TSI) was calculated. In addition, the Toxicity Estimation Index (TEI) was calculated to determine how well blood concentrations that cause an increased DILI risk can be estimated for hepatotoxic compounds. Our findings indicate that the combination of both assays improved the TSI and TEI compared to each assay alone. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that inclusion of the Nile Red assay into in vitro test batteries may improve the prediction of DILI compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia Duda
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Kappenberg
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lisa Gründler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Rieck
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Biochemistry Department, University of Valencia and CIBEREHD
| | | | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anett Ullrich
- Primacyt Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Özlem Demirci Turgunbayer
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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6
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Oxidative-stress and long-term hepatotoxicity: comparative study in Upcyte human hepatocytes and hepaRG cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1021-1037. [PMID: 35156134 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common and serious adverse drug reactions and a major cause of drug development failure and withdrawal. Although different molecular mechanisms are implicated in DILI, enhanced ROS levels have been described as a major mechanism. Human-derived cell models are increasingly used in preclinical safety assessment because they provide quick and relatively inexpensive information in early stages of drug development. We have analyzed and compared the phenotype and functionality of two liver cell models (Upcyte human hepatocytes and HepaRG cells) to demonstrate their suitability for long-term hepatotoxicity assessments and mechanistic studies. The transcriptomic and functional analysis revealed the maintenance of phase I and phase II enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes along time in culture, although the differences found between both test systems underlie the differential sensitivity to hepatotoxins. The evaluation of several mechanisms of cell toxicity, including oxidative stress, by high-content screening, demonstrated that, by combining the stable phenotype of liver cells and repeated-dose exposure regimes to 12 test compounds at clinically relevant concentrations, both Upcyte hepatocytes and HepaRG offer suitable properties to be used in routine screening assays for toxicological assessments during drug preclinical testing.
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Pelechá M, Villanueva-Bádenas E, Timor-López E, Donato MT, Tolosa L. Cell Models and Omics Techniques for the Study of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Focusing on Stem Cell-Derived Cell Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:86. [PMID: 35052590 PMCID: PMC8772881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the leading cause of chronic liver disease in western countries. The molecular mechanisms leading to NAFLD are only partially understood, and effective therapeutic interventions are clearly needed. Therefore, preclinical research is required to improve knowledge about NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. Primary human hepatocytes, human hepatic cell lines, and human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells exhibit different hepatic phenotypes and have been widely used for studying NAFLD pathogenesis. In this paper, apart from employing the different in vitro cell models for the in vitro assessment of NAFLD, we also reviewed other approaches (metabolomics, transcriptomics, and high-content screening). We aimed to summarize the characteristics of different cell types and methods and to discuss their major advantages and disadvantages for NAFLD modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pelechá
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
| | - Estela Villanueva-Bádenas
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Timor-López
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.P.); (E.V.-B.); (E.T.-L.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Escher SE, Aguayo-Orozco A, Benfenati E, Bitsch A, Braunbeck T, Brotzmann K, Bois F, van der Burg B, Castel J, Exner T, Gadaleta D, Gardner I, Goldmann D, Hatley O, Golbamaki N, Graepel R, Jennings P, Limonciel A, Long A, Maclennan R, Mombelli E, Norinder U, Jain S, Capinha LS, Taboureau OT, Tolosa L, Vrijenhoek NG, van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Walker P, van de Water B, Wehr M, White A, Zdrazil B, Fisher C. A read-across case study on chronic toxicity of branched carboxylic acids (1): Integration of mechanistic evidence from new approach methodologies (NAMs) to explore a common mode of action. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105269. [PMID: 34757180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This read-across case study characterises thirteen, structurally similar carboxylic acids demonstrating the application of in vitro and in silico human-based new approach methods, to determine biological similarity. Based on data from in vivo animal studies, the read-across hypothesis is that all analogues are steatotic and so should be considered hazardous. Transcriptomic analysis to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hepatocytes served as first tier testing to confirm a common mode-of-action and identify differences in the potency of the analogues. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network for hepatic steatosis, informed the design of an in vitro testing battery, targeting AOP relevant MIEs and KEs, and Dempster-Shafer decision theory was used to systematically quantify uncertainty and to define the minimal testing scope. The case study shows that the read-across hypothesis is the critical core to designing a robust, NAM-based testing strategy. By summarising the current mechanistic understanding, an AOP enables the selection of NAMs covering MIEs, early KEs, and late KEs. Experimental coverage of the AOP in this way is vital since MIEs and early KEs alone are not confirmatory of progression to the AO. This strategy exemplifies the workflow previously published by the EUTOXRISK project driving a paradigm shift towards NAM-based NGRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Germany.
