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Ashique S, Mohanto S, Kumar N, Nag S, Mishra A, Biswas A, Rihan M, Srivastava S, Bhowmick M, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. Unlocking the possibilities of therapeutic potential of silymarin and silibinin against neurodegenerative Diseases-A mechanistic overview. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176906. [PMID: 39154829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Silymarin, a bioflavonoid derived from the Silybum marianum plant, was discovered in 1960. It contains C25 and has been extensively used as a therapeutic agent against liver-related diseases caused by alcohol addiction, acute viral hepatitis, and toxins-inducing liver failure. Its efficacy stems from its role as a potent anti-oxidant and scavenger of free radicals, employed through various mechanisms. Additionally, silymarin or silybin possesses immunomodulatory characteristics, impacting immune-enhancing and immune-suppressive functions. Recently, silymarin has been recognized as a potential neuroprotective therapy for various neurological conditions, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, along with conditions related to cerebral ischemia. Its hepatoprotective qualities, primarily due to its anti-oxidant and tissue-regenerating properties, are well-established. Silymarin also enhances health by modifying processes such as inflammation, β-amyloid accumulation, cellular estrogenic receptor mediation, and apoptotic machinery. While believed to reduce oxidative stress and support neuroprotective mechanisms, these effects represent just one aspect of the compound's multifaceted protective action. This review article further delves into the possibilities of potential therapeutic advancement of silymarin and silibinin for the management of neurodegenerative disorders via mechanics modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
| | - Nitish Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to Be University), Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Anuradha Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
| | - Aritra Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara Akhil Mukherjee Road, Khardaha, West Bengal, 700118, India; UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 203201, India; Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Sector 3 Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Mithun Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tian Q, Yan Z, Guo Y, Chen Z, Li M. Inflammatory Role of CCR1 in the Central Nervous System. Neuroimmunomodulation 2024; 31:173-182. [PMID: 39116843 DOI: 10.1159/000540460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine ligands and their corresponding receptors are essential for regulating inflammatory responses. Chemokine receptors can stimulate immune activation or inhibit/promote signaling pathways by binding to specific chemokine ligands. Among these receptors, CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is extensively studied as a G protein-linked receptor target, predominantly expressed in various leukocytes, and is considered a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Furthermore, CCR1 is essential for monocyte extravasation and transportation in inflammatory conditions. Its involvement in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, has been extensively studied along with its ligands. Animal models have demonstrated the beneficial effects resulting from inhibiting CCR1 or its ligands. SUMMARY This review demonstrates the significance of CCR1 in CNS inflammatory diseases, the molecules implicated in the inflammatory pathway, and potential drugs or molecules for treating CNS diseases. This evidence may offer new targets or strategies for treating inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Xian M, Li J, Liu T, Hou K, Sun L, Wei J. β-Synuclein Intermediates α-Synuclein Neurotoxicity in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2445-2453. [PMID: 38905183 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease in the world, and synuclein is closely related to the onset and progression of PD. Synuclein is considered a therapeutic target for PD. Recent studies have found that abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the brains of PD patients leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Research in the field of neuroscience has confirmed that β-synuclein (β-Syn) also plays a role in Parkinson's disease. However, there has been little research on the role mechanisms and interactions between β-Syn and α-Syn in PD. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between α-Syn, β-Syn, and PD and to explore the roles and interactions of β-Syn and α-Syn in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Xian
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
| | - Kaiying Hou
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
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Afsheen S, Rehman AS, Jamal A, Khan N, Parvez S. Understanding role of pesticides in development of Parkinson's disease: Insights from Drosophila and rodent models. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102340. [PMID: 38759892 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative illness linked to ageing, marked by the gradual decline of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The exact aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains uncertain, with genetic predisposition and environmental variables playing significant roles in the disease's frequency. Epidemiological data indicates a possible connection between pesticide exposure and brain degeneration. Specific pesticides have been associated with important characteristics of Parkinson's disease, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and α-synuclein aggregation, which are crucial for the advancement of the disease. Recently, many animal models have been developed for Parkinson's disease study. Although these models do not perfectly replicate the disease's pathology, they provide valuable insights that improve our understanding of the condition and the limitations of current treatment methods. Drosophila, in particular, has been useful in studying Parkinson's disease induced by toxins or genetic factors. The review thoroughly analyses many animal models utilised in Parkinson's research, with an emphasis on issues including pesticides, genetic and epigenetic changes, proteasome failure, oxidative damage, α-synuclein inoculation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The text highlights the important impact of pesticides on the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) and stresses the need for more research on genetic and mechanistic alterations linked to the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Afsheen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ahmed Shaney Rehman
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazia Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Martemucci G, Khalil M, Di Luca A, Abdallah H, D’Alessandro AG. Comprehensive Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: How Nutrition, Dietary Polyphenols, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle Modifications Address Diabesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Neurodegenerative Conditions. Metabolites 2024; 14:327. [PMID: 38921462 PMCID: PMC11206163 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, low-to-medium systemic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and diabesity, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to highlight some therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome involving integrative approaches to improve lifestyle and daily diet. The beneficial effects of foods containing antioxidant polyphenols, intestinal microbiota control, and physical activity were also considered. We comprehensively examined a large body of published articles involving basic, animal, and human studie, as well as recent guidelines. As a result, dietary polyphenols from natural plant-based antioxidants and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, along with physical exercise, are promising complementary therapies to delay or prevent the onset of metabolic syndrome and counteract diabesity and cardiovascular diseases, as well as to protect against neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota reduces the risks associated with MS, improves diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and exerts neuroprotective action. Despite several studies, the estimation of dietary polyphenol intake is inconclusive and requires further evidence. Lifestyle interventions involving physical activity and reduced calorie intake can improve metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Luca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.D.L.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Hala Abdallah
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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Liu M, Jia Z, Yao T, Zhang G, Wang X. Effects of supplementary Da Dingfeng Zhu therapy on patients with Parkinson's disease of liver-kidney yin deficiency pattern. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 123:106560. [PMID: 38518544 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to verify whether the combined use of Da Dingfengzhu and Western medicine in treating Parkinson's disease (PD) can lead to therapeutic efficacy and symptom alleviation, thereby achieving a complementary and synergistic effect. METHODS In this study, 158 patients were initially enrolled, with 116 eligible patients randomly divided into a control and an observation group. The control group received levodopa/benserazide and pramipexole, while the observation group received Da Dingfengzhu combined with levodopa/benserazide and pramipexole for 12 weeks. Baseline patient characteristics, adverse reactions, and blood samples were collected at baseline and 12 weeks post-treatment. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used to assess symptom severity at baseline, four weeks into treatment, and 12 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS Adverse reactions during treatment were similar in both groups, suggesting that the combined therapy in the observation group did not increase adverse effects. Both groups showed improvements in UPDRS scores, with the observation group displaying more significant symptom alleviation at 4 and 12 weeks. Moreover, the observation group exhibited more pronounced increases in serum neurotrophic factor-3 and dopamine levels and greater reductions in oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the combination of Da Dingfengzhu with levodopa/benserazide and pramipexole for treating PD shows significant clinical potential and is worthy of broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Liu
- Department of Encephalopathy 2, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM of Hebei, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China.
