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Balconi M, Greco S, Rovelli K, Angioletti L. Decisional brain of lawyers at the workplace. A neurolaw pilot study. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:461-471. [PMID: 38699616 PMCID: PMC11061082 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-10020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This pilot study investigated legal and non-legal professionals' decision process during a typical working day. During self-evaluated highly relevant decisions (rated through a daily diary), the two groups were asked to wear the Muse™ Headband to record their electrophysiological (EEG) activity in terms of frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha and beta). EEG cognitive findings displayed a generally increased beta power in the anterior frontal region (mainly in the right than left) for both groups during highly relevant decisions. Significantly results were also found for the legal professionals' group, for which a decrease of alpha power was found in the left compared to right frontal cortex. Furthermore, a decreased alpha power and increased delta and theta power in the right compared to left Temporo-Parietal Junction was observed in the legal professionals when taking highly relevant decisions. This pilot study suggested a specific EEG pattern for legal professionals while taking highly relevant decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- International research center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Greco
- International research center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Rovelli
- International research center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Angioletti
- International research center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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2
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Song J, Breitmeyer BG, Brown JM. Examining Increment thresholds as a function of pedestal contrast under hypothetical parvo- and magnocellular-biased conditions. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:213-220. [PMID: 38030820 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, the pulsed- and steady-pedestal paradigms are thought to track contrast-increment thresholds (ΔC) as a function of pedestal contrast (C) for the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) systems, respectively, yielding linear ΔC versus C functions for the pulsed- and nonlinear functions for the steady-pedestal paradigm. A recent study utilizing these paradigms to isolate the P and M systems reported no evidence of the M system being suppressed by red light, contrary to previous physiological and psychophysical findings. Curious as to why this may have occurred, we examined how ΔC varies with C for the P and M systems using the pulsed- and steady-pedestal paradigms and stimuli biased towards the P or M systems based on their sensitivity to spatial frequency (SF) and color. We found no effect of color and little influence of SF. To explain this lack of color effects, we used a quantitative model of ΔC (as it changes with C) to obtain Csat and contrast-gain values. The contrast-gain values (i) contradicted the hypothesis that the steady-pedestal paradigm tracks the M-system response, and (ii) our obtained Csat values indicated strongly that both pulsed- and steady-pedestal paradigms track primarily the P-system response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseon Song
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-3013, USA.
| | - Bruno G Breitmeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5022, USA
| | - James M Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-3013, USA
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3
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Xiang S, Jia T, Xie C, Zhu Z, Cheng W, Schumann G, Robbins TW, Feng J. Fractionation of neural reward processing into independent components by novel decoding principle. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120463. [PMID: 37989457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How to retrieve latent neurobehavioural processes from complex neurobiological signals is an important yet unresolved challenge. Here, we develop a novel approach, orthogonal-Decoding multi-Cognitive Processes (DeCoP), to reveal underlying latent neurobehavioural processing and show that its performance is superior to traditional non-orthogonal decoding in terms of both false inference and robustness. Processing value and salience information are two fundamental but mutually confounded pathways of reward reinforcement essential for decision making. During reward/punishment anticipation, we applied DeCoP to decode brain-wide responses into spatially overlapping, yet functionally independent, evaluation and readiness processes, which are modulated differentially by meso‑limbic vs nigro-striatal dopamine systems. Using DeCoP, we further demonstrated that most brain regions only encoded abstract information but not the exact input, except for dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and insula. Furthermore, we anticipate our novel analytical principle to be applied generally in decoding multiple latent neurobehavioral processes and thus advance both the design and hypothesis testing for cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Xiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King's College London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China
| | - Zhichao Zhu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), CCM, Charite Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China; Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), China; Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Tannou T, Gzil F, Kennelly SP, Tournoy J, Frisardi V, Soysal P. How do geriatricians evaluate decision-making ability for older adults with cognitive impairment? Results from an European survey. Eur Geriatr Med 2023; 14:953-960. [PMID: 37603190 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-023-00852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The assessment of decision-making ability of older adults with cognitive impairment is a complex challenge that geriatricians often face in relation to risk-taking situations (driving, aging in place, financial decisions, etc.). However, there are no clear and consensual practice guidelines. An overview of current practices and needs seemed necessary. METHODS We co-created and conducted an online survey to describe practice and knowledge, among European geriatricians. The survey was structured in 3 parts: a description of the professional's practice regarding cognitive impairment, a specific questionnaire about everyday risky decision-making evaluation and an investigation of the clinician's knowledge about relevant ethical and legal recommendations. Each part consisted of both multiple choice and open questions, analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis methods. RESULTS Based on the responses of 123 geriatricians across Europe, our survey showed that clinical interview is the cornerstone of geriatric assessment of decision-making ability of patients with mild to moderate dementia. When faced with risk-taking dilemma situations, geriatricians tend to favor a context of safety above autonomy, but they can support risky decision-making if it is consistent with the patient's previous lifestyle, depending on the degree of risk to self and others, on the decision-making ability assessed, and if there is some form of shared decision-making. CONCLUSION Assessing decision-making ability is challenging for geriatricians, who in our study relied more on their clinical interview and global cognitive tests than more in-depth evaluations. Supporting independent decision-making, when associated with risk-taking, requires better detection and anticipation shared with the patient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tannou
- CIUSS Centre-Sud de l'ile de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l'institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, 4565 Rue Queen Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W1W5, Canada.
- Université de Franche-Comté, UR LINC, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Fabrice Gzil
- École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, 35000, Rennes, France
- Espace de Réflexion Éthique d'Ile-de-France, 75000, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations, UMR 1018 Inserm/Université Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Seán P Kennelly
- Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jos Tournoy
- Gerontology and Geriatrics Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Vincenza Frisardi
- Neuromotor Department, Geriatric Unit, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia (RE), Louvain, Italy
| | - Pinar Soysal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Bulvarı (Vatan Street), Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Chen Y, Youk S, Wang PT, Pinti P, Weber R. A calculus of probability or belief? Neural underpinnings of social decision-making in a card game. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108635. [PMID: 37423422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been the focus of social neuroscience research, specifically regarding its role in competitive social decision-making. However, the distinct contributions of PFC subregions when making strategic decisions involving multiple types of information (social, non-social, and mixed information) remain unclear. This study investigates decision-making strategies (pure probability calculation vs. mentalizing) and their neural representations using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data collected during a two-person card game. We observed individual differences in information processing strategy, indicating that some participants relied more on probability than others. Overall, the use of pure probability decreased over time in favor of other types of information (e.g., mixed information), with this effect being more pronounced within-round trials than across rounds. In the brain, (1) the lateral PFC activates when decisions are driven by probability calculations; (2) the right lateral PFC responds to trial difficulty; and (3) the anterior medial PFC is engaged when decision-making involves mentalizing. Furthermore, neural synchrony, which reflects the real-time interplay between individuals' cognitive processes, did not consistently contribute to correct decisions and fluctuated throughout the experiment, suggesting a hierarchical mentalizing mechanism at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibei Chen
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Communication - Media Neuroscience Lab, USA
| | - Sungbin Youk
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Communication - Media Neuroscience Lab, USA
| | - Paula T Wang
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Communication - Media Neuroscience Lab, USA
| | - Paola Pinti
- Birkbeck, University of London, Center for Brain and Cognitive Development, USA
| | - René Weber
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Communication - Media Neuroscience Lab, USA; University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA; Ewha Womans University, School of Communication and Media, South Korea.