| | | | - Emilio Benfenati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Annette Bitsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Brotzmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederic Bois
- Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jose Castel
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Domenico Gadaleta
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Iain Gardner
- Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daria Goldmann
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Hatley
- Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rabea Graepel
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sankalp Jain
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Laia Tolosa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nanette G Vrijenhoek
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Bob van de Water
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Wehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ciarán Fisher
- Certara UK Ltd, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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9
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Kralj T, Brouwer KLR, Creek DJ. Analytical and Omics-Based Advances in the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:1-13. [PMID: 34086958 PMCID: PMC8502468 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant clinical issue, affecting 1-1.5 million patients annually, and remains a major challenge during drug development-toxicity and safety concerns are the second-highest reason for drug candidate failure. The future prevalence of DILI can be minimized by developing a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms behind DILI. Both qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques are vital to characterizing and investigating DILI. In vitro assays are capable of characterizing specific aspects of a drug's hepatotoxic nature and multiplexed assays are capable of characterizing and scoring a drug's association with DILI. However, an even deeper insight into the perturbations to biological pathways involved in the mechanisms of DILI can be gained through the use of omics-based analytical techniques: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. These omics analytical techniques can offer qualitative and quantitative insight into genetic susceptibilities to DILI, the impact of drug treatment on gene expression, and the effect on protein and metabolite abundance. This review will discuss the analytical techniques that can be applied to characterize and investigate the biological mechanisms of DILI and potential predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kralj
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Arnesdotter E, Spinu N, Firman J, Ebbrell D, Cronin MTD, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M. Derivation, characterisation and analysis of an adverse outcome pathway network for human hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2021; 459:152856. [PMID: 34252478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and their networks are important tools for the development of mechanistically based non-animal testing approaches, such as in vitro and/or in silico assays, to assess toxicity induced by chemicals. In the present study, an AOP network connecting 14 linear AOPs related to human hepatotoxicity, currently available in the AOP-Wiki, was derived according to established criteria. The derived AOP network was characterised and analysed with regard to its structure and topological features. In-depth analysis of the AOP network showed that cell injury/death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of fatty acids are the most highly connected and central key events. Consequently, these key events may be considered as the rational and mechanistically anchored basis for selecting, developing and/optimising in vitro and/or in silico assays to predict hepatotoxicity induced by chemicals in view of animal-free hazard identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Arnesdotter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nicoleta Spinu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - James Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - David Ebbrell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Grossini E, Garhwal DP, Calamita G, Romito R, Rigamonti C, Minisini R, Smirne C, Surico D, Bellan M, Pirisi M. Exposure to Plasma From Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients Affects Hepatocyte Viability, Generates Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Modulates Pathways Involved in Fat Accumulation and Inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:693997. [PMID: 34277668 PMCID: PMC8282995 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.693997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes of lipidic storage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the knowledge of intracellular pathways has vastly expanded in recent years, the role and mechanisms of circulating triggering factor(s) are debated. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that factors circulating in the blood of NAFLD patients may influence processes underlying the disease. Huh7.5 cells/primary human hepatocytes were exposed to plasma from 12 NAFLD patients and 12 healthy subjects and specific assays were performed to examine viability, H2O2 and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, mitochondrial membrane potential and triglycerides content. The involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome and of signaling related to peroxisome-proliferator-activating-ligand-receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol-regulatory-element-binding-protein-1c (SREBP-1c), nuclear-factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) was evaluated by repeating the experiments in the presence of NLRP3 inflammasome blocker, MCC950, and through Western blot. The results obtained shown that plasma of NAFLD patients was able to reduce cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential by about 48 and 24% (p < 0.05), and to increase H2O2, mitochondrial ROS, and triglycerides content by about 42, 19, and 16% (p < 0.05), respectively. An increased expression of SREBP-1c, PPARγ, NF-kB and NOX2 of about 51, 121, 63, and 46%, respectively, was observed (p < 0.05), as well. Those effects were reduced by the use of MCC950. Thus, in hepatocytes, exposure to plasma from NAFLD patients induces a NAFLD-like phenotype by interference with NLRP3-inflammasome pathways and the activation of intracellular signaling related to SREBP-1c, PPARγ, NF-kB and NOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grossini
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Divya Praveen Garhwal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Romito
- General Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Rigamonti
- AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Rosalba Minisini
- AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Smirne
- AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Surico
- AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- AGING Project, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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12
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Liput M, Magliaro C, Kuczynska Z, Zayat V, Ahluwalia A, Buzanska L. Tools and approaches for analyzing the role of mitochondria in health, development and disease using human cerebral organoids. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:591-607. [PMID: 33725382 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in generating energy to power various processes in the cell. Although the pivotal role of mitochondria in neurogenesis was demonstrated (first in animal models), very little is known about their role in human embryonic neurodevelopment and its pathology. In this respect human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived cerebral organoids provide a tractable, alternative model system of the early neural development and disease that is responsive to pharmacological and genetic manipulations, not possible to apply in humans. Although the involvement of mitochondria in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and brain dysfunction has been demonstrated, the precise role they play in cell life and death remains unknown, compromising the development of new mitochondria-targeted approaches to treat human diseases. The cerebral organoid model of neurogenesis and disease in vitro provides an unprecedented opportunity to answer some of the most fundamental questions about mitochondrial function in early human neurodevelopment and neural pathology. Largely an unexplored territory due to the lack of tools and approaches, this review focuses on recent technological advancements in fluorescent and molecular tools, imaging systems, and computational approaches for quantitative and qualitative analyses of mitochondrial structure and function in three-dimensional cellular assemblies-cerebral organoids. Future developments in this direction will further facilitate our understanding of the important role or mitochondrial dynamics and energy requirements during early embryonic development. This in turn will provide a further understanding of how dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Liput
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Magliaro
- Research Centre "E. Piaggio", and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zuzanna Kuczynska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valery Zayat
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Centre "E. Piaggio", and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Development of a QSAR model to predict hepatic steatosis using freely available machine learning tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Mechanism-based integrated assay systems for the prediction of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 394:114958. [PMID: 32198022 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can cause hepatic failure and result in drug withdrawal from the market. It has host-related and compound-dependent mechanisms. Preclinical prediction of DILI risk is very challenging and safety assessments based on animals inadequately forecast human DILI risk. In contrast, human-derived in vitro cell culture-based models could improve DILI risk prediction accuracy. Here, we developed and validated an innovative method to assess DILI risk associated with various compounds. Fifty-four marketed and withdrawn drugs classified as DILI risks of "most concern", "less concern", and "no concern" were tested using a combination of four assays addressing mitochondrial injury, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, inhibition of bile canalicular network formation, and bile acid accumulation. Using the inhibitory potencies of the drugs evaluated in these in vitro tests, an algorithm with the highest available DILI risk prediction power was built by artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. It had an overall forecasting accuracy of 73%. We excluded the intrahepatic lipid accumulation assay to avoid overfitting. The accuracy of the algorithm in terms of predicting DILI risks was 62% when it was constructed by ANN but only 49% when it was built by the point-added scoring method. The final algorithm based on three assays made no DILI risk prediction errors such as "most concern " instead of "no concern" and vice-versa. Our mechanistic approach may accurately predict DILI risks associated with numerous candidate drugs.