| | - Zhiwei Jia
- Department of Encephalopathy 2, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM of Hebei, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Tianyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology 3, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM of Hebei, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy 2, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM of Hebei, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy 2, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM of Hebei, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China
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Chidambaram SB, Anand N, Varma SR, Ramamurthy S, Vichitra C, Sharma A, Mahalakshmi AM, Essa MM. Superoxide dismutase and neurological disorders. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:373-394. [PMID: 39007083 PMCID: PMC11240301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a common antioxidant enzyme found majorly in living cells. The main physiological role of SOD is detoxification and maintain the redox balance, acts as a first line of defence against Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other such potentially hazardous molecules. SOD catalyses the conversion of superoxide anion free radicals (O 2 -.) into molecular oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) in the cells. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are expressed in neurons and glial cells throughout the CNS both intracellularly and extracellularly. Endogenous oxidative stress (OS) linked with enlarged production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), inflammation, deregulation of redox balance, mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetic crisis are found to be prerequisite for neuronal loss in neurological diseases. Clinical and genetic studies indicate a direct correlation between mutations in SOD gene and neurodegenerative diseases, like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Therefore, inhibitors of OS are considered as an optimistic approach to prevent neuronal loss. SOD mimetics like Metalloporphyrin Mn (II)-cyclic polyamines, Nitroxides and Mn (III)- Salen complexes are designed and used as therapeutic extensively in the treatment of neurological disorders. SODs and SOD mimetics are promising future therapeutics in the field of various diseases with OS-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhilesh Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, University Park, Jabberwock Beach Road, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, 346 Ajman, the United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, 346 Ajman, the United Arab Emirates
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, 2202 Fujairah, the United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandrasekaran Vichitra
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Ambika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Lin L, Wu Z, Luo H, Huang Y. Cathepsin-mediated regulation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1394807. [PMID: 38872630 PMCID: PMC11170285 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1394807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The observational association between cathepsin and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been partially explored in previous research. However, the causal relationship remains unclear. In this study, our objective is to investigate the causal link between cathepsin and PD using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing their interaction. Methods Utilizing bidirectional two-sample MR and multivariable MR, we systematically investigates the causal relationship between nine cathepsins and PD. The data pertaining to cathepsins were obtained from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) Open GWAS Project, while data related to PD were sourced from versions R9 and R10 of the FinnGen database. The primary analytical method utilized was the inverse variance weighted (IVW), with MR analysis initially conducted using PD data from R9, complemented by a series of sensitivity analyses. Subsequently, replication analysis was performed on the R10 dataset, and meta-analysis were employed to merge the findings from both datasets. To explore potential mechanisms by which Cathepsins may impact PD, MR analyses were performed on significant Cathepsins with alpha-synuclein. MR analysis and colocalization analysis were conducted on expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data of gene related to alpha-synuclein with PD data. Result Forward MR analyses revealed more cathepsin B (CTSB) associated with less PD risk (OR = 0.898, 95%CI: 0.834-0.966, p = 0.004), while more cathepsin H (CTSH) (OR = 1.076, 95%CI: 1.007-1.149, p = 0.029) and more cathepsin S (CTSS) (OR = 1.076, 95%CI: 1.007-1.150, p = 0.030) associated with increasing PD risk. Meta-analyses validated these associations. Multivariate MR Results were consistent with those before adjustment. No significant results were observed in bidirectional MR analysis. In the investigation of the underlying mechanism, our findings demonstrate that CTSB significantly reduces the levels of alpha-synuclein (OR = 0.909, 95%CI: 0.841-0.983, p = 0.017). Concurrently, a genetically determined positive correlation between alpha-synuclein and PD is illuminated by both eQTL MR and colocalization analysis. Conclusion In conclusion, this MR study yields robust evidence suggesting an association between elevated levels of CTSB and reduced PD risk, mediated by the downregulation of alpha-synuclein levels. Conversely, higher levels of CTSH and CTSS are associated with an increased risk of PD. These findings offer novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD and identify potential drug targets for disease prevention and treatment warranting further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zilun Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haocheng Luo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunxuan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Stoll AC, Kemp CJ, Patterson JR, Kubik M, Kuhn N, Benskey M, Duffy MF, Luk KC, Sortwell CE. Alpha-synuclein inclusion responsive microglia are resistant to CSF1R inhibition. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:108. [PMID: 38664840 PMCID: PMC11045433 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the presence of proteinaceous alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions (Lewy bodies), markers of neuroinflammation and the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons. These pathological features can be recapitulated in vivo using the α-syn preformed fibril (PFF) model of synucleinopathy. We have previously determined that microglia proximal to PFF-induced nigral α-syn inclusions increase in soma size, upregulate major-histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) expression, and increase expression of a suite of inflammation-associated transcripts. This microglial response is observed months prior to degeneration, suggesting that microglia reacting to α-syn inclusion may contribute to neurodegeneration and could represent a potential target for novel therapeutics. The goal of this study was to determine whether colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R)-mediated microglial depletion impacts the magnitude of α-syn aggregation, nigrostriatal degeneration, or the response of microglial in the context of the α-syn PFF model. METHODS Male Fischer 344 rats were injected intrastriatally with either α-syn PFFs or saline. Rats were continuously administered Pexidartinib (PLX3397B, 600 mg/kg), a CSF1R inhibitor, to deplete microglia for a period of either 2 or 6 months. RESULTS CSF1R inhibition resulted in significant depletion (~ 43%) of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunoreactive (Iba-1ir) microglia within the SNpc. However, CSF1R inhibition did not impact the increase in microglial number, soma size, number of MHC-II immunoreactive microglia or microglial expression of Cd74, Cxcl10, Rt-1a2, Grn, Csf1r, Tyrobp, and Fcer1g associated with phosphorylated α-syn (pSyn) nigral inclusions. Further, accumulation of pSyn and degeneration of nigral neurons was not impacted by CSF1R inhibition. Paradoxically, long term CSF1R inhibition resulted in increased soma size of remaining Iba-1ir microglia in both control and PFF rats, as well as expression of MHC-II in extranigral regions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that CSF1R inhibition does not impact the microglial response to nigral pSyn inclusions and that CSF1R inhibition is not a viable disease-modifying strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Michael Kubik
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Nathan Kuhn
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Matthew Benskey
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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Giri PM, Banerjee A, Ghosal A, Layek B. Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3995. [PMID: 38612804 PMCID: PMC11011898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) have become increasingly common during the past three decades. Approximately 15% of the total population of the world is affected by some form of NDs, resulting in physical and cognitive disability. The most common NDs include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Although NDs are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle variables, neuroinflammation is known to be associated with all NDs, often leading to permanent damage to neurons of the central nervous system. Furthermore, numerous emerging pieces of evidence have demonstrated that inflammation not only supports the progression of NDs but can also serve as an initiator. Hence, various medicines capable of preventing or reducing neuroinflammation have been investigated as ND treatments. While anti-inflammatory medicine has shown promising benefits in several preclinical models, clinical outcomes are often questionable. In this review, we discuss various NDs with their current treatment strategies, the role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of NDs, and the use of anti-inflammatory agents as a potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Mani Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Anurag Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Arpita Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Buddhadev Layek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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Wu X, Wang K, Wang J, Wei P, Zhang H, Yang Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Shi W, Shan Y, Zhao G. The Interplay Between Epilepsy and Parkinson's Disease: Gene Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01103-y. [PMID: 38453824 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The results of many epidemiological studies suggest a bidirectional causality may exist between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying molecular landscape linking these two diseases remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore this possible bidirectional causality by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each disease as well as their intersection based on two respective disease-related datasets. We performed enrichment analyses and explored immune cell infiltration based on an intersection of the DEGs. Identifying a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between epilepsy and PD, and this network was visualised using Cytoscape software to screen key modules and hub genes. Finally, exploring the diagnostic values of the identified hub genes. NetworkAnalyst 3.0 and Cytoscape software were also used to construct and visualise the transcription factor-micro-RNA regulatory and co-regulatory networks, the gene-microRNA interaction network, as well as gene-disease association. Based on the enrichment results, the intersection of the DEGs mainly revealed enrichment in immunity-, phosphorylation-, metabolism-, and inflammation-related pathways. The boxplots revealed similar trends in infiltration of many immune cells in epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, with greater infiltration in patients than in controls. A complex PPI network comprising 186 nodes and 512 edges were constructed. According to node connection degree, top 15 hub genes were considered the kernel targets of epilepsy and PD. The area under curve values of hub gene expression profiles confirmed their excellent diagnostic values. This study is the first to analyse the molecular landscape underlying the epidemiological link between epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. The two diseases are closely linked through immunity-, inflammation-, and metabolism-related pathways. This information was of great help in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases. The present results may provide guidance for further in-depth analysis about molecular mechanisms of epilepsy and PD and novel potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Penghu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Huaqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yanfeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yinchun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenli Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yongzhi Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Epilepsy Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, 100053, China.
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12
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Balestri W, Sharma R, da Silva VA, Bobotis BC, Curle AJ, Kothakota V, Kalantarnia F, Hangad MV, Hoorfar M, Jones JL, Tremblay MÈ, El-Jawhari JJ, Willerth SM, Reinwald Y. Modeling the neuroimmune system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:32. [PMID: 38263227 PMCID: PMC10807115 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the interaction of genetic, environmental, and familial factors. These diseases have distinct pathologies and symptoms that are linked to specific cell populations in the brain. Notably, the immune system has been implicated in both diseases, with a particular focus on the dysfunction of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbating symptoms. Researchers use models of the neuroimmune system to gain a deeper understanding of the physiological and biological aspects of these neurodegenerative diseases and how they progress. Several in vitro and in vivo models, including 2D cultures and animal models, have been utilized. Recently, advancements have been made in optimizing these existing models and developing 3D models and organ-on-a-chip systems, holding tremendous promise in accurately mimicking the intricate intracellular environment. As a result, these models represent a crucial breakthrough in the transformation of current treatments for PD and AD by offering potential for conducting long-term disease-based modeling for therapeutic testing, reducing reliance on animal models, and significantly improving cell viability compared to conventional 2D models. The application of 3D and organ-on-a-chip models in neurodegenerative disease research marks a prosperous step forward, providing a more realistic representation of the complex interactions within the neuroimmune system. Ultimately, these refined models of the neuroimmune system aim to aid in the quest to combat and mitigate the impact of debilitating neuroimmune diseases on patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Balestri
