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Zhang ZH, Zheng JW, Liu SF, Hao TB, Yang WD, Li HY, Wang X. Impact of butylparaben on growth dynamics and microcystin-LR production in Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119291. [PMID: 38823607 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The presence of butylparaben (BP), a prevalent pharmaceutical and personal care product, in surface waters has raised concerns regarding its impact on aquatic ecosystems. Despite its frequent detection, the toxicity of BP to the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa remains poorly understood. This study investigates the influence of BP on the growth and physiological responses of M. aeruginosa. Results indicate that low concentrations of BP (below 2.5 mg/L) have negligible effects on M. aeruginosa growth, whereas higher concentrations (5 mg/L and 10 mg/L) lead to significant growth inhibition. This inhibition is attributed to the severe disruption of photosynthesis, evidenced by decreased Fv/Fm values and chlorophyll a content. BP exposure also triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes. Excessive ROS generation stimulates the production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Furthermore, lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage indicate that high BP concentrations cause cell membrane rupture, facilitating the release of MC-LR into the environment. Transcriptome analysis reveals that BP disrupts energy metabolic processes, particularly affecting genes associated with photosynthesis, carbon fixation, electron transport, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These findings underscore the profound physiological impact of BP on M. aeruginosa and highlight its role in stimulating the production and release of MC-LR, thereby amplifying environmental risks in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Si-Fen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ting-Bin Hao
- College of Synthetic Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Pan Y, Wei X, Zhu Z, Yin R, Ma C, Jiao X, Li AJ, Qiu R. Co-exposure of parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine from children and adults in South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142936. [PMID: 39067828 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are pervasive in the environment, prompting significant public concern regarding human exposure to these pollutants. In this study, we analyzed the levels of various endocrine-disrupting compounds, including parabens (PBs), benzophenones (BzPs), triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS), across 565 urine samples collected from residents of South China. All 11 target chemicals were detected at relatively high frequencies (41-100%), with the most prevalent ones being 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (5.39 ng/mL), methyl-paraben (5.12 ng/mL), ethyl-paraben (3.11 ng/mL) and triclosan (0.978 ng/mL). PBs emerged as the most predominant group with a median concentration of 32.2 ng/mL, followed by TCs (sum of TCC and TCS, 0.998 ng/mL) and BzPs (0.211 ng/mL). Notably, urinary concentrations of PBs in adults were significantly higher (p < 0.01) compared to children, while BzPs and TCs were elevated in children (p < 0.001). The increased presence of BzPs and TCs in children is a cause for concern, given their heightened sensitivity and vulnerability to chemicals. Significant correlations were found between urinary target compounds and demographic factors, including gender, age and body mass index. Specifically, females, younger adults (18 ≤ age ≤ 35) and individuals with under/normal weight (16 ≤ BMI ≤ 23.9) were found to have higher exposure levels to EDCs, as indicated by the median values of their estimated daily intakes. Despite these higher levels still being lower than the acceptable daily intake thresholds, the health risks stemming from simultaneous exposure to these EDCs must not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenni Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Renli Yin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chongjian Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Adela Jing Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Shen X, Génard-Walton M, Williams PL, James-Todd T, Ford JB, Rexrode KM, Calafat AM, Zhang D, Chavarro JE, Hauser R, Mínguez-Alarcón L. Mixtures of Urinary Phenol and Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations in Relation to Serum Lipid Levels among Pregnant Women: Results from the EARTH Study. TOXICS 2024; 12:574. [PMID: 39195676 PMCID: PMC11359712 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12080574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
We examined whether mixtures of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), parabens and phthalate metabolites were associated with serum lipid levels among 175 pregnant women who enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study (2005-2017), including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), non-HDL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We applied Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation while adjusting for confounders. In the BKMR models, we found no associations between chemical mixture and lipid levels, e.g., total cholesterol [mean difference (95% CRI, credible interval) = 0.02 (-0.31, 0.34)] and LDL [mean difference (95% CRI) = 0.10 (-0.22, 0.43)], when comparing concentrations at the 75th to the 25th percentile. When stratified by BMI, we found suggestive positive relationships between urinary propylparaben and total cholesterol and LDL among women with high BMI [mean difference (95% CRI) = 0.25 (-0.26, 0.75) and 0.35 (-0.25, 0.95)], but not with low BMI [mean difference (95% CRI) = 0.00 (-0.06, 0.07) and 0.00 (-0.07, 0.07)]. No association was found by quantile g-computation. This exploratory study suggests mixtures of phenol and phthalate metabolites were not associated with serum lipid levels during pregnancy, while there were some suggestive associations for certain BMI subgroups. Larger longitudinal studies with multiple assessments of both exposure and outcome are needed to corroborate these novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; (X.S.); (D.Z.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maximilien Génard-Walton
- Université Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Paige L. Williams
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (T.J.-T.); (R.H.)
| | - Jennifer B. Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Kathryn M. Rexrode
- Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; (X.S.); (D.Z.)
- Clinical Research Center on Children’s Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (T.J.-T.); (R.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Shen K, Kang D, Choi Y, Jeon J. Target and Suspect Screening for Organic Additives in Six Classifications of Personal Care Products Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:839-854. [PMID: 38587268 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are integral components of daily human existence, including a large number of chemicals intentionally added for functional attributes (e.g., preservatives and fragrances) or unintentionally present, such as plasticizers. This investigation aimed to optimize the methodology for target and suspect screening via liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, focusing on nine prevalent organic additives (comprising bisphenols A, F, and S, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylparaben, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid). A total of 50 high-selling PCPs were purchased from the local online market as samples. In detail, PCP samples were classified into body washes, shampoos, hair conditioners, facial cleansers, body lotions, and moisture creams. For calibration, the quality assurance and quality control results demonstrated a coefficient of determination (R2) surpassing 0.999, with detection and quantification limits ranging from 2.5 to 100.0 ng/g. For recovery experiments, replicate recoveries (n = 5) ranged from 61 to 134%. In purchased PCP samples, five of the nine target compounds were detected via a target screening. Methylparaben exhibited the highest concentration (7860 mg/kg) in a facial cleanser, which is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. A total of 248 suspects of organic additives were screened in PCPs, leading to a tentative identification of 9. Confirmation (confidence level 1) via reference standards was achieved for three suspects, while six were tentatively identified with a confidence level of 2. This two-step extraction methodology utilizing methyl tert-butyl ether and isopropyl alcohol enabled simultaneous analysis of diverse chemical groups with distinct properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea
| | - Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea
| | - Younghun Choi
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea
- School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea
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Robin J, Albouy M, Jourdain B, Binson G, Sauvaget A, Pierre-Eugène P, Wu L, Migeot V, Dupuis A, Venisse N. Assessment of Endocrine Disruptor Exposure in Hospital Professionals Using Hair and Urine Analyses: An Awareness Campaign. Ther Drug Monit 2024; 46:102-110. [PMID: 37559216 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2021, French public authorities initiated the fourth National Environmental Health Plan to prevent environment-related health risks. This plan primarily focuses on the sensitization of health professionals and health care institutions. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are environmental factors associated with several adverse health effects, such as reproductive disorders, obesity, and cancer. This study aimed to conduct an awareness campaign among professionals at a general hospital center on the risks related to EDs. METHODS Hospital professionals were directly involved in this study, and urine and hair samples were collected to determine bisphenol and paraben exposure levels. Analyses were performed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods, enabling the simultaneous determination of bisphenols and parabens. A questionnaire on lifestyle habits was distributed to assess its relationship with the exposure profiles. Nineteen professionals were recruited for the study. RESULTS Bisphenol A was detected in 95% of the urine samples, and the chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A were between 16% and 63%. parabens showed detection frequencies between 37% and 100%, and methylparaben was quantified at an average concentration of 0.45 ± 0.46 ng/mL. In hair samples, bisphenols A, F, and S were detected at 95%-100%, chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A were detected at 37%-68%, and parabens were detected at 100%. CONCLUSIONS This awareness campaign may encourage health care institutions to adopt a policy of reducing endocrine disruptor exposure among their patients and professionals, who could be educated regarding the risks associated with EDs. Conducting a multicenter study to refine the results herein and establish a dynamic to prevent endocrine disruptor and environmental risks in health care systems would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Robin
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
| | - Marion Albouy
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers; and
| | | | - Guillaume Binson
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers; and
| | - Alexis Sauvaget
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
| | - Pascale Pierre-Eugène
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers; and
| | - Luyao Wu
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
| | - Virginie Migeot
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers; and
| | - Antoine Dupuis
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Poitiers; and
| | - Nicolas Venisse
- Biology-Pharmacy-Public Health Department, University Hospital of Poitiers
- INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center 1402
- CNRS UMR 7267, Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, University of Poitiers
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Huang PC, Chen HC, Leung SH, Lin YJ, Huang HB, Chang WT, Huang HI, Chang JW. Associations between paraben exposure, thyroid capacity, homeostasis and pituitary thyrotropic function in the general Taiwanese: Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants (TEST) 2013. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1288-1303. [PMID: 38038926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that some endocrine disruptors such as synthetic phenols, parabens and phthalates may disrupt thyroid hormone signaling and associated negative feed-backs with the central hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Therefore, we investigated urinary paraben and blood thyroid hormone levels in the Taiwanese population. Our sample comprised 264 adults (aged 18-97 years) and 75 minors (aged 7-17 years) from Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants 2013. Urinary levels of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) were assessed. Hormones of particular interest include: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4). We sought integrated parameters to describe the transfer of thyroid hormones in homeostatic models. The geometric mean urinary paraben levels of the adults were higher than those of the minors (adults vs. minors; MeP: 383 vs. 62.4 ng/mL; PrP: 109 vs. 8.00 ng/mL; EtP: 39.5 vs. 2.38 ng/mL, and BuP: 6.36 vs. 2.13 ng/mL). In the male adults, we discovered that 0.253% (p = 0.032), 0.256% (p = 0.041) and 0.257% (p = 0.037) decreases in the TSH, TSH/T4 and TSH/FreeT4 ratio was associated with 1% EtP increases, respectively. In the female minors, 0.093% (p = 0.044), 0.072% (p = 0.047) and 0.156 (p = 0.004) increases in the TSH ratios were associated with a 1% MeP, EtP and BuP increase, respectively. Moreover, 0.151% (p = 0.008) and 0.177% (p = 0.001) increases in TSH/T4 and TSH/free T4 ratios were associated with a BuP 1% increase, respectively. Finally, EtP was positively associated with SPINA-GT (β: 15.66, p = 0.036) in the male adults. By contrast, EtP were positively associated with Jostel's TSH index and sTSHI (β: 0.072, p = 0.049; β: 0.107, p = 0.049) in the female minors. The Taiwanese population is commonly exposed to parabens, which can potentially lead to alteration of thyroid hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Leung
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Beitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Wei Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Li-Nong Street, Sec. 2, Beitou, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Pascual F. Asking the Right Questions: Untargeted Metabolomics for Studying Early Pregnancy Paraben Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:14001. [PMID: 38261304 PMCID: PMC10805134 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Periconceptional exposures to three parabens were, surprisingly, associated with dietary sources of these preservatives rather than personal care products, highlighting the utility of this method and need for more study of dietary parabens.
