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Alt NP, Wong Chavez J, Dickter CL, Shih MJ. Power and the confrontation of sexism: the impact of measured and manipulated power on confronting behavior. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 164:27-42. [PMID: 36117440 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2122767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The confrontation of prejudicial acts and comments promotes multiple benefits, most notably the prevention of future prejudicial remarks and the reduction of stereotype use. Research, however, consistently shows low rates of confronting prejudice, particularly regarding sexism. Here, we examine whether personal sense of power, known to increase action and activate the behavioral approach system, increases the likelihood of confronting a sexist remark. In Study 1, we demonstrate that for both women and men, self-reported power is associated with a higher frequency of confronting sexism. In Study 2, we manipulate women's sense of power (i.e., high power, low power, or control) and subsequently present an opportunity to confront a sexist remark. Results show that women primed to feel powerful were more likely to confront the sexist remark and expressed greater disagreement with the comment, compared to women primed to feel powerless. Implications for the confronting literature and behavior are discussed.
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Majeno A, Molina KM, Frisard CF, Lemon SC, Rosal MC. Discrimination and Sleep: Differential Effects by Type and Coping Strategy. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:442-452. [PMID: 36534964 PMCID: PMC10205141 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrimination has been posited as a contributor of sleep disparities for Latinxs. The strategy used to cope with discrimination may reduce or exacerbate its effects on sleep. This study examined whether different types of discrimination (everyday and major lifetime discrimination) were associated with sleep indices (quality, disturbances, efficiency) and whether coping strategy used moderated associations. METHOD Data of Latinx adults (N = 602; 51% women, 65% Dominican, Mage = 46.72 years) come from the Latino Health and Well-being Project, a community-based, cross-sectional study of Latinxs in Lawrence, MA. Multiple linear regressions were estimated separately for each sleep outcome. RESULTS Everyday discrimination was significantly associated with poorer sleep quality and greater disturbances; major lifetime discrimination was significantly associated with worse sleep across the three sleep indices. Coping strategy moderated associations between discrimination and sleep. Compared with Latinxs who used passive coping, those who used passive-active coping strategies had poorer sleep quality the more they experienced everyday discrimination. Latinxs who used any active coping strategy, compared with passive coping, had greater sleep disturbances the more frequently they experienced major lifetime discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that everyday discrimination and major lifetime discrimination are associated with different dimensions of sleep and suggest that coping with discrimination may require the use of different strategies depending on the type of discrimination experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Majeno
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kristine M Molina
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christine F Frisard
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Stephenie C Lemon
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Milagros C Rosal
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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3
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Chaney KE, Sanchez DT. Prejudice confrontation styles: A validated and reliable measure of how people confront prejudice. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211005841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While research has demonstrated that confrontations of prejudice serve as effective prejudice reduction tools and as a coping mechanism for targets of prejudice, research has yet to identify a validated measurement of prejudice confrontation styles. The present research develops the Prejudice Confrontation Styles (PCS) Scale, which includes five styles of prejudice confrontation: Educational, Argumentative, Help-seeking, Empathy, and Humor. The factor structure of the PCS Scale is identified across two diverse samples employing exploratory (Study 1) and confirmatory (Study 2) factor analyses. Moreover, the PCS Scale demonstrates construct validity, predicting imagined confrontation styles two weeks later among women confronting prejudice, and prejudice confrontation styles moderated autonomy, rumination, and perceived effectiveness of prejudice confrontations (Study 3). Thus, the present research identifies and develops a tool to measure prejudice confrontation styles and demonstrates that prejudice confrontation styles are associated with divergent psychological health outcomes.