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Victor A da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Bianca C Bobotis
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Annabel J Curle
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vandana Kothakota
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Maria V Hangad
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institute On Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jehan J El-Jawhari
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Stephanie M Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yvonne Reinwald
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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13
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Yedke NG, Kumar P. The Neuroprotective Role of BCG Vaccine in Movement Disorders: A Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:30-38. [PMID: 36567299 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221223142813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the first developed vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (TB) and is the world's most widely used vaccine. It has a reconcilable defense in opposition to tuberculosis, meningitis, and miliary disease in children but changeable protection against pulmonary TB. Immune activation is responsible for regulating neural development by activating it. The effect of the BCG vaccine on neuronal disorders due to subordinate immune provocation is useful. BCG vaccine can prevent neuronal degeneration in different neurological disorders by provoking auto-reactive T-cells. In the case of TB, CD4+ T-cells effectively protect the immune response by protecting the central defense. Because of the preceding fact, BCG induces protection by creating precise T-cells like CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells. Hence, vaccination-induced protection generates specific T-cells and CD4+ T-cells, and CD8+ T-cells. The BCG vaccine may have an essential effect on motor disorders and play a crucial role in neuroprotective management. The present review describes how the BCG vaccine might be interrelated with motor disorders and play a key role in such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narhari Gangaram Yedke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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14
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Puk O, Jabłońska M, Sokal P. Immunomodulatory and endocrine effects of deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation - A systematic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115732. [PMID: 37862972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) represent burgeoning treatments for diverse neurological disorders. This systematic review aims to consolidate findings on the immunological and endocrine effects of DBS and SCS, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms of neuromodulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This systematic review, aligned with PRISMA protocols, synthesizes findings from 33 references-20 on DBS and 13 on SCS-to unravel the immunological and endocrine impacts of neuromodulation. RESULTS DBS interventions exhibited divergent effects on cytokines, with an increase in hepcidin levels and a variable impact on the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. While some studies reported elevated IL-6, animal studies consistently demonstrated a reduction in IL-1β and IL-6, with no significant changes in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10. Noteworthy hormonal changes included decreased corticosterone and ACTH concentrations and increased oxytocin levels following DBS of the hypothalamus. SCS mirrored similar effects on interleukins, indicating a reduction in IL-6 and IL-1β and an increase in IL-10 levels. Additionally, SCS led to reduced VEGF levels and elevated expression of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and GDNF, particularly under burst stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Both DBS and SCS exert anti-inflammatory effects, manifesting as a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines alongside the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. These findings, observed in both animal and human models, imply that neurostimulation may modify the trajectory of neurological diseases by modulating local immune responses in an immunomodulatory and endocrine manner. This comprehensive exploration sets the stage for future research endeavors in this evolving domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Puk
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jabłońska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Sokal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Jan Biziel University Hospital, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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15
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Monney M, Jornayvaz FR, Gariani K. GLP-1 receptor agonists effect on cognitive function in patients with and without type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2023; 49:101470. [PMID: 37657738 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone of the incretin family, secreted in response to nutrient ingestion, and plays a role in metabolic homeostasis. GLP-1 receptor agonist has a peripheral and a central action, including stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin biosynthesis, inhibition of glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, and inhibition of food intake. Through their mechanism, their use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has been extended to the management of obesity, and numerous trials are being conducted to assess their cardiovascular effect. Type 2 diabetes appears to share common pathophysiological mechanisms with the development of cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, related to insulin resistance. In this review, we aim to examine the pathological features between type 2 diabetes and dementia, GLP-1 central effects, and analyze the relevant literature about the effect of GLP-1 analogs on cognitive function of patients with type 2 diabetes but also without. Results tends to show an improvement in some brain markers (e.g. hippocampal connections, cerebral glucose metabolism, hippocampal activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging), but without being able to demonstrate a strong correlation to cognitive scores. Some epidemiological studies suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists may offer a protective effect, by delaying progression to dementia when diabetic patients are treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. Ongoing trials are in progress and may provide disease-modifying care for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Monney
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Karim Gariani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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16
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Azimullah S, Meeran MFN, Ayoob K, Arunachalam S, Ojha S, Beiram R. Tannic Acid Mitigates Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Glutamate Toxicity in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9876. [PMID: 37373023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a movement disorder, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) region of the brain. The etiopathogenesis of PD involves increased oxidative stress, augmented inflammation, impaired autophagy, accumulation of α-synuclein, and α-Glutamate neurotoxicity. The treatment of PD is limited and there is a lack of agents to prevent the disease/delay its progression and inhibit the onset of pathogenic events. Many agents of natural and synthetic origin have been investigated employing experimental models of PD, mimicking human PD. In the present study, we assessed the effect of tannic acid (TA) in a rodent model of PD induced by rotenone (ROT), a pesticide and an environmental toxin of natural origin reported to cause PD in agricultural workers and farmers. Rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered for 28 days, and TA (50 mg/kg, orally) was administered 30 min before ROT injections. The study results showed an increase in oxidative stress, as evidenced by the depletion of endogenous antioxidants and enhanced formation of lipid peroxidation products, along with the onset of inflammation following a rise in inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines. ROT injections have also augmented apoptosis, impaired autophagy, promoted synaptic loss, and perturbed α-Glutamate hyperpolarization in rats. ROT injections also induced the loss of dopaminergic neurons subsequent to the activation of microglia and astrocytes. However, TA treatment was observed to reduce lipid peroxidation, prevent loss of endogenous antioxidants, and inhibit the release and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, in addition to the favorable modulation of apoptosis and autophagic pathways. Treatment with TA also attenuated the activation of microglia and astrocytes along with preservation of dopaminergic neurons following reduced loss of dopaminergic neurodegeneration and inhibition of synaptic loss and α-Glutamate cytotoxicity. The effects of TA in ROT-induced PD were attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and neurogenesis properties. Based on the present study findings, it can be concluded that TA may be a promising novel therapeutic candidate for pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical development owing to its neuroprotective properties in PD. Further regulatory toxicology and translational studies are suggested for future clinical usage in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khatija Ayoob
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seenipandi Arunachalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Tryphena KP, Singh G, Jain N, Famta P, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Integration of miRNA's Theranostic Potential with Nanotechnology: Promises and Challenges for Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111800. [PMID: 36958539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide research going on in Parkinson's disease (PD), the burden of PD still remains high and continues to increase. The current drugs available for the treatment of PD are only aimed at symptomatic control. Hence, research is mainly focused on identifying the novel therapeutic targets that can be effectively targeted in order to slow down or culminate the disease progression. Recently the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of various pathological mechanisms of PD has been thoroughly explored and many of them were found to be dysregulated in the biological samples of PD patients. These miRNAs can be used as diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic options to manage PD. The delivery of miRNAs to the target site in brain is a challenging job owing to their nature of degradability by endonucleases as well as poor blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Nanoparticles appear to be the best solution to effectively encase the miRNA in their core as well as cross the BBB to deliver them into brain. Functionalisation of these nanoparticles further enhances the site-specific delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Naitik Jain
- Department of pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Paras Famta
- Department of pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)- Hyderabad.
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Rahnemayan S, Ahari SG, Rikhtegar R, Riyahifar S, Sanaie S. An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis on the role of vitamins in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:69-83. [PMID: 35920987 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This umbrella review aimed to systematically review the available literature and assess the association of dietary intake or serum levels of different vitamins and the risk of PD, to help find out more efficient treatments for PD patients by replenishing the deficiency of vitamins. METHODS Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar and hand searching bibliographies of retrieved articles in duplicate, were used to detect all relevant meta-analyses investigating the relationship between vitamins and PD. After study selection, data were extracted from previously published meta-analyses and pooled by Review Manager version 5.4 and CMA software version 2.2.064 to achieve effect sizes. Level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS 14 meta-analyses were included in the meta-review. Serum vitamin D and B12 levels were significantly lower in PD (SMD = -0.67 and SMD = -0.40 respectively). Homocysteine (Hcy) levels were significantly higher in PD patients (SMD = 1.26). Also the odds ratio for highest vs. lowest vitamin E intake was 0.73 which was significant. However, there was no significant difference between vitamin A, C and B6 intake or serum levels in PD vs. control groups. CONCLUSION Serum vitamin D and B12 levels were significantly lower in PD in comparison to healthy individuals, while Hcy level was significantly higher in PD patients. Also higher vitamin E intake was associated with significantly lower risk of development of PD in comparison to lower vitamin E intake. However, there was no significant difference between risk of PD and higher vitamin A, C and B6 intake or serum levels of folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Rahnemayan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Rikhtegar
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sevda Riyahifar
