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Saeidi Z, Giti R, Emami A, Rostami M, Mohammadi F. Thermosensitive and mucoadhesive gels containing solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with fluconazole and niosomes loaded with clindamycin for the treatment of periodontal diseases: a laboratory experiment. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:551. [PMID: 38734599 PMCID: PMC11088776 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal diseases may benefit more from topical treatments with nanoparticles rather than systemic treatments due to advantages such as higher stability and controlled release profile. This study investigated the preparation and characterization of thermosensitive gel formulations containing clindamycin-loaded niosomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with fluconazole (FLZ), as well as their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects in the treatment of common microorganisms that cause periodontal diseases. METHODS This study loaded niosomes and SLNs with clindamycin and FLZ, respectively, and assessed their loading efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. The particles were characterized using a variety of methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Thermosensitive gels were formulated by combining these particles and their viscosity, gelation temperature, in-vitro release profile, as well as antibacterial and antifungal effects were evaluated. RESULTS Both types of these nanoparticles were found to be spherical (TEM) with a mean particle size of 243.03 nm in niosomes and 171.97 nm in SLNs (DLS), and respective zeta potentials of -23.3 and -15. The loading rate was 98% in niosomes and 51% in SLNs. The release profiles of niosomal formulations were slower than those of the SLNs. Both formulations allowed the release of the drug by first-order kinetic. Additionally, the gel formulation presented a slower release of both drugs compared to niosomes and SLNs suspensions. CONCLUSION Thermosensitive gels containing clindamycin-loaded niosomes and/or FLZ-SLNs were found to effectively fight the periodontitis-causing bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Healthcare Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Rashin Giti
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Emami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Healthcare Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rostami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Healthcare Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farhad Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Healthcare Services, Yazd, Iran.
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Sharma A, Naorem N, Srivastava B, Gupta N, Konsam B, Haider K. Comparative Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy of 3% Sodium Hypochlorite, 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Ozonated Water, Alum Water, and Normal Saline Solutions against Endodontopathogenic Microorganism, Candida Albicans: A Microbiological In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17:S17-S24. [PMID: 39185258 PMCID: PMC11343986 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims and objective To compare and evaluate the antifungal efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate, 4 mg/mL ozonated water, and 2M alum water against Candida albicans (C. albicans). Materials and methods A total of 35 patients were selected from those attending the outpatient department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry at Santosh Dental College and Hospitals, Ghaziabad. Their salivary samples were taken and cultured on a Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) plate. The antifungal efficacy of 3% NaOCl, 2% CHX gluconate, 4 mg/mL concentration of ozonated water, and 2M alum water was assessed against clinical strains of C. albicans with the help of agar well diffusion method. The microbial isolates were inoculated into 10 mL of sterile peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 8 hours. The cultures were swabbed on the surface of sterile Mueller-Hinton agar plates using a sterile cotton swab. Five wells of 6 mm diameter were punched in each Petri dish. Around 100 µL of each test solution was poured into the designated wells. Further, the plates were incubated in an upright position at 37°C for 24 hours. The antifungal activity of the test solutions was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone in mm produced against the Candida isolates, and means were calculated. Results It was observed that all test solutions used in this study were inhibitory against C. albicans but with a variation in the size of inhibitory zones. According to the means of the diameter of inhibitory zones for all test solutions, the 3% NaOCl represented the statistically significant largest average zones of inhibition against C. albicans, followed by 2% CHX when compared with the other two test solutions alum water and ozonated water. Ozonated water produced the smallest mean inhibitory zone. How to cite this article Sharma A, Naorem N, Srivastava B, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy of 3% Sodium Hypochlorite, 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Ozonated Water, Alum Water, and Normal Saline Solutions against Endodontopathogenic Microorganism, Candida Albicans: A Microbiological In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(S-1):S17-S24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumedha Sharma
- Department of Dental, ESIC Model Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nena Naorem
- Department of Paediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Binita Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Santosh Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Santosh Dental College and Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bidya Konsam
- Department of Periodontology, Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Khushtar Haider
- Department of Dentistry, Government Medical College, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Adnan RO, Jawad HA. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using a low-power 650 nm laser to inhibit oral Candida albicans activity: an in vitro study. J Med Life 2024; 17:28-34. [PMID: 38737667 PMCID: PMC11080508 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a 650 nm diode laser combined with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans). Oral samples were collected from 75 patients diagnosed with oral thrush. C. albicans was isolated and identified using traditional methods and the VITEK 2 YST system. Samples (n = 25) were divided into five groups: Group 1 (control, n = 5) consisted of C. albicans suspensions in saline; Group 2 (n = 5) treated with nystatin; Group 3 (n = 5) exposed to a 650 nm diode laser in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds; Group 4 (n = 5) treated with 650 nm laser and MB as a photosensitizer; Group 5 (n = 5) exposed to the laser in combination with nystatin. Statistical analysis using ANOVA, Dunnett's t-test (P = 0.05), and LSD (P = 0.001) revealed significant differences in C. albicans counts pre- and post-treatment. Group 5 showed the most significant reduction in C. albicans, followed by Group 4, while Groups 2 and 3 showed the least variation. The findings suggest that PDT using a 650 nm diode laser with methylene blue (in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds) effectively reduced the prevalence of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Osamah Adnan
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussein Ali Jawad
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Diogo P, Amparo F Faustino M, Palma PJ, Rai A, Graça P M S Neves M, Miguel Santos J. May carriers at nanoscale improve the Endodontic's future? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114731. [PMID: 36787865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) are dynamic nanovehicles used to transport bioactive derivatives like therapeutical formulations, drugs and/or dyes. The current review assists in understanding the mechanism of action of several recent developed NCs with antimicrobial purposes. Here, nine NCs varieties are portrayed with focus on nineteen approaches that are fulfil described based on outcomes obtained from in vitro antimicrobial assays. All approaches have previously been verified and we underline the biochemical challenges of all NCs, expecting that the present data may encourage the application of NCs in endodontic antimicrobial basic research. Methodological limitations and the evident base gaps made not possible to draw a definite conclusion about the best NCs for achieving efficient antimicrobial outcomes in endodontic studies. Due to the lack of pre-clinical trials and the scarce number of clinical trials in this emergent area, there is still much room for improvement on several fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Akhilesh Rai
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Hasan A, Roome T, Wahid M, Ansari SA, Khan JA, Jilani SNA, Jawed A, Kiyani A. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2, Dectin-1, and Osteopontin in murine model of pulpitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1177-1192. [PMID: 36205788 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vivo animal study aimed to develop a murine model of pulpitis induced by pulp exposure with or without application of zymosan in Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice and observe expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, Dectin-1, Osteopontin (OPN), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 168 NMRI mice were divided into two groups, i.e., group A (n = 84) (pulpitis induced by pulp exposure only) and group B (n = 84) (pulpitis induced by pulp exposure and zymosan application). Right maxillary molar pulps were exposed with ¼ round bur, and animals were sacrificed at 0, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The exposed teeth were obtained for real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and histological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. RESULTS Histological evaluation revealed a time-dependent steady increase in inflammation. Similar time-dependent increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines was noted. Group A exhibited an increase in TLR-4, Dectin-1, and OPN at 6 h, while TLR-2 was expressed at 24 h. Group B expressed TLR-2, Dectin-1, and OPN at 9, 48, and 72 h, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Expression of OPN and TNF-α exhibited a similar pattern in both groups. IHC also detected expression of TLR-2, Dectin-1, TLR4, and CD68 in some cells at 6 and 9 h. CONCLUSIONS NMRI mice provided for a stable pulp inflammation model. Zymosan may be used to develop pulp inflammation model and study inflammatory response towards fungal antigens. Dental pulp expressed Dectin-1 receptor. OPN and TNF-α exhibited a similar expression pattern. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Innate immunity of dental pulp is capable of detecting fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Hasan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Talat Roome