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15
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Lasch A, Alarcan J, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Lichtenstein D. Combinations of LXR and RXR agonists induce triglyceride accumulation in human HepaRG cells in a synergistic manner. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1303-1320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Kennedy MC, Hart ADM, Kruisselbrink JW, van Lenthe M, de Boer WJ, van der Voet H, Rorije E, Sprong C, van Klaveren J. A retain and refine approach to cumulative risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111223. [PMID: 32088251 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures of substances to which humans are exposed may lead to cumulative exposure and health effects. To study their effects, it is first necessary to identify a cumulative assessment group (CAG) of substances for risk assessment or hazard testing. Excluding substances from consideration before there is sufficient evidence may underestimate the risk. Conversely, including everything and treating the inevitable uncertainties using conservative assumptions is inefficient and may overestimate the risk, with an unknown level of protection. An efficient, transparent strategy is described to retain a large group, quantifying the uncertainty of group membership and other uncertainties. Iterative refinement of the CAG then focuses on adding information for the substances with high probability of contributing significantly to the risk. Probabilities can be estimated using expert opinion or derived from data on substance properties. An example is presented with 100 pesticides, in which the retain step identified a single substance to target refinement. Using an updated hazard characterisation for this substance reduced the mean exposure estimate from 0.43 to 0.28 μg kg-bw-1 day-1 and reduced the 99.99th percentile exposure from 24.9 to 5.1 μg kg-bw-1 day-1. Other retained substances contributed little to the risk estimates, even after accounting for uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Kennedy
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Andy D M Hart
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes W Kruisselbrink
- Wageningen University & Research, Biometrics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco van Lenthe
- Wageningen University & Research, Biometrics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Waldo J de Boer
- Wageningen University & Research, Biometrics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hilko van der Voet
- Wageningen University & Research, Biometrics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Corinne Sprong
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob van Klaveren
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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17
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Müller FA, Sturla SJ. Human in vitro models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Identification of Cyanobacterial Strains with Potential for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Co-Morbidities by Bioactivity, Toxicity Evaluation and Metabolite Profiling. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050280. [PMID: 31083362 PMCID: PMC6562398 DOI: 10.3390/md17050280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease resulting in several metabolic co-morbidities and is increasing at epidemic rates. The marine environment is an interesting resource of novel compounds and in particular cyanobacteria are well known for their capacity to produce novel secondary metabolites. In this work, we explored the potential of cyanobacteria for the production of compounds with relevant activities towards metabolic diseases using a blend of target-based, phenotypic and zebrafish assays as whole small animal models. A total of 46 cyanobacterial strains were grown and biomass fractionated, yielding in total 263 fractions. Bioactivities related to metabolic function were tested in different in vitro and in vivo models. Studying adipogenic and thermogenic gene expression in brown adipocytes, lipid metabolism and glucose uptake in hepatocytes, as well as lipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae, we identified 66 (25%) active fractions. This together with metabolite profiling and the evaluation of toxicity allowed the identification of 18 (7%) fractions with promising bioactivity towards different aspects of metabolic disease. Among those, we identified several known compounds, such as eryloside T, leptosin F, pheophorbide A, phaeophytin A, chlorophyll A, present as minor peaks. Those compounds were previously not described to have bioactivities in metabolic regulation, and both known or unknown compounds could be responsible for such effects. In summary, we find that cyanobacteria hold a huge repertoire of molecules with specific bioactivities towards metabolic diseases, which needs to be explored in the future.
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19
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Knebel C, Buhrke T, Süssmuth R, Lampen A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. Pregnane X receptor mediates steatotic effects of propiconazole and tebuconazole in human liver cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1311-1322. [PMID: 30989312 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triazoles are commonly used fungicides which show liver toxicity in rodent studies. While hepatocellular hypertrophy is the most prominent finding, some triazoles have also been reported to cause hepatocellular steatosis. The aim of our study was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of triazole-mediated steatosis. Therefore, we used the two triazoles propiconazole (Pi) and tebuconazole (Te) as test compounds in in vitro assays using the human hepatocarcinoma cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG. Triglyceride accumulation was measured using the Adipored assay and by a gas-chromatographic method. Reporter gene analyses were used to assess the ability of Pi and Te to activate nuclear receptors, which are described as the molecular initiators in the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for liver steatosis. The expression of steatosis-associated genes was investigated by RT-PCR. Mechanistic analyses of triazole-mediated steatosis were performed using HepaRG subclones that are deficient in different nuclear receptors. Pi and Te both interacted with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Both compounds induced expression of steatosis-related genes and cellular triglyceride accumulation. The knockout of PXR in HepaRG cells, but not the CAR knockout, abolished triazole-induced triglyceride accumulation, thus underlining the crucial role of PXR in hepatic steatosis resulting from exposure to these fungicides. In conclusion, our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of steatosis induction by triazole fungicides and identify PXR as a critical mediator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Knebel
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buhrke
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich Süssmuth
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17.Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Zhou Y, Hua J, Barritt G, Liu Y, Tang BZ, Tang Y. Live Imaging and Quantitation of Lipid Droplets and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Changes with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens in an in Vitro Model of Liver Steatosis. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1256-1259. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhou
- Faculty of Biological EngineeringSichuan University of Science and Engineering Yibin 644000 P. R. China
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyMedical Device Research InstituteCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University 1284 South Road Clovelly Park Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
- Discipline of Medical BiochemistryCollege of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Jin Hua
- Faculty of Biological EngineeringSichuan University of Science and Engineering Yibin 644000 P. R. China
- Discipline of Medical BiochemistryCollege of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Greg Barritt
- Discipline of Medical BiochemistryCollege of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University Sturt Road Bedford Park Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre forTissue Restoration and ReconstructionDivision of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre forTissue Restoration and ReconstructionDivision of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Youhong Tang
- Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyMedical Device Research InstituteCollege of Science and EngineeringFlinders University 1284 South Road Clovelly Park Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
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21