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6
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Zhang F, Jin X, Fan L, Zhao Y, Sun M, Geng X. Does subjective socioeconomic status moderate the effect of basic psychological need satisfaction on undergraduates' affective forecasting? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1227077. [PMID: 37519363 PMCID: PMC10381921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Affective forecasts are people's predictions of their future feelings in response to future events. In this study, based on the self-determination theory (SDT), we examined whether satisfying basic psychological needs influence undergraduates' affective forecasting and the moderating role of subjective socioeconomic status (SES). With a total of 423 undergraduate participants (177 males, 246 females), through one pilot study and three experiments, we first manipulated participants' basic psychological need satisfaction, i.e., autonomy need satisfaction (study 1), competence need satisfaction (study 2), and relatedness need satisfaction (study 3), then we asked low-SES and high-SES participants, respectively, to predict the pleasantness of a particular new product and evaluated the actual experience with the product. Results showed that the effect of basic psychological need on affective forecasting was not significant. When the need for autonomy need and competence need was satisfied, the impact bias was greater for the high SES than the low SES. Conversely, when the relatedness need was satisfied, the impact bias was greater for the low SES than the high SES. In conclusion, subjective SES moderated the influence of basic psychological needs satisfaction on increasing the impact bias in affective forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Chinese Education Modernization Research Institute of Hangzhou Normal University (Zhejiang Provincial Key Think Tank), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhen Jin
- Department of Child Education, Kunsan National University, Gunsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Linlin Fan
- School of Educational Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Institute for Education and Treatment of Problematic Youth, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Sun
- Weihai Ocean Vocational College, Weihai, China
| | - Xiaowei Geng
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Wagner F, Rogenz J, Opitz L, Maas J, Schmidt A, Brodoehl S, Ullsperger M, Klingner CM. Reward network dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment after stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103446. [PMID: 37307650 PMCID: PMC10276182 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke survivors not only suffer from severe motor, speech and neurocognitive deficits, but in many cases also from a "lack of pleasure" and a reduced motivational level. Especially apathy and anhedonic symptoms can be linked to a dysfunction of the reward system. Rewards are considered as important co-factor for learning, so the question arises as to why and how this affects the rehabilitation of stroke patients. We investigated reward behaviour, learning ability and brain network connectivity in acute (3-7d) mild to moderate stroke patients (n = 28) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 26). Reward system activity was assessed using the Monetary Incentive Delay task (MID) during magnetoencephalography (MEG). Coherence analyses were used to demonstrate reward effects on brain functional network connectivity. The MID-task showed that stroke survivors had lower reward sensitivity and required greater monetary incentives to improve performance and showed deficits in learning improvement. MEG-analyses showed a reduced network connectivity in frontal and temporoparietal regions. All three effects (reduced reward sensitivity, reduced learning ability and altered cerebral connectivity) were found to be closely related and differed strongly from the healthy group. Our results reinforce the notion that acute stroke induces reward network dysfunction, leading to functional impairment of behavioural systems. These findings are representative of a general pattern in mild strokes and are independent of the specific lesion localisation. For stroke rehabilitation, these results represent an important point to identify the reduced learning capacity after stroke and to implement individualised recovery exercises accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wagner
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
| | - Jenny Rogenz
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Opitz
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna Maas
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Brodoehl
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Ullsperger
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carsten M Klingner
- Department of Neurology, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Biomagnetic Centre, 07747 Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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8
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Bernard-Arevalo SP, Laforce RJ, Khayat O, Bouchard V, Bruneau MA, Brunelle S, Caron S, Chamelian L, Chénard M, Côté JF, Crépeau-Gendron G, Doré MC, Fortin MP, Gagnon N, Gagnon PR, Giroux C, Jean L, Létourneau G, Marceau É, Moreau V, Morin M, Ouellet C, Poulin S, Radermaker S, Rousseau K, Touchette C, Dumais A. Clinical Assessment of Judgment in Adults and the Elderly: Development and Validation of the Three Domains of Judgment Test-Clinical Version (3DJT-CV). J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113740. [PMID: 37297934 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This article discusses the first two phases of development and validation of the Three Domains of Judgment Test (3DJT). This computer-based tool, co-constructed with users and capable of being administered remotely, aims to assess the three main domains of judgment (practical, moral, and social) and learn from the psychometric weaknesses of tests currently used in clinical practice. (2) Method: First, we presented the 3DJT to experts in cognition, who evaluated the tool as a whole as well as the content validity, relevance, and acceptability of 72 scenarios. Second, an improved version was administered to 70 subjects without cognitive impairment to select scenarios with the best psychometric properties in order to build a future clinically short version of the test. (3) Results: Fifty-six scenarios were retained following expert evaluation. Results support the idea that the improved version has good internal consistency, and the concurrent validity primer shows that 3DJT is a good measure of judgment. Furthermore, the improved version was found to have a significant number of scenarios with good psychometric properties to prepare a clinical version of the test. (4) Conclusion: The 3DJT is an interesting alternative tool for assessing judgment. However, more studies are needed for its implementation in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon-Pierre Bernard-Arevalo
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Robert Jr Laforce
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Neurological Sciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olivier Khayat
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vital Bouchard
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Marie-Andrée Bruneau
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3W 1W4, Canada
| | - Sarah Brunelle
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC H3L 1K5, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Caron
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Laury Chamelian
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Marise Chénard
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Crépeau-Gendron
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC H3L 1K5, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Doré
- Department of Neurological Sciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Fortin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Nadine Gagnon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Pierre R Gagnon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Chloé Giroux
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Léonie Jean
- Department of Neurological Sciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geneviève Létourneau
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Émilie Marceau
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vincent Moreau
- Institut de Réadaptation en Déficience Physique de Québec, Quebec City, QC G1W 1P7, Canada
| | - Michèle Morin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Chaudière-Appalaches, Sainte-Marie, QC G6E 3E2, Canada
| | - Christine Ouellet
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Poulin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Steve Radermaker
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Katerine Rousseau
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Catherine Touchette
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1C 3S2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut National de Psychiatrie Légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC H1C 1H1, Canada
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9
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Deng L, Li Q, Zhang M, Shi P, Zheng Y. Distinct neural dynamics underlying risk and ambiguity during valued-based decision making. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14201. [PMID: 36371697 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty can be fractioned into risk and ambiguity psychologically and neurobiologically. However, whether and how risk and ambiguity are dissociated in terms of neural dynamics during value-based decision making remain elusive. The present event-related potential (ERP) study addressed these issues by asking participants to perform a wheel-of-fortune task either during a risky context (Experiment 1; N = 30) where outcome probability was known or during an ambiguous context (Experiment 2; N = 30) where outcome probability was unknown. Results revealed that the cue-P3 was more enhanced for risk versus ambiguity during the anticipatory phase, whereas the RewP was more increased for ambiguity than risk during the consummatory phase. Moreover, the SPN and the fb-P3 components were further modulated by the levels of risk and ambiguity, respectively. These findings demonstrate a neural dissociation between risk and ambiguity, which unfolds from the anticipatory phase to the consummatory phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyou Deng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Puyu Shi
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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10
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Parmar H, Davis F, Walden E. Understanding the neurodynamic process of decision-making for mobile application downloading. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278753. [PMID: 36477721 PMCID: PMC9728891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we try to explore and understand the neurodynamics of the decision-making process for mobile application downloading. We begin the model development in a rather unorthodox fashion. Patterns of brain activation regions are identified, across participants, at different time instance of the decision-making process. Region-wise activation knowledge from previous studies is used to put together the entire process model like a cognitive jigsaw puzzle. We find that there are indeed a common dynamic set of activation patterns that are consistent across people and apps. That is to say that not only are there consistent patterns of activation there is a consistent change from one pattern to another across time as people make the app adoption decision. Moreover, this pattern is clearly different for decisions that end in adoption than for decisions that end with no adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Parmar
- Texas Tech Neuroimaging Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fred Davis
- Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Walden
- Rawls College of Business, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Visualization of the Dynamic Brain Activation Pattern during a Decision-Making Task. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111468. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making is a complex process involving various parts of the brain which are active during different times. It is challenging to measure externally the exact instant when any given region becomes active during the decision-making process. Here, we propose the development and validation of an algorithm to extract and visualize the dynamic functional brain activation information from the observed fMRI data. We propose the use of a regularized deconvolution model to simultaneously map various activation regions within the brain and track how different activation regions changes with time, thus providing both spatial and temporal brain activation information. The proposed technique was validated using simulated data and then applied to a simple decision-making task for identification of various brain regions involved in different stages of decision making. Using the results of the dynamic activation for the decision-making task, we were able to identify key brain regions involved in some of the phases of decision making. The visualization aspect of the algorithm allows us to actually see the flow of activation (and deactivation) in the form of a motion picture. The dynamic estimate may aid in understanding the causality of activation between various brain regions in a better way in future fMRI brain studies.