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan.,Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Wahid
- Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan.,Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Akbar Ansari
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Ali Khan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Neha Ahmed Jilani
- Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abira Jawed
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Amber Kiyani
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, 7th Avenue G-7/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Thienngern P, Panichuttra A, Ratisoontorn C, Aumnate C, Matangkasombut O. Efficacy of chitosan paste as intracanal medication against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm compared with calcium hydroxide in an in vitro root canal infection model. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:354. [PMID: 35974361 PMCID: PMC9382833 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans are frequently found in persistent endodontic infection and could remain in dentinal tubules despite intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), a commonly used medication. Thus, an effective and safe antimicrobial medication against such refractory infection is necessary in endodontic retreatment, so we aimed to test the efficacy of chitosan paste against these microorganisms compared with Ca(OH)2 in root canals of extracted human teeth. Methods Thirty-six sterilized human root samples prepared from extracted premolars and upper maxillary incisors were infected with E. faecalis for 14 days, while 32 were infected with C. albicans for 48 h, for mature biofilm formation. The samples were assigned to 6 groups of intracanal medications: Group 1: no medication (negative control); Group 2: 20% Polyethylene glycol (PEG); Group 3: 20% Propylene glycol (PG); Group 4: Ca(OH)2; Group 5: Chitosan + PEG; and Group 6: Chitosan + PG. After 7 days, intracanal surface dentin was harvested using Protaper next, resuspended, serially diluted and spread on Brain–Heart-Infusion agar (for E. faecalis) and Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose agar (for C. albicans) for colony count. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined as percentage of remaining colony forming unit (CFUs) relative to negative control and analyzed using One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Games-Howell test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results For E. faecalis, chitosan + PG had significantly higher antibacterial activity than Ca(OH)2 (P = 0.039). Chitosan + PEG and chitosan + PG medication significantly reduced viable bacteria compared with negative control, PEG and PG (P = 0.001, 0.003, 0.024, respectively for chitosan + PEG; P = 0.002, 0.003, 0.014, respectively for chitosan + PG). For C.albicans, chitosan + PEG and chitosan + PG were not significantly different from Ca(OH)2. However, Chitosan + PEG and chitosan + PG, but not Ca(OH)2, showed a significantly lower level of remaining CFUs compared with negative control (P = 0.013 and 0.005, respectively). Conclusion Chitosan paste showed better efficacy in reducing viable E. faecalis biofilm when compared to Ca(OH)2 after 7-day intracanal medication in this in vitro root canal model. It could also significantly reduce viable C. albicans, but was not significantly different from Ca(OH)2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02385-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasika Thienngern
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchana Panichuttra
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chootima Ratisoontorn
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chuanchom Aumnate
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri- Dunant Road, Wangmai, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Research Laboratory of Biotechnoloty, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kampangpetch 6 Rd, Laksi, Bangkok, 10120, Thailand.
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Fungi—A Component of the Oral Microbiome Involved in Periodontal Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:113-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Comparing the Antifungal Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel versus Different Types of Root Canal Medicaments at Different Time Intervals Using the Agar Diffusion Test: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6550054. [PMID: 34938336 PMCID: PMC8687846 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6550054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel to those of four intracanal medicaments at various time intervals. Materials and Methods The agar well diffusion technique was utilized to test the antifungal activity of the following medicaments against Candida albinans (C. albicans): sodium hypochlorite gel, chlorhexidine gel, calcium hydroxide paste, Ledermix, and Diapex Plus. The inhibition zone related to each medicine was measured in millimeter after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation at 37°C. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Games–Howell tests, at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results Except for Ledermix and Diapex Plus, which had no antifungal action, all of the medicaments showed varied inhibitory zones for C. albicans. At all periods, the NaOCl gel had the most significant inhibition zones, followed by the CHX gel and calcium hydroxide. At all time intervals, the NaOCl gel demonstrated comparable antifungal efficacy. When compared to a 24-hour time interval, the CHX gel showed an increased antifungal activity at the 48-hour and 72-hour intervals. Calcium hydroxide, on the other hand, showed a decrease in its antifungal activity at the 72-hour interval. Conclusion The antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite gel was the highest among the investigated medicaments. Chlorhexidine gel's antifungal activity improved over time, whereas calcium hydroxide's antifungal activity declined. Diapex Plus and Ledermix did not have any antifungal properties.
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Qi J, Gong M, Zhang R, Song Y, Liu Q, Zhou H, Wang J, Mei Y. Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of tea tree oil on Enterococcus faecalis and biofilm in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114566. [PMID: 34450163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tea tree essential oil (TTO) is extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia by steam distillation. It is well known for its traditional medicinal uses, particularly for the treatment of bruises, insect bites, skin infections, vertigo, convulsions, toothache, and rheumatism. Earlier research has shown that TTO can effectively inhibit oral microorganisms in the root canals. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has been considered to be associated with persistent root canal infections and root canal treatment failure. The biofilm of E. faecalis makes it more vigorous, toxic, and resistant to antibiotics. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, our aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of TTO on planktonic E. faecalis and biofilms compared with 0.2% CHX. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), the bacteriostatic rate by MTT assay, the antimicrobial time by time-kill assay, and the effects on cell integrity, the biomass, and bacterial activity of E. faecalis biofilms. Finally, we investigated the microstructure changes of E. faecalis biofilms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS The MIC and MBC values were 0.25% and 0.5%, the bacterial inhibition rate, time-kill was dosage dependent, and TTO can effectively destroy membrane integrity. SEM CLSM images revealed that TTO could reduce bacterial aggregation, biofilm thickness and inhibited biofilm formation. The effect of TTO was the same as that of 0.2% CHX at some specific concentrations. In summary, TTO has the potential to be effective against E. faecalis infections. CONCLUSIONS TTO was able to inhibit E. faecalis by destroying cell membrane, inhibiting the formation of E. faecalis biofilms, and eliminating mature formed biofilms. In this study, TTO has the potential to be further developed as a novel antibacterial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Qi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China.
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yumeng Song
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yufeng Mei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Candida albicans Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Novel Endodontic Solvents. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungi isolated in endodontic infections. In this study, the ability of C. albicans biofilm to tolerate the novel solvent mixtures methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)/tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and MEK/orange oil (OOil) sequentially to the standard irrigation of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA) was evaluated. Methods: Biofilm cell cultures of C. albicans SC 5314 were treated sequentially with NaOCl and EDTA and exposed to MEK/TCE or MEK/OOil. The effect of the antimicrobial treatment was evaluated using the disk diffusion method for planktonic culture, and the enumeration of colony-forming units (CFUs) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for biofilm cell culture. Results: C. albicans mature biofilm (24 h) was significantly reduced in biomass and cell viability after solvent mixtures’ exposure, compared with the previous NaOCl and EDTA treatments. MEK/OOil combination caused a total reduction of biofilm, while with MEK/TCE, there was a 3-log (CFU/cm2) reduction compared with the sequence NaOCl and EDTA, and a 4-log (CFU/cm2) reduction compared with the control. Conclusions: The additional exposure of a preformed 24 h C. albicans biofilm to novel solvent mixtures MEK/TCE and MEK/OOil caused a positive antibiofilm impact, overcoming the performance of the conventional endodontic irrigating protocol.