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Iannetti EF, Prigione A, Smeitink JAM, Koopman WJH, Beyrath J, Renkema H. Live-Imaging Readouts and Cell Models for Phenotypic Profiling of Mitochondrial Function. Front Genet 2019; 10:131. [PMID: 30881379 PMCID: PMC6405630 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known as the powerhouses of the cells but their cellular role goes far beyond energy production; among others, they have a pivotal function in cellular calcium and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with severe and relatively rare disorders with an unmet therapeutic need. Given their central integrating role in multiple cellular pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction is also relevant in the pathogenesis of various other, more common, human pathologies. Here we discuss how live-cell high content microscopy can be used for image-based phenotypic profiling to assess mitochondrial (dys) function. From this perspective, we discuss a selection of live-cell fluorescent reporters and imaging strategies and discuss the pros/cons of human cell models in mitochondrial research. We also present an overview of live-cell high content microscopy applications used to detect disease-associated cellular phenotypes and perform cell-based drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eligio F. Iannetti
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan A. M. Smeitink
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Werner J. H. Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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22
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Tolosa L, Jiménez N, Pelechá M, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Donato MT. Long-term and mechanistic evaluation of drug-induced liver injury in Upcyte human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:519-532. [PMID: 30426164 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes one of the most frequent reasons of restricted-use warnings as well as withdrawals of drugs in postmarketing and poses an important concern for the pharmaceutical industry. The current hepatic in vivo and in vitro models for DILI detection have shown clear limitations, mainly for studies of long-term hepatotoxicity. For this reason, we here evaluated the potential of using Upcytes human hepatocytes (UHH) for repeated-dose long-term exposure to drugs. The UHH were incubated with 15 toxic and non-toxic compounds for up to 21 days using a repeated-dose approach, and, in addition to conventional examination of effects on viability, the mechanisms implicated in cell toxicity were also assessed by means of high-content screening. The UHH maintained the expression and activity levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes for up to 21 days of culture and became more sensitive to the toxic compounds after extended exposures, showing inter-donor differences which would reflect variability among the population. The assay also allowed to detect the main mechanisms implicated in the toxicity of each drug as well as identifying special susceptibilities depending on the donor. UHH can be used for a long-term repeated detection of DILI at clinically relevant concentrations and also offers key mechanistic features of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This system is therefore a promising tool in preclinical testing of human relevance that could help to reduce and/or replace animal testing for drug adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pelechá
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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23
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Jimenez-Carretero D, Abrishami V, Fernández-de-Manuel L, Palacios I, Quílez-Álvarez A, Díez-Sánchez A, del Pozo MA, Montoya MC. Tox_(R)CNN: Deep learning-based nuclei profiling tool for drug toxicity screening. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006238. [PMID: 30500821 PMCID: PMC6291153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity is an important factor in failed drug development, and its efficient identification and prediction is a major challenge in drug discovery. We have explored the potential of microscopy images of fluorescently labeled nuclei for the prediction of toxicity based on nucleus pattern recognition. Deep learning algorithms obtain abstract representations of images through an automated process, allowing them to efficiently classify complex patterns, and have become the state-of-the art in machine learning for computer vision. Here, deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) were trained to predict toxicity from images of DAPI-stained cells pre-treated with a set of drugs with differing toxicity mechanisms. Different cropping strategies were used for training CNN models, the nuclei-cropping-based Tox_CNN model outperformed other models classifying cells according to health status. Tox_CNN allowed automated extraction of feature maps that clustered compounds according to mechanism of action. Moreover, fully automated region-based CNNs (RCNN) were implemented to detect and classify nuclei, providing per-cell toxicity prediction from raw screening images. We validated both Tox_(R)CNN models for detection of pre-lethal toxicity from nuclei images, which proved to be more sensitive and have broader specificity than established toxicity readouts. These models predicted toxicity of drugs with mechanisms of action other than those they had been trained for and were successfully transferred to other cell assays. The Tox_(R)CNN models thus provide robust, sensitive, and cost-effective tools for in vitro screening of drug-induced toxicity. These models can be adopted for compound prioritization in drug screening campaigns, and could thereby increase the efficiency of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jimenez-Carretero
- Cellomics Unit, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vahid Abrishami
- Cellomics Unit, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-de-Manuel
- Cellomics Unit, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Palacios
- Cellomics Unit, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Quílez-Álvarez
- Cellomics Unit, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Díez-Sánchez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae biology, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae biology, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Montoya
- Cellomics Unit, Cell & Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Luckert C, Braeuning A, de Sousa G, Durinck S, Katsanou ES, Konstantinidou P, Machera K, Milani ES, Peijnenburg AACM, Rahmani R, Rajkovic A, Rijkers D, Spyropoulou A, Stamou M, Stoopen G, Sturla S, Wollscheid B, Zucchini-Pascal N, Lampen A. Adverse Outcome Pathway-Driven Analysis of Liver Steatosis in Vitro: A Case Study with Cyproconazole. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:784-798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Luckert
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georges de Sousa
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Sigrid Durinck
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger Rahmani
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Geert Stoopen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nathalie Zucchini-Pascal
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Angrish MM, McQueen CA, Cohen-Hubal E, Bruno M, Ge Y, Chorley BN. Editor's Highlight: Mechanistic Toxicity Tests Based on an Adverse Outcome Pathway Network for Hepatic Steatosis. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:159-169. [PMID: 28903485 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk assessors use liver endpoints in rodent toxicology studies to assess the safety of chemical exposures. Yet, rodent endpoints may not accurately reflect human responses. For this reason and others, human-based invitro models are being developed and anchored to adverse outcome pathways to better predict adverse human health outcomes. Here, a networked adverse outcome pathway-guided selection of biology-based assays for lipid uptake, lipid efflux, fatty acid oxidation, and lipid accumulation were developed. These assays were evaluated in a metabolically competent human hepatocyte cell model (HepaRG) exposed to compounds known to cause steatosis (amiodarone, cyclosporine A, and T0901317) or activate lipid metabolism pathways (troglitazone, Wyeth-14,643, and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol). All of the chemicals activated at least one assay, however, only T0901317 and cyclosporin A dose-dependently increased lipid accumulation. T0901317 and cyclosporin A increased fatty acid uptake, decreased lipid efflux (inferred from apolipoprotein B100 levels), and increased fatty acid synthase protein levels. Using this biologically-based evaluation of key events regulating hepatic lipid levels, we demonstrated dysregulation of compensatory pathways that normally balance hepatic lipid levels. This approach may provide biological plausibility and data needed to increase confidence in linking invitro-based measurements to chemical effects on adverse human health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Angrish
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charlene A McQueen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elaine Cohen-Hubal
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maribel Bruno
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yue Ge
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian N Chorley
