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Barboza-Salerno GE, Remillard A. Early Child Adversity and Delinquent Behavior in Foster Care Youth: Do Future Expectations and Sexual Identity Moderate the Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress? JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:945-957. [PMID: 38045844 PMCID: PMC10689334 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Delinquency in youth is a significant public health concern for individuals who experienced adversity and complex trauma as children. The present study explored the longitudinal associations between adverse child experiences and future engagement in delinquent behavior. Methods Using a sample of 1,245 foster youth who are aging out of the child welfare system, mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation analysis was used to test the mechanistic role of post-traumatic stress symptoms and the moderating role of sexual identity and positive future expectations on engagement in delinquent behavior. Results Results showed a positive and significant association between adverse child experiences and engagement in delinquent behavior. Post-traumatic stress symptoms partially mediated the ACEs-delinquency relationship. In addition, sexual minority youth and youth who were less optimistic about the future, but who experienced more ACEs, were at risk for heightened levels of post-traumatic stress. Conclusions Interventions that promote positive future outlooks may minimize the psychological sequelae of early child adversity and delinquent behavior particularly when tailored to the needs of sexual minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandria Remillard
- School of Public Affairs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
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Pichardo CM, Chambers EC, Sanchez-Johnsen LAP, Pichardo MS, Gallo L, Talavera GA, Pirzada A, Roy A, Castañeda SF, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Perreira KM, Teng Y, Rodriguez CB, Allison M, Carlson JA, Daviglus ML, Plascak JJ. Association of census-tract level gentrification and income inequality with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, an epidemiologic cohort study. Soc Sci Med 2023; 336:116222. [PMID: 37776783 PMCID: PMC11185427 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome varies by socio-demographic characteristics, with younger (18-29 years) and older (50-69 years) Hispanic/Latino having higher prevalence compared to other groups. While there is substantial research on neighborhood influences on cardiometabolic health, there are mixed findings regarding the effects of gentrification and few studies have included Hispanic/Latinos. The role of neighborhood income inequality on metabolic health remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Examined associations of neighborhood gentrification and income inequality with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The HCHS/SOL is a community-based cohort of adults of Hispanic/Latinos (aged 18-74). Analyses included 6710 adults who did not meet criteria for MetsS at baseline (2008-2011) and completed the visit 2 examination (2014-2017). Poisson regressions estimated odds ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for neighborhood gentrification and change in income inequality with MetSyn incidence. MAIN OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES Gentrification was measured with an index that included changes (2000 to 2006-2010) in education, poverty, and income. Change in neighborhood income inequality (2005-2009 to 2012-2016) was measured using the Gini coefficient of income distribution. MetSyn was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS Among 6647 Hispanic/Latino adults, 23% (N = 1530) had incident MetSyn. In models adjusted for socio-demographic, health insurance status, and neighborhood characteristics, gentrification (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.96-1.03) and income inequality change (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.99-1.00) were not associated with MetSyn at visit 2. There was no association between cross-sectional income inequality (2005-2009) and MetSyn at visit 2 (IRR, 0.97, 95%CI, 0.82-1.15). CONCLUSION Neighborhood gentrification and income inequality change were not associated with incidence of MetSyn over 6 years among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study demonstrated that income-based residential changes alone may not be sufficient to explain neighborhood influences on health outcomes among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Pichardo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20815, USA; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Earle C Chambers
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, The Bronx, NY, 1046, USA
| | - Lisa A P Sanchez-Johnsen
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA; Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), Institute for Health and Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, and MCW Cancer Center, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Margaret S Pichardo
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, 3400 Spruce St # 4, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Linda Gallo
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Amber Pirzada
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine West (MC 764) 1819 West Polk Street, Suite 246, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Amanda Roy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Sheila F Castañeda
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Drive; San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Krista M Perreira
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 321 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yanping Teng
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, 123 W. Franklin Street, Suite 450 CB #8030 Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Carmen B Rodriguez
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Allison
- University of California San Diego, School of Health Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jordan A Carlson
- Children's Mercy Kansas City Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine West (MC 764) 1819 West Polk Street, Suite 246, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jesse J Plascak
