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Nami M, Thatcher R, Kashou N, Lopes D, Lobo M, Bolanos JF, Morris K, Sadri M, Bustos T, Sanchez GE, Mohd-Yusof A, Fiallos J, Dye J, Guo X, Peatfield N, Asiryan M, Mayuku-Dore A, Krakauskaite S, Soler EP, Cramer SC, Besio WG, Berenyi A, Tripathi M, Hagedorn D, Ingemanson M, Gombosev M, Liker M, Salimpour Y, Mortazavi M, Braverman E, Prichep LS, Chopra D, Eliashiv DS, Hariri R, Tiwari A, Green K, Cormier J, Hussain N, Tarhan N, Sipple D, Roy M, Yu JS, Filler A, Chen M, Wheeler C, Ashford JW, Blum K, Zelinsky D, Yamamoto V, Kateb B. A Proposed Brain-, Spine-, and Mental- Health Screening Methodology (NEUROSCREEN) for Healthcare Systems: Position of the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:21-42. [PMID: 35034899 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated neurological, mental health disorders, and neurocognitive issues. However, there is a lack of inexpensive and efficient brain evaluation and screening systems. As a result, a considerable fraction of patients with neurocognitive or psychobehavioral predicaments either do not get timely diagnosed or fail to receive personalized treatment plans. This is especially true in the elderly populations, wherein only 16% of seniors say they receive regular cognitive evaluations. Therefore, there is a great need for development of an optimized clinical brain screening workflow methodology like what is already in existence for prostate and breast exams. Such a methodology should be designed to facilitate objective early detection and cost-effective treatment of such disorders. In this paper we have reviewed the existing clinical protocols, recent technological advances and suggested reliable clinical workflows for brain screening. Such protocols range from questionnaires and smartphone apps to multi-modality brain mapping and advanced imaging where applicable. To that end, the Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) proposes the Brain, Spine and Mental Health Screening (NEUROSCREEN) as a multi-faceted approach. Beside other assessment tools, NEUROSCREEN employs smartphone guided cognitive assessments and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) as well as potential genetic testing for cognitive decline risk as inexpensive and effective screening tools to facilitate objective diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and guide personalized treatment interventions. Operationalizing NEUROSCREEN is expected to result in reduced healthcare costs and improving quality of life at national and later, global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nami
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, and Dana Brain Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Inclusive Brain Health and BrainLabs International, Swiss Alternative Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Thatcher
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Nasser Kashou
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dahabada Lopes
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Lobo
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe F Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melody Sadri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Teshia Bustos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gilberto E Sanchez
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alena Mohd-Yusof
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Dye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | | | - Milena Asiryan
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alero Mayuku-Dore
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Solventa Krakauskaite
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernesto Palmero Soler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven C Cramer
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, and California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walter G Besio
- Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering Department and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
| | - Antal Berenyi
- The Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Mark Liker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yousef Salimpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dawn S Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA.,Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA.,Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambooj Tiwari
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology & Neurosurgery - NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Green
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Uskudar University, Turkey
| | - Daniel Sipple
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Midwest Spine and Brain Institute, Roseville, MN, USA
| | - Michael Roy
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Uniformed Services University Health Science (USUHS), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Filler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Institute for Nerve Medicine, Santa Monica, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mike Chen
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chris Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, and Primary Care, Western Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Vejmola Č, Tylš F, Piorecká V, Koudelka V, Kadeřábek L, Novák T, Páleníček T. Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:506. [PMID: 34601495 PMCID: PMC8487430 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics are recently gaining a lot of attention as a potential treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Broadband desynchronization of EEG activity and disconnection in humans have been repeatedly shown; however, translational data from animals are completely lacking. Therefore, the main aim of our study was to assess the effects of tryptamine and phenethylamine psychedelics (psilocin 4 mg/kg, LSD 0.2 mg/kg, mescaline 100 mg/kg, and DOB 5 mg/kg) on EEG in freely moving rats. A system consisting of 14 cortical EEG electrodes, co-registration of behavioral activity of animals with subsequent analysis only in segments corresponding to behavioral inactivity (resting-state-like EEG) was used in order to reach a high level of translational validity. Analyses of the mean power, topographic brain-mapping, and functional connectivity revealed that all of the psychedelics irrespective of the structural family induced overall and time-dependent global decrease/desynchronization of EEG activity and disconnection within 1-40 Hz. Major changes in activity were localized on the large areas of the frontal and sensorimotor cortex showing some subtle spatial patterns characterizing each substance. A rebound of occipital theta (4-8 Hz) activity was detected at later stages after treatment with mescaline and LSD. Connectivity analyses showed an overall decrease in global connectivity for both the components of cross-spectral and phase-lagged coherence. Since our results show almost identical effects to those known from human EEG/MEG studies, we conclude that our method has robust translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Čestmír Vejmola
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václava Piorecká
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Tomáš Novák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
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3