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Fang Z, Chang B, Dang J. Growth mindset matters: Influences of socioeconomic status on Chinese secondary vocational students’ learning engagement. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909221141984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies carried out in China examined the relationship between socioeconomic status and learning engagement and explored the roles of psychological needs satisfaction and growth mindset in this relationship. Study 1 investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status and learning engagement among 280 secondary vocational students by manipulating their perceptions of their relative socioeconomic rank. We found that Chinese secondary vocational students primed with high socioeconomic status scored significantly higher in learning engagement measurements than did those primed with low socioeconomic status. Study 2 consisted of 1,146 secondary vocational students (686 boys and 460 girls) who completed questionnaires assessing socioeconomic status, growth mindset, psychological needs satisfaction, and learning engagement. The results showed that psychological needs satisfaction mediated whereas growth mindset moderated the positive relationship between socioeconomic status and learning engagement. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhi Fang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baorui Chang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi, China
| | - Junhua Dang
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Anhui, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Computing and Application on Cognitive Behavior, Anhui, China
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Partow S, Cook R, McDonald R. A Literature Review of the Measurement of Coping with Stigmatization and Discrimination. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1955680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ren Q, Jiang S. Acculturation Stress, Satisfaction, and Frustration of Basic Psychological Needs and Mental Health of Chinese Migrant Children: Perspective from Basic Psychological Needs Theory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4751. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Acculturation stress is prevalent among migrant populations. The current study examines whether acculturation stress influences migrant children’s mental health through the mediators of the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. A sample of 484 migrant children is obtained in Kunming, China using a multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data are analyzed through structural equation modeling in Mplus 8.0. Results indicate that acculturation stress has a direct impact on children’s depression but no significant direct effect on children’s happiness. Acculturation stress also has indirect effects on depression and happiness via the mediators of need satisfaction and frustration. Acculturation stress is negatively associated with need satisfaction and positively associated with need frustration, which is further significantly predictive of children’s happiness and depression. Overall, this study validates the basic psychological needs theory in the context of China’s internal migration. Findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between acculturation stress and psychological outcomes and provide practical implications for future interventions.
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Acculturation Stress, Satisfaction, and Frustration of Basic Psychological Needs and Mental Health of Chinese Migrant Children: Perspective from Basic Psychological Needs Theory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094751. [PMID: 33946882 PMCID: PMC8124301 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acculturation stress is prevalent among migrant populations. The current study examines whether acculturation stress influences migrant children’s mental health through the mediators of the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence. A sample of 484 migrant children is obtained in Kunming, China using a multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data are analyzed through structural equation modeling in Mplus 8.0. Results indicate that acculturation stress has a direct impact on children’s depression but no significant direct effect on children’s happiness. Acculturation stress also has indirect effects on depression and happiness via the mediators of need satisfaction and frustration. Acculturation stress is negatively associated with need satisfaction and positively associated with need frustration, which is further significantly predictive of children’s happiness and depression. Overall, this study validates the basic psychological needs theory in the context of China’s internal migration. Findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between acculturation stress and psychological outcomes and provide practical implications for future interventions.
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Joseph NT, Peterson LM, Gordon H, Kamarck TW. The double burden of racial discrimination in daily-life moments: Increases in negative emotions and depletion of psychosocial resources among emerging adult African Americans. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 27:234-244. [PMID: 32271044 PMCID: PMC7544613 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Racial discrimination is a common experience for African Americans, but no research has examined how discrimination reported in daily-life moments influences concurrent negative emotions and psychosocial resources. Method: Emerging adult African Americans (N = 54) reported hourly on momentary racial discrimination, negative emotions, and psychosocial resources across two days. Results: Controlling for past discrimination and trait emotion, momentary racial discrimination was associated with greater negative emotions and lower psychosocial resources (ps < .05). The relationship between momentary racial discrimination and negative emotions was stronger among individuals residing in areas with fewer African Americans (simple slope p < .0001). The relationship between momentary racial discrimination and psychosocial resources was stronger among individuals reporting greater past discrimination (simple slope p < .0001). Vicarious discrimination (exposure to discrimination experienced by another person) was associated with higher negative emotions (p < .01), but not with psychosocial resources. Conclusion: These results are the first to demonstrate that personal and vicarious racial discrimination are associated with negative emotions and lower coping resources in daily-life moments and that contextual factors modify these associations. Results refine our understanding of the immediate sequelae of discrimination in daily life and point to possible targets for ecological momentary interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas W Kamarck