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Starling-Loving Hall, 320 W 10th Ave b302, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Pichardo CM, Pichardo MS, Gallo LC, Talavera GA, Chambers EC, Sanchez-Johnsen LAP, Pirzada A, Roy AL, Rodriguez C, Castañeda SF, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Perreira KM, Garcia TP, Allison M, Carlson J, Daviglus ML, Plascak JJ. Association of neighborhood segregation with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 78:1-8. [PMID: 36473628 PMCID: PMC10127516 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine the association between neighborhood segregation and 6-year incident metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. METHODS Prospective cohort of adults residing in Miami, Chicago, the Bronx, and San Diego. The analytic sample included 6,710 participants who did not have MetSyn at baseline. The evenness and exposure dimensions of neighborhood segregation, based on the Gini and Isolation indices, respectively, were categorized into quintiles (Q). Racialized economic concentration was measured with the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (continuously and Q). RESULTS Exposure, but not evenness, was associated with higher disease odds (Q1 (lower segregation) vs. Q4, OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.082.17; Q5, OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.493.52). Economic concentrationprivilege (continuous OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.770.98), racial concentrationracialized privilege (Q1 (greater concentration) vs. Q2 OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.541.04; Q3 OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.441.05; Q4 OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.451.01; Q5 OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.420.98)(continuous OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.821.04), and racialized economic concentrationprivilege (i.e., higher SES non-Hispanic White, continuous OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.760.98) were associated with lower disease odds. CONCLUSION Hispanics/Latino adults residing in neighborhoods with high segregation had higher risk of incident MetSyn compared to those residing in neighborhoods with low segregation. Research is needed to identify the mechanisms that link segregation to poor metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Pichardo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago; University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research & Policy, Chicago; University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, Chicago; San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA.
| | - Margaret S Pichardo
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia
| | - Linda C Gallo
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Amber Pirzada
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, Chicago
| | - Amanda L Roy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago
| | | | | | | | - Krista M Perreira
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Matthew Allison
- University of California San Diego, School of Health Sciences, La Jolla
| | | | - Martha L Daviglus
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, Chicago
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Banishment through Branding: From Montréal’s Red Light District to Quartier des Spectacles. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes how the City of Montréal employed tools of urban planning—including a district plan, street redesign, rezoning, selective public consultation, expropriation, policing and surveillance—to spatially banish sex work from its historic district, using the red light symbol as a branding strategy. This coincided with a change in federal law (Bill C-36) and a policy shift to reposition sex workers as passive victims of sex trafficking. Using a case study design, this work explores the state’s refusal to recognize the agency of those engaged in embodied socio-economic exchanges and the safety and solidarity possible in public space. In interviews, sex workers described strategies of collective organizing, resistance and protest to hold the city accountable during this process of displacement. We consider how urban planning might support sex work, sex workers and economic autonomy.
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Benner BE. HIV Vulnerability Among Survival Sex Workers Through Sexual Violence and Drug Taking in a Qualitative Study From Victoria, Canada, With Additional Implications for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Sex Workers. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 6:714208. [PMID: 35047587 PMCID: PMC8762116 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.714208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This qualitative study investigates how social and structural forces mediate vulnerability to HIV infection and transmission among survival sex workers, their clients, and their non-commercial, intimate partners-with especial focus on sexual violence and drug taking. Method: I employed an adapted grounded theory approach to conducting and analyzing (n = 9) open-ended, in-depth interviews with a convenience sample of currently working (and recently exited) survival sex workers from a community setting in Victoria, Canada. Findings: Participants revealed important contexts and conditions under which they were vulnerable to HIV infection. At the behavioural level, participants were aware of how HIV could be transmitted (condomless sex and sharing drug equipment), yet participants voiced strongly how structural and systemic features (for instance, client violence, the need for drugs, and "bad date" referrals) could squeeze and constrain their agency to take up safer practices, mediating their optimal HIV health and safety. Some participants reported strained relationships with police because of previous drug involvement. Conclusion: Survival sex workers constitute a health population vulnerable to HIV infection, and ensuring there could be a supportive (outreach) community replete with HIV resources is paramount. The availability of safer sex and drug equipment play important roles in HIV behavioural prevention efforts. However, uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) at no cost in the Canadian province of British Columbia could be an important and beneficial structural intervention for non-injection drug taking cis-female sex workers in this study who are presently ineligible for no cost PrEP.