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Gibi C, Liu CH, Anandan S, Wu JJ. Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). Molecules 2023; 28:7916. [PMID: 38067644 PMCID: PMC10707923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), a new category of contaminants currently in the limelight, are a major issue of global concern. The pervasive nature of CECs and their harmful effects, such as cancer, reproductive disorders, neurotoxicity, etc., make the situation alarming. The perilous nature of CECs lies in the fact that even very small concentrations of CECs can cause great impacts on living beings. They also have a nature of bioaccumulation. Thus, there is a great need to have efficient sensors for the detection of CECs to ensure a safe living environment. Electrochemical sensors are an efficient platform for CEC detection as they are highly selective, sensitive, stable, reproducible, and prompt, and can detect very low concentrations of the analyte. Major classes of CECs are pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, newly registered pesticides, and disinfection by-products. This review focusses on CECs, including their sources and pathways, health effects caused by them, and electrochemical sensors as reported in the literature under each category for the detection of major CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchu Gibi
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Trichy 620015, India;
| | - Jerry J. Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
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Azeredo DBC, de Sousa Anselmo D, Soares P, Graceli JB, Magliano DC, Miranda-Alves L. Environmental Endocrinology: Parabens Hazardous Effects on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15246. [PMID: 37894927 PMCID: PMC10607526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parabens are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) capable of interfering with the normal functioning of the thyroid, affecting the proper regulation of the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs), which is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). Given the crucial role of these hormones in health and the growing evidence of diseases related to thyroid dysfunction, this review looks at the effects of paraben exposure on the thyroid. In this study, we considered research carried out in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological studies published between 1951 and 2023, which demonstrated an association between exposure to parabens and dysfunctions of the HPT axis. In humans, exposure to parabens increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while exposure decreases TSH levels in rodents. The effects on THs levels are also poorly described, as well as peripheral metabolism. Regardless, recent studies have shown different actions between different subtypes of parabens on the HPT axis, which allows us to speculate that the mechanism of action of these parabens is different. Furthermore, studies of exposure to parabens are more evident in women than in men. Therefore, future studies are needed to clarify the effects of exposure to parabens and their mechanisms of action on this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damáris Barcelos Cunha Azeredo
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (D.B.C.A.); (D.d.S.A.); (D.C.M.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Denilson de Sousa Anselmo
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (D.B.C.A.); (D.d.S.A.); (D.C.M.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Paula Soares
- Cellular Signaling and Metabolism Group, i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 420-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jones Bernardes Graceli
- Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology and Endocrinology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil;
| | - D’Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (D.B.C.A.); (D.d.S.A.); (D.C.M.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Morphology and Metabolism Group, Federal University of Fluminense, Niteroi 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (D.B.C.A.); (D.d.S.A.); (D.C.M.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Cellular Signaling and Metabolism Group, i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 420-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Yang CW, Lee WC. Parabens Increase Sulfamethoxazole-, Tetracycline- and Paraben-Resistant Bacteria and Reshape the Nitrogen/Sulfur Cycle-Associated Microbial Communities in Freshwater River Sediments. TOXICS 2023; 11:387. [PMID: 37112614 PMCID: PMC10142436 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Backgrounds Parabens are pollutants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. Extensive studies regarding the occurrences, fates and behavior of parabens in aquatic environments have been reported. However, little is known about the effects of parabens on microbial communities in freshwater river sediments. This study reveals the effects of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) on antimicrobial-resistant microbiomes, nitrogen/sulfur cycle-associated microbial communities and xenobiotic degrading microbial communities in freshwater river sediments. Methods The river water and sediments collected from the Wai-shuangh-si Stream in Taipei City, Taiwan were used to construct a model system in fish tanks to test the effects of parabens in laboratory. Results Tetracycline-, sulfamethoxazole- and paraben-resistant bacteria increased in all paraben treated river sediments. The order of the overall ability to produce an increment in sulfamethoxazole-, tetracycline- and paraben-resistant bacteria was MP > EP > PP > BP. The proportions of microbial communities associated with xenobiotic degradation also increased in all paraben-treated sediments. In contrast, penicillin-resistant bacteria in both the aerobic and anaerobic culture of paraben-treated sediments decreased drastically at the early stage of the experiments. The proportions of four microbial communities associated with the nitrogen cycle (anammox, nitrogen fixation, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction) and sulfur cycle (thiosulfate oxidation) largely increased after the 11th week in all paraben-treated sediments. Moreover, methanogens and methanotrophic bacteria increased in all paraben-treated sediments. In contrast, the nitrification, assimilatory sulfate reduction and sulfate-sulfur assimilation associated to microbial communities in the sediments were decreased by the parabens. The results of this study uncover the potential effects and consequences of parabens on microbial communities in a freshwater river environment.