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Fan C, Gu H, Liu L, Zhu H, Yan J, Huo Y. Distinct Microbial Community of Accumulated Biofilm in Dental Unit Waterlines of Different Specialties. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670211. [PMID: 34222041 PMCID: PMC8248794 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is a serious problem and directly affects the dental care. This study aims to explore the microbial community of biofilm in DUWL from different specialties and investigate the associated factors. A total of 36 biofilm samples from 18 DUWL of six specialties (i.e., prosthodontics, orthodontics, pediatrics, endodontics, oral surgery, and periodontics) at two time points (i.e., before and after daily dental practice) were collected with a novel method. Genomic DNA of samples was extracted, and then 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (V3–V4 regions) and ITS2 gene were amplified and sequenced. Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank test were adopted for statistical analysis. Microbial community with high diversity of bacteria (631 genera), fungi (193 genera), and viridiplantae was detected in the biofilm samples. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacteria (representing over 65.74–95.98% of the total sequences), and the dominant fungi was Ascomycota (93.9–99.3%). Microorganisms belonging to multiple genera involved in human diseases were detected including 25 genera of bacteria and eight genera of fungi, with relative abundance of six genera over 1% (i.e., Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Aspergillus, Candida, and Penicillium). The biofilm microbiome may be influenced by the characteristics of dental specialty and routine work to some extent. The age of dental chair unit and overall number of patients had the strongest impact on the overall bacteria composition, and the effect of daily dental practices (associated with number of patients and dental specialty) on the fungi composition was the greatest. For the first time, biofilm in DUWL related to dental specialty was comprehensively evaluated, with more abundance of bacterial and fungal communities than in water samples. Biofilm accumulation with daily work and multiple kinds of opportunistic pathogen emphasized the infectious risk with dental care and the importance of biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Fan
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijing Gu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Zhu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yan
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbiao Huo
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Arora S, Saquib SA, Algarni YA, Kader MA, Ahmad I, Alshahrani MY, Saluja P, Baba SM, Abdulla AM, Bavabeedu SS. Synergistic Effect of Plant Extracts on Endodontic Pathogens Isolated from Teeth with Root Canal Treatment Failure: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:552. [PMID: 34065139 PMCID: PMC8151008 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Salvadora persica (Miswak), Commiphora molmol (myrrh) and Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with commercially available antimicrobial agents: penicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin and fluconazole on endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis,Actinomyces naeslundii and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbiological samples from the root canals of the teeth undergoing retreatment were taken using sterile paper points kept at full length in the canal for 30 s. The disc diffusion method was used to check the susceptibility of microbes to the plant extracts and antimicrobials by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Against the microbes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were assessed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of plant extracts combined with antimicrobials against the resistant endodontic microbes. RESULTS The findings clearly indicate the effectiveness of all the three plant extracts, Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, against all the experimental pathogenic microorganisms except for the ineffectiveness of Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica against Candidaalbicans. Maximum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Azadirachta indica against Enterococcusfaecalis (MIC = 0.09 ± 1.2 mg/mL, MBC = 0.78 ± 1.25 mg/mL) and the minimum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Commiphora molmol against Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 12.5 ± 3.25 mg/mL, MBC = 100 ± 3.75 mg/mL). The best synergy was displayed by Commiphora molmol with fluconazole against Candidaalbicans (FICI = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS The current study delineates the variable antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the experimental endodontic pathogenic microorganisms. Plant extracts in conjunction with various antimicrobials can be valuable aids in combating relatively resistant endodontic microorganisms that have been the cause of worry in recent years, leading to failure even in treatment procedures following all required protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Arora
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Shahabe Abullais Saquib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Youssef A Algarni
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Mohammed Abdul Kader
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (M.YA.)
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (M.YA.)
| | - Priyanka Saluja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JCD Dental College, Sirsa 125055, India;
| | - Suheel Manzoor Baba
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Anshad M. Abdulla
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
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13
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Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Polymicrobial communities in periodontal disease: Their quasi-organismal nature and dialogue with the host. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:210-230. [PMID: 33690950 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In health, indigenous polymicrobial communities at mucosal surfaces maintain an ecological balance via both inter-microbial and host-microbial interactions that promote their own and the host's fitness, while preventing invasion by exogenous pathogens. However, genetic and acquired destabilizing factors (including immune deficiencies, immunoregulatory defects, smoking, diet, obesity, diabetes and other systemic diseases, and aging) may disrupt this homeostatic balance, leading to selective outgrowth of species with the potential for destructive inflammation. This process, known as dysbiosis, underlies the development of periodontitis in susceptible hosts. The pathogenic process is not linear but involves a positive-feedback loop between dysbiosis and the host inflammatory response. The dysbiotic community is essentially a quasi-organismal entity, where constituent organisms communicate via sophisticated physical and chemical signals and display functional specialization (eg, accessory pathogens, keystone pathogens, pathobionts), which enables polymicrobial synergy and dictates the community's pathogenic potential or nososymbiocity. In this review, we discuss early and recent studies in support of the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis. According to this concept, disease is not caused by individual "causative pathogens" but rather by reciprocally reinforced interactions between physically and metabolically integrated polymicrobial communities and a dysregulated host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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14
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Abraham SB, Al Marzooq F, Himratul-Aznita WH, Ahmed HMA, Samaranayake LP. Prevalence, virulence and antifungal activity of C. albicans isolated from infected root canals. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:347. [PMID: 33256696 PMCID: PMC7708210 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited data on the prevalence of Candida species in infected root canal systems of human teeth. We attempted to investigate the prevalence, genotype, virulence and the antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from infected root canals of patients with primary and post-treatment infections in a UAE population.
Methods Microbiological samples from 71 subjects with infected root canals were aseptically collected, and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and C. albicans was identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and the isolates were further subtyped using ABC genotyping system. Their relative virulence was compared using further four archival samples of endodontic origin from another geographical region, and four more salivary isolates, as controls. The virulence attributes compared were biofilm formation, and production of phospholipase and haemolysin, and the susceptibility to nystatin, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluoconazole was also tested. Results 4 out of 71 samples (5.6%) yielded Candida species. On analysis of variance among the groups, the intracanal isolates, mainly Genotype A, possessed a high degree of phospholipase and haemolysin activity (p < 0.05). The UAE and Finland isolates were stronger biofilm formers and had superior phospholipase production capacity compared with the salivary isolates. All isolates were sensitive to the antifungal chemicals used. The salivary isolates were more sensitive to fluoconazole compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of C. albicans in infected root canals of patients attending a dental hospital in UAE is low. The strains isolated were good biofilm formers, possessed strong phospholipase and haemolysin activity and were mostly of the genotype A. The fact that the root canal isolates possessed significant hydrolase activity, imply that they are equipped with virulence attributes necessary for survival within a harsh intracanal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela B Abraham
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Farah Al Marzooq
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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15
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Dubey S, Saha SG, Rajkumar B, Dhole TK. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of selected root canal irrigants on commonly isolated microorganisms in endodontic infection. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:12-16. [PMID: 28435359 PMCID: PMC5379824 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_141_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of three selected root canal irrigants (BioPure MTAD, metronidazole, aztreonam) against microbes commonly isolated from polymicrobial microbiota of root canal infection. Materials and Methods: This study was designed with four experimental groups (Group I – Bacteroides fragilis, Group II – Propionibacterium acnes, Group III – Enterococcus faecalis, Group IV – Candida albicans) based on the microbes selected for the study. Group I and Group II bacteria were used to compare and evaluate antimicrobial effect of BioPure MTAD, metronidazole, aztreonam, and normal saline. Group III and Group IV bacteria were used to compare and evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of BioPure MTAD, aztreonam, and normal saline. Normal saline was used as a control irrigant in this study. Agar disc diffusion method was applied to assess and compare the antimicrobial action of selected irrigants. Results: Metronidazole was found to be the most effective root canal irrigant against B. fragilis and P. acnes among the tested irrigants. Mean zone of inhibition against E. faecalis has been shown to be maximum by BioPure MTAD, followed by aztreonam. Antifungal effect against C. albicans was only shown by BioPure MTAD. Conclusions: Overall, BioPure MTAD is the most effective root canal irrigant as it has shown an antibacterial effect against all the tested microorganisms. However, metronidazole showed maximum antibacterial effect against obligate anaerobes. Aztreonam also showed an antibacterial effect in the present study, raising its possibility to be used as a root canal irrigant in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dubey