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Zoli A, Johnson K, Cingolani G, Pulcini G. Towards action research with trans women sex workers: Policy, space and social challenges. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:161-175. [PMID: 33482033 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trans women face multiple social, economic and health inequalities and the impact of gender oppression and violence is even more profoundly experienced by trans women sex workers, although in culturally specific ways. This paper presents a pilot study conducted to explore and engage with the context of trans women sex workers in Lido Tre Archi, Italy. In line with the community psychology values of social justice, social change and participation, we outline our engagement process and key challenges observed when attempting action research with such a highly marginalised group. Data were collected in the form of ethnographic notes from informal consultations with different stakeholders and participant observations, and of documents (newspaper articles, picture captions) and were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings are organised in three themes relating to the social, policy and physical context in Lido Tre Archi demonstrating evidence of the contextual challenges and how they intertwine to generate a spiral of marginalisation and social exclusion for the participants. We take a collaborative and reflexive stance in our work and conclude with recommended steps and potential limitations to initiate an action research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zoli
- School of Applied Social Science, Psychology, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Katherine Johnson
- Social and Global Studies Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gianmarco Pulcini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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7
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Amram O, Shannon K, Braschel M, Machat S, Moreheart S, Lyons T, Goldenberg SM. Mapping Workplace Neighborhood Mobility Among Sex Workers in an Urban Canadian Setting: Results of a Community-Based Spatial Epidemiological Study From 2010-2016. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:7917-7939. [PMID: 31064252 PMCID: PMC7574847 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519846858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mobility among sex workers has been linked not only to improved economic and social opportunities, but also to concerns regarding displacement, criminalization, and violence. In 2014, new "end-demand" legislation criminalized new aspects of sex work in Canada (e.g., third-party advertising, purchasing) while leaving the sale of sex legal. Utilizing data from a longitudinal community-based cohort of women sex workers in Metro Vancouver (An Evaluation of Sex Workers Health Access [AESHA], 2010-2016), we used kernel density mapping to understand and identify geographic patterns of workplace neighborhood mobility (i.e., changing the primary neighborhood in which one worked in the last 6 months); multivariable logistic regression using generalized estimating equations was also used to model contextual (policing, violence, and safety) and individual correlates of workplace mobility among sex workers over the 6-year period, including potential changes in mobility patterns pre- and post-end-demand criminalization. A total of 543 sex workers were included in analyses, contributing 2,199 observations. A total of 402 (74.0%) experienced workplace neighborhood mobility during the study period. Neighborhood mobility was negatively correlated with age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.98/year older, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.97, 0.99]) and positively correlated with homelessness (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI = [1.12, 1.82]), identifying as a gender/sexual minority (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.04, 1.70]), and servicing clients primarily outdoors (vs. informal indoor or in-call venues; AOR = 1.48, 95% CI = [1.21, 1.81]); police harassment (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI = [0.96, 1.48], p = .11) and changing one's neighborhood of work due to safety concerns (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI = [0.94, 2.00], p = .09) were both marginally correlated. Steps to promote safer working conditions for marginalized women in urban environments remain urgently needed, including shifts away from criminalized enforcement toward community-led initiatives and promoting access to safer indoor workspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Amram
- Washington State University, Spokane, USA
| | - Kate Shannon
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Melissa Braschel
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sylvia Machat
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sarah Moreheart
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tara Lyons
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shira M Goldenberg