- Department of Biostatics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kulcsarova K, Bang C, Berg D, Schaeffer E. Pesticides and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Convergent Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1079-1106. [PMID: 37927277 PMCID: PMC10657696 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD), termed the PD pandemic, is exceeding expectations related purely to population aging and is likely driven in part by lifestyle changes and environmental factors. Pesticides are well recognized risk factors for PD, supported by both epidemiological and experimental evidence, with multiple detrimental effects beyond dopaminergic neuron damage alone. The microbiome-gut-brain axis has gained much attention in recent years and is considered to be a significant contributor and driver of PD pathogenesis. In this narrative review, we first focus on how both pesticides and the microbiome may influence PD initiation and progression independently, describing pesticide-related central and peripheral neurotoxicity and microbiome-related local and systemic effects due to dysbiosis and microbial metabolites. We then depict the bidirectional interplay between pesticides and the microbiome in the context of PD, synthesizing current knowledge about pesticide-induced dysbiosis, microbiome-mediated alterations in pesticide availability, metabolism and toxicity, and complex systemic pesticide-microbiome-host interactions related to inflammatory and metabolic pathways, insulin resistance and other mechanisms. An overview of the unknowns follows, and the role of pesticide-microbiome interactions in the proposed body-/brain-first phenotypes of PD, the complexity of environmental exposures and gene-environment interactions is discussed. The final part deals with possible further steps for translation, consisting of recommendations on future pesticide use and research as well as an outline of promising preventive/therapeutic approaches targeted on strengthening or restoring a healthy gut microbiome, closing with a summary of current gaps and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kulcsarova
- Department of Neurology, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Neurology, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Scientific Park MEDIPARK, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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20
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D'Amico R, Impellizzeri D, Genovese T, Fusco R, Peritore AF, Crupi R, Interdonato L, Franco G, Marino Y, Arangia A, Gugliandolo E, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Siracusa R, Cordaro M. Açai Berry Mitigates Parkinson's Disease Progression Showing Dopaminergic Neuroprotection via Nrf2-HO1 Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6519-6533. [PMID: 35970975 PMCID: PMC9463222 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is focused on symptom alleviation rather than disease prevention. In this study, we look at a new strategy to neuroprotection that focuses on nutrition, by a supplementation with Açai berry in an experimental models of PD. Daily orally supplementation with Açai berry dissolved in saline at the dose of 500 mg/kg considerably reduced motor and non-motor symptom and neuronal cell death of the dopaminergic tract induced by 4 injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Furthermore, Açai berry administration reduced α-synuclein aggregation in neurons, enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter activities, and avoided dopamine depletion. Moreover, Açai berry administration was able to reduce astrogliosis and microgliosis as well as neuronal death. Its beneficial effects could be due to its bioactive phytochemical components that are able to stimulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by counteracting the oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that are the basis of this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Livia Interdonato
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Ylenia Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Arangia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
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21
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Vellingiri B, Chandrasekhar M, Sri Sabari S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Kesari K, Dey A. Neurotoxicity of pesticides - A link to neurodegeneration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113972. [PMID: 36029574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which mainly targets motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. The physiological changes occur due to dopamine depletion in basal ganglia region of the brain. PD aetiology is not yet elucidated clearly but genetic and environmental factors play a prominent role in disease occurrence. Despite of various environmental factors, pesticides exposure has been convicted as major candidate in PD pathogenesis. Among various pesticides 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been widely investigated in PD following with paraquat (PQ), maneb (MB), organochlorines (OC) and rotenone. Effect of these pesticides has been suggested to be involved in oxidative stress, alterations in dopamine transporters, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein (αSyn) fibrillation, and neuroinflammation in PD. The present review discusses the influence of pesticides in neurodegeneration and its related epidemiological studies conducted in PD. Furthermore, we have deliberated the common pesticides involved in PD and its associated genetic alterations and the probable mechanism of them behind PD pathogenesis. Hence, we conclude that pesticides play a prominent role in PD pathogenesis and advance research is needed to investigate the alterations in genetic and mechanistic aspects of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mamatha Chandrasekhar
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sri Sabari
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Livestock Farming and Bioresource Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavindra Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
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22
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Acıkara OB, Karatoprak GŞ, Yücel Ç, Akkol EK, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Khayatkashani M, Kamal MA, Kashani HRK. A Critical Analysis of Quercetin as the Attractive Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:795-817. [PMID: 34872486 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211206122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a multifaceted disorder with various factors suggested to play a synergistic pathophysiological role, such as oxidative stress, autophagy, pro-inflammatory events, and neurotransmitter abnormalities. While it is crucial to discover new treatments in addition to preventing PD, recent studies have focused on determining whether nutraceuticals will exert neuroprotective actions and pharmacological functions in PD. Quercetin, a flavonol-type flavonoid, is found in many fruits and vegetables and is recognised as a complementary therapy for PD. The neuroprotective effect of quercetin is directly associated with its antioxidant activity, in addition to stimulating cellular defence against oxidative stress. Other related mechanisms are activating Sirtuins (SIRT1) and inducing autophagy, in addition to induction of Nrf2-ARE and Paraoxonase 2 (PON2). Quercetin, whose neuroprotective activity has been demonstrated in many studies, unfortunately, has a disadvantage because of its poor water solubility, chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability. It has been reported that the disadvantages of quercetin have been eliminated with nanocarriers loaded with quercetin. The role of nanotechnology and nanodelivery systems in reducing oxidative stress during PD provides an indisputable advantage. Accordingly, the present review aims to shed light on quercetin's beneficial effects and underlying mechanisms in neuroprotection. In addition, the contribution of nanodelivery systems to the neuroprotective effect of quercetin is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Bahadır Acıkara
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Yücel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, 8330507, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Cavalheiro EKFF, da Silva LE, Oliveira MP, Silva MG, Damiani AP, Ribeiro CB, Magenis ML, Cucker L, Michels M, Joaquim L, Machado RS, Vilela TC, Bitencourt RM, Andrade VM, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F, Tuon T, Rezin GT. Effects of obesity on neuroinflammatory and neurochemical parameters in an animal model of reserpine-induced Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114019. [PMID: 35872330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, affecting the brain's reward system by decreasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. It is known that dopaminergic neurotransmission is also reduced in Parkinson's disease (PD), and high adiposity is considered a risk factor for the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. This study aimed to assess the effects of obesity on neuroinflammatory and neurochemical parameters in an animal model of reserpine-induced PD. The obese group showed increased inflammation and oxidative damage as well as inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and II and DNA damage in the evaluated structures. The PD group did not show inflammation or mitochondrial dysfunction but exhibited oxidative damage in the hippocampus. The combination group (obesity + PD) showed reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and increased activity of complexes I and II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in most of the analyzed structures. On the other hand, obesity + PD caused oxidative damage to proteins in the liver, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and cerebral cortex and oxidative stress in the hypothalamus, resulting in reduced catalase activity. Furthermore, the combination group showed DNA damage in blood, liver, and cerebral cortex. In conclusion, it was observed that the association of obesity and PD did not increase inflammation, oxidative stress, or mitochondrial dysfunction in most of the evaluated structures but increased oxidative damage and induced mechanisms that led to DNA damage in peripheral tissues and brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulla Keimili Fernandes Ferreira Cavalheiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina G Silva
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriani P Damiani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Catharina B Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Marina L Magenis
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luana Cucker
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thais C Vilela
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC, Avenida Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Talita Tuon
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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24
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Qadirifard MS, Kosari M, Naghsh N, Asgari taei A, Klegeris A, Dehghani M, Bahrami A, Taheri H, Mohamadkhani A, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei Tavirani M, Sayehmiri F. Pre-clinical Studies Identifying Molecular Pathways of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:855776. [PMID: 35912090 PMCID: PMC9327618 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.855776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by neuroinflammation, formation of Lewy bodies, and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. In this review, we summarize evidence obtained by animal studies demonstrating neuroinflammation as one of the central pathogenetic mechanisms of PD. We also focus on the protein factors that initiate the development of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Our targeted literature search identified 40 pre-clinical in vivo and in vitro studies written in English. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway is demonstrated as a common mechanism engaged by neurotoxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), as well as the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The α-synuclein protein, which plays a prominent role in PD neuropathology, may also contribute to neuroinflammation by activating mast cells. Meanwhile, 6-OHDA models of PD identify microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) as one of the contributors to neuroinflammatory processes in this model. Immune responses are used by the central nervous system to fight and remove pathogens; however, hyperactivated and prolonged immune responses can lead to a harmful neuroinflammatory state, which is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Qadirifard
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Kosari
- The First Clinical College, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Department of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Dehghani
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bahrami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Taheri
- Dental School, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
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25
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Events Occurring in the Axotomized Facial Nucleus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132068. [PMID: 35805151 PMCID: PMC9266054 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transection of the rat facial nerve leads to a variety of alterations not only in motoneurons, but also in glial cells and inhibitory neurons in the ipsilateral facial nucleus. In injured motoneurons, the levels of energy metabolism-related molecules are elevated, while those of neurofunction-related molecules are decreased. In tandem with these motoneuron changes, microglia are activated and start to proliferate around injured motoneurons, and astrocytes become activated for a long period without mitosis. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons reduce the levels of neurofunction-related molecules. These facts indicate that injured motoneurons somehow closely interact with glial cells and inhibitory neurons. At the same time, these events allow us to predict the occurrence of tissue remodeling in the axotomized facial nucleus. This review summarizes the events occurring in the axotomized facial nucleus and the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with each event.