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12
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Rusk RD. An Adaptive Motivation Approach to Understanding the 'How' and 'Why' of Wellbeing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12784. [PMID: 36232083 PMCID: PMC9566260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A new model provides insight into the 'how' and 'why' of wellbeing to better understand the 'what'. Informed by evolutionary psychology and neuroscience, it proposes that systems for adaptive motivation underpin experiential and reflective wellbeing. The model proposes that the brain learns to predict situations, and errors arise between the predictions and experience. These prediction errors drive emotional experience, learning, motivation, decision-making, and the formation of wellbeing-relevant memories. The model differentiates four layers of wellbeing: objective, experiential, reflective, and narrative, which relate to the model in different ways. Constituents of wellbeing, human motives, and specific emotions integrate into the model. A simple computational implementation of the model reproduced several established wellbeing phenomena, including: the greater frequency of pleasant to unpleasant emotions, the stronger emotional salience of unpleasant emotions, hedonic adaptation to changes in circumstances, heritable influences on wellbeing, and affective forecasting errors. It highlights the importance of individual differences, and implies that high wellbeing will correlate with the experience of infrequent, routine, and predictable avoidance cues and frequent, varied, and novel approach cues. The model suggests that wellbeing arises directly from a system for adaptive motivation. This system functions like a mental dashboard that calls attention to situational changes and motivates the kinds of behaviours that gave humans a relative advantage in their ancestral environment. The model offers a set of fundamental principles and processes that may underlie diverse conceptualisations of wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben D Rusk
- Centre for Wellbeing Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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13
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Bozeman JF, Nobler E, Nock D. A Path Toward Systemic Equity in Life Cycle Assessment and Decision-Making: Standardizing Sociodemographic Data Practices. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2022; 39:759-769. [PMID: 36196098 PMCID: PMC9526467 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2021.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Social equity has been a concept of interest for many years, gaining increased focus from energy and environmental communities. The equitable development, collection, and reporting of sociodemographic data (e.g., data related to socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity) are needed to help meet several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (i.e., Affordable and Clean Energy; Reduce Inequalities; Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions; and Partnerships for the Goals). Yet, there has not been a consolidation of relevant concepts and application framing in energy and environmental life cycle assessment and decision-making practices. Our study aims to help fill this gap by consolidating existing knowledge on relevant equity applications, providing examples of sociodemographic data needs, and presenting a path toward a more holistic equity administration. In this critique, we present a framework for integrating equity in energy and environmental research and practitioner settings, which we call systemic equity. Systemic equity requires the simultaneous and effective administration of resources (i.e., distributive equity), policies (i.e., procedural equity), and addressing the cultural needs of the systematically marginalized (i.e., recognitional equity). To help provide common language and shared understanding for when equity is ineffectively administered, we present ostensible equity (i.e., when resource and policy needs are met, but cultural needs are inadequately met), aspirational equity (i.e., when policy and cultural needs are met, but resources are inadequate), and exploitational equity (i.e., when resource and cultural needs are met, but policies are inadequate). We close by establishing an adaptive 10-step process for developing standard sociodemographic data practices. The systemic equity framework and 10-step process are translatable to other practitioner and research communities. Nonetheless, energy and environmental scientists, in collaboration with transdisciplinary stakeholders, should administer this framework and process urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe F. Bozeman
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin Nobler
- Geography, Planning and Design, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Destenie Nock
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Castaneda G, Fernandez Cruz AL, Brouillette MJ, Mayo NE, Fellows LK. Relationship between reward-related evoked potentials and real-world motivation in older people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:927209. [PMID: 36118691 PMCID: PMC9475288 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.927209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Apathy, a clinical disorder characterized by low motivation, is prevalent in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It affects mental and physical health-related quality-of-life, medication adherence, and is associated with cognitive decline. However, the causes of apathy and the underlying brain mechanisms in HIV are unknown. Brain responses to reward may be relevant to understanding apathy and might serve as biomarkers for diagnosis or treatment response. Electroencephalogram (EEG) responses to gain and loss feedback in simple guessing tasks have been related to apathy in neurodegenerative conditions and healthy individuals. The primary aim of this study is to contribute evidence regarding the relationship between two EEG correlates of reward processing, the Reward Positivity, and the Feedback-P300, and real-world motivated behavior indicated by self-reported hours engaged in goal-directed leisure activities per week, in older individuals with well-controlled HIV infection. High-density EEG was collected from 75 participants while they performed a guessing task with gain or loss feedback. We found that a later component of reward processing, the Feedback-P300, was related to real-world engagement, while the earlier Reward Positivity was not. The Feedback-P300 measured with EEG holds promise as a biomarker for motivated behavior in older people living with HIV. These findings lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the neurobiology of apathy in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Castaneda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana-Lucia Fernandez Cruz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy E. Mayo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lesley K. Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Lesley K. Fellows,
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15
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Cognitive behavioral therapy adapted for patients with acromegaly. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn acromegaly, excess secretion of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 may result in coarse features and enlargement of the extremities. Its negative repercussion on self-esteem can impair quality of life. Ten patients with acromegaly participated in this study. The treatment covered nine weekly group sessions. Unhealthy behaviors, thoughts, and emotions were identified, and healthy behaviors and thoughts were constructed, along with positive reflections on their associated emotions. In Session 7, the “Think healthy and feel the difference” technique was adapted to help patients better deal with their physical appearance and improve their quality of life. Qualitative data was obtained from an analysis of the content of a collaborative exercise developed in Session 7. Factors, especially thoughts, emotions, and advantages and disadvantages associated with both healthy and unhealthy behaviors, were identified. The technique improved quality of life for patients with acromegaly in relation to their acceptance of their physical appearance. UTN U 1111–1220-9846 (September 24th, 2018).
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16
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García-Hernández JP, Iribe-Burgos FA, Cortes PM, Sotelo-Tapia C, Guevara MA, Hernández-González M. Cortical functionality during reversal learning on a decision-making task in young men. Brain Res 2022; 1791:147998. [PMID: 35780864 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of external and internal stimuli permits the ongoing actualization of choice-related information and, thus, the association between stimuli and outcomes. This process is essential to decision-making as it allows constant adaptation to environmental changes in order to maximize gains and minimize losses. Reversal learning paradigms are used to study this process, which has been associated with prefrontal cortex activity (frontopolar, dorsolateral) in conjunction with posterior areas (parietal, temporal), due to their participation in integrating and processing the stimuli-reward relation. The aim of this study was to assess the cortical functionality associated with reversal learning during the decision-making process. The EEG activity of 22 young men was recorded while performing a decision-making task in a reversal learning condition compared to an initial learning condition. EEG data were analyzed during evaluation of the stimuli, before motor execution (formation of preferences), and during task feedback (outcome evaluation). The formation of preferences stage was characterized by a higher correlation of the alpha2 band between the parietal cortices. In the feedback stage of the reversal learning condition, a higher absolute power of the theta band in the left dorsolateral (F3), and a lower correlation of the alpha1 band between the right frontopolar and dorsolateral (Fp2-F4), as well as between the right frontopolar and temporal (Fp2-T4), were observed. The data obtained show that the EEG activity of the areas recorded changed in the evaluation of the stimuli information in the reversal learning condition during a decision-making task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Manuel Cortes
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carolina Sotelo-Tapia
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Guevara
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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17
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Samandra R, Haque ZZ, Rosa MGP, Mansouri FA. The marmoset as a model for investigating the neural basis of social cognition in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104692. [PMID: 35569579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Social-cognitive processes facilitate the use of environmental cues to understand others, and to be understood by others. Animal models provide vital insights into the neural underpinning of social behaviours. To understand social cognition at even deeper behavioural, cognitive, neural, and molecular levels, we need to develop more representative study models, which allow testing of novel hypotheses using human-relevant cognitive tasks. Due to their cooperative breeding system and relatively small size, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) offer a promising translational model for such endeavours. In addition to having social behavioural patterns and group dynamics analogous to those of humans, marmosets have cortical brain areas relevant for the mechanistic analysis of human social cognition, albeit in simplified form. Thus, they are likely suitable animal models for deciphering the physiological processes, connectivity and molecular mechanisms supporting advanced cognitive functions. Here, we review findings emerging from marmoset social and behavioural studies, which have already provided significant insights into executive, motivational, social, and emotional dysfunction associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Australia.