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
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Lee CS, O'Connor BM, Todorova I, Nicholls ME, Colby SM. Structural racism and reflections from Latinx heavy drinkers: Impact on mental health and alcohol use. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 127:108352. [PMID: 34134869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrimination and social inequity increase risk for alcohol use disorders among Latinxs. An alcohol intervention trial that led to significant reductions in alcohol-related consequences also produced significant reductions in mental health symptoms for Latinx heavy drinkers. In the current qualitative study, we explore this trial's mental health effect by examining participants' perspectives on the social context of immigration, i.e., structural barriers, and associations among the immigrant experience, stigma, depressive/anxiety symptomatology, and alcohol consumption. METHODS Study participants were eligible if they completed the clinical trial, exhibited levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms that exceeded the range for clinical depression (≥18, CES-D) and anxiety (≥12, BAI) at baseline, and demonstrated significant declines in depression and anxiety symptoms 12 months following their completion of the trial. The study coded 24 participant transcripts using ATLAS.ti and thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants reported their responses to structural barriers (e.g., a lack of educational supports, difficulties accessing safety net programs). Reported experiences of exclusion and discrimination were associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Stigmatization processes included feeling isolated and contributed to poor mental health. Participants reported drinking to cope with low mood. CONCLUSIONS Structural barriers are exclusionary because they limit full participation and communicate who does/does not belong along race/ethnic lines, i.e., structural racism. Feeling stigmatized for being different was associated with feelings of anxiety and depression among our immigrant participants. Future interventions must focus on stressors associated with the constraints of being an immigrant. Understanding how structural barriers and structural racism impact health behavior can enrich the design and impact of interventions for socially disadvantaged Latinx individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Lee
- Boston University School of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | - Irina Todorova
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Mariana E Nicholls
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 121 South Main St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Plews-Ogan ML, Bell TD, Townsend G, Canterbury RJ, Wilkes DS. Acting Wisely: Eliminating Negative Bias in Medical Education-Part 2: How Can We Do Better? ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:S16-S22. [PMID: 32889937 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Part 1 of this 2-article series, the authors reviewed the problem of unmitigated bias in medical education and proposed a wisdom-based framework for a different way of educating medical students. In this article, Part 2, the authors answer a key question: How can medical educators do better? Is a bias-free environment possible? The answer to the latter question likely is "no." In fact, having a zero-bias goal in mind may blind educators and students to the implicit biases that affect physicians' decisions and actions. Biases appear to be a part of how the human brain works. This article explores ways to neutralize their destructive effects by: (1) increasing awareness of personal biases; (2) using mitigation strategies to protect against the undesirable effects of those biases; (3) working to change some negative biases, particularly learned biases; and (4) fostering positive biases toward others. The authors describe the concrete actions-interpersonal, structural, and cultural actions-that can be taken to reduce negative bias and its destructive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Plews-Ogan
- M.L. Plews-Ogan is Brodie Professor of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Taison D Bell
- T.D. Bell is assistant professor of medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gregory Townsend
- G. Townsend is associate professor of medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Randolph J Canterbury
- R.J. Canterbury is senior associate dean, Education, and professor of psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David S Wilkes
- D.S. Wilkes is dean, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Selvanathan HP, Lickel B, Dasgupta N. An integrative framework on the impact of allies: How identity‐based needs influence intergroup solidarity and social movements. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Preya Selvanathan
- The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA USA
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12
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Peterson LM, Stock ML, Monroe J, Molloy-Paolillo BK, Lambert SF. Racial exclusion causes acute cortisol release among emerging-adult African Americans: The role of reduced perceived control. The Journal of Social Psychology 2020; 160:658-674. [PMID: 32122284 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1729685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination contributes to stress-related health disparities among African Americans, but less is known about the acute effects of racial exclusion on the hypo-pituitary-adrenocortical response and psychological mediators. Participants were 276 Black/African American emerging-adults (54% female; M age = 21.74, SD = 2.21) who were randomly assigned to be excluded or included by White peers via the game Cyberball. Racial exclusion (vs. inclusion) predicted: greater negative affect (F(1, 276) = 104.885, p < .0001), lower perceived control (F(1, 276) = 205.523, p < .0001), and greater cortisol release (F(1, 274) = 4.575, p = .033). Racial exclusion's impact on cortisol release was mediated by lower perceived control (95% CI: .027, .112), but not negative affect (-.041, .013). These findings suggest that racial exclusion contributes to acute cortisol release, and that reduced perceived control is a consequence of racial discrimination that has important implications for the health of those who experience discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L Stock
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University
| | | | | | - Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University
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13
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Subversive humor against sexism: Conceptualization and first evidence on its empirical nature. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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