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11
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Kim S, Min HS, Lee WJ, Choe SA. Occupational differences in personal care product use and urinary concentration of endocrine disrupting chemicals by gender. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:312-318. [PMID: 35414680 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most societies, women and men systematically differ in consumption of cosmetics and household products, which are interlinked with gendered norms and occupational segregation. We investigated the differences in personal care product (PCP) use and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) based on occupation and gender. METHODS We utilized data from the first to third Korean National Environmental Health Survey analyzing 9218 participants aged 20-59 years engaged in their current occupation for ≥3 months. Frequent PCP use (≥once/week) and exposure to EDCs were analyzed by gender and occupation. We used least-square geometric means (LSGMs) of urinary concentrations of the five EDCs adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Manual occupation was most common in men and no paid occupation was most frequent in women. In general, clerical, service, and sales workers showed the highest prevalence of frequent use of hair and body products. Women used body and makeup products more frequently than men. For all five EDCs, similarly, women showed higher urinary levels in all occupation groups. When stratified by gender, the differences in urinary concentration of EDCs across occupation groups were not observed in men. Among women, clerical, service, and sales workers showed higher bisphenol A (BPA) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) levels than manual workers. CONCLUSIONS Differentials in exposure to EDCs by occupation groups were not evident for men. Given the higher urinary concentration of EDCs in women compared to men, interventions to reduce the exposure to EDCs would need to focus on women, especially in clerical, service, and sales occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saerom Kim
- People's Health Institute, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Min
- Research Institute of Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Choe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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12
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Ao J, Qiu W, Huo X, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Zhang J. Paraben exposure and couple fecundity: a preconception cohort study. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:726-738. [PMID: 36749105 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is pre-conception exposure to parabens associated with fecundity in couples of childbearing age? SUMMARY ANSWER Paraben exposure in female partners was associated with reduced couple fecundity and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) might be one of the possible mediators. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The reproductive toxicity of parabens, a class of widely used preservatives, has been suggested but evidence regarding their effects on couple fecundity is scarce. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In this couple-based prospective cohort study, a total of 884 pre-conception couples who participated in the Shanghai Birth Cohort between 2013 and 2015 were included. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Concentrations of six parabens were measured in urine samples collected from couples. Malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein, and AMH were assessed in female partners. The outcomes included couple fecundability (time-to-pregnancy, TTP) and infertility (TTP > 12 menstrual cycles). Partner-specific and couple-based models were applied to estimate the associations. The joint effect of paraben mixture on couple fecundity was estimated by quantile-based g-computation (q-gcomp). Mediation analysis was used to assess the mediating roles of oxidative stress, inflammation and ovarian reserve. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 525 couples (59.4%) conceived spontaneously. In the partner-specific model, propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), and heptyl paraben (HeP) in female partners were associated with reduced fecundability (fecundability odds ratio (95% CI): 0.96 (0.94-0.98) for PrP; 0.90 (0.87-0.94) for BuP; 0.42 (0.28-0.65) for HeP) and increased risk of infertility (rate ratio (95% CI): 1.06 (1.03-1.10) for PrP; 1.14 (1.08-1.21) for BuP; 1.89 (1.26-2.83) for HeP). Similar associations were observed in the couple-based model. AMH played a significant mediation role in the association (average causal mediation effect (95% CI): 0.001 (0.0001-0.003)). Paraben exposure in male partners was not associated with couple fecundity. The joint effect of paraben mixture on couple fecundity was non-significant. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Self-reported pregnancy and single urine sample may lead to misclassification. The mediation analysis is limited in that levels of sex hormones were not measured. The inclusion of women with irregular menstrual cycles might affect the results. It is possible that the observed association was due to reverse causation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study to assess the effects of paraben exposure on couple fecundity in Asians. Given the widespread exposure to parabens in couples of childbearing age, the present findings may have important public health implications. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41991314), the Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (22YF1426700), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (21410713500), and the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2020CXJQ01). All authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Huo
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianlong Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Li C, Chen X. Parabens in indoor dust from houses, university dormitories, and cosmetics stores in Nanjing, China: occurrence and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26929-26937. [PMID: 36376645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are extensively used as preservatives in consumer products. The widespread exposure of human to parabens has been associated with adverse health effects. In this study, six parabens were measured in 100 indoor dust collected from homes, university dormitories, and cosmetics stores in Nanjing, China. Concentrations of sum of six parabens (∑6parabens) in dust from homes, university dormitories, and cosmetics stores ranged from 13.1 to 4.22 × 103, 102 to 3.03 × 103, and 7.02 × 103 to 3.41 × 104 ng/g, respectively. The median concentrations of ∑6parabens in dust from cosmetics stores (1.5 × 104 ng/g) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those found in dust from homes (166 ng/g) and university dormitories (1.23 × 103 ng/g) (p < 0.01). Methyl-, ethyl-, and propyl-parabens were the predominant compounds found in dust samples, and the sum concentrations of three compounds accounted for 71.9-99.6%, 93.1-99.6%, and 94.7-99.6% of ∑6parabens in dust from homes, university dormitories, and cosmetics stores, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found between methyl- and propyl-parabens concentrations in three types of dust (r = 0.789-0.909), indicating their coexistence in many consumer products. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of ∑6parabens for adults via dust ingestion was highest for employees in cosmetics stores (median: 4.6 ng/kg bw/day), followed by university students (0.56-0.64 ng/kg bw/day), and adults in homes (0.075-0.087 ng/kg bw/day). The result provides a better understanding of human exposure to parabens in different indoor environments, and more studies are needed to further investigate the occurrence and potential health risks of parabens in dust from various microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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14
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Rosen Vollmar AK, Weinberg CR, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ, Calafat AM, Deziel NC, Johnson CH, Jukic AMZ. Urinary phenol concentrations and fecundability and early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:139-155. [PMID: 36346334 PMCID: PMC10089295 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are urinary phenol concentrations of methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, triclosan, benzophenone-3, 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,5-dichlorophenol associated with fecundability and early pregnancy loss? SUMMARY ANSWER 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations were associated with an increased odds of early pregnancy loss, and higher concentrations of butylparaben and triclosan were associated with an increase in fecundability. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Phenols are chemicals with endocrine-disrupting potential found in everyday products. Despite plausible mechanisms of phenol reproductive toxicity, there are inconsistent results across few epidemiologic studies examining phenol exposure and reproductive function in non-fertility treatment populations. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Specimens and data were from the North Carolina Early Pregnancy Study prospective cohort of 221 women attempting to conceive naturally from 1982 to 1986. This analysis includes data from 221 participants across 706 menstrual cycles, with 135 live births, 15 clinical miscarriages and 48 early pregnancy losses (before 42 days after the last menstrual period). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants collected daily first-morning urine specimens. For each menstrual cycle, aliquots from three daily specimens across the cycle were pooled within individuals and analyzed for phenol concentrations. To assess sample repeatability, we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each phenol. We evaluated associations between phenol concentrations from pooled samples and time to pregnancy using discrete-time logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE), and early pregnancy loss using multivariable logistic regression and GEE. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE ICCs for within-person variability across menstrual cycles in pooled phenol concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.75. There was an increased odds of early pregnancy loss with 2,5-dichlorophenol concentrations although the CIs were wide (5th vs 1st quintile odds ratio (OR): 4.79; 95% CI: 1.06, 21.59). There was an increased per-cycle odds of conception at higher concentrations of butylparaben (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.44) and triclosan (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 0.99, 2.26) compared to non-detectable concentrations. No associations were observed between these endpoints and concentrations of other phenols examined. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Limitations include the absence of phenol measurements for male partners and a limited sample size, especially for the outcome of early pregnancy loss, which reduced our power to detect associations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study is the first to use repeated pooled measures to summarize phenol exposure and the first to investigate associations with fecundability and early pregnancy loss. Within-person phenol concentration variability underscores the importance of collecting repeated samples for future studies. Exposure misclassification could contribute to differences between the findings of this study and those of other studies, all of which used one urine sample to assess phenol exposure. This study also contributes to the limited literature probing potential associations between environmental exposures and early pregnancy loss, which is a challenging outcome to study as it typically occurs before a pregnancy is clinically recognized. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (award number F31ES030594), the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (project numbers ES103333 and ES103086) and a doctoral fellowship at the Yale School of Public Health. The authors declare they have no competing interests to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Rosen Vollmar
- Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clarice R Weinberg
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Donna D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Allen J Wilcox
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole C Deziel
- Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne Marie Z Jukic
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
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15
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Kurt D, Yalçin E, Çavuşoğlu K. GC-MS and HPLC supported phytochemical analysis of watercress and the protective role against paraben toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6033-6046. [PMID: 35986852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the phytochemical content of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) leaf extract (Noex) and its protective effects against paraben toxicity were investigated. GC-MS and HPLC analyses were performed to determine the phytochemical content. Paraben toxicity and protective properties of Noex were investigated with the Allium test, and 6 different groups were formed for this purpose. Toxicity in each group was investigated by using physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. DNA-paraben interaction was investigated with spectroscopic analysis for the genotoxicity mechanism. As a result of the study, paraben (500 mM) caused a regression in the physiological parameters related to germination in Allium cepa L. bulbs. Paraben caused a 43.3% reduction in mitotic index (MI) rates compared to control, which is likely the reason for the decrease in germination-related parameters. With the application of paraben in root tip cells, the frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) increased and a high genotoxic effect was observed. Paraben promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge, unequal distribution of chromatin, and irregular mitosis. It also caused anatomical damage in the form of epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, cortex cell damage, cortex cell walls thickening, and unclear vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Paraben-DNA interaction was caused by bathochromic and hypochromic shifts in the UV spectrum of DNA, indicating the intercalation mode of interaction. Paraben also caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels, and abnormalities in antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase = SOD and catalase = CAT), thereby disrupting the antioxidant/oxidant dynamics in the cell. The basis of physiological, cytological, and genetic abnormalities was attributed to the oxidative stress in the cell. Administration of Noex produced a dose-dependent incremental improvement in paraben-induced abnormalities. The increase in GSH levels and the decrease in MDA levels observed as a result of the Noex application contributed to the restoration of antioxidant/oxidant balance, and this improvement was also reflected in other parameters. Application of 200 mg/L Noex provided a 24.2% improvement in the MI rate reduced by paraben, and accordingly, an increase in germination parameters was observed. Similarly, the frequencies of MN and CAs, which are signs of genotoxicity, decreased with the Noex application. As a result of the phytochemical analysis of Noex with HPLC and GC-MS, the presence of strong antioxidant and antimutagenic substances such as rutin, coumaric acid, ferrulic acid, L-serine, L-proline, and phytol were determined in Noex structure. The curative effects of Noex against paraben toxicity can be attributed to these active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kurt
- Laboratory and Veterinary Health Program, Vocational School of Alucra Turan Bulutçu, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Emine Yalçin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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16
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Qu J, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Wu P, Xue J, Jin H. Human serum paraben levels and their associations with rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study from Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7198-7206. [PMID: 36031678 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used in consumer products resulting in frequent exposure to humans. To date, little is known about the association between human paraben exposure and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, a case-control study (n = 290) was conducted in Hangzhou, China, aiming to quantify the concentrations of methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), and butyl paraben (BuP) in serum samples and to determine their associations with RA risks. MeP (mean 4.7 ng/mL, range <0.05-20 ng/mL) was the predominant paraben in human serum, followed by PrP (1.9 ng/mL, <0.12-24 ng/mL), EtP (1.4 ng/mL, <0.09-10 ng/mL), and BuP (1.09 ng/mL, <0.10-10 ng/mL). With 1-unit increase of MeP concentrations in human serum, the levels of rheumatoid factors, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, and immunoglobulin G will increase by 0.19 unit (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.12-0.46), 0.30 unit (95% CI: 0.26-0.58), and 0.24 unit (95% CI: 0.21-0.30) in the adjusted model, respectively. One-unit increase of MeP and PrP concentrations in human serum was associated with an increase of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.037-0.28) and 0.20 (95% CI: 0.10-0.32) in the C-reactive protein concentrations. In addition, an association between serum MeP levels and the incidence of RA (odds ratios (OR)crude = 1.33, CI: 1.11-1.62, p = 0.03; ORadjusted = 1.86, CI: 1.32-2.63, p = 0.02) was positive and significant. Based on the measurements of serum paraben concentrations, this work supports the evidence for the significant associations among paraben exposure, change of specific immune marker, and RA risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China.