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18
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Lima Dias Pinto I, Rungratsameetaweemana N, Flaherty K, Periyannan A, Meghdadi A, Richard C, Berka C, Bansal K, Garcia JO. Intermittent brain network reconfigurations and the resistance to social media influence. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:870-896. [PMID: 36605415 PMCID: PMC9810364 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its development, social media has grown as a source of information and has a significant impact on opinion formation. Individuals interact with others and content via social media platforms in a variety of ways, but it remains unclear how decision-making and associated neural processes are impacted by the online sharing of informational content, from factual to fabricated. Here, we use EEG to estimate dynamic reconfigurations of brain networks and probe the neural changes underlying opinion change (or formation) within individuals interacting with a simulated social media platform. Our findings indicate that the individuals who changed their opinions are characterized by less frequent network reconfigurations while those who did not change their opinions tend to have more flexible brain networks with frequent reconfigurations. The nature of these frequent network configurations suggests a fundamentally different thought process between intervals in which individuals are easily influenced by social media and those in which they are not. We also show that these reconfigurations are distinct to the brain dynamics during an in-person discussion with strangers on the same content. Together, these findings suggest that brain network reconfigurations may not only be diagnostic to the informational context but also the underlying opinion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristen Flaherty
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,Cornell Tech, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Periyannan
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Berka
- Advanced Brain Monitoring, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Kanika Bansal
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,* Corresponding Authors: ;
| | - Javier Omar Garcia
- US DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA,* Corresponding Authors: ;
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19
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Zhang H, Wei S, Wang Y, Feng J. Neuroanatomical substrates of maximizing tendency in decision-making: a voxel-based morphometric study. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1938-1945. [PMID: 35585446 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Maximizing tendency is a central decision-making concept that has increasingly drawn attention from the scientific community. It refers to individuals' predisposition to look for the best option instead of settling for something that merely passes an internal threshold of acceptability. Although this maximizing strategy intuitively increases individual benefits, it also has been linked to various negative outcomes, including decreased well-being and low life satisfaction, and it varies considerably across populations. However, the neuroanatomical characteristics underlying this heterogeneity remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, a 13-item Maximization Scale and magnetic resonance imaging technique were respectively used in this study to estimate individual maximizing tendency and structural morphological information on a sample of healthy adults (n = 69). Furthermore, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between gray matter volume (GMV) and maximizing tendency through univariate and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). Univariate analysis did not determine an association between maximizing tendency and whole-brain GMV; by contrast, MVPA revealed that maximizing tendency could be successfully predicted by the GMVs of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right insula, and right cerebellum. These findings suggest the critical role of the morphological characteristics of the cortical-subcortical circuitry in individuals' maximizing tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab for Behavioral Economic Science & Technology, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China.
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20
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Hughes CE, Langford JS, Van Heukelom JT, Blejewski RC, Pitts RC. A method for studying reinforcement factors controlling impulsive choice for use in behavioral neuroscience. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:363-383. [PMID: 35506355 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although procedures originating within the experimental analysis of behavior commonly are used in behavioral neuroscience to produce behavioral endpoints, they are used less often to analyze the behavioral processes involved, particularly at the level of individual organisms (see Soto, 2020). Concurrent-chains procedures have been used extensively to study choice and to quantify relations between various dimensions of reinforcement and preference. Unfortunately, parametric analysis of those relations using traditional steady-state, single-subject experimental designs can be time-consuming, often rendering these procedures impractical for use in behavioral neuroscience. The purpose of this paper is to describe how concurrent-chains procedures can be adapted to allow for parametric examination of effects of the reinforcement dimensions involved in impulsive choice (magnitude and delay) within experimental sessions in rats. Data are presented indicating that this procedure can produce relatively consistent within-session estimates of sensitivity to reinforcement in individual subjects, and that these estimates can be modified by neurobiological manipulation (drug administration). These data suggest that this type of procedure offers a promising approach to the study of neurobiological mechanisms of complex behavior in individual organisms, which could facilitate a more fruitful relationship between behavior analysis and behavioral neuroscience.
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21
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Cristofaro M, Giardino PL, Malizia AP, Mastrogiorgio A. Affect and Cognition in Managerial Decision Making: A Systematic Literature Review of Neuroscience Evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:762993. [PMID: 35356322 PMCID: PMC8959627 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.762993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How do affect and cognition interact in managerial decision making? Over the last decades, scholars have investigated how managers make decisions. However, what remains largely unknown is the interplay of affective states and cognition during the decision-making process. We offer a systematization of the contributions produced on the role of affect and cognition in managerial decision making by considering the recent cross-fertilization of management studies with the neuroscience domain. We implement a Systematic Literature Review of 23 selected contributions dealing with the role of affect and cognition in managerial decisions that adopted neuroscience techniques/points of view. Collected papers have been analyzed by considering the so-called reflexive (X-) and reflective (C-) systems in social cognitive neuroscience and the type of decisions investigated in the literature. Results obtained help to support an emerging "unified" mind processing theory for which the two systems of our mind are not in conflict and for which affective states have a driving role toward cognition. A research agenda for future studies is provided to scholars who are interested in advancing the investigation of affect and cognition in managerial decision making, also through neuroscience techniques - with the consideration that these works should be at the service of the behavioral strategy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cristofaro
- Department of Management and Law, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea P Malizia
- Molecular Mind Laboratory (MoMiLab), IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastrogiorgio
- Laboratory for the Analysis of CompleX Economic Systems (AXES), IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
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22
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Castaneda G, Fernandez Cruz AL, Sefranek M, Yau YHC, Brouillette MJ, Mayo NE, Fellows LK. Does effort-cost decision-making relate to real-world motivation in people living with HIV? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 43:1032-1043. [PMID: 35356846 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2058464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low motivation is frequent in older people with HIV, yet poorly understood. Effort-cost decision-making (ECDM) tasks inspired by behavioral economics have shown promise as indicators of motivation or apathy. These tasks assess the willingness to exert effort to earn a monetary reward, providing an estimate of the subjective "cost" of effort for each participant. Here we sought evidence for a relationship between ECDM task performance and self-reported motivation in a cross-sectional study involving 80 middle-aged and older people with well-controlled HIV infection, a chronic health condition with a high burden of mental and cognitive health challenges. METHODS Participants attending a regular follow-up visit for a Canadian longitudinal study of brain health in HIV completed a computerized ECDM task and a self-report measure of motivation. Other brain health measures were available, collected for the parent study (cognition, depression, anxiety, and vitality, as well as self-reported time spent on real-world leisure activities). RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no relationship between ECDM performance and self-reported motivation. However, those willing to accept higher effort in the ECDM task also reported more time engaged in real-world activities. This association had a small-to-moderate effect size. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral economics construct of subjective cost of effort, measured with a laboratory ECDM task, does not relate to motivation in people living with chronic HIV. However, the task shows some relationship with real-world goal-directed behavior, suggesting this construct has potential clinical relevance. More work is needed to understand how the subjective cost of effort plays out in clinical symptoms and everyday activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Castaneda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ana Lucia Fernandez Cruz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcus Sefranek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvonne H C Yau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nancy E Mayo
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lesley K Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Forte G, Morelli M, Grässler B, Casagrande M. Decision making and Heart Rate variability: a systematic review. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia “Sapienza” Università di Roma
- Body and Action Lab IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306 Rome Italy
| | - Matteo Morelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia “Sapienza” Università di Roma
| | | | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Clinica Dinamica e Salute, “Sapienza” Università di Roma