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Intelligent testing strategy and analytical techniques for the safety assessment of nanomaterials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6051-6066. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Tolosa L, Jiménez N, Pérez G, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Donato MT. Customised in vitro model to detect human metabolism-dependent idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:383-399. [PMID: 28762043 PMCID: PMC5773651 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has a considerable impact on human health and is a major challenge in drug safety assessments. DILI is a frequent cause of liver injury and a leading reason for post-approval drug regulatory actions. Considerable variations in the expression levels of both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and conjugating enzymes have been described in humans, which could be responsible for increased susceptibility to DILI in some individuals. We herein explored the feasibility of the combined use of HepG2 cells co-transduced with multiple adenoviruses that encode drug-metabolising enzymes, and a high-content screening assay to evaluate metabolism-dependent drug toxicity and to identify metabolic phenotypes with increased susceptibility to DILI. To this end, HepG2 cells with different expression levels of specific drug-metabolism enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, GSTM1 and UGT2B7) were exposed to nine drugs with reported hepatotoxicity. A panel of pre-lethal mechanistic parameters (mitochondrial superoxide production, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, intracellular calcium concentration, apoptotic nuclei) was used. Significant differences were observed according to the level of expression and/or the combination of several drug-metabolism enzymes in the cells created ad hoc according to the enzymes implicated in drug toxicity. Additionally, the main mechanisms implicated in the toxicity of the compounds were also determined showing also differences between the different types of cells employed. This screening tool allowed to mimic the variability in drug metabolism in the population and showed a highly efficient system for predicting human DILI, identifying the metabolic phenotypes associated with increased DILI risk, and indicating the mechanisms implicated in their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriela Pérez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Torre A, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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28
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García-Cañaveras JC, Peris-Díaz MD, Alcoriza-Balaguer MI, Cerdán-Calero M, Donato MT, Lahoz A. A lipidomic cell-based assay for studying drug-induced phospholipidosis and steatosis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2331-2340. [PMID: 28512733 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipidosis and steatosis are two toxic effects, which course with overaccumulation of different classes of lipids in the liver. MS-based lipidomics has become a powerful tool for the comprehensive determination of lipids. LC-MS lipid profiling of HepG2 cells is proposed as an in vitro assay to study and anticipate phospholipidosis and steatosis. Cells with and without preincubation with a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA; i.e. oleic and palmitic) were exposed to a set of well-known steatogenic and phospholipidogenic compounds. The use of FFA preloading accelerated the accumulation of phospholipids, thus leading to a better discrimination of phospholipidosis, and magnified the lipidomic alterations induced by steatogenic drugs. Phospholipidosis was characterized by increased levels of phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, and phosphatidylinositols, while steatosis induced alterations in FA oxidation and triacylglyceride (TG) synthesis pathways (with changes in the levels of FFA, acylcarnitines, monoacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, and TG). Interestingly, palmitic and oleic acids incorporation into lipids differed. A characteristic pattern was observed in the fold of change of particular TG species in the case of steatosis (TG(54:3) > TG(52:2) > TG(50:1) > TG(48:0)). Based on the levels of those lipids containing only palmitic and/or oleic acid moieties a partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was built, which showed good discrimination among nontoxic, phospholipidogenic and steatogenic compounds. In conclusion, it has been shown that the use of FFA preincubation together with intracellular LC-MS based lipid profiling could be a useful approach to identify the potential of drug candidates to induce phospholipidosis and/or steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - Manuel David Peris-Díaz
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - M Isabel Alcoriza-Balaguer
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - Manuela Cerdán-Calero
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Unidad de Biomarcadores y Medicina de Precisión, Unidad Analítica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Hospital La Fe, Spain
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29
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Tolosa L, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Donato MT. A Multi-Parametric Fluorescent Assay for the Screening and Mechanistic Study of Drug-Induced Steatosis in Liver Cells in Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 72:14.15.1-14.15.11. [PMID: 28463417 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatic cells have been used for drug safety risk evaluations throughout early development phases. They provide rapid, cost-effective early feedback to identify drug candidates with potential hepatotoxicity. This unit presents a cell-based assay to evaluate the risk of liver damage associated with steatogenic drugs. Detailed protocols for cell exposure to test compounds and for the assessment of steatosis-related cell parameters (intracellular lipid content, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial impairment, and cell death) are provided. A few representative results that illustrate the utility of this procedure for the screening of drug-induced steatosis are shown. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe), Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS-La Fe), Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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30
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O’Brien PJ, Edvardsson A. Validation of a Multiparametric, High-Content-Screening Assay for Predictive/Investigative Cytotoxicity: Evidence from Technology Transfer Studies and Literature Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:804-829. [PMID: 28147486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter James O’Brien
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Advanced Diagnostic Laboratory, Park West Enterprise Centre, Lavery Avenue, Park West, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Anna Edvardsson
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Advanced Diagnostic Laboratory, Park West Enterprise Centre, Lavery Avenue, Park West, Dublin 12, Ireland
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31
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Donato MT, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L. Using high-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in preclinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:201-211. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
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32
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Both cholestatic and steatotic drugs trigger extensive alterations in the mRNA level of biliary transporters in rat hepatocytes: Application to develop new predictive biomarkers for early drug development. Toxicol Lett 2016; 263:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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A metabolomics cell-based approach for anticipating and investigating drug-induced liver injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27239. [PMID: 27265840 PMCID: PMC4893700 DOI: 10.1038/srep27239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In preclinical stages of drug development, anticipating potential adverse drug effects such as toxicity is an important issue for both saving resources and preventing public health risks. Current in vitro cytotoxicity tests are restricted by their predictive potential and their ability to provide mechanistic information. This study aimed to develop a metabolomic mass spectrometry-based approach for the detection and classification of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. To this end, the metabolite profiles of human derived hepatic cells (i.e., HepG2) exposed to different well-known hepatotoxic compounds acting through different mechanisms (i.e., oxidative stress, steatosis, phospholipidosis, and controls) were compared by multivariate data analysis, thus allowing us to decipher both common and mechanism-specific altered biochemical pathways. Briefly, oxidative stress damage markers were found in the three mechanisms, mainly showing altered levels of metabolites associated with glutathione and γ-glutamyl cycle. Phospholipidosis was characterized by a decreased lysophospholipids to phospholipids ratio, suggestive of phospholipid degradation inhibition. Whereas, steatosis led to impaired fatty acids β-oxidation and a subsequent increase in triacylglycerides synthesis. The characteristic metabolomic profiles were used to develop a predictive model aimed not only to discriminate between non-toxic and hepatotoxic drugs, but also to propose potential drug toxicity mechanism(s).