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Ampatzoglou A, Gruszecka‐Kosowska A, Aguilera‐Gómez M. Microbiota analysis for risk assessment of xenobiotics: toxicomicrobiomics, incorporating the gut microbiome in the risk assessment of xenobiotics and identifying beneficial components for One Health. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200915. [PMID: 36531267 PMCID: PMC9749437 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work explores three areas of relevance to the gut microbiome in the context of One Health; the incorporation of the microbiome in food safety risk assessment of xenobiotics; the identification and application of beneficial microbial components to various areas under One Health, and specifically, in the context of antimicrobial resistance. We conclude that, although challenging, focusing on the microbiota resilience, function and active components, are critical for advancing the incorporation of the gut microbiome in the risk assessment of xenobiotics. Moreover, research technologies, such as toxicomicrobiomics, culturomics and genomics, especially in combination, have revealed that the human microbiota may be a promising source of beneficial taxa or other components, with the potential to metabolise and biodegrade xenobiotics. These may have possible applications in several health areas, including in animals or plants for detoxification or in the environment for bioremediation. This approach would be of particular interest for antimicrobials, with the potential to ameliorate antimicrobial resistance development. Finally, we propose that the concept of resistance to xenobiotics in the context of the gut microbiome may deserve further investigation in the pursuit of holistically elucidating their involvement in the balance between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Ampatzoglou
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Granada (INYTA‐UGR)GranadaSpain
| | | | - Margarita Aguilera‐Gómez
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Granada (INYTA‐UGR)GranadaSpain
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Garley M, Iwaniuk A, Radziwon P, Wołczyński S, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Investigation of estrogen-like effects of parabens on human neutrophils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113893. [PMID: 35839909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the estrogen-like effects and mechanism of action most commonly used parabens: methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP) in human neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated from 50 blood donors, pre-incubated with antagonists of estrogen receptor α (ERα), ERβ and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), then incubated with MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP and 17β-estradiol (E2; 10 nM). Cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT test. Neutrophils apoptosis, necrosis and NETs formation were assessed in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of the neutrophils for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NADPH oxidase activity and generation of superoxide anion was assessed in Boyden's chamber, Park's method with latex, the NBT test, and reduction of cytochrome C, respectively. The total nitric oxide concentration was measured in neutrophils supernatants by the Griess reaction. The expression of cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, ERα, ERβ and GPER was assessed in Western blot method. In our research, parabens did not cause a cytotoxic effect on human neutrophils nor affect their lifespan. Parabens exposure did not change neutrophils functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NETs formation and oxygen-dependent killing mechanism) and expression of estrogen receptors. Our results suggest that parabens do not cause estrogen receptor-mediated neutrophils-related effects at concentrations measured in the plasma of individuals using products preserved with parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wołczyński
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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19
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Adhikari S, Kumar R, Driver EM, Perleberg TD, Yanez A, Johnston B, Halden RU. Mass trends of parabens, triclocarban and triclosan in Arizona wastewater collected after the 2017 FDA ban on antimicrobials and during the COVID-19 pandemic. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118894. [PMID: 35917669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials like parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are of public health concern worldwide due to their endocrine-disrupting properties and ability to promote antimicrobial drug resistance in human pathogens. The overall use of antimicrobials presumably has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas TCS and TCC may have experienced reductions in use due to their recent ban from thousands of over-the-counter (OTC) personal care products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). No quantitative data are available on the use of parabens or the impact the FDA ban had on TCC and TCS. Here, we use wastewater samples (n = 1514) from 10 different communities in Arizona to measure the presence of the six different antimicrobial products (TCS, TCC, and four alkylated parabens [methylparaben (MePb), ethylparaben (EtPb), propylparaben (PrPb), butylparaben (BuPb)]) collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using a combination of solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and isotope dilution for absolute quantitation. The average mass loadings of all antimicrobials combined (1,431 ± 22 mg/day per 1,000 people) after the onset of the local epidemic (March 2020 - October 2020) were significantly higher (945 ± 62 mg/day per 1,000 people; p < 0.05) than before the pandemic (January 2019 - February 2020). Overall, parabens (∑Pbs = 999 ± 16 mg/day per 1,000 people) were the most used antimicrobials, followed by TCS (117 ± 14 mg/day per 1,000 people) and TCC (117 ± 14 mg/day per 1,000 people). After the 2017 U.S. FDA ban, we found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mass loadings of TCS (-89%) and TCC (-80%) but a rise in paraben use (+72%). Mass flows of 3 of a total of 4 parabens (MePb, EtPb, and PrPb) in wastewater were significantly higher upon the onset of the epidemic locally (p < 0.05). This is the first longitudinal study investigating the use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic by employing wastewater-based epidemiology. Whereas an overall increase in the use of antimicrobials was evident from analyzing Arizona wastewater, a notable reduction in the use of TCS and TCC was evident during the pandemic, triggered by the U.S. FDA ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Tyler D Perleberg
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Allan Yanez
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bridger Johnston
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; OneWaterOneHealth, Nonprofit Project of the Arizona State University Foundation, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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20
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Lan L, Wan Y, Qian X, Wang A, Mahai G, He Z, Li Y, Xu S, Zheng T, Xia W. Urinary paraben derivatives in pregnant women at three trimesters: Variability, predictors, and association with oxidative stress biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107300. [PMID: 35635959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to parabens has been shown to increase oxidative stress, which has a vital impact on the development of numerous diseases. However, few studies reported the effects of the paraben derivatives on oxidative stress, particularly among pregnant women. This study, using repeated measurements, aimed to understand the exposure profiles of urinary paraben derivative concentrations and their relationships with oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs). A total of 861 pregnant women, who provided spot urine samples at three trimesters, were included, and 2583 urine samples were used to measure four paraben derivatives [p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), methyl protocatechuate, and ethyl protocatechuate], four parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl), and three OSBs [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (for DNA), 8-hydroxyguanosine (for RNA), and 4-hydroxy nonenal mercapturic acid (for lipid)]. Pregnant women were extensively exposed to parabens and paraben derivatives with detection frequencies (DFs) of 86.1%-100%, except for butylparaben with a DF of 14.9%. p-HB and 3,4-DHB had relatively high urinary concentrations (specific gravity-adjusted median values: 1394 and 74.5 ng/mL, respectively). Low reproducibility in paraben derivatives was found across the three trimesters. Sampling season, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and infant sex were predictors of some paraben derivatives/parabens. Linear mixed model analyses showed that all target compounds (if DF > 50%) were associated with increases in all the selected OSBs, where the percent change in OSBs with an interquartile range increase in paraben concentration ranged from 9.85% to 24.7%, while those in paraben derivative concentration ranged from 13.8% to 72.1%. Weighted quantile sum model showed that joint exposure was significantly associated with increased OSBs, and paraben derivatives were stronger contributors to OSBs compared with parabens. Overall, urinary paraben derivatives were associated with increased oxidative stress of nucleic acids and lipid in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Lan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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21
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Lee W, Marcotullio S, Yeom H, Son H, Kim TH, Lee Y. Reaction kinetics and degradation efficiency of halogenated methylparabens during ozonation and UV/H 2O 2 treatment of drinking water and wastewater effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127878. [PMID: 34872780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the reaction kinetics and degradation efficiency of methylparaben and its halogenated products (Cl-, Br-, Cl,Cl-, Br,Cl-, and Br,Br-methylparabens) during ozonation and UV254/H2O2 treatment. Second-order rate constants for reactions of the parabens with ozone and •OH were [Formula: see text] = 107 - 108 M-1 s-1 and [Formula: see text] = (2.3 - 4.3)× 109 M-1 s-1 at pH 7. Species-specific [Formula: see text] values of the protonated and deprotonated parabens were closely related to phenol ring substituent effects via quantitative structure-activity relationships with other substituted phenols. The UV photolysis rate of the parabens [kUV = (2.4 - 7.2)× 10-4 cm2 mJ-1] depended on the halogenation state of the paraben and solution pH, from which species-specific quantum yields were also determined. In simulated treatments of drinking water and wastewater effluent, the parabens were efficiently eliminated during ozonation, requiring a specific ozone dose of > 0.26 gO3/gDOC for > 97% degradation. During UV/H2O2 treatment with 10 mg L-1 H2O2, the degradation levels were > 90% at a UV fluence of 2000 mJ cm-2, except for Cl,Cl-methylparaben. Kinetic models based on the obtained reaction kinetic parameters could successfully predict the degradation levels of the parabens. Overall, ozonation and UV/H2O2 were effective in controlling parabens and their halogenated products during advanced water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woorim Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea; Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, 50804, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandro Marcotullio
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsik Yeom
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, 50804, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, 50804, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Research Division for Industry and Environment, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Hajizadeh Y, Kiani Feizabadi G, Feizi A, Ebrahimpour K. The association of personal care products uses and dietary habits with the urinary concentration of parabens in Iranian adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:791-807. [PMID: 32735138 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1798362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationships between the use of individual personal care products (PCPs) and food items with the urinary Methylparaben (MP), Ethylparaben (EP), Propylparaben (PP) and Butylparaben (BP) among 178 Iranian adults. The urinary concentrations of parabens were found to be significantly different between low, medium, and high users of PCPs (P < 0.05). The frequency of PCP use was associated with higher urinary MP, PPand BP concentrations. Significant positive association was found between the frequency of food products use and urinary MP and EP concentrations. The urinary concentration of parabens was higher in individuals who used body wash, makeup base, shaving cream and, lotion in the past 24 h compared to non-users. Consumers of cookies and dairy products had significantly higher urinary MP and jelly consumers had higher urinary MP and PP concentrations than non-consumers. Our findings indicated that certain types of foods and PCPs could be important sources of exposure to parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Hajizadeh