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Morelli M, Casagrande M, Forte G. Decision Making: a Theoretical Review. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2021; 56:609-629. [PMID: 34780011 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-021-09669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is a crucial skill that has a central role in everyday life and is necessary for adaptation to the environment and autonomy. It is the ability to choose between two or more options, and it has been studied through several theoretical approaches and by different disciplines. In this overview article, we contend a theoretical review regarding most theorizing and research on decision-making. Specifically, we focused on different levels of analyses, including different theoretical approaches and neuropsychological aspects. Moreover, common methodological measures adopted to study decision-making were reported. This theoretical review emphasizes multiple levels of analysis and aims to summarize evidence regarding this fundamental human process. Although several aspects of the field are reported, more features of decision-making process remain uncertain and need to be clarified. Further experimental studies are necessary for understanding this process better and for integrating and refining the existing theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Morelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via dei Marsi. 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", Via dei Marsi. 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Peng M, Xu Z, Huang H. How Does Information Overload Affect Consumers' Online Decision Process? An Event-Related Potentials Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:695852. [PMID: 34744601 PMCID: PMC8567038 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the advantages of e-retailers is their capability to provide a large amount of information to consumers. However, when the amount of information exceeds consumers' information processing capacities, it will lead to worse decision quality and experience, causing the information overload effect. In this study, the event-related potentials (ERPs) were applied to examine the hidden neural mechanism of the impact of information overload on consumers' decision processes. Behavioral data showed that people would spend more time making decisions when faced with information overload. Neurophysiologically, consumers would invest less attentional resources in the high amount of information (HAI) condition than those in the low amount of information (LAI) condition and lead to less positive P2 amplitudes. The HAI condition would increase decision difficulty than would the LAI condition and result in smaller P3 amplitudes. In addition, an increased late positive component (LPC) was observed for the HAI condition in contrast to the LAI condition, indicating that consumers were more inclined to have decision process regret when consumers were overloaded. We further investigated the dynamic information processing when consumers got over information overload by mining the brain's time-varying networks. The results revealed that during the decision process and the neural response stage, the central area controlled other brain regions' activities for the HAI condition, suggesting that people may still consider and compare other important information after the decision process when faced with information overload. In general, this study may provide neural evidence of how information overload affects consumers' decision processes and ultimately damages decision quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Peng
- School of Economics and Management, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- School of Economics and Management, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Haiyang Huang
- School of Economics and Management, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
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26
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Tannou T, Godard-Marceau A, Joubert S, Daneault S, Kergoat MJ, Magnin E, Comte A, Gabriel D, Vidal C, Pazart L, Aubry R. Added value of functional neuroimaging to assess decision-making capacity of older adults with neurocognitive disorders: protocol for a prospective, monocentric, single-arm study (IMAGISION). BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053549. [PMID: 34588264 PMCID: PMC8483026 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of decision-making capacity (DMC) is essential in daily life as well as for defining a person-centred care plan. Nevertheless, in ageing, especially if signs of dementia appear, it becomes difficult to assess decision-making ability and raises ethical questions. Currently, the assessment of DMC is based on the clinician's evaluation, completed by neuropsychological tests. Functional MRI (fMRI) could bring added value to the diagnosis of DMC in difficult situations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS IMAGISION is a prospective, monocentric, single-arm study evaluating fMRI compared with clinical assessment of DMC. The study will begin during Fall 2021 and should be completed by Spring 2023. Participants will be recruited from a memory clinic where they will come for an assessment of their cognitive abilities due to decision-making needs to support ageing in place. They will be older people over 70 years of age, living at home, presenting with a diagnosis of mild dementia, and no exclusion criteria of MRI. They will be clinically assessed by a geriatrician on their DMC, based on the neuropsychological tests usually performed. Participants will then perform a behavioural task in fMRI (Balloon Analogue Risk Task) to analyse the activation areas. Additional semistructured interviews will be conducted to explore real life implications. The main analysis will study concordance/discordance between the clinical classification and the activation of fMRI regions of interest. Reclassification as 'capable', based on fMRI, of patients for whom clinical diagnosis is 'questionable' will be considered as a diagnostic gain. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION IMAGISION has been authorised by a research ethics board (Comité de Protection des Personnes, Bordeaux, II) in France, in accordance with French legislation on interventional biomedical research, under the reference IDRCB number 2019-A00863-54, since 30 September 2020. Participants will sign an informed consent form. The results of the study will be presented in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, international scientific conferences and public lectures. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03931148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tannou
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Geriatrics, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurelie Godard-Marceau
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Sven Joubert
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Departement de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Daneault
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Kergoat
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Alexandre Comte
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Chrystelle Vidal
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Lionel Pazart
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Regis Aubry
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive - UR LINC, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Besancon, France
- Inserm, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, F-25000 France, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
- Geriatrics, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France
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27
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Neural Activation in Risky Decision-Making Tasks in Healthy Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Data. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081043. [PMID: 34439662 PMCID: PMC8393360 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making is a complex cognitive phenomenon commonly used in everyday life. Studies have shown differences in behavioral strategies in risky decision-making tasks over the course of aging. The development of functional neuroimaging has gradually allowed the exploration of the neurofunctional bases of these behaviors. The purpose of our study was to carry out a meta-analysis on the neural networks underlying risky decision making in healthy older adults. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched for fMRI studies of decision making in older adults using risky decision-making tasks. To perform the quantitative meta-analysis, we used the revised version of the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm. A total of 620 references were selected for initial screening. Among these, five studies with a total of 98 cognitively normal older participants (mean age: 69.5 years) were included. The meta-analysis yielded two clusters. Main activations were found in the right insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Despite the limited number of studies included, our meta-analysis highlights the crucial involvement of circuits associated with both emotion regulation and the decision to act. However, in contrast to the literature on young adults, our results indicate a different pattern of hemispheric lateralization in older participants. These activations can be used as a minimum pattern of activation in the risky decision-making tasks of healthy older subjects.
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28
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Tao Q, Si Y, Li F, Li P, Li Y, Zhang S, Wan F, Yao D, Xu P. Decision-Feedback Stages Revealed by Hidden Markov Modeling of EEG. Int J Neural Syst 2021; 31:2150031. [PMID: 34167448 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Decision response and feedback in gambling are interrelated. Different decisions lead to different ranges of feedback, which in turn influences subsequent decisions. However, the mechanism underlying the continuous decision-feedback process is still left unveiled. To fulfill this gap, we applied the hidden Markov model (HMM) to the gambling electroencephalogram (EEG) data to characterize the dynamics of this process. Furthermore, we explored the differences between distinct decision responses (i.e. choose large or small bets) or distinct feedback (i.e. win or loss outcomes) in corresponding phases. We demonstrated that the processing stages in decision-feedback process including strategy adjustment and visual information processing can be characterized by distinct brain networks. Moreover, time-varying networks showed, after decision response, large bet recruited more resources from right frontal and right center cortices while small bet was more related to the activation of the left frontal lobe. Concerning feedback, networks of win feedback showed a strong right frontal and right center pattern, while an information flow originating from the left frontal lobe to the middle frontal lobe was observed in loss feedback. Taken together, these findings shed light on general principles of natural decision-feedback and may contribute to the design of biologically inspired, participant-independent decision-feedback systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Si
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Hena, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Fali Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Peiyang Li
- School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
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29
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Abnormal negative feedback processing in individuals with autistic traits in the Iowa gambling task: Evidence from behavior and event-related potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 165:36-46. [PMID: 33647381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Value-based decision making plays an important role in social interaction. Previous studies have reported that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit deficits in terms of decision making. However, it is still unknown clearly whether individuals with high autistic traits within nonclinical populations employ abnormal neural substrates in value-based decision-making. To explore this issue, we investigated value-based decision making and its neural substrates in individuals with high and low autistic traits within a typically developing population who completed the revised Iowa gambling task (IGT) based on measurements of event-related potentials (ERPs). The IGT net scores were significantly lower in the group with high autistic traits than the group with low autistic traits in the fifth and sixth blocks. The ERP results showed that the feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude in individuals with high autistic traits allowed slight discrimination between positive and negative feedback in the low-risk option. The event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) and inter-trial coherence (ITC) of the theta-band frequency were also lower in the group with high autistic traits than the group with low autistic traits in the loss low-risk option. The results obtained in this study indicate that individuals with high autistic traits exhibit an unusual negative feedback process and relevant neural substrate. The FRN amplitude and theta-band oscillation may comprise a neural index of abnormal decision-making processes in individuals with high autistic traits. This study of a small sample may be considered an important step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the autism "spectrum" within a nonclinical population based on cognitive neuroscience.