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34
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Takemura A, Izaki A, Sekine S, Ito K. Inhibition of bile canalicular network formation in rat sandwich cultured hepatocytes by drugs associated with risk of severe liver injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:121-30. [PMID: 27256767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury is a clinical concern with serious consequences. Although many preclinical screening methods have been proposed, it remains difficult to identify compounds associated with this rare but potentially fatal liver condition. Here, we propose a novel assay system to assess the risk of liver injury. Rat primary hepatocytes were cultured in a sandwich configuration, which enables the formation of a typical bile canalicular network. From day 2 to 3, test drugs, mostly selected from a list of cholestatic drugs, were administered, and the length of the network was semi-quantitatively measured by immunofluorescence. Liver injury risk information was collected from drug labels and was compared with in vitro measurements. Of 23 test drugs examined, 15 exhibited potent inhibition of bile canalicular network formation (<60% of control). Effects on cell viability were negligible or minimal as confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase leakage and cellular ATP content assays. For the potent 15 drugs, IC50 values were determined. Finally, maximum daily dose divided by the inhibition constant gave good separation of the highest risk of severe liver toxicity drugs such as troglitazone, benzbromarone, flutamide, and amiodarone from lower risk drugs. In conclusion, inhibitory effect on the bile canalicular network formation observed in in vitro sandwich cultured hepatocytes evaluates a new aspect of drug toxicity, particularly associated with aggravation of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Aya Izaki
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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35
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Tolosa L, Gómez-Lechón MJ, López S, Guzmán C, Castell JV, Donato MT, Jover R. Human Upcyte Hepatocytes: Characterization of the Hepatic Phenotype and Evaluation for Acute and Long-Term Hepatotoxicity Routine Testing. Toxicol Sci 2016; 152:214-29. [PMID: 27208088 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of human hepatic cell-based models to predict hepatotoxicity depends on the functional performance of cells. The major limitations of human hepatocytes include the scarce availability and rapid loss of the hepatic phenotype. Hepatoma cells are readily available and easy to handle, but are metabolically poor compared with hepatocytes. Recently developed human upcyte hepatocytes offer the advantage of combining many features of primary hepatocytes with the unlimited availability of hepatoma cells. We analyzed the phenotype of upcyte hepatocytes comparatively with HepG2 cells and adult primary human hepatocytes to characterize their functional features as a differentiated hepatic cell model. The transcriptomic analysis of liver characteristic genes confirmed that the upcyte hepatocytes expression profile comes closer to human hepatocytes than HepG2 cells. CYP activities were measurable and showed a similar response to prototypical CYP inducers than primary human hepatocytes. Upcyte hepatocytes also retained conjugating activities and key hepatic functions, e.g. albumin, urea, lipid and glycogen synthesis, at levels close to hepatocytes. We also investigated the suitability of this cell model for preclinical hepatotoxicity risk assessments using multiparametric high-content screening, as well as transcriptomics and targeted metabolomic analysis. Compounds with well-documented in vivo hepatotoxicity were screened after acute and repeated doses up to 1 week. The evaluation of complex mechanisms of cell toxicity, drug-induced steatosis and oxidative stress biomarkers demonstrated that, by combining the phenotype of primary human hepatocytes and the ease of handling of HepG2 cells, upcyte hepatocytes offer suitable properties to be potentially used for toxicological assessments during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - M José Gómez-Lechón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell, N° 106- Torre A, Valencia, 46026, Spain CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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36
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Tolosa L, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Jiménez N, Hervás D, Jover R, Donato MT. Advantageous use of HepaRG cells for the screening and mechanistic study of drug-induced steatosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 302:1-9. [PMID: 27089845 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Only a few in vitro assays have been proposed to evaluate the steatotic potential of new drugs. The present study examines the utility of HepaRG cells as a cell-based assay system for screening drug-induced liver steatosis. A high-content screening assay was run to evaluate multiple toxicity-related cell parameters in HepaRG cells exposed to 28 compounds, including drugs reported to cause steatosis through different mechanisms and non-steatotic compounds. Lipid content was the most sensitive parameter for all the steatotic drugs, whereas no effects on lipid levels were produced by non-steatotic compounds. Apart from fat accumulation, increased ROS production and altered mitochondrial membrane potential were also found in the cells exposed to steatotic drugs, which indicates that all these cellular events contributed to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings are of clinical relevance as most effects were observed at drug concentrations under 100-fold of the therapeutic peak plasmatic concentration. HepaRG cells showed increased lipid overaccumulation vs. HepG2 cells, which suggests greater sensitivity to drug-induced steatosis. An altered expression profile of transcription factors and the genes that code key proteins in lipid metabolism was also found in the cells exposed to drugs capable of inducing liver steatosis. Our results generally indicate the value of HepaRG cells for assessing the risk of liver damage associated with steatogenic compounds and for investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in drug-induced steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain; CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - David Hervás
- Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain; CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain; CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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Fraietta I, Gasparri F. The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:501-14. [PMID: 26971542 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1165203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in supporting drug discovery and development. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro toxicology. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts, together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers, will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fraietta
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
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High Content Analysis of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Hepatocytes Reveals Drug Induced Steatosis and Phospholipidosis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2475631. [PMID: 26880940 PMCID: PMC4736406 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2475631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. The use of nonclinically relevant in vitro and in vivo testing systems contributes to the high attrition rates. Recent advances in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into pure cultures of hepatocyte-like cells expressing functional drug metabolizing enzymes open up possibilities for novel, more relevant human cell based toxicity models. The present study aimed to investigate the use of hiPSC derived hepatocytes for conducting mechanistic toxicity testing by image based high content analysis (HCA). The hiPSC derived hepatocytes were exposed to drugs known to cause hepatotoxicity through steatosis and phospholipidosis, measuring several endpoints representing different mechanisms involved in drug induced hepatotoxicity. The hiPSC derived hepatocytes were benchmarked to the HepG2 cell line and generated robust HCA data with low imprecision between plates and batches. The different parameters measured were detected at subcytotoxic concentrations and the order of which the compounds were categorized (as severe, moderate, mild, or nontoxic) based on the degree of injury at isomolar concentration corresponded to previously published data. Taken together, the present study shows how hiPSC derived hepatocytes can be used as a platform for screening drug induced hepatotoxicity by HCA.
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Joshi P, Lee MY. High Content Imaging (HCI) on Miniaturized Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Cultures. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:768-90. [PMID: 26694477 PMCID: PMC4697144 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High content imaging (HCI) is a multiplexed cell staining assay developed for better understanding of complex biological functions and mechanisms of drug action, and it has become an important tool for toxicity and efficacy screening of drug candidates. Conventional HCI assays have been carried out on two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer cultures, which in turn limit predictability of drug toxicity/efficacy in vivo; thus, there has been an urgent need to perform HCI assays on three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Although 3D cell cultures better mimic in vivo microenvironments of human tissues and provide an in-depth understanding of the morphological and functional features of tissues, they are also limited by having relatively low throughput and thus are not amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS). One attempt of making 3D cell culture amenable for HTS is to utilize miniaturized cell culture platforms. This review aims to highlight miniaturized 3D cell culture platforms compatible with current HCI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44115-2214, USA.
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44115-2214, USA.