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Kiani Feizabadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, and Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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23
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Developing Eco-Friendly Skin Care Formulations with Microemulsions of Essential Oil. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising public awareness of environmental issues, consumers are increasingly demanding skin care products that create less environmental impact but still provide the same or even greater efficacy. In the skin care arena, microemulsions have been receiving increased attention as the promising delivery technology of skin care actives. Essential oils such as peppermint oil, lavender oil and eucalyptus oil are purported to have excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that could be used as the eco-friendly alternatives for synthetic antioxidants and preservatives in the skin care formulations. This work therefore seeks to develop eco-friendly skin care formulations based on microemulsions of essential oil. Peppermint oil, lavender oil and eucalyptus oil were used as the oil phase to formulate naringin-loaded microemulsions, which demonstrated similar or better antioxidant and antimicrobial properties compared to the synthetic ones. When formulated into gel form, naringin-loaded microemulsion-gel formulations showed enhanced stability and release profile over their unformulated counterpart. Hence, microemulsions of essential oil developed in this work conferred a 4-fold benefits to the skin care formulations: (1) improved release (membrane permeation) of skin care active, (2) improved stability of skin care active, (3) as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic antioxidant, and (4) a self-preserving system.
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24
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Xu L, Hu Y, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Several typical endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human urine from general population in China: Regional and demographic-related differences in exposure risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127489. [PMID: 34689090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous in the environment, and human exposure to these pollutants has caused great public concern. Five groups of EDCs, including parabens, antimicrobials (triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC)), bisphenols (BPs), tetrabromobisphenol A and its alternatives (TBBPAs), and benzophenones, in urines of general populations from three cities with different economic levels in China were determined simultaneously to evaluate the coexposure levels of such chemicals. The total concentration of target compounds was approximately two times higher in the urines from Chengdu (a first-tier city; geometric mean: 2.50 μg/L) than that from Nantong (a second-tier city; 1.34 μg/L), and was one order of magnitude higher than that from Shehong (a fifth-tier city; 0.73 μg/L). Urinary target compounds were significantly correlated with gender, age, body mass index (BMI), education level, occupation, and diet. The estimated daily intakes of target chemicals ranged from 0.002 (benzophenones) to 10.2 µg/kg-bw/day (parabens). The exposure estimate showed that females were more vulnerable to exposure to these EDCs. This study profiles the regional and demographic-related differences in the concentrations and exposure risks of several typical EDCs in urines from general populations in three cities with different economic levels in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Hu C, Tian M, Wu L, Chen L. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of paraben preservative over designed g-C 3N 4/BiVO 4 S-scheme system and toxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113175. [PMID: 35007828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paraben preservatives have been listed as emerging pollutants due to their ubiquity in various environmental matrices, especially the water bodies. How to efficiently and practically eliminate these paraben pollutants is therefore of great importance. Herein, a designed S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal synthesis and employed to treat benzyl-paraben (BzP). TEM and XPS analysis testified the intimate interaction between g-C3N4 and BiVO4, and the consequently smoothed interfacial charge transfer rendered the feasible recombination of the photoexcited electrons (from BiVO4) and holes (from g-C3N4). The as-established S-scheme system enabled the left g-C3N4 electrons and BiVO4 holes to maintain the high redox abilities and accelerated the charge separation concurrently. In particular, the g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite generated much higher photocurrent response as compared with pure g-C3N4 and BiVO4, highlighting the improved separation of photoinduced charges. Therefore, under visible light and natural solar light irradiation, the g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite showed the significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation of BzP, which was further optimized with 5 wt% g-C3N4 in the composite. According to the Mott-Schottky plots and identified active species, the mechanism of the g-C3N4/BiVO4 S-scheme heterojunction system was illustrated. In addition, during the photocatalytic degradation process, the acute toxicity of the reaction solutions on zebrafish embryos was notably reduced. In conclusion, the demonstrated strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance by designing S-scheme heterostructure may provide more insights into the development of high-efficiency photocatalyst towards the solar energy utilization and environmental treatment. Furthermore, photocatalytic degradation had been proved to be an efficient method for eliminating the ecological risk of paraben pollutants, warranting more attention in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Maosheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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26
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Corrêa GDOP, Marcato DC, Ramos WS, Corrêa MA, Cicarelli RMB, Isaac VLB. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity and eye irritation potential of preservatives widely used in cosmetics. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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27
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Das RS, Wankhade AV, Kumar A. Computationally designed ionic liquid based molecularly imprinted@ graphene oxide composite: Characterization and validation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Harismah K, Nayini MMR, Montazeri S, Ariaei S, Nouraliei M. DFT investigation of SiO2 nanotube for adsorption of methyl- and propyl-paraben. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A huge number of parabens, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, are used in cosmetic and personal care products as preservative substances. Due to their detrimental effects on ecosystem and human health, taking precautionary measures to remove these compounds is an important task regarding the environmental issues. In this study, a silica (SiO2) nanotube has been selected as a novel sensor to adsorb the most common parabens which are methyl paraben and propyl paraben molecules. To this aim, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to evaluate the properties for investigated compounds. The calculated adsorption energies of the most stable configurations for methyl parban@SiO2 and propyl paraben@SiO2 complexes were found to be –0.238 and –0.242 eV, respectively. The electronic properties of nanotubes experienced dramatic changes in case of interactions with parabens, which led to declining the HOMO/LUMO energy gap of the nanotube to its original value. Such adsorption could also enhance the electrical conductivity of the nanotubes meaning that the utilized SiO2 nanotube could detect the existence of methyl and propyl parabens molecules in the environment. As a concluding remark, the investigated SiO2 nanotube could work as a possible sensor for hazardous paraben with the importance of environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Harismah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Shadi Montazeri
- Department of Surface Coatings and Corrosion, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Ariaei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nouraliei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Jia LL, Zhang YJ, Gao CJ, Guo Y. Parabens and bisphenol A and its structural analogues in over-the-counter medicines from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45266-45275. [PMID: 33860894 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, such as over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, may be an important source of human exposure to several endocrine disruptors, though unnoticed to date. In the present study, we investigated the presence of six parabens and nine bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues in OTC medicines manufactured in China. Parabens and bisphenols were present in more than 90% of the samples. The total measured concentrations of parabens and bisphenols were in the range of non-detectable (ND) to 213 ng/g and ND to 415 ng/g, respectively. Regarding parabens, methyl paraben (MeP) was the predominant analog, accounting for 43 ± 36% of the total amount, followed by ethyl paraben (EtP) (39 ± 35%), and others (< 10%). Bisphenol F and BPA were the predominant bisphenols, accounting for 24 ± 28% and 22 ± 26% of the total amount, respectively. The median values of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of parabens and bisphenols were the highest for infants (2.96 and 3.14 ng/kg_bw/day, respectively) and the lowest for adults (0.69 and 0.25 ng/kg_bw/day, respectively); moreover, the EDIs of parabens and bisphenols were higher in Chinese patent medicines than in western pediatric medicines. The hazard quotient (HQ) for sum of MeP and EtP (∑(MeP + EtP)) and BPA in three age groups were within the safe zone (HQ < 0.0004). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to predict the human exposure risk of parabens and bisphenols. The predicted ranges of EDIs of parabens and bisphenols were much wider, and the extreme predicted values were observed in all four age groups, which were higher than the acceptable daily intake. The extreme predicted values of ∑(MeP + EtP) and BPA were indicative of carcinogenic risk in toddlers. These results implied potential risks for the Chinese people existed. Considering the huge export of Chinese traditional medicines and western medicines worldwide, and easy access to OTC medicines for the general population, the presence of parabens, bisphenols, and other environmental contaminants in medicines still need to be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, and School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, and School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, and School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, and School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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30
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Hasse Palharim P, Lastre-Acosta AM, Mierzwa JC, Teixeira ACSC. Influence of low and high dosages of methyl and propyl parabens on membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1965167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Hasse Palharim
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (Adox), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arlen Mabel Lastre-Acosta
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (Adox), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Mierzwa