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30
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Heart Rate Variability and Decision-Making: Autonomic Responses in Making Decisions. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020243. [PMID: 33672004 PMCID: PMC7919341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making is one of the most crucial cognitive processes in daily life. An adaptable, rapid, and flexible decision requires integration between brain and body. Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes this brain–body connection and appears to be related to cognitive performance. However, its relationship with decision-making is poorly analyzed. This study investigates the relationship between HRV and the decision-making process, assessed through the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). One hundred and thirty healthy university students (mean age = 23.35 ± 2.50) participated in the study. According to IGT performance, they were divided into high decision-makers (n = 79) and low decision-makers (n = 51). Heart rate variability was measured in the resting, reactivity (i.e., during IGT), and recovery phases. Higher vagally mediated HRV (vmHRV; indexed in frequency domain measures) was evidenced in good decision-makers in the resting, reactivity, and recovery phases. During the task, a higher vagal modulation after a first evaluation was highlighted in good decision-makers. In conclusion, HRV proves to be a valid index of inhibitory circuit functioning in the prefrontal cortex. The relationship with cognitive functions was also confirmed, considering the ability to inhibit disadvantageous responses and make better decisions.
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31
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Williams EH, Bilbao-Broch L, Downing PE, Cross ES. Examining the value of body gestures in social reward contexts. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117276. [PMID: 32818616 PMCID: PMC7779365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain regions associated with the processing of tangible rewards (such as money, food, or sex) are also involved in anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishment. To date, studies investigating the neural underpinnings of social reward have presented feedback via static or dynamic displays of faces to participants. However, research demonstrates that participants find another type of social stimulus, namely, biological motion, rewarding as well, and exert effort to engage with this type of stimulus. Here we examine whether feedback presented via body gestures in the absence of facial cues also acts as a rewarding stimulus and recruits reward-related brain regions. To achieve this, we investigated the neural underpinnings of anticipating social reward and avoiding social disapproval presented via gestures alone, using a social incentive delay task. As predicted, the anticipation of social reward and avoidance of social disapproval engaged reward-related brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, in a manner similar to previous studies' reports of feedback presented via faces and money. This study provides the first evidence that human body motion alone engages brain regions associated with reward processing in a similar manner to other social (i.e. faces) and non-social (i.e. money) rewards. The findings advance our understanding of social motivation in human perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin H Williams
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, England
| | - Laura Bilbao-Broch
- Korea Institute for Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul E Downing
- Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales
| | - Emily S Cross
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Gaming disorder (GD), meanwhile classified as a mental disorder in both DSM-5 and ICD-11, is a current public health issue. Theoretical models assume core psychological processes, such as cue reactivity, craving, reward processing, decision-making, cognitive biases, inhibitory control, and stress relief, to be crucially involved in the development and maintenance of GD. This review summarizes neuroscientific findings on these processes in the context of GD as well as treatments and intervention programs addressing these processes.
Recent Findings
We identified overlaps regarding the involvement of neural structures and networks related to psychological processes which may be targeted by public health programs. Complex interactions between executive control, salience, reward, and habit networks are crucially linked to processes involved in GD and public health programs respectively.
Summary
We point at the difficulties of making one to one assignments of neural networks to psychological processes or interventions. Furthermore, new treatment and prevention programs of GD are discussed pointing at possible future directions for neuroscientific research and treatment programs for GD.
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33
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Leshem R, De Fano A, Ben-Soussan TD. The Implications of Motor and Cognitive Inhibition for Hot and Cool Executive Functions: The Case of Quadrato Motor Training. Front Psychol 2020; 11:940. [PMID: 32508720 PMCID: PMC7250031 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enabling the ceasing of ongoing or prepotent responses and the controlling of interference, motor inhibition facilitates the development of executive functions (EFs) such as thought before action, decision-making, self-regulation of affect, motivation, and arousal. In the current paper, a characterization is offered of the relationship between motor inhibition and the executive functioning system, in the context of a proposed division into predominantly affective (hot) and cognitive (cool) components corresponding to neural trajectories originating in the prefrontal cortex. This division is central to understanding the effects of a specifically-structured sensorimotor movement training practice, known as Quadrato Motor Training (QMT), on hot and cool EFs. QMT's effects on crucial mechanisms of integrating different EF components are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Leshem
- Department of Criminology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Antonio De Fano
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation, Assisi, Italy
| | - Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation, Assisi, Italy
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34
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Elucidating the role of selective attention, divergent thinking, language abilities, and executive functions in metaphor generation. Neuropsychologia 2020; 142:107458. [PMID: 32275968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metaphoric language is one of the most common expressions of creative cognition in everyday life. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying metaphor generation remain largely unexplained. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between various cognitive functions and both novel and conventional metaphor generation. Ninety-five undergraduate students were administered a metaphor generation task that assesses novel and conventional metaphor generation, along with a battery of different cognitive measures: vocabulary; divergent thinking (Tel Aviv Creativity Test), working memory (WM) via digit span tests, executive functions (EFs) using the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire, and selective attention (lateralized global-local digit task). Results of a path analysis indicated that - whereas only selective attention contributed to conventional metaphor generation - selective attention, divergent thinking, and EFs contributed to novel metaphor generation beyond vocabulary and WM. Thus, the results indicate that although both novel and conventional metaphor generation are linked to attentional resources and inhibitory control, the greater creativity inherent in novel metaphor generation appears to reflect a more complex set of cognitive processes than conventional metaphor generation.
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35
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Maglogiannis I, Iliadis L, Pimenidis E. The Converging Triangle of Cultural Content, Cognitive Science, and Behavioral Economics. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND INNOVATIONS. AIAI 2020 IFIP WG 12.5 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7256426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49190-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
How online cultural content is chosen based on conscious or subconscious criteria is an central question across a broad spectrum of sciences and for the entertainment industry, including content providers and distributors. To this end, a number of tailored analytics forming the backbone of recommendation engines specialized for retrieving cultural content are proposed. Their strength derives directly from well-established principles of cognitive science and behavioral economics, both scientific fields exploring aspects of human decision making. Another novel contribution of this conference paper is that these analytics are implemented in Neo4j expressed as Cypher queries. Various aspects of the cultural content and digital consumers can be naturally represented by appropriately configured vertices, whereas edges represent various connections indicating content delivery preferences. Early experiments conducted over a synthetic dataset mimicking the distributions of preferences and ratings of well-known movie datasets are encouraging as the proposed analytics outperformed the baseline of a multilayer feedforward neural network of various configurations. The synthetic dataset contains enriched preferences of mobile digital consumers of cultural content regarding literature of the Greek region of Ionian Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lazaros Iliadis
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lab of Mathematics and Informatics (ISCE), Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Elias Pimenidis
- Department of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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36
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Lin Y, Duan L, Xu P, Li X, Gu R, Luo Y. Electrophysiological indexes of option characteristic processing. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13403. [PMID: 31134663 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Decision making is vital to human behavior and can be divided into multiple stages including option assessment, behavioral output, and feedback evaluation. Studying how people evaluate option characteristics in the option assessment stage would provide important knowledge on human decision making. Using the event-related potential (ERP) method, the present study investigated the neural mechanism of evaluating two types of option characteristics (i.e., reward magnitude and degree of uncertainty) in the temporal dimension. Thirty-five volunteers participated in a monetary gambling task, where they either accepted or rejected gambles. The ERP results showed a double dissociation pattern, with the early P1 component being sensitive to magnitude but insensitive to degree of uncertainty, while both the N2 and P3 components showed the opposite pattern. The results suggest that these two fundamental option features are assessed rapidly and separately in the human brain. Specifically, small magnitude elicited a larger P1 than did large magnitude, indicating that the perceptual and attentional processing of options is modulated by magnitude. Both the N2 and P3 amplitudes evoked by the risky context were larger than those evoked by the ambiguous one, reflecting that more cognitive conflicts and resources are involved in the former condition. Furthermore, the P1, but not the N2 or P3, amplitude was sensitive to decisions, suggesting that early attentional processes may contribute to human decision making. These findings may provide insight into the temporal mechanisms of option characteristic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Lin