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High-content screening imaging and real-time cellular impedance monitoring for the assessment of chemical’s bio-activation with regards hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1916-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Effects of Nano-CeO₂ with Different Nanocrystal Morphologies on Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10806-19. [PMID: 26404340 PMCID: PMC4586644 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO2) have been reported to cause damage and apoptosis in human primary hepatocytes. Here, we compared the toxicity of three types of nano-CeO2 with different nanocrystal morphologies (cube-, octahedron-, and rod-like crystals) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The cells were treated with the nano-CeO2 at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL). The crystal structure, size and morphology of nano-CeO2 were investigated by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The specific surface area was detected using the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller method. The cellular morphological and internal structure were observed by microscopy; apoptotic alterations were measured using flow cytometry; nuclear DNA, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells were measured using high content screening technology. The scavenging ability of hydroxyl free radicals and the redox properties of the nano-CeO2 were measured by square-wave voltammetry and temperature-programmed-reduction methods. All three types of nano-CeO2 entered the HepG2 cells, localized in the lysosome and cytoplasm, altered cellular shape, and caused cytotoxicity. The nano-CeO2 with smaller specific surface areas induced more apoptosis, caused an increase in MMP, ROS and GSH, and lowered the cell’s ability to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals and antioxidants. In this work, our data demonstrated that compared with cube-like and octahedron-like nano-CeO2, the rod-like nano-CeO2 has lowest toxicity to HepG2 cells owing to its larger specific surface areas.
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García-Cañaveras JC, Jiménez N, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT, Lahoz A. LC-MS untargeted metabolomic analysis of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2294-2302. [PMID: 26031481 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is the number one cause for agencies not approving and withdrawing drugs for the market. Drug-induced human hepatotoxicity frequently goes undetected in preclinical safety evaluations using animal models. Human-derived in vitro models represent a common alternative to in vivo tests to detect toxic effects during preclinical testing. Most current in vitro toxicity assays rely on the measurement of nonspecific or low sensitive endpoints, which result in poor concordance with human liver toxicity. Therefore, making more accurate predictions of the potential hepatotoxicity of new drugs remains a challenge. Metabolomics, whose aim is to globally assess all the metabolites present in a biological sample, may represent an alternative in the search for sensitive sublethal markers of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. To this end, a comprehensive LC-MS-based untargeted metabolite profiling analysis of HepG2 cells, exposed to a set of well-described model hepatotoxins and innocuous compounds, was performed. It allowed to determine meaningful metabolic changes triggered by a toxic insult and gave a first estimation of the main toxicity-related pathways. Based on these metabolic patterns, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis model, able to discriminate between nontoxic and hepatotoxic compounds, was constructed. The approach described herein may provide an alternative for animal testing in preclinical stages of drug development and a controlled experimental approach to gain a better understanding of the underlying causes of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Spain
| | - M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Spain.,Unidad Analítica Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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43
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High-content screening technology for studying drug-induced hepatotoxicity in cell models. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1007-22. [PMID: 25787152 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High-content screening is the application of automated microscopy and image analysis to both cell biology and drug discovery. Over the last decade, this technique has emerged as a useful technology that allows the simultaneous measurement of different parameters at a single-cell level. Hepatotoxicity is a compelling reason for drug nonapprovals and withdrawals. It is recognized that the safety of a compound cannot be based on a single in vitro assay, and existing methods are not predictive of drug-induced toxicity. However, different HCS assays have been recently demonstrated as being powerful for identifying different mechanisms implicated in drug-induced toxicity with high sensitivity and specificity. These assays integrate the data obtained from different cell function indicators and can be easily incorporated into basic screening processes for the safety evaluation and selection of drug candidates; thus, they contribute greatly to lessen the likelihood of drug failure. Exploring the use of cellular imaging technology in drug-induced liver injury by reviewing the different tests proposed provides evidence that this technology has a strong impact on drug discovery.
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44
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Iannetti EF, Willems PHGM, Pellegrini M, Beyrath J, Smeitink JAM, Blanchet L, Koopman WJH. Toward high-content screening of mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential in living cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 63:66-70. [PMID: 25668473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are double membrane organelles involved in various key cellular processes. Governed by dedicated protein machinery, mitochondria move and continuously fuse and divide. These "mitochondrial dynamics" are bi-directionally linked to mitochondrial and cell functional state in space and time. Due to the action of the electron transport chain (ETC), the mitochondrial inner membrane displays a inside-negative membrane potential (Δψ). The latter is considered a functional readout of mitochondrial "health" and required to sustain normal mitochondrial ATP production and mitochondrial fusion. During the last decade, live-cell microscopy strategies were developed for simultaneous quantification of Δψ and mitochondrial morphology. This revealed that ETC dysfunction, changes in Δψ and aberrations in mitochondrial structure often occur in parallel, suggesting they are linked potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we discuss how combining high-content and high-throughput strategies can be used for analysis of genetic and/or drug-induced effects at the level of individual organelles, cells and cell populations. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Energy Metabolism Disorders and Therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter H G M Willems
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondria disorders, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Werner J H Koopman
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Benet M, Guzmán C, Pisonero-Vaquero S, García-Mediavilla MV, Sánchez-Campos S, Martínez-Chantar ML, Donato MT, Castell JV, Jover R. Repression of the nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner by steatotic drugs and in advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:582-94. [PMID: 25576488 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.096313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small heterodimer partner (SHP) (NR0B2) is an atypical nuclear receptor that lacks a DNA-binding domain. It interacts with and inhibits many transcription factors, affecting key metabolic processes, including bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid, and drug metabolism. Our aim was to determine the influence of steatotic drugs and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on SHP expression and investigate the potential mechanisms. SHP was found to be repressed by steatotic drugs (valproate, doxycycline, tetracycline, and cyclosporin A) in cultured hepatic cells and the livers of different animal models of NAFLD: iatrogenic (tetracycline-treated rats), genetic (glycine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice), and nutritional (mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet). Among the different transcription factors investigated, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) showed the strongest dominant-repressive effect on SHP expression in HepG2 and human hepatocytes. Reporter assays revealed that the inhibitory effect of C/EBPα and steatotic drugs colocalize between -340 and -509 base pair of the SHP promoter, and mutation of a predicted C/EBPα response element at -473 base pair abolished SHP repression by both C/EBPα and drugs. Moreover, inhibition of major stress signaling pathways demonstrated that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 pathway activates, while the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway represses SHP in a C/EBP-dependent manner. We conclude that SHP is downregulated by several steatotic drugs and in advanced NAFLD. These conditions can activate signals that target C/EBPα and consequently repress SHP, thus favoring the progression and severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Benet
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Sandra Pisonero-Vaquero
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Victoria García-Mediavilla
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia (M.B., C.G., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona (M.B., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C., M.L.M.-C., M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.); Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León (S.P.-V., M.V.G.-M., S.S.-C.); CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio (M.L.M.-C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.T.D., J.V.C., R.J.)