- InternationalReference Center onWater Reuse (IRCWR), Universityof São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (Adox), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wei F, Mortimer M, Cheng H, Sang N, Guo LH. Parabens as chemicals of emerging concern in the environment and humans: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146150. [PMID: 34030374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are one of the most widely used preservatives in food, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs) because of their advantageous properties and low toxicity based on the early assessments. However, recent research indicates that parabens may act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and thus, are considered as chemicals of emerging concern that have adverse human health effects. To provide the basis for future human health studies, we reviewed relevant literature, published between 2005 and 2020, regarding the levels of parabens in the consumer products (pharmaceuticals, PCPs and food), environmental matrices and humans, including susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and children. The analysis showed that paraben detection rates in consumer products, environmental compartments and human populations are high, while the levels vary greatly by country and paraben type. The concentrations of parabens reported in pregnant women (~20-120 μg/L) were an order of magnitude higher than in the general population. Paraben concentrations in food and pharmaceuticals were at the ng/g level, while the levels in PCPs reached mg/g levels. Environmental concentrations ranged from ng/L-μg/L in surface waters to tens of μg/g in wastewater and indoor dust. The levels of human exposure to parabens appear to be higher in the U.S. and EU countries than in China and India, which may change with the increasing production of parabens in the latter countries. The review provides context for future studies to connect paraben exposure levels with human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Fernández MF, Mustieles V, Suárez B, Reina-Pérez I, Olivas-Martinez A, Vela-Soria F. Determination of bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones in placenta by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129707. [PMID: 33545592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is of particular concern during development. Bisphenols, parabens, and benzophenones are EDCs widely used in the manufacture of numerous goods, personal care products, and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to develop a new and practical method for determining three bisphenols, four parabens, and five benzophenones in placenta samples. It uses dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Several chemometric approaches were employed to optimize the experimental parameters. Limits of detection ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 ng g-1 and inter-day variabilities (evaluated as relative standard deviation) from 4.2% to 13.4%. The method was validated using matrix-matched standard calibration followed by a recovery assay with spiked samples. Recovery percentages ranged from 87.1% to 113.2%. Finally, the method was used to measure target compounds in 20 placental tissue samples from voluntary donors. This analytical procedure can provide information on the exposure of the fetus to non-persistent EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - V Mustieles
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - B Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - I Reina-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A Olivas-Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - F Vela-Soria
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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33
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Wang D, Li W, Yang C, Chen X, Liu X, He J, Tong C, Peng C, Ding Y, Geng Y, Cao X, Li F, Gao R, Wang Y. Exposure to ethylparaben and propylparaben interfere with embryo implantation by compromising endometrial decidualization in early pregnant mice. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1732-1746. [PMID: 34101200 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ethylparaben (EtP) and propylparaben (PrP) are common preservatives and well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Studies have demonstrated that they can reduce female fertility, but the underlying mechanism, especially that on embryo implantation, is still poorly understood. Endometrial decidualization is a critical event for embryo implantation. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of EtP/PrP on endometrial decidualization. Pregnant mice were dosed daily by oral gavage with EtP at 0, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg or with PrP at 0, 625, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg from Day 1 of pregnancy until sacrifice. The results showed that the rate of pregnant mice with impaired embryo implantation, whose number of implantation sites was less than 7, was significantly increased after exposure to 1600 mg/kg EtP or 2500 mg/kg PrP. Further study found that the expression of endometrial decidualization markers HOXA10, MMP9 and PR was significantly downregulated in 1600 mg/kg EtP group and 2500 mg/kg PrP group. Notably, serum oestrogen and progesterone levels were significantly increased, whereas the expression of uterine oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor was decreased following 1600 mg/kg EtP or 2500 mg/kg PrP exposure. In the breeding test, fewer offspring were found after females were exposed to 1600 mg/kg EtP or 2500 mg/kg PrP in early pregnancy. This demonstrated that exposure to EtP/PrP interfered with embryo implantation by compromising endometrial decidualization in early-stage pregnant mice. Disorders of reproductive hormones and hormone receptor signals could be responsible for impaired decidualization. This study broadened the understanding on the biological safety of EtP and PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weike Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengshun Yang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlin He
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqing Geng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianqing Cao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rufei Gao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Mogus JP, LaPlante CD, Bansal R, Matouskova K, Schneider BR, Daniele E, Silva SJ, Hagen MJ, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ, Schneider SS, Vandenberg LN. Exposure to Propylparaben During Pregnancy and Lactation Induces Long-Term Alterations to the Mammary Gland in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab041. [PMID: 33724348 PMCID: PMC8121128 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a hormone sensitive organ that is susceptible to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the vulnerable periods of parous reorganization (ie, pregnancy, lactation, and involution). Pregnancy is believed to have long-term protective effects against breast cancer development; however, it is unknown if EDCs can alter this effect. We examined the long-term effects of propylparaben, a common preservative used in personal care products and foods, with estrogenic properties, on the parous mouse mammary gland. Pregnant BALB/c mice were treated with 0, 20, 100, or 10 000 µg/kg/day propylparaben throughout pregnancy and lactation. Unexposed nulliparous females were also evaluated. Five weeks post-involution, mammary glands were collected and assessed for changes in histomorphology, hormone receptor expression, immune cell number, and gene expression. For several parameters of mammary gland morphology, propylparaben reduced the effects of parity. Propylparaben also increased proliferation, but not stem cell number, and induced modest alterations to expression of ERα-mediated genes. Finally, propylparaben altered the effect of parity on the number of several immune cell types in the mammary gland. These results suggest that propylparaben, at levels relevant to human exposure, can interfere with the effects of parity on the mouse mammary gland and induce long-term alterations to mammary gland structure. Future studies should address if propylparaben exposures negate the protective effects of pregnancy on mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Mogus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Charlotte D LaPlante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Benjamin R Schneider
- Biospecimen Resource and Molecular Analysis Facility, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniele
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shannon J Silva
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mary J Hagen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Karen A Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Biospecimen Resource and Molecular Analysis Facility, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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35
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Alampanos V, Samanidou V. An overview of sample preparation approaches prior to liquid chromatography methods for the determination of parabens in biological matrices. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Arachchige Chamila Samarasinghe SV, Krishnan K, Aitken RJ, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Persistence of the parabens in soil and their potential toxicity to earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 83:103574. [PMID: 33383196 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their antimicrobial activity, parabens are commonly used as preservatives in a variety of consumer goods including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. During the production, usage and disposal of these products, parabens are released into the environment. In this study, the persistence of three widely used parabens; methyl-, propyl-, and butyl paraben in soil and their toxic effects on the soil invertebrate, Eisenia fetida was investigated. The results of this study indicate that selected parabens do not negatively affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of Eisenia fetida up to 1000 mg Kg-1 concentration. Further, these parabens (0-1000 mg Kg-1) exhibited a low persistence in soil with more than 90 % disappearing within three days. In contrast, only 16-54 % degradation of parabens occurred in frozen soil suggesting a microbial role in parabens degradation. This study demonstrates that methyl-, propyl-, and butyl parabens degrade rapidly in the terrestrial environment and therefore, are unlikely to pose a threat to species such as Eisenia fetida. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the toxicity of parabens to earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarasinghe Vidane Arachchige Chamila Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kannan Krishnan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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37
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Tyagi P, James-Todd T, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Ford JB, Keller M, Petrozza J, Calafat AM, Hauser R, Williams PL, Bellavia A. Identifying windows of susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemicals in relation to gestational weight gain among pregnant women attending a fertility clinic. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110638. [PMID: 33359703 PMCID: PMC7946748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC), such as phthalates and phenols, during pregnancy may be associated with excessive gestational weight gain (GWG), an important predictor of future health of the mother and the offspring. There is however a paucity of literature examining this association, and no study has accounted for the complex nature of EDCs exposure as a time-varying mixture of chemicals. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between trimester-specific EDCs mixture and GWG in pregnant women attending a fertility clinic, to identify windows of susceptibility to such exposures, and assess the individual contribution of each chemical over pregnancy. METHODS We included 243 pregnant women from the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study, who provided up to 3 urine samples (one per trimester), and with available data on GWG. Urinary concentrations of 7 phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, and 2 parabens, corrected for specific gravity, were included in the analysis. The association between trimester-specific EDCs mixture and GWG was evaluated using multiple regression models - categorizing exposures into concentration quartiles- and with Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), while adjusting for potential confounders. Hierarchical BKMR (hBKMR) was used to account for the time-varying nature of chemical concentrations over pregnancy, identifying the most important trimester and most important EDC within each trimester. RESULTS During 1st trimester, higher GWG was observed at higher sum of metabolites of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHP) from both multiple regression (e.g. comparing the 4th quartile with the 1st: β = 2.36 kg, 95% CI: 0.47, 5.19) and BKMR. During 2nd and 3rd trimesters, positive associations with mono-n-butyl phthalate and propylparaben, and negative with ΣDEHP and methylparaben were observed. When evaluating exposures as a time-varying mixture with hBKMR, 1st trimester was the most important exposure window when evaluating prenatal urinary EDCs in relation to GWG. Within the 1st trimester, urinary ΣDEHP, mono-isobutyl phthalate and propylparaben had the highest contribution in the positive association between the mixture and GWG. CONCLUSION We observed positive associations between urinary EDCs during pregnancy, especially DEHP metabolites, and GWG. Our results suggest the 1st trimester of pregnancy as the time window of highest susceptibility to the effects of EDCs on GWG, with potential indication for the design of public health interventions, informing prevention strategies for reducing sources of exposure at specific time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Tyagi