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Santana ADDS, Araújo ECD, Abreu PDD, Lyra J, Lima MSD, Moura JWDS. HEALTH VULNERABILITIES OF TRANSGENDER SEX WORKERS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the health vulnerabilities of transgender sex workers. Method: an integrative review conducted in July 2020 in the PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, IBECS and LILACS databases, with no language or time restrictions. The following descriptors indexed in DeCS and MESH and their respective synonyms were used: “Transgender persons”, “Sex workers” and “Health vulnerability”. The data were analyzed based on thematic analysis. Results: a total of 547 articles were retrieved and, after the selection and analysis process, 34 were included in this review. Four thematic classes emerged: “Knowledge, prevention and exposure to STIs in sex work”; “Use (and abuse) of illegal substances and alcohol”; “The social and structural dimension of vulnerabilities: from weakened support networks to violence reproduced against dissident bodies”; and “Psychosocial diseases, discrimination and challenges of transgender sex workers”. Conclusion: the health vulnerabilities experienced by transgender sex workers are marked by discrimination, social exclusion, stigma, incarceration contexts, physical, psychological and sexual violence and use of illegal substances and alcohol, in addition to difficulties in accessing essential services such as health, education and leisure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jorge Lyra
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil
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Hoover FA, Lim TC. Examining privilege and power in US urban parks and open space during the double crises of antiblack racism and COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:55-70. [PMID: 34778707 PMCID: PMC7684571 DOI: 10.1007/s42532-020-00070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we argue that creating the positive outcomes socio-ecological researchers and practitioners seek for urban areas requires acknowledging and addressing the interactions of race and systemic racism in parks, open and green spaces. Racial experiences are inseparable from physical landscapes and the processes of designing, managing, or studying them. From COVID-19 to the Black Lives Matter movement and protests, the events of 2020 in the United States underscore how considerations of social justice must extend beyond the conventional distributional focus of environmental justice. It must incorporate an understanding of how the built environment is racialized spatially, but not always readily quantified through the proximity-based measurements frequently used in research and practice. The perspective is organized in three main parts. The first part presents a series of vignettes to frame the ways cities and individuals participate, respond, and interact under COVID-19 with racial segregation as the backdrop. The second part suggests a stepwise approach to building an understanding of racial inequities in socio-ecological systems (SES) research and practice including four entry points: (1) racialized spatial distribution of hazards and amenities, (2) racialized qualities of space, (3) racialized people in space, and (4) racialized creation of space. Finally, the third part proposes actions the SES community can take to enhance our commitment to community recovery, improvement, and thrivability. This perspective cautions practitioners and researchers against opportunistic or quick-fix solutions, and instead challenges our colleagues to be inclusive of disenfranchised voices in shaping socio-ecological goals, now more than ever. The goal of this perspective is to spark engagement with power and privilege in parks and open space using the example of COVID-19 and race in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushcia -Ann Hoover
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, 1 Park Pl Suite 300, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA
| | - Theodore C. Lim
- Urban Affairs and Planning, Architecture Annex #207, 140 Otey St., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA
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10
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Bhavsar NA, Kumar M, Richman L. Defining gentrification for epidemiologic research: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233361. [PMID: 32437388 PMCID: PMC7241805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neighborhoods have a profound impact on individual health. There is growing interest in the role of dynamic changes to neighborhoods-including gentrification-on the health of residents. However, research on the association between gentrification and health is limited, partly due to the numerous definitions used to define gentrification. This article presents a systematic review of the current state of literature describing the association between gentrification and health. In addition, it provides a novel framework for addressing important next steps in this research. A total of 1393 unique articles were identified, 122 abstracts were reviewed, and 36 articles published from 2007-2020 were included. Of the 36 articles, 9 were qualitative, 24 were quantitative, and 3 were review papers. There was no universally accepted definition of gentrification; definitions often used socioeconomic variables describing demographics, housing, education, and income. Health outcomes associated with gentrification included self-reported health, preterm birth, mental health conditions, alcohol use, psychosocial factors, and health care utilization, though the direction of this association varied. The results of this review also suggest that the impact of gentrification on health is not uniform across populations. For example, marginalized populations, such as Black residents and the elderly, were impacted more than White and younger residents. In addition, we identified multiples gaps in the research, including the need for a conceptual model, future mechanistic studies, and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nrupen A. Bhavsar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Manish Kumar
