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Zhang D, Chen WJ, Meng XX, Zhao X, Liu RH, Tian HY. Breaking down barriers: rationalisations and motivation to stop among Chinese male smokers under cigarette dependence. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1812. [PMID: 38972984 PMCID: PMC11229221 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking rationalisation beliefs are a huge barrier to quitting smoking. What types of rationalisations should be emphasised in smoking cessation interventions? Although past literature has confirmed the negative relationship between those beliefs and motivation to stop smoking, little is known regarding the importance and performance of those beliefs on motivation with varying cigarette dependence. The study aimed to ascertain rationalisations that are highly important for motivation yet perform poorly in different cigarette dependence groups. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted from November 19 to December 9, 2023 in Guiyang City, China. Adult male current smokers were enrolled. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesis. The multi-group analysis was used to determine the moderating effect of cigarette dependence, and the importance-performance map analysis was utilised to assess the importance and performance of rationalisations. RESULTS A total of 616 adult male current smokers were analysed, and they were divided into the low cigarette dependence group (n = 297) and the high cigarette dependence group (n = 319). Except for risk generalisation beliefs, smoking functional beliefs (H1: -β = 0.131, P < 0.01), social acceptability beliefs (H3: β = -0.258, P < 0.001), safe smoking beliefs (H4: β = -0.078, P < 0.05), self-exempting beliefs (H5: β = -0.244, P < 0.001), and quitting is harmful beliefs (H6: β = -0.148, P < 0.01) all had a significant positive influence on motivation. Cigarette dependence moderated the correlation between rationalisations and motivation. In the high-dependence group, the social acceptability beliefs and smoking functional beliefs were located in the "Concentrate Here" area. In the low-dependence group, the social acceptability beliefs were also situated in there. CONCLUSIONS Social acceptability beliefs and smoking functional beliefs showed great potential and value for improvement among high-dependence smokers, while only social acceptability beliefs had great potential and value for improvement among low-dependence smokers. Addressing these beliefs will be helpful for smoking cessation. The multi-group analysis and the importance-performance map analysis technique have practical implications and can be expanded to other domains of health education and intervention practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, No. 6 Ankang Avenue, Guiyang City, 561113, China
- Guizhou Institute of Health Development, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Chen
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, No. 6 Ankang Avenue, Guiyang City, 561113, China
- School of Sociology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Meng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, No. 6 Ankang Avenue, Guiyang City, 561113, China
- Center of Medicine Economics and Management Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, No. 6 Ankang Avenue, Guiyang City, 561113, China
- Center of Medicine Economics and Management Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Run-Hua Liu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, No. 6 Ankang Avenue, Guiyang City, 561113, China.
- Center of Medicine Economics and Management Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Hai-Yu Tian
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, No. 6 Ankang Avenue, Guiyang City, 561113, China.
- One Health Institute, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Zhang L, Chen H, Mao Y, Zheng S, Zheng P. Development of a simplified version of the smoking rationalization belief scale for Chinese male smokers. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1044929. [PMID: 36890984 PMCID: PMC9986291 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1044929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to simplify the smoking rationalization belief (SRB) scale among Chinese male smokers and provide a convenient measuring tool with good reliability and validity to promote the assessment and further intervention of SRB among smokers. Methods Through purposive sampling, a questionnaire survey was conducted among adult male smokers in three districts in Shanghai, and 1,307 valid questionnaires were collected. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the simplified scale, and Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and Cronbach's α were used to test the reliability and validity of the simplified scale. Results The SRB scale was simplified from 26 items to 8 items and had good overall reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.757). There was a strong correlation between the simplified scale and the original scale (P < 0.001, r = 0.911), and the scores of SRB measured by the two scales were both negatively associated with a willingness to quit smoking (P < 0.001), which reflected the practical effectiveness of the simplified version. Conclusion The simplified version of the SRB scale showed good reliability and validity among Chinese smokers, which facilitates smoking cessation-related research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimeng Mao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichen Zheng