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tamarra James-Todd
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer B Ford
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Myra Keller
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Petrozza
- Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Vincent Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Bellavia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Murawski A, Tschersich C, Rucic E, Schwedler G, Moos RK, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Brüning T, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Parabens in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the german environmental survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110502. [PMID: 33221310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are antimicrobial preservatives used in a wide range of consumer products such as personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. Consequently, the general population is ubiquitously exposed to these substances via dermal absorption, ingestion, and inhalation. Parabens promote estrogenic activity and are hence under assessment as endocrine disrupting substances. Urine samples from 3- to 17-year-old children and adolescents (N = 516) living in Germany were analysed for concentrations of nine parabens in the population representative German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). Detection rates and urinary concentrations of the parabens decreased with increasing length of the alkyl chain. Methyl paraben was quantified in 97% of the samples with a geometric mean (GM) concentration of 7.724 μg/L (6.714 μg/gcreatinine), ethyl paraben was quantified in 69% (GM: 0.943 μg/L and 0.825 μg/gcrea), and n-propyl paraben in 31% (GM: 0.563 μg/L and 0.493 μg/gcrea). Concentrations of iso-propyl paraben, butyl paraben, iso-butyl paraben, and benzyl paraben were below the limit of quantification in most samples. Pentyl paraben and heptyl paraben were not detected in any of the samples. Paraben concentrations in urine were found to be associated with frequent usage of leave-on personal care products and cosmetics. Cumulative exposure to parabens (back-calculated daily intakes, expressed as hazard index) was found to be on a level raising concern in up to 14% of the population, mainly driven by n-propyl paraben, and depending on the level of conservativeness and point-of departures used for calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca K Moos
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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39
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Jakopin Ž. Assessment of the endocrine-disrupting potential of halogenated parabens: An in silico approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128447. [PMID: 33007571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in a variety of pharmaceutical and personal care products. Due to their wide-spread use, significant amounts are also released into the aquatic domain of the environment. During water disinfection, parabens give rise to halogenated transformation products. As opposed to parabens, there is considerable lack of knowledge with regard to the endocrine-disrupting potential of their halogenated counterparts, which presents a challenge for regulatory decision making. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by using the Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab™ to predict their endocrine-disrupting potential on the basis of calculated affinities for different nuclear receptors. The applied computational approach indicates a high probability of halogenated parabens binding to glucocorticoid, thyroid and aryl hydrocarbon receptors and suggests that disinfection is likely to form transformation products with more pronounced endocrine-disrupting activities than those of parent parabens. The obtained results not only highlight the need for additional in vitro/in vivo investigations of these chemicals as endocrine disruptors but also provide a means of guiding and prioritizing these future studies, in order to assess fully their hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI - 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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40
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Grover A, Mohiuddin I, Malik AK, Aulakh JS, Kukkar D, Kim KH. Chitosan-Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide composites as an efficient solid phase extraction sorbent for HPLC-PDA monitoring of parabens in personal care products. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128429. [PMID: 33011479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a dire need for development of efficient and sensitive methods to efficiently screen parabens. In this research, we focused on quantification of four parabens (i.e., methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butyl paraben (BP)) using chitosan intercalated nickel/iron layered double hydroxide (CS-Ni/Fe-LDH) composites as solid phase extraction sorbent prior to HPLC-PDA analysis. CS-Ni/Fe LDH composites with a heterogeneous, porous texture, and coral reef-like structure exhibit appealing extraction efficiency for the target parabens due to the enhanced possibility for the formation of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The performance of the composites was assessed and optimized for solid phase extraction of parabens from standard samples and real samples (rose water, cream, toothpaste, hair serum, and sunscreen). The LDH-SPE-HPLC method exhibited a wide linear range (e.g., 100-50,000 ng L-1), good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999), and good precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 3%). This method successfully enriched selected parabens with remarkable recovery above 85.95% and a good RSD (0.01-2.90%). The quantitation of MP, EP, PP, and BP was made at detection range (and limits of detection (LOD)) of 5-15 (9.8), 11-21 (16.2), 6-18 (12.4), and 10-20 (15.6) ng L-1, respectively. The prepared composites also displayed excellent performance with enhanced reusability/durability (n = 30 cycles) and reproducibility (n = 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Irshad Mohiuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Lee J, Kim JH, Kim BN, Kim T, Kim S, Cho BK, Kim YH, Min J. Identification of novel paraben-binding peptides using phage display. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115479. [PMID: 32892011 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which is derived from a family of synthetic esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Among all the kinds of paraben, two parabens (methyl paraben, MP; and n-propyl paraben, PP) are the most generally used as preservatives in personal care products, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food also, and are often presented together. However, a number of studies have reported that the toxicity of parabens affects the water environment, and human as well. This study utilized M13 phage display technology to provide easy, efficient, and relatively inexpensive methods to identify peptides that bind to MP and PP, respectively, to remove in wastewater. At first, biopanning was performed, to sort MP and PP specific binding phages, and three cases of experiment, including negative control (NC), which could sort unspecific binding phage, were conducted at the same time. Phage binding affinity tests were substituted by concentration reduction using antibody conjugated magnetic beads, and paraben concentration was measured by HPLC. Analysis showed that the MP concentration reduction of 38% was the highest in M4 phage, while the PP concentration reduction of 44% was the highest in P3 phage. We successfully screened two peptides specific to MP and PP, namely, MP4 and PP3, respectively; the results showed that the MP concentration reduction in MP4 was the highest at 44%, and the PP concentration reduction in PP3 was the highest at 39%, and their specificity was measured by the capture rate between target and control. In conclusion, the phage display technique shows applicability to the removal of parabens in water; furthermore, it also shows the possibility of the detection or removal of other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lee
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bit-Na Kim
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunchang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Hajizadeh Y, Kiani Feizabadi G, Feizi A. Dietary Habits and Personal Care Product Use as Predictors of Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in Iranian Adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2378-2388. [PMID: 32845562 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of parabens as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products (PCPs) and foodstuffs, recent studies show that exposure to parabens could result in endocrine disruption. The urinary methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben among 100 adolescents and their relationships with using 19 personal care and 18 food products were evaluated. Urinary paraben concentrations were significantly higher in the high-user group (8-19 products) compared to both low (0-3 products) and middle (4-7 products) user groups. The frequency of PCP use was associated with higher urinary levels of 4 parabens, and the frequency of food product use was associated with higher urinary methylparaben and ethylparaben. The use of mouthwash was associated with higher levels of methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben. Users of makeup base had higher methylparaben and propylparaben, users of eye makeup had higher propylparaben, and users of body wash, sunscreen, and lotion had higher urinary propylparaben than nonusers. Consumers of dairy products had significantly higher urinary methylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, and cookie consumers had higher urinary methylparaben and ethylparaben, than nonusers. Consumers of canned foods and chips/snacks had higher methylparaben, and consumers of sauces and jams had higher ethylparaben than nonconsumers. The findings show that certain types of foods and personal care products could be important sources of paraben exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2378-2388. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Hajizadeh