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suparna Ganguly Saha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Balakrishnan Rajkumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Dhole
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Katalinić I, Budimir A, Bošnjak Z, Jakovljević S, Anić I. The photo-activated and photo-thermal effect of the 445/970 nm diode laser on the mixed biofilm inside root canals of human teeth in vitro: A pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:277-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Tamai R, Kiyoura Y. Heat-killed Candida albicans augments synthetic bacterial component-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:555-566. [PMID: 30656591 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans can enhance the invasion of oral epithelial cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis, although the fungus is not a periodontal pathogen. In this study, we investigated whether C. albicans augments proinflammatory cytokine production by mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells incubated with synthetic bacterial components. Mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells, mouse primary splenocytes, human THP-1 cells, and A549 cells were pretreated with or without heat-killed C. albicans (HKCA) or substitutes for C. albicans cell wall components in 96-well flat-bottomed plates. Cells were then washed and incubated with Pam3CSK4, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand, or lipid A, a TLR4 ligand. Culture supernatants were analyzed by ELISA for secreted IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-8. HKCA augmented TLR ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by J774.1 cells, mouse splenocytes, and THP-1 cells, but not A549 cells. However, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α production induced by Pam3CSK4 or lipid A was not augmented when cells were pretreated with curdlan, a dectin-1 ligand, or mannan, a dectin-2 ligand. In contrast, pretreatment of cells with TLR ligands upregulated the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, but not MCP-1, induced by Pam3CSK4 or lipid A. The results suggest that C. albicans augments synthetic bacterial component-induced cytokine production by J774.1 cells via the TLR pathway, but not the dectin-1 or dectin-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyoko Tamai
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kiyoura
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
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18
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Zancan RF, Calefi PHS, Borges MMB, Lopes MRM, Andrade FB, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH. Antimicrobial activity of intracanal medications against both
Enterococcus faecalis
and
Candida albicans
biofilm. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:494-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes Zancan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Souza Calefi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Maciel Batista Borges
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro Milanda Lopes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Flaviana Bombarda Andrade
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and EndodonticsBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru São Paulo Brazil
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Prevalence of Candida Species in Endodontic Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod 2018; 44:1616-1625.e9. [PMID: 30241680 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida in endodontic infections has been investigated in a large number of studies, but its role as an endodontic pathogen is still debatable. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of Candida species in root canal infections. METHODS Extensive literature research was performed in the most important electronic biomedical databases, and additional studies have been identified from references from relevant articles. Studies were critically appraised using a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. RESULTS From 2225 unique records, 2118 were excluded on the basis of title and abstract. Of the remaining 107 studies, 50 were excluded after full-text review, and 57 were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The overall prevalence of Candida spp. in root canal infections was 8.20% (95% confidence interval, 5.56%-11.21%). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species. Significant heterogeneity among studies was observed (P < .001, I2 = 86.07%). Subgroup analyses revealed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. from African samples. All studies considered, a high or unclear risk of bias was prevalent regarding 6 out of the 8 items considered in the critical appraisal. CONCLUSIONS Candida spp. occurred in a small proportion of root canal infections. Further and better designed research is needed to investigate the real contribution of Candida spp. to the microbial ecology in infected root canals.
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Abstract
The pleiomorphic yeast Candida albicans is a significant pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. In the oral cavity, C. albicans is an inhabitant of polymicrobial communities, and interspecies interactions promote hyphal formation and biofilm formation. C. albicans colonizes the subgingival area, and the frequency of colonization increases in periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the interactions between C. albicans and the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalisC. albicans and P. gingivalis were found to coadhere in both the planktonic and sessile phases. Loss of the internalin-family protein InlJ abrogated adhesion of P. gingivalis to C. albicans, and recombinant InlJ protein competitively inhibited interspecies binding. A mutant of C. albicans deficient in expression of major hyphal protein Als3 showed diminished binding to P. gingivalis, and InlJ interacted with Als3 heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) established that 57 genes were uniquely upregulated in an InlJ-dependent manner in P. gingivalis-C. albicans communities, with overrepresentation of those corresponding to 31 gene ontology terms, including those associated with growth and division. Of potential relevance to the disease process, C. albicans induced upregulation of components of the type IX secretion apparatus. Collectively, these findings indicate that InlJ-Als3-dependent binding facilitates interdomain community development between C. albicans and P. gingivalis and that P. gingivalis has the potential for increased virulence within such communities.IMPORTANCE Many diseases involve the concerted actions of microorganisms assembled in polymicrobial communities. Inflammatory periodontal diseases are among the most common infections of humans and result in destruction of gum tissue and, ultimately, in loss of teeth. In periodontal disease, pathogenic communities can include the fungus Candida albicans; however, the contribution of C. albicans to the synergistic virulence of the community is poorly understood. Here we characterize the interactions between C. albicans and the keystone bacterial pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and show that coadhesion mediated by specific proteins results in major changes in gene expression by P. gingivalis, which could serve to increase pathogenic potential. The work provides significant insights into interdomain interactions that can enhance our understanding of diseases involving a multiplicity of microbial pathogens.
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Abstract
Modern day endodontics is undergoing a massive change with the introduction of new molecular based techniques for microbial identification. This review focuses on the microbiota in untreated and root-filled canals. It will also describe briefly the recent developments in microbial identification and the mechanisms by which certain species of microbes are able to invade and establish themselves in the root canal.
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Bernal-Treviño A, González-Amaro AM, Méndez González V, Pozos-Guillen A. [Frequency of Candida in root canals of teeth with primary and persistent endodontic infections]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2018; 35:78-82. [PMID: 29605495 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiological identification in endodontic infections has focused mainly on bacteria without giving much attention to yeasts, which, due to their virulence factors, can affect the outcomes of root canal treatment. AIMS To determine the frequency of Candida in anaerobic conditions in root canals with primary and persistent endodontic infection, as well as to evaluate a microbiological sampling method using aspiration compared to the traditional absorption method with paper points. METHODS Fifty microbiological samples were obtained from teeth of 47 patients requiring endodontic treatments, due to either primary or persistent infections. Two microbiological sampling methods were used: an aspiration method, and the traditional paper point absorption method. In each of these methods, two types of medium were used (M1-M4). Samples were cultured under anaerobic conditions until reaching 0.5 McFarland turbidity, and then inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose, as well as on anaerobic enriched blood agar plates. Macroscopic and microscopic observations of the colonies were performed. The germ-tube test, growth on CHROMagar, and biochemical identification were performed on the isolated yeasts. RESULTS Fungal infection was found in 18 (36%) samples out of the 50 teeth evaluated. In the 18 samples positive for fungal infection, 15 out of 36 (41.6%) teeth were taken from a primary infection, and 3 out of 14 (21.4%) from a persistent infection. The aspiration method using Sabouraud dextrose medium recovered a greater diversity of species. CONCLUSIONS Yeasts frequency was higher in teeth with primary infections compared to teeth with persistent infections. The predominant yeast species was Candida albicans. The aspirating sampling method was more efficient in the recovery of Candida isolates than the traditional absorption method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana María González-Amaro
- Maestría en Endodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Verónica Méndez González
- Maestría en Endodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Amaury Pozos-Guillen