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26
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Karayel O, Virreira Winter S, Padmanabhan S, Kuras YI, Vu DT, Tuncali I, Merchant K, Wills AM, Scherzer CR, Mann M. Proteome profiling of cerebrospinal fluid reveals biomarker candidates for Parkinson's disease. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100661. [PMID: 35732154 PMCID: PMC9245058 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a growing burden worldwide, and there is no reliable biomarker used in clinical routines to date. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is routinely collected in patients with neurological symptoms and should closely reflect alterations in PD patients' brains. Here, we describe a scalable and sensitive mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics workflow for CSF proteome profiling. From two independent cohorts with over 200 individuals, our workflow reproducibly quantifies over 1,700 proteins from minimal CSF amounts. Machine learning determines OMD, CD44, VGF, PRL, and MAN2B1 to be altered in PD patients or to significantly correlate with clinical scores. We also uncover signatures of enhanced neuroinflammation in LRRK2 G2019S carriers, as indicated by increased levels of CTSS, PLD4, and HLA proteins. A comparison with our previously acquired urinary proteomes reveals a large overlap in PD-associated changes, including lysosomal proteins, opening up new avenues to improve our understanding of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Karayel
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sebastian Virreira Winter
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | | | - Yuliya I Kuras
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duc Tung Vu
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Idil Tuncali
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kalpana Merchant
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Wills
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Gopinath A, Mackie P, Hashimi B, Buchanan AM, Smith AR, Bouchard R, Shaw G, Badov M, Saadatpour L, Gittis A, Ramirez-Zamora A, Okun MS, Streit WJ, Hashemi P, Khoshbouei H. DAT and TH expression marks human Parkinson's disease in peripheral immune cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:72. [PMID: 35672374 PMCID: PMC9174333 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by a loss of dopamine neurons, decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. However, this validation approach cannot be used for diagnostic, drug effectiveness or investigational purposes in human patients because midbrain tissue is accessible postmortem. PD pathology affects both the central nervous and peripheral immune systems. Therefore, we immunophenotyped blood samples of PD patients for the presence of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and discovered that DAT+/TH+ monocytic MDSCs, but not granulocytic MDSCs are increased, suggesting a targeted immune response to PD. Because in peripheral immune cells DAT activity underlies an immune suppressive mechanism, we investigated whether expression levels of DAT and TH in the peripheral immune cells marks PD. We found drug naïve PD patients exhibit differential DAT+/TH+ expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to aged/sex matched healthy subjects. While total PBMCs are not different between the groups, the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs was significantly higher in drug naïve PD patients compared to healthy controls irrespective of age, gender, disease duration, disease severity or treatment type. Importantly, treatment for PD negatively modulates DAT+/TH+ expressing PBMCs. Neither total nor the percentage of DAT+/TH+ PBMCs were altered in the Alzheimer's disease cohort. The mechanistic underpinning of this discovery in human PD was revealed when these findings were recapitulated in animal models of PD. The reverse translational experimental strategy revealed that alterations in dopaminergic markers in peripheral immune cells are due to the disease associated changes in the CNS. Our study demonstrates that the dopaminergic machinery on peripheral immune cells displays an association with human PD, with exciting implications in facilitating diagnosis and investigation of human PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Gopinath
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Phillip Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Basil Hashimi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Aidan R Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Gerry Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- EnCor Biotechnology, Inc, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Badov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leila Saadatpour
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aryn Gittis
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, UF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Jafari Fakhrabad M, Moshiri M, Ariakia F, Askari VR, Salmasi Z, Etemad L. Effect of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) on paraquat-induced brain injury in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:745-754. [PMID: 35949307 PMCID: PMC9320208 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64164.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of vit B12 on paraquat-induced neurotoxicity. Materials and Methods Thirty-six male mice were randomly divided into six groups. Three groups were treated intraperitoneally with paraquat (10 mg/kg) twice a week (with a 3-day interval) for 3 weeks. Normal saline, vit B12 (1 mg /kg), or vit C (50 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before paraquat administration. Other groups only received normal saline (control), vit B12, or vit C in the same protocol. Motor performance and coordination were assayed by challenging beam traversal, pole, open field, and rotarod tests. The hippocampus and serum samples were isolated to evaluate the oxidative stress (GSH and ROS), apoptosis (caspase 3), and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Results Administration of paraquat leads to induction of motor deficits, which were improved by treatment with vit B12. In addition, vit B12 could prevent oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammation caused by paraquat. Conclusion It seems that vit B12 could be a novel therapeutic agent in the management of paraquat induced-neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jafari Fakhrabad
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ariakia
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Leila Etemad. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel/ Fax: +98-5137112611;
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Paes-Colli Y, Aguiar AFL, Isaac AR, Ferreira BK, Campos RMP, Trindade PMP, de Melo Reis RA, Sampaio LS. Phytocannabinoids and Cannabis-Based Products as Alternative Pharmacotherapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Hypothesis to Clinical Practice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:917164. [PMID: 35707521 PMCID: PMC9189313 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.917164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, Cannabis is one of the first plants to be domesticated and used in medicine, though only in the last years the amount of Cannabis-based products or medicines has increased worldwide. Previous preclinical studies and few published clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of Cannabis-based medicines in humans. Indeed, Cannabis-related medicines are used to treat multiple pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. In clinical practice, Cannabis products have already been introduced to treatment regimens of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis’s patients, and the mechanisms of action behind the reported improvement in the clinical outcome and disease progression are associated with their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, due to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In this review, we describe the role played by the endocannabinoid system in the physiopathology of Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Multiple Sclerosis, mainly at the neuroimmunological level. We also discuss the evidence for the correlation between phytocannabinoids and their therapeutic effects in these disorders, thus describing the main clinical studies carried out so far on the therapeutic performance of Cannabis-based medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Paes-Colli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrey F. L. Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis (IBqM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna K. Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis (IBqM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Maria P. Campos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Martins Pinheiro Trindade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzia S. Sampaio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luzia S. Sampaio,
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30
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Donahue EK, Bui V, Foreman RP, Duran JJ, Venkadesh S, Choupan J, Van Horn JD, Alger JR, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, O'Neill J. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy shows associations between neurometabolite levels and perivascular space volume in Parkinson's disease: a pilot and feasibility study. Neuroreport 2022; 33:291-296. [PMID: 35594442 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher volume fraction of perivascular space (PVS) has recently been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. Both elevated PVS and altered levels of neurometabolites, assayed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), are suspected indicators of neuroinflammation, but no published reports have concurrently examined PVS and MRS neurometabolites. METHODS In an exploratory pilot study, we acquired multivoxel 3-T MRS using a semi-Localization by Adiabatic SElective Refocusing (sLASER) pulse-sequence (repetition time/echo time = 2810/60 ms, voxels 10 × 10 × 10 mm3) from a 2D slab sampling bilateral frontal white matter (FWM) and anterior middle cingulate cortex (aMCC). PVS maps obtained from high-resolution (0.8 × 0.8 × 0.8 mm3) T1-weighted MRI were co-registered with MRS. In each MRS voxel, PVS volume and neurometabolite levels were measured. RESULTS Linear regression accounting for age, sex, and BMI found greater PVS volume for higher levels of choline-containing compounds (Cho; P = 0.047) in FWM and lower PVS volume for higher levels of N-acetyl compounds (NAA; P = 0.012) in aMCC. Since (putatively) higher Cho is associated with inflammation while NAA has anti-inflammatory properties, these observations add to evidence that higher PVS load is a sign of inflammation. Additionally, lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were associated with lower NAA in aMCC (P = 0.002), suggesting that local neuronal dysfunction and inflammation contribute to cognitive impairment in PD. CONCLUSION These exploratory findings indicate that co-analysis of PVS and MRS is feasible and may help elucidate the cellular and metabolic substrates of glymphatic and inflammatory processes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Donahue
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vy Bui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California
| | - Ryan P Foreman
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California
| | - Jared J Duran
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California
| | - Siva Venkadesh
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jeiran Choupan
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John D Van Horn
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jeffry R Alger
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, California, USA
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31
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Desikan SK, Mayorga-Carlin M, Dux MC, Gray VL, Anagnostakos J, Khan AA, Sikdar S, Barth D, Harper S, Sorkin JD, Lal BK. Lack of association between cognitive impairment and systemic inflammation in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg 2022; 75:1643-1650. [PMID: 34921963 PMCID: PMC10939009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic stenosis (ACAS) is associated with cognitive impairment. Systemic inflammation occurs in patients with systemic atherosclerosis and is also associated with cognitive impairment. The goal of this study was to determine if cognitive impairment in patients with ACAS is the result of systemic inflammation. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 104 patients (63 patients with ACAS, 41 controls) with cognitive function and inflammatory biomarker assessments was performed. Venous blood was assayed for proinflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). The patients also underwent comprehensive cognitive testing to compute five domain-specific cognitive scores per patient. We first assessed the associations between carotid stenosis and cognitive function, and between carotid stenosis and systemic inflammation in separate regression models. We then determined whether cognitive impairments persisted in patients with carotid stenosis after accounting for inflammation by adjusting for inflammatory biomarker levels in a combined model. RESULTS Patients with ACAS and control patients differed in age, race, coronary artery disease prevalence, and education. Stenosis patients had worse cognitive scores in two domains: learning and memory (P = .05) and motor and processing speed (P = .002). Despite adjusting for inflammatory biomarker levels, patients with ACAS still demonstrated deficits in the domains of learning and memory and motor and processing speed. CONCLUSIONS Although systemic atherosclerosis-induced inflammation is a well-recognized cause for cognitive impairment, our data suggest that it is not the primary underlying mechanism behind cognitive impairments seen in ACAS. Cognitive impairments in learning and memory and motor and processing speed seen in patients with ACAS persist after adjusting for systemic inflammation. Thus, alternative mechanisms should be explored to account for the observed functional impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarasijhaa K Desikan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Moira C Dux
- Neuropsychology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Md
| | - Vicki L Gray
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md
| | - John Anagnostakos
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Amir A Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Va
| | | | - Dawn Barth
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Sophie Harper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - John D Sorkin
- Baltimore VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Md; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Brajesh K Lal
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Md.