- Trinity School of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura Richman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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11
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Footer KHA, Silberzahn BE, Lim S, Huettner S, Kumar VA, Loeffler D, Peitzmeier SM, Sherman SG. "An ethnographic exploration of factors that drive policing of street-based female sex workers in a U.S. setting - identifying opportunities for intervention". BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 32410616 PMCID: PMC7227297 DOI: 10.1186/s12914-020-00232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Building on a broader sociological discourse around policing approaches towards vulnerable populations, increasing public health and human rights evidence points to policing practices as a key health determinant, particularly among street-based sex workers. Despite the importance of policing as a structural health determinant, few studies have sought to understand the factors that underlie and shape harmful policing practices towards sex workers. This study therefore aimed to explore the drivers for policing attitudes and practices towards street-based cisgender female sex workers. Methods Drawing on ethnographic methods, 280 h of observations with police patrol and 10 stakeholder interviews with senior police leadership in Baltimore City, USA were carried out to better understand the drivers for policing strategies towards cisgender female sex workers. Analysis was data- and theory-driven, drawing on the concepts of police culture and complementary criminological and sociological literature that aided exploration of the influence of the ecological and structural environment on policing practices. Results Ecological factors at the structural (e.g., criminalization), organizational (e.g., violent crime control), community and individual level (e.g., stigmatizing attitudes) emerged as key to shaping individual police practices and attitudes towards cisgender female sex workers in this setting. Findings indicate senior police support for increased alignment with public health and human rights goals. However, the study highlights that interventions need to move beyond individual officer training and address the broader structural and organizational setting in which harmful police practices towards sex work operate. Conclusions A more in-depth understanding of the circumstances that drive law enforcement approaches to street-based sex work is critical to the collaborative design of interventions with police in different settings. In considering public health-police partnerships to address the rights and health of sex worker populations in the U.S. and elsewhere, this study supports existing calls for decriminalization of sex work, supported by institutional and policy reforms, neighborhood-level dialogues that shift the cultural landscape around sex work within both the police and larger community, and innovative individual-level police trainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H A Footer
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Bradley E Silberzahn
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sahnah Lim
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health and Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Steven Huettner
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 5200 Eastern Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Victor A Kumar
- Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, 466 Mergenthaler Hall, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Derek Loeffler
- Baltimore City Police Department, Northwestern District, 5271 Reistertown Road, Baltimore, MD, 21215, USA
| | - Sarah M Peitzmeier
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Publissc Health, Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan G Sherman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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12
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Goldenberg SM, Amram O, Braschel M, Moreheart S, Shannon K. Urban gentrification and declining access to HIV/STI, sexual health, and outreach services amongst women sex workers between 2010-2014: Results of a community-based longitudinal cohort. Health Place 2020; 62:102288. [PMID: 32479365 PMCID: PMC7574814 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing gentrification across North American cities, little is known about impacts on work and living environments and health access for marginalized women. Drawing upon prospective cohort and external spatial data, we examined changes in land use and sex workers' work/living environments in relation to gentrification exposure in Metro Vancouver (2010-2014), and modeled independent effects of gentrification exposure on reduced utilization of HIV/STI testing, sexual health, and sex worker support services. These decreases occurred despite efforts to scale-up HIV services for marginalized populations. Planning of healthcare, housing, and other support services should be responsive to shifting urban landscapes for marginalized women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira M Goldenberg
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081, Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888, University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ofer Amram
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Melissa Braschel
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081, Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sarah Moreheart
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081, Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, 1081, Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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