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In vitro/in vivo screening of oxidative homeostasis and damage to DNA, protein, and lipids using UPLC/MS-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5465-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Germano D, Uteng M, Pognan F, Chibout SD, Wolf A. Determination of liver specific toxicities in rat hepatocytes by high content imaging during 2-week multiple treatment. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 30:79-94. [PMID: 24933330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DILI is a major safety issue during drug development and one of the leading causes for market withdrawal. Despite many efforts made in the past, the prediction of DILI using in vitro models remains very unreliable. In the present study, the well-established hepatocyte Collagen I-Matrigel™ sandwich culture was used, mimicking chronic drug treatment after multiple incubations for 14 days. Ten drugs associated with different types of specific preclinical and clinical liver injury were evaluated at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Mrp2-mediated transport, intracellular accumulation of neutral lipids and phospholipids were selected as functional endpoints by using Cellomics™ Arrayscan® technology and assessed at five timepoints (day 1, 3, 7, 10, 14). Liver specific functional impairments after drug treatment were enhanced over time and could be monitored by HCI already after few days and before cytotoxicity. Phospholipidosis-inducing drugs Chlorpromazine and Amiodarone displayed the same response as in vivo. Cyclosporin A, Chlorpromazine, and Troglitazone inhibited Mrp2-mediated biliary transport, correlating with in vivo findings. Steatosis remained difficult to be reproduced under the current in vitro testing conditions, resulting into false negative and positive responses. The present results suggest that the repeated long-term treatment of rat hepatocytes in the Collagen I-Matrigel™ sandwich configuration might be a suitable tool for safety profiling of the potential to induce phospholipidosis and impair Mrp2-mediated transport processes, but not to predict steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Germano
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Uteng
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois Pognan
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah-Dine Chibout
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Wolf
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
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A simple transcriptomic signature able to predict drug-induced hepatic steatosis. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:967-82. [PMID: 24469900 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that only a few marketed drugs are able to directly induce liver steatosis. However, many other drugs may exacerbate or precipitate fatty liver in the presence of other risk factors or in patients prone to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. On the other hand, current in vitro tests for drug-induced steatosis in preclinical research are scarce and not very sensitive or reproducible. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of well-characterized steatotic drugs on the expression profile of 47 transcription factors (TFs) in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and found that these drugs are able to up- and down-regulate a substantial number of these factors. Multivariate data analysis revealed a common TF signature for steatotic drugs, which consistently and significantly repressed FOXA1, HEX and SREBP1C in cultured cells. This signature was also observed in the livers of rats and in cultured human hepatocytes. Therefore, we selected these three TFs as predictive biomarkers for iatrogenic steatosis. With these biomarkers, a logistic regression analysis yielded a predictive model, which was able to correctly classify 92 % of drugs. The developed algorithm also predicted that ibuprofen, nifedipine and irinotecan are potential steatotic drugs, whereas troglitazone is not. In summary, this is a sensitive, specific and simple RT-PCR test that can be easily implemented in preclinical drug development to predict drug-induced steatosis. Our results also indicate that steatotic drugs affect expression of both common and specific subsets of TF and lipid metabolism genes, thus generating complex transcriptomic responses that cause or contribute to steatosis in hepatocytes.
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Sugarman E, Koo A, Suyama E, Ruidiaz ME, Heynen-Genel S, Nguyen KH, Vasile S, Soundarapandian MM, Vega RB, Kelly DP, Smith LH, Malany S. Identification of Inhibitors of triacylglyceride accumulation in muscle cells: comparing HTS results from 1536-well plate-based and high-content platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:77-87. [PMID: 23989452 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113501198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excess caloric consumption leads to triacylglyceride (TAG) accumulation in tissues that do not typically store fat, such as skeletal muscle. This ectopic accumulation alters cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, a major health problem worldwide. We developed a 1536-well assay to measure intracellular TAG accumulation in differentiating H9c2 myoblasts. For this assay, cells were incubated with oleic acid to stimulate TAG accumulation prior to adding compounds. We used Nile red as a fluorescent dye to quantify TAG content with a microplate reader. The cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI nuclear stain to assess cell count and filter cytotoxic compounds. In parallel, we developed an image-based assay in H9c2 cells to measure lipid accumulation levels via high-content analysis, exploiting the dual-emission spectra characteristic of Nile red staining of neutral and phospholipids. Using both approaches, we successfully screened ~227,000 compounds from the National Institutes of Health library. The screening data from the plate reader and IC50 values correlated with that from the Opera QEHS cell imager. The 1536-well plate reader assay is a powerful high-throughout screening platform to identify potent inhibitors of TAG accumulation to better understand the molecular pathways involved in lipid metabolism that lead to lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Sugarman
- 1Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
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50
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Tolosa L, Rodeiro I, Donato MT, Herrera JA, Delgado R, Castell JV, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Multiparametric evaluation of the cytoprotective effect of the Mangifera indica L. stem bark extract and mangiferin in HepG2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1073-82. [PMID: 23738735 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem bark extract (MSBE) is a natural product with biological properties and mangiferin is the major component. This paper reported the evaluation of the protective effects of MSBE and mangiferin against the toxicity induced in HepG2 cells by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or amiodarone. METHOD Nuclear morphology, cell viability, intracellular calcium concentration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured by using a high-content screening multiparametric assay. KEY FINDINGS MSBE and mangiferin produced no toxicity below 500 mg/ml doses. A marked recovery in cell viability, which was reduced by the toxicants, was observed in cells pre-exposed to MSBE or mangiferin at 5-100 mg/ml doses. We also explored the possible interaction of both products over P-glycoprotein (P-gp). MSBE and mangiferin above 100 mg/ml inhibited the activity of P-gp in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS MSBE and mangiferin showed cytoprotective effects of against oxidative damage and mitochondrial toxicity induced by xenobiotics to human hepatic cells but it seemed that other constituents of the extract could contribute to MSBE protective properties. In addition, the drug efflux should be taken into account because of the inhibition of the P-gp function observed in those cells exposed to both natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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