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Kiani Feizabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, and Psychosomatic Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Li C, Cui X, Chen Y, Liao C. Paraben concentrations in human fingernail and its association with personal care product use. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110933. [PMID: 32800217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are used as antimicrobial preservatives in a range of consumer products. However, very limited information is available about the association between use of personal care products and paraben burden in human tissues. Accumulation of parabens in some non-destructive biomarkers (such as human fingernail) is essential for paraben biomonitoring. In this study, 50 human fingernail samples were collected from Nanjing, China. A subset of participants (n = 32) also provided their face cream samples (as the representative of personal care products). Six parabens, including methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), butyl- (BuP), heptyl- (HeP), and benzyl-parabens (BzP), together with their major metabolites were measured in the fingernail and face cream samples. Total concentrations of parabens and their major metabolites were 39.9-27400 ng/g in fingernails. MeP, PrP and EtP were the three dominant parabens in fingernails with median values of 3140, 1290, and 127 ng/g, respectively. Significantly higher levels in female fingernails than those in male fingernails were observed for MeP, PrP, EtP, BuP, and the MeP metabolite (methyl protocatechuate, OH-MeP) (p < 0.05). Adult fingernails contained greater concentrations of MeP and PrP than juvenile fingernails (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed for EtP (R = 0.36, p < 0.05) and BuP (R = 0.48, p = 0.008) concentrations between the fingernail and face cream samples. Our work is a preliminary study trying to explore the quantitative relationship between paraben concentrations in human body and use of personal care products. The result here provides a direct evidence that use of personal care products is one of the major sources for human exposure to parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Özcan S, Levent S, Can NÖ, Kozanli M. A Novel HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Methyl, Ethyl, n-propyl, Isopropyl, n-butyl, Isobutyl and Benzyl Paraben in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:352-365. [PMID: 32723231 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200728121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid at the C-4 position, "the parabens," including methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Official regulations on the use of these compounds make their analysis essential for the estimation of their exposure. METHODS On this basis, the presented study was realized to develop a simple, selective and cheap high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of methylparaben, ethylparaben (EP), n-propyl paraben (NPP), isopropyl paraben (IPP), n-butyl paraben (NBP), isobutyl paraben (IBP) and benzyl paraben (BP) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. RESULTS The chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved under flow rate gradient elution conditions using a C18-bonded core-shell silica particle column (2.6 μm particle size, 150 × 3.0 mm from Phenomenex Co.). The samples were injected into the system as aliquots of 1.0 μL, and the compounds were detected by using a photodiode array detector set at 254 nm wavelength. With this technique, seven paraben derivatives can be determined in the concentration range of 250-2000 ng/mL. The recovery of the method is in the range of 99.95-13.84%, and the RSD is at a maximum value of 3.95%. CONCLUSION The proposed method was fully validated and successfully applied to different pharmaceutical and cosmetic samples (n=16), including syrups, suspensions, oral sprays, gels, etc. At least one paraben derivative was detected in six samples and was determined quantitatively. The maximum amount of a paraben derivative found in the analyzed samples was 321.7 ng/mL, which was MP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first LC method, which is applicable both on pharmaceutical and cosmetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Özcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nafiz Öncü Can
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Murat Kozanli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Separation of Methylparaben by emulsion liquid membrane: Optimization, characterization, stability and multiple cycles studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jeong PS, Lee S, Park SH, Kim MJ, Kang HG, Nanjidsuren T, Son HC, Song BS, Koo DB, Sim BW, Kim SU. Butylparaben Is Toxic to Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Subsequent Embryonic Development Following In Vitro Fertilization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103692. [PMID: 32456265 PMCID: PMC7279239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens are widely used in personal care products due to their antimicrobial effects. Although the toxicity of parabens has been reported, little information is available on the toxicity of butylparaben (BP) on oocyte maturation. Therefore, we investigated the effects of various concentrations of BP (0 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 300 μM, 400 μM, and 500 μM) on the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. BP supplementation at a concentration greater than 300 μM significantly reduced the proportion of complete cumulus cell expansion and metaphase II oocytes compared to the control. The 300 μM BP significantly decreased fertilization, cleavage, and blastocyst formation rates with lower total cell numbers and a higher rate of apoptosis in blastocysts compared to the control. The BP-treated oocytes showed significantly higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and lower glutathione (GSH) levels than the control. BP significantly increased the aberrant mitochondrial distribution and decreased mitochondrial function compared to the control. BP-treated oocytes exhibited significantly higher percentage of γ-H2AX, annexin V-positive oocytes and expression of LC3 than the control. In conclusion, we demonstrated that BP impaired oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development, by inducing ROS generation and reducing GSH levels. Furthermore, BP disrupted mitochondrial function and triggered DNA damage, early apoptosis, and autophagy in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Soo Jeong
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38453, Korea;
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Hyo-Gu Kang
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Tsevelmaa Nanjidsuren
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Hee-Chang Son
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
| | - Deog-Bon Koo
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38453, Korea;
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.-W.S.); (S.-U.K.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6321 (S.-U.K.); Fax: +82-43-240-6309 (S.-U.K.)
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea; (P.-S.J.); (S.L.); (S.-H.P.); (M.J.K.); (H.-G.K.); (T.N.); (H.-C.S.); (B.-S.S.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.-W.S.); (S.-U.K.); Tel.: +82-43-240-6321 (S.-U.K.); Fax: +82-43-240-6309 (S.-U.K.)
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Kim J, Chevrier J. Exposure to parabens and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome: An analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:135116. [PMID: 32019002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parabens are group of widely used preservative agents in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. They are estrogenic and anti-androgenic, and thus have the potential to alter the hormonal regulation of energy metabolism, and in turn affect obesity and metabolic health. Compared to obesity alone, having metabolic syndrome (a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors) further increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. We examined whether exposure to parabens was associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome or its components among Canadians. METHODS Methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl paraben concentrations were measured in the urine of 2,564 individuals participating in Cycle 4 (2014-2015) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey, a national biomonitoring survey. We assessed associations between specific gravity-corrected log10-transformed paraben concentrations and obesity, metabolic syndrome and its components (waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure) via Poisson regression with robust variance estimators for binary outcomes and via linear regression for outcomes expressed continuously. We stratified analyses by age (children aged 3 to 17 years vs. adults aged 18 years and older) and investigated the presence of effect modification by sex. RESULTS A 10-fold increase in propyl paraben concentration was associated with a 40% (95% CI: 3, 90) higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among men, while ethyl paraben was associated with a 63% (95% CI: 2, 86) lower prevalence among women. Among women, methyl paraben was inversely associated with obesity, and methyl, propyl and ethyl parabens were associated with higher high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. No associations were observed among children. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report a positive association between parabens and metabolic syndrome in men. Protective associations among women previously reported for obesity were also observed for metabolic syndrome and HDL cholesterol. These results should be confirmed in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada.
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Şenkuytu E, Kızılkaya P, Ölçer Z, Pala U, Davarcı D, Zorlu Y, Erdoğan H, Yenilmez Çiftçi G. Electrophoresis and Biosensor-Based DNA Interaction Analysis of the First Paraben Derivatives of Spermine-Bridged Cyclotriphosphazenes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2288-2298. [PMID: 31986027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells via malignant cell division and rapid DNA replication. While DNA damaging molecules can cause cancer, their role as anticancer drugs are very significant. For this purpose, the novel series of paraben substituted spermine bridged(dispirobino) cyclotriphosphazene compounds 2-6 were synthesized for the first time, and their structures were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The solid-state structures and geometries of compounds 2-6 were determined using single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. In addition, it was confirmed by TGA that all compounds 1-6 showed high thermal stability. Two methods were used in order to investigate DNA interaction properties of the targeted molecules. While biosensor-based screening test that measures DNA hybridization efficiency on a biochip surface, the agarose gel electrophoresis method examines the effect of compounds on plasmid DNA structure. The results collected from the automated biosensor device and agarose gel electrophoresis have indicated that compounds 1, 5, and 6 showed higher DNA damage than the compounds 2-4. According to the biosensor results, compounds 1, 5, and 6 showed 85%, 69%, and 77% activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Şenkuytu
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Perihan Kızılkaya
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey.,Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry , Trakya University , Edirne 22020 , Turkey
| | - Zehra Ölçer
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Uğur Pala
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Derya Davarcı
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Yunus Zorlu
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Huriye Erdoğan
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Gönül Yenilmez Çiftçi
- Department of Chemistry , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
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Characterization and stability study of pseudo-emulsion hollow fiber membrane: Separation of Ethylparaben. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Tokumura M, Nitta S, Hayashi T, Yamaguchi R, Wang Q, Miyake Y, Amagai T, Makino M. Probabilistic exposure assessment of aggregate rates of dermal exposure of Japanese women and children to parabens in personal care products. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124704. [PMID: 31520983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acids) are commonly used as preservatives in personal care products. Although the rate of exposure to a single product may be small, it is possible for an individual to have marked exposure to parabens through the use of multiple personal care products (aggregate exposure). To assess the risks associated with aggregate exposure to parabens, we estimated the dermal exposure rate distributions of four major parabens (methylparaben, MP; ethylparaben, EP; propylparaben, PP; butylparaben, BP) in various products for women (>20 years old) and children (1-3 years old) by using the probabilistic exposure assessment tool ConsExpo. Integrated exposure rates were then calculated as the sum of exposure rates for individual products. Aggregate exposure rates for women were 1.2 (median) (0.13 [5%ile], 6.9 [95%ile]), 0.43 (0.029, 3.0), 0.35 (0.032, 1.9), and 0.25 (0.027, 1.2) mg kg-bw-1 day-1 for MP, EP, PP, and BP, respectively. Those for children were 0.47 (0.054, 2.2), 0.11 (0.012, 0.60), 0.13 (0.012, 0.78), and 0.13 (0.0065, 0.85) mg kg-bw-1 day-1 for MP, EP, PP, and BP, respectively. Integrated exposure rates for women were several times those for children. In both cases, personal care products that were applied to larger areas of skin and were used more frequently were more likely to be associated with higher exposure rates. According to the results of a risk assessment using a margin of exposure approach, aggregate rates of exposure to PP and BP, but not MP or EP, were high enough to warrant concern about disruption of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shiori Nitta
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hayashi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Rina Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan; Department of Environment Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Makino
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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