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Dhanwani R, Lima-Junior JR, Sethi A, Pham J, Williams G, Frazier A, Xu Y, Amara AW, Standaert DG, Goldman JG, Litvan I, Alcalay RN, Peters B, Sulzer D, Arlehamn CSL, Sette A. Transcriptional analysis of peripheral memory T cells reveals Parkinson's disease-specific gene signatures. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:30. [PMID: 35314697 PMCID: PMC8938520 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-stage neurodegenerative disorder with largely unknown etiology. Recent findings have identified PD-associated autoimmune features including roles for T cells. To further characterize the role of T cells in PD, we performed RNA sequencing on PBMC and peripheral CD4 and CD8 memory T cell subsets derived from PD patients and age-matched healthy controls. When the groups were stratified by their T cell responsiveness to alpha-synuclein (α-syn) as a proxy for an ongoing inflammatory autoimmune response, the study revealed a broad differential gene expression profile in memory T cell subsets and a specific PD associated gene signature. We identified significant enrichment of transcriptomic signatures previously associated with PD, including for oxidative stress, phosphorylation, autophagy of mitochondria, cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, and the chemokine signaling proteins CX3CR1, CCR5, and CCR1. In addition, we identified genes in these peripheral cells that have previously been shown to be involved in PD pathogenesis and expressed in neurons, such as LRRK2, LAMP3, and aquaporin. Together, these findings suggest that features of circulating T cells with α-syn-specific responses in PD patients provide insights into the interactive processes that occur during PD pathogenesis and suggest potential intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Dhanwani
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - João Rodrigues Lima-Junior
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ashu Sethi
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John Pham
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gregory Williams
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Yaqian Xu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Amy W Amara
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Jennifer G Goldman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cecilia S Lindestam Arlehamn
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Usama Ashhar M, Vyas P, Vohora D, Kumar Sahoo P, Nigam K, Dang S, Ali J, Baboota S. Amelioration of oxidative stress utilizing nanoemulsion loaded with bromocriptine and glutathione for the management of Parkinson's disease. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121683. [PMID: 35314276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is triggered by the formation of free radicals in dopaminergic neurons, which results in oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration. The objective of the work was to relieve oxidative stress by employing intranasal delivery of Bromocriptine Mesylate (BRM) and Glutathione (GSH) loaded nanoemulsion for the better management of PD. The depth of permeation of the nanoemulsion was assessed through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) which revealed higher nanoemulsion permeation in contrast to suspension. Biocompatibility of nanoemulsion was confirmed by nasal cilio toxicity study. The DPPH study showed that the nanoemulsion had significant antioxidant activity. Biochemical estimation studies in Wistar rats were carried out in order to determine the effect of nanoemulsion on oxidative stress. The levels of GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were significantly enhanced; and the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly reduced after the intranasal administration of nanoemulsion in the haloperidol-induced model of PD. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were also determined which reduced significantly after the administration of nanoemulsion. The oxidative stress levels were lowered with nanoemulsion, showing the combined antioxidant capability of BRM and GSH. The neuroprotective effect of the prepared nanoemulsion was confirmed by histopathological studies. Pharmacokinetic study revealed a higher concentration of BRM and GSH in the brain of Wistar rats after intranasal administration of nanoemulsion with a higher Brain/Plasma ratio. A higher value of AUC(0-8) of nanoemulsion in the brain after intranasal administration revealed that BRM and GSH remained in the brain for a longer period due to sustained release from nanoemulsion. According to the findings, BRM and GSH loaded nanoemulsion has the potential to provide a combined and synergistic anti-oxidant effect for efficient management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usama Ashhar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pravat Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Kuldeep Nigam
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201309, India
| | - Shweta Dang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201309, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Yao L, Li P, Chen Q, Hu A, Wu Y, Li B. Protective effects of endotoxin tolerance on peripheral lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neuronal injury. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:326-337. [PMID: 35260024 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2043900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Parkinson's disease is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by massive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The role of immune tolerance in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases induced by peripheral factors is unclear. OBJECTIVE This study established a model of endotoxin tolerance to explore the protective effect of endotoxin tolerance on Parkinson-like changes induced by repeated peripheral injections of high-dose LPS, and to explore its inflammatory mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, mice were injected intraperitoneally with low dose (0.5 mg/kg) LPS for 4 days to induce endotoxin tolerance (ET). Then, high-dose (1 mg/kg) LPS was injected continuously intraperitoneally for 4 days to induce Parkinson-like changes. Cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Activation of microglial cells was detected by protein expression of CD68 and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1(Iba-1) by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine (DA) were used to assess dopaminergic neuronal injury. The open field test and muscle tension test were used to assess behavioral disorders. RESULTS As expected, compared with non-ET animals, ET preconditioning significantly reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines in the substantia nigra, inhibited microglial activation, and alleviated the pathological changes of dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS ET may be a promising intervention method for neurodegenerative diseases.HighlightsET was successfully induced by continuous low-dose intraperitoneal LPS injection in mice.ET pretreatment inhibited neuroinflammation in the SN induced by continuous peripheral high doses of LPS.ET pretreatment inhibited continuous peripheral high-dose LPS injection-induced microglial activation in the SN.ET pretreatment decreased LPS-induced functional impairment of dopaminergic neurons.ET reversed the morphological changes of dopaminergic neurons induced by peripheral high-dose LPS.ET pretreatment improved continuous peripheral high-dose LPS injection-induced behavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilei Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxue Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Baixiang Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Kasamatsu S, Tsutsuki H, Ida T, Sawa T, Watanabe Y, Akaike T, Ihara H. Regulation of nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species redox signaling by nNOS splicing variants. Nitric Oxide 2022; 120:44-52. [PMID: 35033681 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated different expression patterns of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splicing variants, nNOS-μ and nNOS-α, in the rat brain; however, their exact functions have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we compared the enzymatic activities of nNOS-μ and nNOS-α and investigated intracellular redox signaling in nNOS-expressing PC12 cells, stimulated with a neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), to enhance the nNOS uncoupling reaction. Using in vitro studies, we show that nNOS-μ produced nitric oxide (NO), as did nNOS-α, in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an important cofactor for the enzymatic activity. However, nNOS-μ generated more NO and less superoxide than nNOS-α in the absence of BH4. MPP + treatment induced more reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nNOS-α-expressing PC12 cells than in those expressing nNOS-μ, which correlated with the intracellular production of 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP), a downstream messenger of nNOS redox signaling, and apoptosis in these cells. Furthermore, post-treatment with 8-nitro-cGMP aggravated MPP+-induced cytotoxicity via activation of the H-Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results provide strong evidence that nNOS-μ exhibits distinctive enzymatic properties of NO/ROS production, contributing to the regulation of intracellular redox signaling, including the downstream production of 8-nitro-cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kasamatsu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuo Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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Chen GK, Yan Q, Paul KC, Kusters CD, Folle AD, Furlong M, Keener A, Bronstein J, Horvath S, Ritz B. Stochastic Epigenetic Mutations Influence Parkinson's Disease Risk, Progression, and Mortality. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:545-556. [PMID: 34842194 PMCID: PMC9076404 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stochastic epigenetic mutations (SEM) reflect a deviation from normal site-specific methylation patterns. Epigenetic mutation load (EML) captures the accumulation of SEMs across an individual's genome and may reflect dysfunction of the epigenetic maintenance system in response to epigenetic challenges. OBJECTIVE We investigate whether EML is associated with PD risk and time to events (i.e., death and motor symptom decline). METHODS We employed logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the association between EML and several outcomes. Our analyses are based on 568 PD patients and 238 controls from the Parkinson's disease, Environment and Genes (PEG) study, for whom blood-based methylation data was available. RESULTS We found an association for PD onset and EML in all genes (OR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.52-2.37) and PD-related genes (OR = 1.87; 95%CI 1.50-2.32). EML was also associated with time to a minimum score of 35 points on the motor UPDRS exam (OR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.06-1.56) and time to death (OR = 1.29, 95%CI 1.11-1.49). An analysis of PD related genes only revealed five intragenic hotspots of high SEM density associated with PD risk. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest an enrichment of methylation dysregulation in PD patients in general and specifically in five PD related genes. EML may also be associated with time to death and motor symptom progression in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly C. Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia D.J. Kusters
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aline Duarte Folle
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Furlong
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adrienne Keener
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Correspondence to: Beate Ritz, UCLA, Epidemiology, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Tennakoon A, Katharesan V, Musgrave IF, Koblar SA, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Johnson IP. Normal aging, motor neurone disease, and Alzheimer's disease are characterized by cortical changes in inflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:653-669. [PMID: 34882833 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of increased brain inflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is unclear. Here, we have compared cytokine changes in normal aging, motor neurone disease (MND), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). After an initial analysis, six candidate cytokines, interleukin (IL)- 4, 5, 6, 10, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1α, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, showing greatest changes were assayed in postmortem frozen human superior frontal gyri (n = 12) of AD patients, aging and young adult controls along with the precentral gyrus (n = 12) of MND patients. Healthy aging was associated with decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and FGF-2 levels. AD prefrontal cortex was associated with increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and FGF-2, with the largest increase seen for FGF-2. Notwithstanding differences in the specific frontal lobe gyrus sampled, MND patients' primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) was associated with increased levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and FGF-2 compared to the aging prefrontal cortex (superior frontal gyrus). Immunocytochemistry showed that FGF-2 is expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in normal aging prefrontal cortex, AD prefrontal cortex, and MND motor cortex. We report that healthy aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases have different cortical inflammatory signatures that are characterized by increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and call into question the view that increased inflammation underlies the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Tennakoon
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Viythia Katharesan
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Simon Andrea Koblar
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard Lewis Maxwell Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and the Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice Anthony Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and the Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian Paul Johnson