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Barranca VJ, Huang H, Kawakita G. Network structure and input integration in competing firing rate models for decision-making. J Comput Neurosci 2019; 46:145-168. [PMID: 30661144 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-018-0708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Making a decision among numerous alternatives is a pervasive and central undertaking encountered by mammals in natural settings. While decision making for two-option tasks has been studied extensively both experimentally and theoretically, characterizing decision making in the face of a large set of alternatives remains challenging. We explore this issue by formulating a scalable mechanistic network model for decision making and analyzing the dynamics evoked given various potential network structures. In the case of a fully-connected network, we provide an analytical characterization of the model fixed points and their stability with respect to winner-take-all behavior for fair tasks. We compare several means of input integration, demonstrating a more gradual sigmoidal transfer function is likely evolutionarily advantageous relative to binary gain commonly utilized in engineered systems. We show via asymptotic analysis and numerical simulation that sigmoidal transfer functions with smaller steepness yield faster response times but depreciation in accuracy. However, in the presence of noise or degradation of connections, a sigmoidal transfer function garners significantly more robust and accurate decision-making dynamics. For fair tasks and sigmoidal gain, our model network also exhibits a stable parameter regime that produces high accuracy and persists across tasks with diverse numbers of alternatives and difficulties, satisfying physiological energetic constraints. In the case of more sparse and structured network topologies, including random, regular, and small-world connectivity, we show the high-accuracy parameter regime persists for biologically realistic connection densities. Our work shows how neural system architecture is potentially optimal in making economic, reliable, and advantageous decisions across tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Han Huang
- Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
| | - Genji Kawakita
- Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
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Kunzler LS, Naves LA, Casulari LA. The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Acromegalics After a 9-Month Follow-Up. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:380. [PMID: 31244782 PMCID: PMC6581695 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The quality of life of acromegalics is compromised. Treatment with the "Think healthy and feel the difference" technique has been described as effective in the improvement of the quality of life of these patients in the short term. However, its effectiveness in the long term needs to be evaluated. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the good results obtained from the "Think healthy and feel the difference" technique in the short term persists in the long term, after the end of the treatment. Method: This is a non-randomized longitudinal study with 23 acromegalic divided into two groups: an intervention group with 10 patients and a control group with 13 patients. The intervention itself covered nine group sessions, organized weekly, using a technique called "Think healthy and feel the difference." The control group did not receive the aforementioned treatment. The Short Form 36 Question Health Survey (SF-36) and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered before the sessions began, at the end of the nine therapy sessions and at the 9-month follow-up. Results: At the end of the treatment, the results of the SF-36 showed improvement in the mental health of the intervention group compared to the control group. The effects of therapy were maintained at the 9 month follow-up. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, applied in a group format, can improve the quality of life of acromegalic patients in the short- and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Silvia Kunzler
- Directory of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Lia Silvia Kunzler
| | - Luciana Ansaneli Naves
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Casulari
- Endocrinology Service of the Brasilia University Hospital, Brasilia, Brazil
- Clinic of Neurology and Endocrinology, Brasilia, Brazil
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Byrne KA, Worthy DA. Examining the link between reward and response inhibition in individuals with substance abuse tendencies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:518-525. [PMID: 30544087 PMCID: PMC6340392 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use problems are often characterized by dysregulation in reward sensitivity and inhibitory control. In line with this representation, the goal of this investigation was to determine how substance abuse tendencies among university students affect incentivized response inhibition. Additionally, this study examined whether striatal dopamine moderates the impact of substance use on response inhibition performance. METHODS The sample included ninety-eight university students. Participants completed this prospective experimental study at an on-campus laboratory. All participants completed substance abuse and disinhibition subscales of the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory-Brief Form. Using a within-subjects design, participants then performed the Stop Signal Task under both neutral (unrewarded) and reward conditions, in which correct response cancellations resulted in a monetary reward. Striatal tonic dopamine levels were operationalized using spontaneous eyeblink rate. RESULTS The outcome measures were Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) performance in the unrewarded and rewarded phases of the task. A hierarchical linear regression analysis, controlling for trait disinhibition, age, gender, and cigarette smoking status, identified an interactive effect of substance use and striatal dopamine levels on incentivized SSRT. Substance abuse tendencies were associated with slower SSRT and thus poorer inhibitory control under reward conditions among individuals with low levels of striatal dopamine (F = 7.613, p = .007). CONCLUSIONS This work has implications for research examining advanced drug use trajectories. In situations in which rewards are at stake, drug users with low tonic dopamine may be more motivated to seek those rewards at the expense of regulating inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaileigh A. Byrne
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, 418 Brackett Hall Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Darrell A. Worthy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A and M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Si Y, Wu X, Li F, Zhang L, Duan K, Li P, Song L, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Chen J, Gao S, Biswal B, Yao D, Xu P. Different Decision-Making Responses Occupy Different Brain Networks for Information Processing: A Study Based on EEG and TMS. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:4119-4129. [PMID: 30535319 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study used large-scale time-varying network analysis to reveal the diverse network patterns during the different decision stages and found that the responses of rejection and acceptance involved different network structures. When participants accept unfair offers, the brain recruits a more bottom-up mechanism with a much stronger information flow from the visual cortex (O2) to the frontal area, but when they reject unfair offers, it displayed a more top-down flow derived from the frontal cortex (Fz) to the parietal and occipital cortices. Furthermore, we performed 2 additional studies to validate the above network models: one was to identify the 2 responses based on the out-degree information of network hub nodes, which results in 70% accuracy, and the other utilized theta burst stimulation (TBS) of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate the frontal area before the decision-making tasks. We found that the intermittent TBS group demonstrated lower acceptance rates and that the continuous TBS group showed higher acceptance rates compared with the sham group. Similar effects were not observed after TBS of a control site. These results suggest that the revealed decision-making network model can serve as a potential intervention model to alter decision responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Si
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Business School, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Fali Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Luyan Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Keyi Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Limeng Song
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yuanling Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Center for Mental Health Development and Research, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yangsong Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Research Center of Psychological Development and Application, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peng Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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Yoo SBM, Hayden BY. Economic Choice as an Untangling of Options into Actions. Neuron 2018; 99:434-447. [PMID: 30092213 PMCID: PMC6280664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose that economic choice can be understood as a gradual transformation from a domain of options to one of the actions. We draw an analogy with the idea of untangling information in the form vision system and propose that form vision and economic choice may be two aspects of a larger process that sculpts actions based on sensory inputs. From this viewpoint, choice results from the accumulated effect of repetitions of simple computations. These may consist primarily of relative valuations (evaluations relative to the value of rejection, perhaps in a manner akin to divisive normalization) applied to individual offers. With regard to economic choice, cortical brain regions differ primarily in their position and in what information they prioritize, and do not-with a few exceptions-have categorically distinct roles. Each region's specific contribution is determined largely by its inputs; thus, understanding connectivity is crucial for understanding choice. This view suggests that there is no single site of choice, that there is no meaningful distinction between pre- and post-decisionality, and that there is no explicit representation of value in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Bum Michael Yoo
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55126, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14267, USA.