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
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Awawdeh L, Jamleh A, Al Beitawi M. The Antifungal Effect of Propolis Endodontic Irrigant with Three Other Irrigation Solutions in Presence and Absence of Smear Layer: An In Vitro Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:234-239. [PMID: 29707021 PMCID: PMC5911300 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i2.19227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the antifungal effect of propolis as an endodontic irrigant agent with a mixture of doxycycline, citric acid, and a detergent mixture (MTAD), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Candida albicans in presence and absence of smear layer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Extracted teeth with single canals (n=104) were prepared and randomly distributed into four experimental groups; 30% propolis, MTAD, 2% CHX and 3% NaOCl. Each group had two subgroups; with and without smear layer. The antifungal effectiveness was evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the overall effectiveness of different treatments at significance level of 0.05. RESULTS Propolis, CHX and NaOCl had similar levels of effectiveness to each other against C. albicans, and these levels were not affected by the presence or absence of the smear layer. Each irrigant was significantly more effective than MTAD or saline solution. MTAD was less effective in the presence of the smear layer than in its absence. CONCLUSIONS Propolis irrigation can produce root canals that are free of C. albicans, even in the presence of the smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Awawdeh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Jamleh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Maha Al Beitawi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Abstract
Inflammatory reaction in the periapical tissues is induced by microbial infection in the root canal system. The aim of root canal treatment is to preserve healthy periapical tissues or to provide healing of them in restorable teeth, which have sufficient periodontal support. The amount of microbial cells in the root canal system and their virulence as well as host responses influence on the degree of periapical inflammation and symptoms. Microbial biofilm formation is typically seen on root canal walls but some microbial species are able to invade the dentine tubules to varying depth. In prolonged and complicated infections, or in case of risk of systemic spread of infection, root canal sampling for microbiological diagnostics is recommended. Anaerobic gram-negative rods are commonly isolated organisms in primary infections. In post-treatment disease, the microflora is dominated by facultatively anaerobic gram-positive cocci and rods such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Peptostreptococcus and Actinomyces species. Instrumentation, disinfection and interappointment medication in strict aseptic conditions are essential steps for eradication of microbial species from the infected root canal system. During past decades, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans have been commonly associated organisms in treatment-resistant infections. Novel microbial detection methods are giving increasing knowledge about microbial species associated with endodontic infections and their roles in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Sakko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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M Weerasekera M, H Sissons C, Wong L, A Anderson S, R Holmes A, D Cannon R. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of bacteria from the saliva of twenty four different individuals form clusters that showed no relationship to the yeasts present. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:6-10. [PMID: 28577425 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the relationship between groups of bacteria identified by cluster analysis of the DGGE fingerprints and the amounts and diversity of yeast present. METHODS Bacterial and yeast populations in saliva samples from 24 adults were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the bacteria present and by yeast culture. RESULTS Eubacterial DGGE banding patterns showed considerable variation between individuals. Seventy one different amplicon bands were detected, the band number per saliva sample ranged from 21 to 39 (mean±SD=29.3±4.9). Cluster and principal component analysis of the bacterial DGGE patterns yielded three major clusters containing 20 of the samples. Seventeen of the 24 (71%) saliva samples were yeast positive with concentrations up to 103cfu/mL. Candida albicans was the predominant species in saliva samples although six other yeast species, including Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida rugosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were identified. The presence, concentration, and species of yeast in samples showed no clear relationship to the bacterial clusters. CONCLUSION Despite indications of in vitro bacteria-yeast interactions, there was a lack of association between the presence, identity and diversity of yeasts and the bacterial DGGE fingerprint clusters in saliva. This suggests significant ecological individual-specificity of these associations in highly complex in vivo oral biofilm systems under normal oral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula M Weerasekera
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences,University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
| | - Chris H Sissons
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Wong
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sally A Anderson
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ann R Holmes
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Paikkatt JV, Sreedharan S, Philomina B, Kannan VP, Santhakumar M, Kumar TA. Efficacy of Various Intracanal Medicaments in Human Primary Teeth with Necrotic Pulp against Candida Biofilms: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 10:45-48. [PMID: 28377655 PMCID: PMC5360803 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida has been associated with cases of secondary and persistent root canal infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of commonly used intracanal medicament against Candida biofilms found in root canals of human primary teeth with necrotic pulp. Materials and methods Pulp canals of 45 single-rooted primary maxillary anterior teeth with pulp necrosis in 34 children were included in the study. They were divided into three groups of 15 samples each - group I: Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide); group II: 1% chlorhexidine gel (CHX); and group III: 1% metronidazole gel. Bacterial count was obtained from each tooth at two different stages: (1) after instrumentation, and (2) after placement of the medication. Statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 10.0 software program (Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with Wilcoxon signed rank test after grouping the samples was performed. Results Ca(OH)2, 1% CHX gel, and 1% metronidazole gel were ineffective in completely eliminating Candida biofilms from root canal of human primary teeth with necrotic pulp. Conclusion None of the commonly used intracanal medicaments, i.e., Ca(OH)2, 1% CHX gel, and 1% metronidazole gel, was effective in completely eliminating Candida biofilm from root canal of human primary teeth with necrotic pulp. Ineffectiveness of these medicaments against Candida has opened new door of research regarding the use of suitable intracanal medicaments against single and multispecies biofilms. How to cite this article Paikkatt JV, Sreedharan S, Philomina B, Kannan VP, Santhakumar M, Kumar TVA. Efficacy of Various Intracanal Medicaments in Human Primary Teeth with Necrotic Pulp against Candida Biofilms: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(1):45-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jophie V Paikkatt
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics, MES Dental College, Perinthalmanna Kerala, India
| | - Sheela Sreedharan
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Beena Philomina
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - V P Kannan
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Madhu Santhakumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Tv Anupam Kumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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Borzini L, Condò R, De Dominicis P, Casaglia A, Cerroni L. Root Canal Irrigation: Chemical Agents and Plant Extracts Against Enterococcus faecalis. Open Dent J 2016; 10:692-703. [PMID: 28217184 PMCID: PMC5299586 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are various microorganisms related to intra and extra-radicular infections and many of these are involved in persistent infections. Bacterial elimination from the root canal is achieved by means of the mechanical action of instruments and irrigation as well as the antibacterial effects of the irrigating solutions. Enterococcus faecalis can frequently be isolated from root canals in cases of failed root canal treatments. Antimicrobial agents have often been developed and optimized for their activity against endodontic bacteria. An ideal root canal irrigant should be biocompatible, because of its close contact with the periodontal tissues during endodontic treatment. Sodium hypoclorite (NaOCl) is one of the most widely recommended and used endodontic irrigants but it is highly toxic to periapical tissues. OBJECTIVES To analyze the literature on the chemotherapeutic agent and plant extracts studied as root canal irrigants. In particularly, the study is focused on their effect on Enterococcus faecalis. METHOD Literature search was performed electronically in PubMed (PubMed Central, MEDLINE) for articles published in English from 1982 to April 2015. The searched keywords were "endodontic irrigants" and "Enterococcus faecalis" and "essential oil" and "plant extracts". RESULTS Many of the studied chemotherapeutic agents and plant extracts have shown promising results in vitro. CONCLUSION Some of the considered phytotherapic substances, could be a potential alternative to NaOCl for the biomechanical treatment of the endodontic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Borzini
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Condò
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo De Dominicis
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Casaglia
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Cerroni