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wu Q, Wang M, Chen W, Wang K, Wang Y. Daidzein exerts neuroprotective activity against MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in experimental mice and lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22949. [PMID: 34850494 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks as the second most neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of neurons, bradykinesia, anosmia, sleep disorder, and motor deficiency with increased global prevalence. Here, we have analyzed daidzein's neuroprotective functions in in vitro and in vivo models of PD. BV2 microglial cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and C57BL6 mice induced with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) were used in this study to investigate neuroprotective functions of daidzein. BV2 cells induced with LPS do not exert and significant (p < 0.05) reduction in cell viability up to concentration range (5-100 µM/ml). Furthermore, LPS exposed BV2 microglia exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) increased NO production, pro-inflammatory mediators PGE2, interleukin-6 (IL6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels. Treatment with daidzein (10, 25, and 50 µM/ml) to LPS-induced BV2 microglia exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) decreased NO, pro-inflammatory mediators PGE2, IL6, and IlL-1β. Similar to the in vitro results, C57BL6 mice induced with MPTP showed defects in motor functions as observed from altered forelimb and hindlimb footprint analyses, grip strength, and perturbed motor coordination observed via rotarod tests. Additionally, levels of dopamine were significantly reduced, and pro-inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL6 were found to be increased in MPTP-induced C57BL6 PD mice. Administering daidzein significantly restored the functional levels of dopamine and pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL6 to near normal physiology as seen in healthy C57BL6 mice controls. Similarly, daidzein treatment to PD mice also restored the histological architecture to near normal levels as in control mice. Together, our results collectively endorse the neuroprotective functions of daidzein as observed from our initial studies, and further studies aimed at investigating daidzein's ability in regulating the catecholamine synthesis pathway to protect substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons are in focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Maode Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Cai HY, Fu XX, Jiang H, Han S. Adjusting vascular permeability, leukocyte infiltration, and microglial cell activation to rescue dopaminergic neurons in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:91. [PMID: 34625569 PMCID: PMC8501121 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have indicated that increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and inflammatory cell infiltration are involved during the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study used C16, a peptide that competitively binds to integrin αvβ3 and inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), an endothelial growth factor crucial for blood vessel protection, to reduce inflammation and improve the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment in murine models of PD. The combination of C16 and Ang-1 yielded better results compared to the individual drugs alone in terms of reducing dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis, ameliorating cognitive impairment, and electrophysiological dysfunction, attenuating inflammation in the CNS microenvironment, and improving the functional disability in PD mice or rats. These results suggest neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of the C16 peptide plus Ang-1 in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ying Cai
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Fu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Electrophysiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Han
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Perdoncin M, Konrad A, Wyner JR, Lohana S, Pillai SS, Pereira DG, Lakhani HV, Sodhi K. A Review of miRNAs as Biomarkers and Effect of Dietary Modulation in Obesity Associated Cognitive Decline and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:756499. [PMID: 34690698 PMCID: PMC8529023 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.756499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a progressive increase in the prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that the crosstalk between adipose tissue and central nervous system (CNS), through cellular mediators and signaling pathways, may causally link obesity with cognitive decline and give rise to neurodegenerative disorders. Several mechanisms have been proposed in obesity, including inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, altered lipid and cholesterol homeostasis, which may result in neuroinflammation, altered brain insulin signaling, amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and neuronal cell death. Since obesity is associated with functional and morphological alterations in the adipose tissues, the resulting peripheral immune response augments the development and progression of cognitive decline and increases susceptibility of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). Studies have also elucidated an important role of high fat diet in the exacerbation of these clinical conditions. However, the underlying factors that propel and sustain this obesity associated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, remains highly elusive. Moreover, the mechanisms linking these phenomena are not well-understood. The cumulative line of evidence have demonstrated an important role of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and transcriptional changes, as biomarkers of pathophysiological conditions. Despite the lack of utility in current clinical practices, miRNAs have been shown to be highly specific and sensitive to the clinical condition being studied. Based on these observations, this review aims to assess the role of several miRNAs and aim to elucidate underlying mechanisms that link obesity with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, this review will also provide evidence for the effect of dietary modulation which can potentially ameliorate cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Komal Sodhi
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
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Ishijima T, Nakajima K. Inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 are induced in endotoxin- stimulated microglia through different signaling cascades. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211054985. [PMID: 34821182 PMCID: PMC10450609 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211054985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By using an animal model in which inflammatory cytokines are induced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected rat brain, we investigated the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-6. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that all three cytokines were transiently induced in the cerebral cortex at about 12 h after LPS injection. To clarify which glial cell type induced the cytokines, we examined the respective abilities of astrocytes and microglia in vitro. Primary microglia largely induced TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 in response to LPS, but primary astrocytes induced only limited levels of TNFα. Thus, we used specific inhibitors to focus on microglia in surveying signaling molecules involved in the induction of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. The experiments using mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors revealed that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38, external signal regulated kinase (ERK)/JNK, and ERK/JNK/p38 are necessary for the induction of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, respectively. The experiments using protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor clarified that PKCα is required for the induction of all these cytokines in LPS-stimulated microglia. Furthermore, LPS-dependent IL-1β/IL-6 induction was suppressed by pretreatment with a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger, suggesting that NO is involved in the signaling cascade of IL-1β/IL-6 induction. Thus, an inducible NO synthase induced in the LPS-injected cerebral cortex might be related to the induction of IL-1β/IL-6 through the production of NO in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrated that microglia induce different kinds of inflammatory cytokine through specific combinations of MAPKs and by the presence or absence of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishijima
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Glycan & Life Systems Integration Center, Soka University, Tokyo, Japan
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Li L, Fan S, Zhang W, Li D, Yang Z, Zhuang P, Han J, Guo H, Zhang Y. Duzhong Fang Attenuates the POMC-Derived Neuroinflammation in Parkinsonian Mice. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3261-3276. [PMID: 34326654 PMCID: PMC8315774 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s316314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and microglia reactivity are now recognized to be features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, microglia phenotype is a potential new target for developing treatments against PD. Duzhong Fang (DZF) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription. The theory of TCM argues that Duzhong Fang, nourishing yin and tonifying yang, may treat PD. However, its modern pharmacological studies and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. METHODS First, MPTP was used to establish a parkinsonian mouse model, and behavioral testing was used to evaluate the locomotor dysfunction. Then, HPLC, immunohistochemical staining, and Western blot assays were performed to evaluate the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Molecular biological and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the neuroinflammation and microglial activation. In addition, RNA-seq transcriptomics was used to analyze differentially expressed genes and verify by RT-PCR. RESULTS In the present study, we first confirmed that DZF can alleviate neuroinflammation and ameliorate dyskinesia in parkinsonian mice. Then, further studies found that DZF can regulate microglial morphology and reactivity and act on the POMC gene. POMC is an upstream target for regulating inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines, and DZF can directly inhibit the POMC level and restore the homeostatic signature of microglia in parkinsonian mice. CONCLUSION This study found that POMC may have a potential role as a therapeutic target for PD. DZF may inhibit neuroinflammation and play an anti-PD effect by down-regulating the expression of POMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People’s Republic of China
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Ganguly U, Singh S, Pal S, Prasad S, Agrawal BK, Saini RV, Chakrabarti S. Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Parkinson's Disease: Good, but Not Good Enough. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:702639. [PMID: 34305577 PMCID: PMC8298029 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.702639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly, presenting primarily with symptoms of motor impairment. The disease is diagnosed most commonly by clinical examination with a great degree of accuracy in specialized centers. However, in some cases, non-classical presentations occur when it may be difficult to distinguish the disease from other types of degenerative or non-degenerative movement disorders with overlapping symptoms. The diagnostic difficulty may also arise in patients at the early stage of PD. Thus, a biomarker could help clinicians circumvent such problems and help them monitor the improvement in disease pathology during anti-parkinsonian drug trials. This review first provides a brief overview of PD, emphasizing, in the process, the important role of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of the disease. Various attempts made by the researchers to develop imaging, genetic, and various biochemical biomarkers for PD are then briefly reviewed to point out the absence of a definitive biomarker for this disorder. In view of the overwhelming importance of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis, a detailed analysis is then made of various studies to establish the biomarker potential of this protein in PD; these studies measured total α-synuclein, oligomeric, and post-translationally modified forms of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid, blood (plasma, serum, erythrocytes, and circulating neuron-specific extracellular vesicles) and saliva in combination with certain other proteins. Multiple studies also examined the accumulation of α-synuclein in various forms in PD in the neural elements in the gut, submandibular glands, skin, and the retina. The measurements of the levels of certain forms of α-synuclein in some of these body fluids or their components or peripheral tissues hold a significant promise in establishing α-synuclein as a definitive biomarker for PD. However, many methodological issues related to detection and quantification of α-synuclein have to be resolved, and larger cross-sectional and follow-up studies with controls and patients of PD, parkinsonian disorders, and non-parkinsonian movement disorders are to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Laboratory, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
| | - Sukhpal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Laboratory, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
| | - Soumya Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Laboratory, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
| | - Suvarna Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Laboratory, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
| | - Bimal K. Agrawal
- Department of General Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
| | - Reena V. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Laboratory, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed University, Ambala, India
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Magnusen AF, Hatton SL, Rani R, Pandey MK. Genetic Defects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636139. [PMID: 34239490 PMCID: PMC8259624 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Motor symptoms include resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesias, while non-motor symptoms include autonomic dysfunction, anxiety, and sleeping problems. Genetic mutations in a number of genes (e.g., LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7) and the resultant abnormal activation of microglial cells are assumed to be the main reasons for the loss of DA neurons in PD with genetic causes. Additionally, immune cell infiltration and their participation in major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and/or MHCII-mediated processing and presentation of cytosolic or mitochondrial antigens activate the microglial cells and cause the massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are all critical for the propagation of brain inflammation and the neurodegeneration in PD with genetic and idiopathic causes. Despite knowing the involvement of several of such immune devices that trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD, the exact disease mechanism or the innovative biomarker that could detect disease severity in PD linked to LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7 defects is largely unknown. The current review has explored data from genetics, immunology, and in vivo and ex vivo functional studies that demonstrate that certain genetic defects might contribute to microglial cell activation and massive generation of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which ultimately drive the brain inflammation and lead to neurodegeneration in PD. Understanding the detailed involvement of a variety of immune mediators, their source, and the target could provide a better understanding of the disease process. This information might be helpful in clinical diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and early identification of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Frank Magnusen