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pinpin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mao Y, Zhao Y, Eriksen M, Huang J, Redmon P, Spears C, Zheng P. Changes in cigarette consumption and intention to quit in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:37. [PMID: 36909813 PMCID: PMC9996568 DOI: 10.18332/tid/160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Significant changes occurred in the way people socialize and interact with each other since China reported its first COVID-19 cases. However, little is known about how smoking behaviors may have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in China. The aim of this study was to assess changes in smoking behavior and intention to quit during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in China and to investigate the associated factors. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Chinese adult smokers. Participants were recruited through snowball sampling from 19 March to 2 April 2020. RESULTS A total of 1388 smokers participated in this study. Of those, 1014 (73.0%) reported not changing their cigarette consumption, 104 (7.5%) reported smoking more and 268 (19.3%) reported smoking less due to the pandemic. Average daily cigarette consumption among all participants decreased from 15.0 (IQR: 10.0-20.0) to 13.0 (IQR: 8.0-20.0) (W=6.919, p<0.001). For intention to quit, 270 (19.5%) respondents reported becoming more willing to quit, and 91 (6.6%) reported becoming less willing to quit. Multivariate analyses showed that tobacco addiction, overall knowledge about the relationship between smoking and COVID-19, level of attention devoted to COVID-19, anxiety, living alone, and number of smokers in the family were significantly correlated with cigarette consumption and intention to quit, and living alone was the strongest factor associated with increased cigarette consumption (AOR=5.29; 95% CI: 1.51-18.56). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic led to a slight decrease in cigarette consumption and an increase in quitting intention among Chinese smokers. During the early stages of the pandemic, it was important to focus on the anxiety of smokers, dispel smokers' misunderstandings of smoking and COVID-19 and create a supporting environment in the family to help smokers quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Institute of Health Communication, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Institute of Health Communication, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Eriksen
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jidong Huang
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Pamela Redmon
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Claire Spears
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Pinpin Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Institute of Health Communication, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Özgün Öztürk F, Can Gür G. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the smoking rationalization scale. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2144510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özgün Öztürk
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ganime Can Gür
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Lai K, Bian H, Chen H, Gao L. Socializing with Smoker and Social Smoking Behavior among Chinese Male Smokers with Low Nicotine Dependence: The Mediating Roles of Belief of Smoking Rationalization and Smoker Identity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14765. [PMID: 36429485 PMCID: PMC9690624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that socializing with other smokers is an essential trigger for social smoking among smokers with a low nicotine dependence. This study further explored the mediating effects of the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity on the relationship between socializing with smokers and social smoking behavior. METHODS A cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 696 low-nicotine-dependent smokers in China completed questionnaires that assessed socializing with smokers, social smoking behavior, smoker identity, and the belief of smoking rationalization. The mediating roles of the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity on the relationship between socializing with smokers and social smoking behavior were assessed by using SPSS 23 and AMOS 23. RESULTS The belief of smoking rationalization, smoker identity, socializing with smokers, and social smoking behavior were significantly and positively correlated with each other. In addition, this study found an independently mediated role for smoker identity in the relationship with smoker socialization and social smoking behavior, and a sequentially mediated role for smoking rationalization and smoker identity in this relationship. CONCLUSION Reducing the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity may be conducive to reducing social smoking behavior for low-nicotine-dependent smokers when socializing with other smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Keying Lai
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Hankun Bian
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Haide Chen
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lingfeng Gao
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Taneja P, Tandon S, Marya C, Nagpal R, Kataria S. Smoking Rationalisation, Tobacco Dependence and Intention to Quit Among Indian Adults and Adolescents. Indian J Dent Res 2022; 33:378-381. [PMID: 37006000 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_518_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Unfortunately, indicators of tobacco dependence are present even after low levels of exposure in young smokers. Early emergence of these signal risk for subsequent chronic smoking and nicotine dependence is negatively associated with cessation in young adults. One important yet understudied modifiable predictor of intention to quit among smokers is smoking rationalization. Smokers often subscribe to smoking rationalisation beliefs, also known as self-exempting beliefs, to justify or rationalize their smoking behaviors. Smoking rationalizations can predict a lack of intention to quit. Objective To assess the correlation between smoking rationalisation, tobacco dependence and intention to quit among Indian adults and adults. Methodology A cross-sectional pilot study was carried out among 18-60-year-old subjects. Data were collected for tobacco dependence, smoking rationalisation and intention to quit (no/yes) by structured interview. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 16 (IBM Corp, Armork, NY.) The independent t-test and one way ANOVA and binary logistic regression were performed for inferential statistics. Results Smokers with no intention to quit and high tobacco dependence scores had significantly higher smoking rationalisation than those to quit and low dependence scores. Logistic regression models demonstrated that all types of rationalisation beliefs were consistently inversely associated with the intention to quit and low tobacco dependence. Conclusion Findings suggest that smoking rationalisation plays an important role in the lack of intention to quit among Indian smokers. Future interventions should tackle smoking rationalisation beliefs as a strategy to promote smoking cessation.