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Neuhaus KW, Liebi M, Stauffacher S, Eick S, Lussi A. Antibacterial Efficacy of a New Sonic Irrigation Device for Root Canal Disinfection. J Endod 2016; 42:1799-1803. [PMID: 27780580 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) is the most widespread method used to activate irrigation solutions. Concerns have been raised that PUI is less effective in curved root canals and is not passive at all. Our aim was to compare a novel passive sonic irrigation (PSI) device (6000 Hz) with PUI and manual irrigation (MI) with respect to their efficiency in removing different endodontic microorganisms from curved and straight root canals. METHODS We performed 2 experiments as follows. In a 3-day infection model, we included 8 groups of single or dual microbial species that were rinsed with 0.9% sodium chloride using PSI, PUI, or MI. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted after incubation, and log10 transformations were performed for statistical comparisons. In a 21-d infection model, we tested the same irrigation protocols on 4 groups of microorganisms and used 1.5% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigant. Infection control samples were taken at day 0, 3, 5, and 7 after treatment and were subsequently reincubated. RESULTS Using sodium chloride as an irrigant, the amount of reduction in CFUs compared with the negative control was approximately 3 log10 units for PSI at 6000 Hz, 2 log10 units for PUI, and 1 log10 unit for MI. PSI reduced the microorganism CFUs significantly better than PUI. Using sodium hypochlorite led to a significant reduction in microorganism CFUs even with MI. After 3 days, compared with MI, microorganism regrowth significantly reduced after PSI and PUI treatment, but in these groups, in at least half of the samples, microorganisms were detectable after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS PSI at 6000 Hz might be at least equal to PUI with respect to reduction of the microbial load in curved and straight root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W Neuhaus
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Melanie Liebi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Stauffacher
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Candida albicans in Multispecies Oral Communities; A Keystone Commensal? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 931:13-20. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Al-Ahmad A, Auschill TM, Dakhel R, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Heumann C, Hellwig E, Arweiler NB. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in caries-free and caries-active children in relation to the oral microbiota-a clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1963-1971. [PMID: 26696116 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The correlation between caries and the oral prevalence of Candida spp. in children is contradictory in literature. Thereby, authors focused on Candida albicans as the most isolated Candida species from the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare caries-free and caries-bearing children regarding their oral carriage of Candida spp. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-six caries-free (CF group) and 26 caries-active children (CA group) were included into this study. Three different types of specimens were assessed, saliva and plaque, and in the case of caries, infected dentine samples were microbiologically analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and their counts. Special attention was given to the differentiation between C. albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Additionally, different biochemical tests, VITEK 2 (VITEK®2, bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) and 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing, were applied for identification. RESULTS The detection of C. albicans did not differ between the CF and CA groups. C. dubliniensis was never detected in any specimen of the CF group, but occurred in one quarter of the CA group (27 % in plaque, 23 % in saliva), thus leading to a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). In six of these cases, C. dubliniensis was detected concomitantly in saliva and plaque and once only in plaque. CA group harbored statistically more Streptococcus mutans than the control group revealing a correlation between S. mutans and C. dubliniensis regarding the caries group. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting a frequent detection of C. dubliniensis in caries-active children, which could have been underestimated so far due to difficulties in differentiation between this yeast species and C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Microbiological diagnostic-especially of oral Candida species-is an important determinant for identifying etiological factors of dental caries in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T M Auschill
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - R Dakhel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Pelz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Heumann
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - E Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N B Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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Olczak-Kowalczyk D, Pyrżak B, Dąbkowska M, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M, Miszkurka G, Rogozińska I, Swoboda-Kopeć E, Gozdowski D, Kalińska A, Piróg A, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Roszkowska-Blaim M. Candida spp. and gingivitis in children with nephrotic syndrome or type 1 diabetes. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:57. [PMID: 25952029 PMCID: PMC4425863 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes and Nephrotic syndrome (NS) promote plaque-related gingivitis and yeast-like fungal infections. The study assesses the impact of Candida spp. and general disease- or treatment-related factors on plaque-related gingivitis severity in children and adolescents with Nephrotic syndrome /diabetes. Methods Body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score, and oral cavity (Plaque Index – PLI, Gingival Index – GI, mucosa status, presence and Candida enzymatic activity) were assessed in 96 patients (32 with NS: 30- immunosuppressive treatment, 35 - type 1 diabetes, and 29 generally healthy), aged; 3–18 years. Laboratory included cholesterol and triglyceride measurements; in diabetic subjects– glycated haemoglobin, in NS: total protein, albumin, creatinine, haemoglobin, haematocrit, white cell count, urinary protein excretion. Medical records supplied information on disease duration and treatment. A statistical analysis was performed; Kendall Tau coefficient, chi-square test, t-test, and multiple regression analysis ( P < 0.05). Results Candida spp. often occurred in healthy patients, but oral candidiasis was found only in the NS and diabetes groups (9.37% and 11.43%). Gingivitis occurred more frequently in patients with NS/diabetes. Gingivitis severity was correlated with PLI, age, and yeast enzyme activity in NS – to with immunosuppressive treatment with >1 drug, drug doses, treatment duration, lipid disorders, and BMI; in diabetes, with blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin >8%. Conclusion Poor hygiene control is the main cause of gingivitis. Gingivitis severity is most likely related to age, lipid disorders and increase in body mass. Candida spp., in uncompensated diabetes and in those using immunosuppressive treatment, might intensify plaque-related gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 18 Miodowa St, 00-246, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Beata Pyrżak
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Maria Dąbkowska
- Department of Dental Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
| | | | - Grażyna Miszkurka
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Izabela Rogozińska
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swoboda-Kopeć
- Department of Dental Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Gozdowski
- Department of Experimental Statistics and Bioinformatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Angelika Kalińska
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 18 Miodowa St, 00-246, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Piróg
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 18 Miodowa St, 00-246, Warszawa, Poland.
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Hiremath GS, Kulkarni RD, Naik BD. Evaluation of minimal inhibitory concentration of two new materials using tube dilution method: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:159-62. [PMID: 25829698 PMCID: PMC4379659 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of two new materials MTA Plus and Biodentine with ProRoot MTA using tube dilution method. Materials and Methods: The materials used were ProRoot MTA (Dentsply), MTA Plus (compounded by Prevest Denpro, Jammu, India for Avalon Biomed Inc, USA) and a calcium silicate based material Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France). Doubling dilutions of the material were prepared in Sabouraud's dextrose broth (SDB) and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The minimal concentration at which inhibition of microorganism occurred was measured and noted as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the material. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the materials against C. albicans. Biodentine was statistically significant than MTA Plus against E. faecalis (P-value-0.022). ProRoot MTA was statistically significant at different time intervals against E. faecalis (P-value-0.001). Conclusion: ProRoot MTA and Biodentine proved to have antimicrobial property. MTA Plusproved as a good antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta S Hiremath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra D Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram D Naik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Miranda TT, Vianna CR, Rodrigues L, Rosa CA, Corrêa A. Differential Proteinase Patterns among Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Root Canal and Lingual Dorsum: Possible Roles in Periapical Disease. J Endod 2015; 41:841-5. [PMID: 25771140 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteinases play pivotal roles in Candida albicans infections. Although the yeast can colonize the pulpal environment, there is no information about the enzymatic profile of this organism. This in vitro study aimed to determine the proteolysis levels and to investigate differences in the expression of aspartyl proteinase genes (Sap 1, Sap 2, and Sap 4) among various root canal strains and clinical isolates from the lingual dorsum. METHODS The extracellular proteinase activity of 104 C. albicans samples isolated from the lingual dorsum and from necrotic root canals was measured with respect to bovine serum albumin degradation after 5 days of incubation at 37°C. We used reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, a highly sensitive method, to detect messenger RNA transcripts of aspartyl proteinase genes (Sap 1, Sap 2, and Sap 4). The C. albicans strain SC 5314 was used as a positive control for both experiments because it is recognized as being highly proteolytic. All tests were performed in triplicate. RESULTS Regardless of the isolation site, all C. albicans strains produced an opaque precipitation halo around the colonies, indicating some proteinase activity. However, the production of proteinase on the plates was significantly greater (P < .05) by the endodontic samples. Sap 2 was the most commonly expressed gene in all samples. Among the root canal samples, the detection of Sap 1 transcripts was always associated with the expression of Sap 2 and Sap 4. Sap 4 gene expression was detected in all root canal samples. The simultaneous expression of the 3 investigated Sap genes (Sap 1, Sap 2, and Sap 4) was more common in strains isolated from the lingual dorsum (50%) than in those isolated from root canals (29.4%). CONCLUSIONS The increased proteolytic activity as well as the distinct pattern of Sap expression observed among the root canal samples may suggest a pathogenic role for C. albicans in endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Teixeira Miranda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cristina R Vianna