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Reena Rani
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Paediatrics of University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Martinez JE, Kahana DD, Ghuman S, Wilson HP, Wilson J, Kim SCJ, Lagishetty V, Jacobs JP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Unhealthy Lifestyle and Gut Dysbiosis: A Better Understanding of the Effects of Poor Diet and Nicotine on the Intestinal Microbiome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:667066. [PMID: 34168615 PMCID: PMC8218903 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.667066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the intestinal or gut microbiome is a newer field that is rapidly gaining attention. Bidirectional communication between gut microbes and the host can impact numerous biological systems regulating immunity and metabolism to either promote or negatively impact the host's health. Habitual routines, dietary choices, socioeconomic status, education, host genetics, medical care and environmental factors can all contribute to the composition of an individual's microbiome. A key environmental factor that may cause negative outcomes is the consumption of nicotine products. The effects of nicotine on the host can be exacerbated by poor dietary choices and together can impact the composition of the gut microbiota to promote the development of metabolic disease including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review explores the contribution of nicotine, poor dietary choices and other unhealthy lifestyle factors to gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Doron D. Kahana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Simran Ghuman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Haley P. Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julian Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuel C. J. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Song A, Yang Y, He H, Sun J, Chang Q, Xue Q. Inhibition of Long Non-Coding RNA KCNQ1OT1 Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Apoptosis Through Regulating NLRP3 Expression via Sponging miR-30e-3p. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1731-1742. [PMID: 33981152 PMCID: PMC8107009 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s291274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis are considered as the critical factors in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases. Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial part in neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Methods The expression levels of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1, miR-30e-3p and NLRP3 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HMC3 cells were analyzed using RT-qPCR. MTT assay, LDH release assay and ELISA were used to assess the effect of KCNQ1OT1 and miR-30e-3p on neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. The targeted regulatory relationships among KCNQ1OT1, miR-30e-3p and NLRP3 were evaluated by bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, RT-qPCR and Western blot. Results In LPS-induced HMC3 cells, the expression levels of KCNQ1OT1 and NLRP3 were increased, while the expression level of miR-30e-3p was reduced. Knockdown of KCNQ1OT1 alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis and neuroinflammation of HMC3 cells, accompanied by increased cell viability, low LDH release and reduced cell apoptosis rate, and reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Overexpression of miR-30e-3p had a similar effect. Additionally, KCNQ1OT1 could bind with miR-30e-3p and repress its expression in HMC3 cells, and KCNQ1OT1 overexpression counteracted miR-30e-3p’s inhibitory effect on LPS-induced neuronal damage and inflammatory response in HMC3 cells. Furthermore, KCNQ1OT1 could positively regulate the expression of NLRP3 via repressing miR-30e-3p. Conclusion Inhibition of KCNQ1OT1 could reduce neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis induced by LPS in HMC3 cells by regulating miR-30e-3p/NLRP3 pathway, suggesting that KCNQ1OT1 and miR-30e-3p could serve as promising therapeutic targets for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Stroke Office, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, 075000, People's Republic of China
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Fathy SM, El-Dash HA, Said NI. Neuroprotective effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice and seed extract in paraquat-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:130. [PMID: 33902532 PMCID: PMC8074500 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraquat, (PQ), an herbicide that can induce Parkinsonian-like symptoms in rodents and humans. The consumption of phytochemical-rich plants can reduce the risk of chronic illnesses such as inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate seed extract (PSE) and juice (PJ) against PQ-induced neurotoxicity in mice. METHODS Mice were assigned into 4 groups; three groups received PQ (10 mg/kg, i.p.) twice a week for 3 weeks. Two of the PQ-induced groups pretreated with either PSE or PJ. Detection of phytochemicals, total phenolics, and total flavonoids in PSE and PJ was performed. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) level was measured in the substantia nigra (SN) by Western blotting technique. Striatal dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes were estimated in the striatum by colorimetric analysis. Striatal pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as DNA fragmentation degree by qualitative DNA fragmentation assay, were evaluated. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was performed for the detection of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) gene expression. Moreover, Western blotting analysis was used for the estimation of the cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the striatum. RESULTS Pretreatment with PSE or PJ increased the levels of TH in the SN as well as DA and its metabolite in the striatum that were reduced by PQ injection. PSE and PJ preadministration improved the PQ-induced oxidative stress via a significant reduction of the MDA level and the augmentation of antioxidant enzyme activities. PSE and PJ also significantly downregulated the striatal NF-кB gene expression, reduced the PQ-enhanced apoptosis, decreased the levels of; pro-inflammatory cytokines, CD11b, and TGF-β coupled with a significant increase of; interleukin-10 (IL-10), GDNF, and ATP levels as compared with PQ-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The current study indicated that PSE and PJ consumption may exhibit protective effects against PQ-induced neurotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah M Fathy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Heba A El-Dash
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Noha I Said
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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Vegh C, Wear D, Okaj I, Huggard R, Culmone L, Eren S, Cohen J, Rishi AK, Pandey S. Combined Ubisol-Q 10 and Ashwagandha Root Extract Target Multiple Biochemical Mechanisms and Reduces Neurodegeneration in a Paraquat-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040563. [PMID: 33917328 PMCID: PMC8067369 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SN) region resulting in loss of movement coordination. Current therapies only provide symptomatic relief, and there is no agent to halt the progression of PD. Previously, Ubisol-Q10, a water-soluble formulation of coenzyme-Q10, and ethanolic root extract of ashwagandha (ASH) have been shown to inhibit PD pathology in rodent models when used alone. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of oral administration of ASH and Ubisol-Q10 alone and in combination in a paraquat-induced PD rat model. The combined treatment resulted in better-preserved neuron morphology compared to Ubsiol-Q10 or ASH alone. The combination treatment enhanced activation of pro-survival astroglia and inhibited pro-inflammatory microglia. While anti-oxidative effects were seen with both agents, Ubisol-Q10 activated autophagy, whereas ashwagandha showed a better anti-inflammatory response. Thus, the combined treatment caused inhibition of oxidative stress, autophagy activation, inhibition of pro-inflammatory microglia, and activation of pro-survival astroglia. Consequently, paraquat (PQ)-treated rats given the combination treatment in drinking water did not show motor impairment. Based on these interesting observations, the combined treatment containing two well-tolerated natural compounds could be a more effective strategy to halt the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Vegh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (C.V.); (D.W.); (I.O.); (R.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Darcy Wear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (C.V.); (D.W.); (I.O.); (R.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Iva Okaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (C.V.); (D.W.); (I.O.); (R.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Rachel Huggard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (C.V.); (D.W.); (I.O.); (R.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Lauren Culmone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (C.V.); (D.W.); (I.O.); (R.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Sezen Eren
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (S.E.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerome Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (S.E.); (J.C.)
| | - Arun K. Rishi
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Siyaram Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada; (C.V.); (D.W.); (I.O.); (R.H.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-253-3000 (ext. 3701)
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A transition to degeneration triggered by oxidative stress in degenerative disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:736-746. [PMID: 33159186 PMCID: PMC7914161 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the activities of many signaling pathways are dysregulated during the progression of neurodegenerative and muscle degeneration disorders, the precise sequence of cellular events leading to degeneration has not been fully elucidated. Two kinases of particular interest, the growth-promoting Tor kinase and the energy sensor AMPK, appear to show reciprocal changes in activity during degeneration, with increased Tor activity and decreased AMPK activity reported. These changes in activity have been predicted to cause degeneration by attenuating autophagy, leading to the accumulation of unfolded protein aggregates and dysfunctional mitochondria, the consequent increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately oxidative damage. Here we propose that this increased ROS production not only causes oxidative damage but also ultimately induces an oxidative stress response that reactivates the redox-sensitive AMPK and activates the redox-sensitive stress kinase JNK. Activation of these kinases reactivates autophagy. Because at this late stage, cells have become filled with dysfunctional mitochondria and protein aggregates, which are autophagy targets, this autophagy reactivation induces degeneration. The mechanism proposed here emphasizes that the process of degeneration is dynamic, that dysregulated signaling pathways change over time and can transition from deleterious to beneficial and vice versa as degeneration progresses.
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Badawi HM, Abdelsalam RM, Abdel-Salam OM, Youness ER, Shaffie NM, Eldenshary EEDS. Bee venom attenuates neurodegeneration and motor impairment and modulates the response to L-dopa or rasagiline in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 23:1628-1638. [PMID: 33489038 PMCID: PMC7811814 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.46469.10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of bee venom, a form of alternative therapy, on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in mice. Moreover, the possible modulation by bee venom of the effect of L-dopa/carbidopa or rasagiline was examined. Materials and Methods Rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously; SC) was administered every other day for two weeks and at the same time mice received the vehicle (DMSO, SC), bee venom (0.065, 0.13, and 0.26 mg/kg; intradermal; ID), L-dopa/carbidopa (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal; IP), L-dopa/carbidopa+bee venom (0.13 mg/kg, ID), rasagiline (1 mg/kg, IP) or rasagiline+bee venom (0.13 mg/kg, ID). Then, wire hanging and staircase tests were performed and mice were euthanized and brains' striata separated. Oxidative stress biomarkers namely, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. Additionally, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and dopamine (DA) were evaluated. Brain histopathological changes and caspase-3- expression were done. Results Bee venom significantly enhanced motor performance and inhibited rotenone-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, observed as a reduction in both MDA and NO along with increasing GSH, PON-1, and TAC. Besides, bee venom decreased MCP-1, TNF-α, and caspase-3 expression together with an increase in BuChE activity and DA content. Conclusion Bee venom alone or in combination with L-dopa/carbidopa or rasagiline alleviated neuronal degeneration compared with L-dopa/carbidopa or rasagiline treatment only. Bee venom via its antioxidant and cytokine reducing potentials might be of value either alone or as adjunctive therapy in the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Mm Badawi
- Holding Company for Biological Products, Vaccines and Drugs (VACSERA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Me Abdel-Salam
- Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ezz-El Din S Eldenshary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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