| | - Benjamin Yost Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55126, USA
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Oldham S, Murawski C, Fornito A, Youssef G, Yücel M, Lorenzetti V. The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of the monetary incentive delay task. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3398-3418. [PMID: 29696725 PMCID: PMC6055646 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of rewards and losses are crucial to everyday functioning. Considerable interest has been attached to investigating the anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing, but results to date have been inconsistent. It is unclear if anticipation and outcome of a reward or loss recruit similar or distinct brain regions. In particular, while the striatum has widely been found to be active when anticipating a reward, whether it activates in response to the anticipation of losses as well remains ambiguous. Furthermore, concerning the orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal regions, activation is often observed during reward receipt. However, it is unclear if this area is active during reward anticipation as well. We ran an Activation Likelihood Estimation meta‐analysis of 50 fMRI studies, which used the Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT), to identify which brain regions are implicated in the anticipation of rewards, anticipation of losses, and the receipt of reward. Anticipating rewards and losses recruits overlapping areas including the striatum, insula, amygdala and thalamus, suggesting that a generalised neural system initiates motivational processes independent of valence. The orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal regions were recruited only during the reward outcome, likely representing the value of the reward received. Our findings help to clarify the neural substrates of the different phases of reward and loss processing, and advance neurobiological models of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Oldham
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Department of Finance, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Youssef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Extinction as a deficit of the decision-making circuitry in the posterior parietal cortex. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29519457 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63622-5.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Extinction is a common neurologic deficit that often occurs as one of a constellation of symptoms seen with lesions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Although extinction has typically been considered a deficit in the allocation of attention, new findings, particularly from nonhuman primate studies, point to one potential and important source of extinction as damage to decision-making circuits for actions within the PPC. This new understanding provides clues to potential therapies for extinction. Also the finding that the PPC is important for action decisions and action planning has led to new neuroprosthetic applications using PPC recordings as control signals to assist paralyzed patients.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Outline effects of functional neuroimaging on neuropsychology over the past 25 years. METHOD Functional neuroimaging methods and studies will be described that provide a historical context, offer examples of the utility of neuroimaging in specific domains, and discuss the limitations and future directions of neuroimaging in neuropsychology. RESULTS Tracking the history of publications on functional neuroimaging related to neuropsychology indicates early involvement of neuropsychologists in the development of these methodologies. Initial progress in neuropsychological application of functional neuroimaging has been hampered by costs and the exposure to ionizing radiation. With rapid evolution of functional methods-in particular functional MRI (fMRI)-neuroimaging has profoundly transformed our knowledge of the brain. Its current applications span the spectrum of normative development to clinical applications. The field is moving toward applying sophisticated statistical approaches that will help elucidate distinct neural activation networks associated with specific behavioral domains. The impact of functional neuroimaging on clinical neuropsychology is more circumscribed, but the prospects remain enticing. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical insights and empirical findings of functional neuroimaging have been led by many neuropsychologists and have transformed the field of behavioral neuroscience. Thus far they have had limited effects on the clinical practices of neuropsychologists. Perhaps it is time to add training in functional neuroimaging to the clinical neuropsychologist's toolkit and from there to the clinic or bedside. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Inter-individual differences in decision-making, flexible and goal-directed behaviors: novel insights within the prefronto-striatal networks. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:897-912. [PMID: 29026986 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflexible behavior is a hallmark of several decision-making-related disorders such as ADHD and addiction. As in humans, a subset of healthy rats makes poor decisions and prefers immediate larger rewards despite suffering large losses in a rat gambling task (RGT). They also display a combination of traits reminiscent of addiction, notably inflexible behavior and perseverative responses. The goal of the present work was twofold: (1) to elucidate if behavioral inflexibility of poor decision-makers could be related to a lower quality of goal-directed behavior (action-outcome associations); (2) to uncover the neural basis of inter-individual differences in goal-directed behavior. We specifically assessed inter-individual differences in decision-making in the RGT, flexibility in the RGT-reversed version and goal-directed behavior in a contingency degradation test, i.e., response adaptation when dissociating reward delivery from the animal's action. The contributions of the medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsal striatum to action-outcome associations were assessed using Zif268 immunodetection. Inflexible behavior was related to a lower sensitivity to contingency degradation in all poor decision-makers and only in a few good decision-makers. This poorer sensitivity was associated with a lower immunoreactivity in prelimbic and infralimbic cortices and a higher one in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum. These findings suggest that an imbalanced prefronto-striatal activity could underlie inaccurate goal representation in changing environments and may promote maladaptive habit formation among poor decision-makers. These data strengthen our previous work identifying biomarkers of vulnerability to develop psychiatric disorders and demonstrate the relevance of inter-individual differences to model maladaptive behaviors.
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Owens JA, Spitz G, Ponsford JL, Dymowski AR, Ferris N, Willmott C. White matter integrity of the medial forebrain bundle and attention and working memory deficits following traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00608. [PMID: 28239519 PMCID: PMC5318362 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) contains ascending catecholamine fibers that project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Damage to these fibers following traumatic brain injury (TBI) may alter extracellular catecholamine levels in the PFC and impede attention and working memory ability. This study investigated white matter microstructure of the medial MFB, specifically the supero-lateral branch (slMFB), following TBI, and its association with performance on attention and working memory tasks. METHOD Neuropsychological measures of attention and working memory were administered to 20 moderate-severe participants with TBI (posttraumatic amnesia M = 40.05 ± 37.10 days, median time since injury 10.48 months, range 3.72-87.49) and 20 healthy controls. Probabilistic tractography was used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values for 17 participants with TBI and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS When compared to controls, participants with TBI were found to have significantly lower FA (p < .001) and higher MD (p < .001) slMFB values, and they were slower to complete tasks including Trail Making Task-A, Hayling, selective attention task, n-back, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. CONCLUSION This study was the first to demonstrate microstructural white matter damage within the slMFB following TBI. However, no evidence was found for an association of alterations to this tract and performance on attentional tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Owens
- School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre Epworth Health Care Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre Epworth Health Care Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Jennie L Ponsford
- School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre Epworth Health Care Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Alicia R Dymowski
- School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre Epworth Health Care Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Nicholas Ferris
- Monash Biomedical Imaging Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Catherine Willmott
- School of Psychological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre Epworth Health Care Melbourne Vic. Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Peters SL, Fellows LK, Sheldon S. The Ventromedial Frontal Lobe Contributes to Forming Effective Solutions to Real-world Problems. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:991-1001. [PMID: 27991183 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although the ventromedial frontal lobe (VMF) has been implicated in several complex cognitive tasks such as decision-making and problem solving, the processes for which this region is critical remain unclear. Laboratory studies have largely focused on how the VMF contributes to decision-making when outcomes or options are provided, but in the real world generating appropriate options is likely a crucial and rate-limiting initial step. Here, we determined how VMF damage affected the option generation phase of naturalistic problem solving. A group of patients with VMF damage and two controls groups-age-matched healthy participants and patients with frontal damage sparing VMF-were asked to generate as many options as possible to five scenarios depicting open-ended, real-world problems (e.g., having lunch at a restaurant and forgetting your wallet at home). Both the number of options and the effectiveness of each option generated were examined. Damage to VMF led to a significant reduction in both the number of options produced across all problem-solving scenarios and the ability to generate effective options, most notably for scenarios that were social in nature. We discuss these findings in terms of the mechanisms by which the VMF may contribute to option generation, focusing on proposals suggesting this region is important for integrating subjective value and retrieving schematic representations.
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Escudier F, Léveillé E, Charbonneau S, Cole J, Hudon C, Bédirian V, Scherzer P. Evaluating Decision-Making: Validation and Regression-Based Normative Data of the Judgment Assessment Tool. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:829-838. [PMID: 27193370 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents the results of the development and validation of the Judgment Assessment Tool (JAT). The JAT measures two core aspects of judgment, namely generation of solutions (G) and assessment of options (A), the two first stages of decision-making process. METHOD During the test development phase (study 1), a preliminary version of the JAT was evaluated by 14 experts and tested on 30 healthy controls (HC). One hundred and twenty HC (20-84 years old) and 24 participants with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) were subsequently tested on the final version of the JAT (study 2). HC participants aged 60 and over and AD participants underwent a neuropsychological evaluation. RESULTS The internal consistency of the final version of the JAT assessed by Cronbach's a was 0.71 for the HC group and 0.85 for the AD group. Performance on the JAT was normally distributed both in the HC and AD groups. The test correlated with abstract reasoning, verbal fluency, and working memory. Results revealed adequate test-retest reliability and excellent interrater reliability (k coefficient was 0.92 for the G section and 0.93 for the A section). Demographically adjusted normative data were generated based on a regression analysis and results showed that AD participants performed worse than HC with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.79). CONCLUSION Overall, these results provide evidence of the reliability and strong construct validity of the JAT to evaluate judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Escudier
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Edith Léveillé
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Charbonneau
- Psychology Department, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Cole
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carol Hudon
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Bédirian
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Scherzer
- Psychology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Martin E, Gonzalez R, Vassileva J, Maki PM, Bechara A, Brand M. Sex and HIV serostatus differences in decision making under risk among substance-dependent individuals. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:404-15. [PMID: 26882176 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1119806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV+ individuals with and without substance use disorders make significantly poorer decisions when information about the probability and magnitude of wins and losses is not available. We administered the Game of Dice Task, a measure of decision making under risk that provides this information explicitly, to 92 HIV+ and 134 HIV- substance-dependent men and women. HIV+ participants made significantly poorer decisions than HIV- participants, but this deficit appeared more prominent among HIV+ women. These data indicate that decision making under risk is impaired among HIV+ substance-dependent individuals (SDIs). Potential factors for the HIV+ women's relatively greater impairment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Martin
- a Department of Psychiatry , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- b Department of Psychology , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Jasmin Vassileva
- c Department of Psychiatry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Pauline M Maki
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- e Institute for the Neurological Study of Emotion and Creativity, Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Matthias Brand
- f Department of General Psychology: Cognition , University of Duisburg-Essen , Duisburg , Germany
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Ito R, Lee AC. The role of the hippocampus in approach-avoidance conflict decision-making: Evidence from rodent and human studies. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:345-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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