- Department of General Education, Federal Center of Technological Education, Varginha, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ary Corrêa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Braem A, De Cremer K, Delattin N, De Brucker K, Neirinck B, Vandamme K, Martens JA, Michiels J, Vleugels J, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Novel anti-infective implant substrates: controlled release of antibiofilm compounds from mesoporous silica-containing macroporous titanium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 126:481-8. [PMID: 25601097 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone implants with open porosity enable fast osseointegration, but also present an increased risk of biofilm-associated infections. We design a novel implant material consisting of a mesoporous SiO2 diffusion barrier (pore diameter: 6.4 nm) with controlled drug release functionality integrated in a macroporous Ti load-bearing structure (fully interconnected open porosity: 30%; pore window size: 0.5-2.0 μm). Using an in vitro tool consisting of Ti/SiO2 disks in an insert set-up, through which molecules can diffuse from feed side to release side, a continuous release without initial burst effect of the antibiofilm compound toremifene is sustained for at least 9 days, while release concentrations (up to 17 μM daily) increase with feed concentrations (up to 4mM). Toremifene diffusivity through the SiO2 phase into H2O is estimated around 10(-13)m(2)/s, suggesting configurational diffusion through mesopores. Candida albicans biofilm growth on the toremifene-release side is significantly inhibited, establishing a proof-of-concept for the drug delivery functionality of mesoporous SiO2 incorporated into a high-strength macroporous Ti carrier. Next-generation implants made of this composite material and equipped with an internal reservoir (feed side) can yield long-term controlled release of antibiofilm compounds, effectively treating infections on the implant surface (release side) over a prolonged time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Braem
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Delattin
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn De Brucker
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bram Neirinck
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katleen Vandamme
- BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Oral Health Sciences and Prosthetic Dentistry, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7 Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Johan A Martens
- Centre of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (COK), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jef Vleugels
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Alsalleeh F, Chung N, Stephenson L. Antifungal Activity of Endosequence Root Repair Material and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J Endod 2014; 40:1815-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zakaria MN, Takeshita T, Shibata Y, Maeda H, Wada N, Akamine A, Yamashita Y. Microbial community in persistent apical periodontitis: a 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Int Endod J 2014; 48:717-28. [PMID: 25088120 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the microbial composition of persistent periapical lesions of root filled teeth using a molecular genetics approach. METHODOLOGY Apical lesion samples were collected from 12 patients (23-80 years old) who visited the Kyushu University Hospital for apicectomy with persistent periapical lesions associated with root filled teeth. DNA was directly extracted from each sample and the microbial composition was comprehensively analysed using clone library analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and specific fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with specific primers. RESULTS Bacteria were detected in all samples, and the dominant findings were P. gingivalis (19.9%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (11.2%) and Propionibacterium acnes (9%). Bacterial diversity was greater in symptomatic lesions than in asymptomatic ones. In addition, the following bacteria or bacterial combinations were characteristic to symptomatic lesions: Prevotella spp., Treponema spp., Peptostreptococcaceae sp. HOT-113, Olsenella uli, Slackia exigua, Selemonas infelix, P. gingivalis with type IV fimA, and a combination of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcaceae sp. HOT-113 and predominance of Streptococcus spp. On the other hand, neither Enterococcus faecalis nor C. albicans were detected in any of the samples. CONCLUSION Whilst a diverse bacterial species were observed in the persistent apical lesions, some characteristic patterns of bacterial community were found in the symptomatic lesions. The diverse variation of community indicates that bacterial combinations as a community may cause persistent inflammation in periapical tissues rather than specific bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zakaria
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - T Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Shibata
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Maeda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Wada
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Akamine
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chua EG, Parolia A, Ahlawat P, Pau A, Amalraj FD. Antifungal effectiveness of various intracanal medicaments against Candida albicans: an ex-vivo study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24886335 PMCID: PMC4024013 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the antifungal activity of propolis, triple antibiotic paste (TAP), 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol on Candida albicans-infected root canal dentinal tubules at two different depths (200 μm and 400 μm) and two time intervals (day 1 and 7). Methods A total of 90 extracted human teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction and the apical part of the root to obtain 6 mm of the middle third of the root. The root canal was enlarged to an internal diameter of 0.9 mm using Pesso Reamer size no. 2 (Mani®, UT, Japan), followed by canal irrigation and autoclaved. The specimens were infected for 21 days with C. albicans. Then, the specimens were divided into five groups prior to placement of intracanal medicaments. Group 1 (propolis), Group 2 (triple antibiotic paste), Group 3 (2% chlorhexidine Gel), Group 4 (calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol), and Group 5 (sterile saline as negative control). At the end of 1 and 7 days, dentine shavings were collected at two depths into the dentinal tubules (200 μm and 400 μm), and the total numbers of colony forming units were calculated for assessing the remaining vital viable fungal population. The values were analysed statistically using non-paramatric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney-U tests to compare the median reduction of Candida albicans between all intracanal medicaments. Probability values of P < 0.05 were set as the reference for statistically significant results. Results The reduction in number of colony forming units was statistically significant in all groups compared to the control group (sterile saline), except propolis at day 1 (400 μm depth). Conclusion Propolis was less effective than triple antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol against C. albicans on day 1 at 400 μm deep inside the dentinal tubules, but equally effective after 7 days at both depths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, No,126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ozcan E, Yula E, Arslanoğlu Z, Inci M. Antifungal activity of several root canal sealers against Candida albicans. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:1481-5. [PMID: 24180589 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.771405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of several root canal sealers (iRoot SP, MTA Fillapex and GuttaFlow) against Candida albicans and compare them to that of AH Plus Jet. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 10 μL fungi in suspension was allowed to directly contact the sealers, which were freshly mixed or allowed to set for 1 or 7 days. Fresh media was then added and survival of fungi was determined by using 10-fold serial dilution and inoculated onto agar plates. After incubation for 48 h, colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated and their log10 values converted. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Freshly mixed AH Plus Jet totally inhibited the growth of fungi and showed the highest antifungal activity. GuttaFlow did not show any significant antifungal activity at all times. Freshly mixed iRoot SP and MTA Fillapex were found to be antifungal. Statistical differences were found between freshly mixed and set samples (p < 0.05) in favor of the former, except GuttaFlow. No statistically significant differences were found among the tested sealers at the 1 and 7-day samples (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fresh AH Plus Jet had very potent antifungal activity. All sealers, except GuttaFlow, exhibited antifungal activity when freshly mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Ozcan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selçuk University , Konya , Turkey
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Enrichment of multilocus sequence typing clade 1 with oral Candida albicans isolates in patients with untreated periodontitis. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3335-44. [PMID: 22875886 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01532-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and cell density of Candida species in periodontal pockets, healthy subgingival sites, and oral rinse samples of patients with untreated periodontitis. Twenty-one periodontitis patients underwent sampling at two periodontitis sites, and 19/21 of these patients underwent sampling at one periodontally healthy site. Both paper point and curette sampling techniques were employed. The periodontitis patients and 50 healthy subjects were also sampled by oral rinse. Candida isolates were recovered on CHROMagar Candida medium, and representative isolates were identified. Candida spp. were recovered from 10/21 (46.7%) periodontitis patients and from 16/50 (32%) healthy subjects. C. albicans predominated in both groups and was recovered from all Candida-positive subjects. Candida-positive periodontitis patients yielded Candida from periodontal pockets with average densities of 3,528 and 3,910 CFU/sample from curette and paper point samples, respectively, and 1,536 CFU/ml from oral rinse samples. The majority (18/19) of the healthy sites sampled from periodontitis patients were Candida negative. The 16 Candida-positive healthy subjects yielded an average of 279 CFU/ml from oral rinse samples. C. albicans isolates were investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine if specific clonal groups were associated with periodontitis. MLST analysis of 31 C. albicans isolates from periodontitis patients yielded 19 sequence types (STs), 13 of which were novel. Eleven STs belonged to MLST clade 1. In contrast, 16 C. albicans isolates from separate healthy subjects belonged to 16 STs, with 4 isolates belonging to clade 1. The distributions of STs between both groups were significantly different (P = 0.04) and indicated an enrichment of C. albicans isolates in periodontal pockets, which warrants a larger study.