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Chen H, Fan Y, Li X, Gao L, Li W. The Relationship Between Smoker Identity and Smoking Cessation Among Young Smokers: The Role of Smoking Rationalization Beliefs and Cultural Value of Guanxi. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:812982. [PMID: 35558421 PMCID: PMC9086586 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.812982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the relationship between smoker identity and smoking cessation behavior has been confirmed, the role of smoking-related beliefs and cultural values in this relationship for young smokers is little known. The present study aimed to examine whether the relationship between smoker identity and smoking cessation behavior would be mediated by smoking rationalization beliefs and/or intention to quit smoking and whether the effect of smoker identity on smoking cessation behavior was moderated by cultural value of guanxi. A total of 708 young smokers participated in the study and completed questionnaires that measured smoker identity, smoking rationalization beliefs, intention to quit smoking, smoking cessation behavior and cultural value of guanxi. The results showed: (1) the relationship between smoker identity and smoking cessation behavior was negative and significant. (2) The mediating effect of intention to quit smoking and the serial mediating effect of "smoking rationalization beliefs → intention to quit smoking" on the relationship between smoker identity and smoking cessation behavior was significant. (3) Both the serial mediating effect of "smoking rationalization beliefs → intention to quit smoking" and the direct effect of smoker identity on smoking cessation behavior were moderated by cultural value of guanxi. The current findings increased understanding of psychosocial mechanisms underlying the hindering effect of smoker identity on smoking cessation and suggested the role of smoking rationalization beliefs and cultural value of guanxi should be considered in smoking cessation interventions for young smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haide Chen
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yumeng Fan
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lingfeng Gao
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Weijian Li
- College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Li J, Yuan B, Zeng G. The attitude towards E-cigarettes, disengagement belief, E-cigarette health literacy and susceptibility among youths and adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2020.1758174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- International School of Business & Finance, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Bocong Yuan
- School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Zeng
- School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
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Huang X, Fu W, Zhang H, Li H, Li X, Yang Y, Wang F, Gao J, Zheng P, Fu H, Chapman S, Ding D. Why are male Chinese smokers unwilling to quit? A multicentre cross-sectional study on smoking rationalisation and intention to quit. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025285. [PMID: 30782929 PMCID: PMC6368028 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe the rationalisation beliefs endorsed by Chinese male smokers and to examine the association between rationalisation and the intention to quit. SETTING Questionnaires were conducted among male smokers in three cities (Shanghai, Nanning and Mudanjiang) which represent different geographical locations, economic development levels and legislative status of tobacco control in China. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS It was a multicentre cross-sectional survey involved a total of 3710 male smokers over 18 years. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes were intention to quit, smoking rationalisation scores and sub scores in six dimensions. Smoking rationalisation was assessed using a newly developed Chinese rationalisation scale. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between rationalisation and intention to quit. RESULTS On average, smokers scored 3.3 out of 5 on the smoking rationalisation scale. With a one point increase in total rationalisation scale, the odds for intention to quit in the next 6 months decreased by 48% (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.61; p<0.001). Separate logistic regressions for six subscales of rationalisation shown consistent inverse associations with intention to quit (all p values <0.001). Believing that smoking was socially acceptable was the strongest predictor (OR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.71; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Rationalisation beliefs could be important barriers to smoking cessation. Some beliefs have stronger association with quit intention than others. Eroding rationalisation beliefs endorsed by smokers is a potential strategy for smoking cessation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinpin Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Chapman
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ding Ding
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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