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Determination of the effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation through dentinal tubules on several oral pathogens. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 28:281-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tamai R, Sugamata M, Kiyoura Y. Candida albicans enhances invasion of human gingival epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:250-4. [PMID: 21742026 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida albicans has been isolated from periodontal pockets, its relationship to periodontitis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of C. albicans on the adhesion and invasion of Ca9-22, a human gingival epithelial cell line, and human gingival fibroblasts by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Heat-killed C. albicans and water-soluble mannoprotein-β-glucan complex from C. albicans (CAWS) did not enhance P. gingivalis adhesion or upregulate the expression of β1 integrin and ICAM-1, which are required for P. gingivalis invasion; both the epithelial cells and fibroblasts expressed dectin-1, which recognizes components of the C. albicans cell wall. However, pretreatment of Ca9-22 cells and human gingival fibroblasts with heat-killed C. albicans or CAWS significantly enhanced P. gingivalis invasion. These results suggest that C. albicans may exacerbate infectious disease by enhancing the invasion of host cells by anaerobic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyoko Tamai
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963 8611, Japan
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HAAPASALO MARKUS, SHEN YA, RICUCCI DOMENICO. Reasons for persistent and emerging post-treatment endodontic disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2011.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Richards D, Davies JK, Figdor D. Starvation survival and recovery in serum of Candida albicans compared with Enterococcus faecalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gomes C, Fidel S, Fidel R, de Moura Sarquis MI. Isolation and taxonomy of filamentous fungi in endodontic infections. J Endod 2010; 36:626-9. [PMID: 20307734 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to research the presence of filamentous fungi in the root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesions and to perform the taxonomic study of the isolates. METHODS Samples collected from 60 root canals with sterile absorbent paper points were inoculated in Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. The material was cultured from 7-14 days at room temperature to observe mycelial growth. Samples with growth were seeded in media specific for microculture (CYA agar, malt extract agar, or potato dextrose agar). Taxonomy was evaluated by macroscopic examination and optical microscopy. RESULTS Filamentous fungi were isolated in situ from 17 of 60 samples (28.3%). Considering the positive root canal isolates, the genus Aspergillus was isolated from 7 samples (41%); 4 species were identified: Aspergillus ustus, A. granulosus, A. niger, and A. sydowii. Emericella quadriluniata, sexual form of Aspergillus, was isolated from 1 sample. Penicillium species (Penicillium implicatum, P. micsynvisk, P. lividum, and P. citrionigrum) were isolated from 4 samples (24%). Fusarium species (Fusarium moniliforme and F. melanochorum) were isolated from 2 samples (12%). The species Aureobasidium pullulans, Exophiala jeanselmei, Eurotium amstelodame, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum were isolated from 1 sample each. CONCLUSIONS The root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesions might present positive culture for filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Gomes
- Department of Endodontics, University Federal Fluminense, School of Dentistry, Nova Friburgo, RJ.
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Valera MC, Silva KCGD, Maekawa LE, Carvalho CAT, Koga-Ito CY, Camargo CHR, Lima RSE. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. J Appl Oral Sci 2010; 17:555-9. [PMID: 20027425 PMCID: PMC4327512 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572009000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with an intracanal medication against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. Material and Methods: Thirty-six human single-rooted teeth with single root canals were used. The canals were contaminated with C. albicans and E. faecalis for 21 days and were then instrumented with 1% NaOCl. The roots were divided into 3 groups (n=12) according to the intracanal medication applied: calcium hydroxide paste, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and 2% CHX gel associated with calcium hydroxide. The following collections were made from the root canals: a) initial sample (IS): 21 days after contamination (control), b) S1: after instrumentation, c) S2: 14 days after intracanal medication placement; S3: 7 days after intracanal medication removal. The results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Results and Conclusions: Both 1% NaOCl irrigation and the intracanal medications were effective in eliminating E. faecalis and C. albicans inoculated in root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Miranda TT, Vianna CR, Rodrigues L, Monteiro AS, Rosa CA, Corrêa A. Diversity and frequency of yeasts from the dorsum of the tongue and necrotic root canals associated with primary apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2009; 42:839-44. [PMID: 19712195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T T Miranda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil.
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Distinctive features of the microbiota associated with different forms of apical periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2009; 1. [PMID: 21523208 PMCID: PMC3077003 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms infecting the dental root canal system play an unequivocal role as causative agents of apical periodontitis. Although fungi, archaea, and viruses have been found in association with some forms of apical periodontitis, bacteria are the main microbial etiologic agents of this disease. Bacteria colonizing the root canal are usually organized in communities similar to biofilm structures. Culture and molecular biology technologies have demonstrated that the endodontic bacterial communities vary in species richness and abundance depending on the different types of infection and different forms of apical periodontitis. This review paper highlights the distinctive features of the endodontic microbiota associated with diverse clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Urzúa B, Hermosilla G, Gamonal J, Morales-Bozo I, Canals M, Barahona S, Cóccola C, Cifuentes V. Yeast diversity in the oral microbiota of subjects with periodontitis: Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis colonize the periodontal pockets. Med Mycol 2009; 46:783-93. [PMID: 18608938 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term periodontitis encompasses several polymicrobial infectious diseases, of multifactorial etiology, with chronic and aggressive forms. In spite of the etiopathogenic differences between these two forms of the disease, few studies have analyzed the subgingival colonization by yeast. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the composition of the yeast microbiota present in the mucosa and subgingival sites of healthy individuals and patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis. For this, samples were recovered from these two locations and the yeast recovered identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Patients with chronic periodontitis showed significant differences in relation to the other groups with respect to carrier status (69.2% versus 35.7% of healthy individuals; [chi(i)(2) test; p=0.014]), the total number of isolated colony forming units or CFU (mean and ranges 281.6 (0-6048) [K-W(2)=6.998; p=0.03]), the Simpson diversity index (I) in site b (I(b)=0.344 versus healthy subjet and aggresive periodontitis where I=0 [multiple t-test comparisons with the Bonferronni correction, p<0.05]), and the species profile. Interestingly, in spite of the varied profiles of the species present in the mucosa of the three groups analyzed we noted that only C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were capable of colonizing the periodontal pockets in patients with chronic periodontitis, while only C. albicans was identified in the subgingiva of healthy individuals and patients with aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Urzúa
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas y Quimicas
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Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Obturation: A Review and Case Series. J Endod 2009; 35:777-90. [PMID: 19482173 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Turk BT, Ates M, Sen BH. The effect of treatment of radicular dentin on colonization patterns of C. albicans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:457-62. [PMID: 18707654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to observe the colonization pattern of C. albicans on treated and untreated radicular dentin. STUDY DESIGN Root sections of 10 human mandibular premolar teeth were longitudinally separated into halves. The 20 halves were separated into 2 groups and each half served as its own control. In Group 1, only gross pulpal remnants were removed with pliers. Root canal walls in the corresponding 102 halves (Group 2) were instrumented with Gates-Glidden burs and treated with sequential use of 15% EDTA solution for 3 minutes and 2.5% NaOCl solution for 3 minutes. Finally, all teeth were washed with distilled water. Each specimen was placed individually in each well of a 24-well cell culture plate. After the assembly was sterilized with ethylene-oxide, the root canal of each specimen was inoculated with 20 microL of C. albicans (1-1.5 x 10(6) cfu/mL) that was kept in place for 24 hours for initial attachment. Then, 2 mL of SDB was added to each well and the assembly was placed in an incubator at 37 degrees C for 10 days. Following the incubation period, the specimens were washed, fixed, dehydrated, and processed for scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS C. albicans was present on the root canal surfaces of all specimens; however, the colonization pattern was different. In the untreated group, the main growth pattern was a dense mass of yeast cells forming biofilm layers while hyphal structures were not common. On the other hand, pseudohyphae invaded all root canal surfaces in Group 2 and yeast cells were occasionally observed. CONCLUSION The treatment procedures of root canal dentin have a strong influence on the colonization pattern of C. albicans. This fact should be considered when planning and evaluating in vitro Candida adhesion and/or penetration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tugba Turk
- Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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