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Vlcek P, Bares M, Novak T, Brunovsky M. Baseline Difference in Quantitative Electroencephalography Variables Between Responders and Non-Responders to Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:83. [PMID: 32174854 PMCID: PMC7057228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for depressive disorder, with outcomes approaching 45-55% response and 30-40% remission. Eligible predictors of treatment outcome, however, are still lacking. Few studies have investigated quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) parameters as predictors of rTMS treatment outcome and none of them have addressed the source localization techniques to predict the response to low-frequency rTMS (LF rTMS). We investigated electrophysiological differences based on scalp EEG data and inverse solution method, exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), between responders and non-responders to LF rTMS in resting brain activity recorded prior to the treatment. Twenty-five unmedicated depressive patients (mean age of 45.7 years, 20 females) received a 4-week treatment of LF rTMS (1 Hz; 20 sessions per 600 pulses; 100% of the motor threshold) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Comparisons between responders (≥50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score) and non-responders were made at baseline for measures of eLORETA current density, spectral absolute power, and inter-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric EEG asymmetry. Responders were found to have lower current source densities in the alpha-2 and beta-1 frequency bands bilaterally (with predominance on the left side) in the inferior, medial, and middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, anterior cingulate, and insula. The most pronounced difference was found in the left middle frontal gyrus for alpha-2 and beta-1 bands (p < 0.05). Using a spectral absolute power analysis, we found a negative correlation between the absolute power in beta and theta frequency bands on the left frontal electrode F7 and the change in depressive symptomatology. None of the selected asymmetries significantly differentiated responders from non-responders in any frequency band. Pre-treatment reduction of alpha-2 and beta-1 sources, but not QEEG asymmetry, was found in patients with major depressive disorder who responded to LF rTMS treatment. Prospective trials with larger groups of subjects are needed to further validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premysl Vlcek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bares
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Novak
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Brunovsky
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Cavanagh JF, Napolitano A, Wu C, Mueen A. The Patient Repository for EEG Data + Computational Tools (PRED+CT). Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:67. [PMID: 29209195 PMCID: PMC5702317 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings are thought to reflect the network-wide operations of canonical neural computations, making them a uniquely insightful measure of brain function. As evidence of these virtues, numerous candidate biomarkers of different psychiatric and neurological diseases have been advanced. Presumably, we would only need to apply powerful machine-learning methods to validate these ideas and provide novel clinical tools. Yet, the reality of this advancement is more complex: the scale of data required for robust and reliable identification of a clinical biomarker transcends the ability of any single laboratory. To surmount this logistical hurdle, collective action and transparent methods are required. Here we introduce the Patient Repository of EEG Data + Computational Tools (PRED+CT: predictsite.com). The ultimate goal of this project is to host a multitude of available tasks, patient datasets, and analytic tools, facilitating large-scale data mining. We hope that successful completion of this aim will lead to the development of novel EEG biomarkers for differentiating populations of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Arthur Napolitano
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Christopher Wu
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Abdullah Mueen
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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5
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Beck RW, Laugharne J, Laugharne R, Woldman W, McLean B, Mastropasqua C, Jorge R, Shankar R. Abnormal cortical asymmetry as a target for neuromodulation in neuropsychiatric disorders: A narrative review and concept proposal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:21-31. [PMID: 28958599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in knowledge relating to the organization of neural circuitry in the human brain have increased understanding of disorders involving brain circuit asymmetry. These asymmetries, which can be measured and identified utilizing EEG and LORETA analysis techniques, may be a factor in mental disorders. New treatments involving non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including trans-cranial magnetic stimulation, direct current stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation, have emerged in recent years. We propose that EEG identification of circuit asymmetry geometries can direct non-invasive brain stimulation more specifically for treatments of mental disorders. We describe as a narrative review new NIBS therapies that have been developed and delivered, and suggest that they are proving effective in certain patient groups. A brief narrative of influence of classical and operant conditioning of neurofeedback on EEG coherence, phase, abnormalities and Loreta's significance is provided. We also discuss the role of Heart rate variability and biofeedback in influencing EEG co-relates. Clinical evidence is at an early stage, but the basic science evidence and early case studies suggest that this may be a promising new modality for treating mental disorders and merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy W Beck
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan Laugharne
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and Hon, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wessel Woldman
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan McLean
- The Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Treliske, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Mastropasqua
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Ricardo Jorge
- Institute of Functional Neuroscience, Perth, Australia
| | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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6
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Zelinsky D, Feinberg C. Quantitative electroencephalograms and neuro-optometry: a case study that explores changes in electrophysiology while wearing therapeutic eyeglasses. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:011013. [PMID: 28386574 PMCID: PMC5350544 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.1.011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain is equipped with a complex system for processing sensory information, including retinal circuitry comprising part of the central nervous system. Retinal stimulation can influence brain function via customized eyeglasses at both subcortical and cortical levels. We investigated cortical effects from wearing therapeutic eyeglasses, hypothesizing that they can create measureable changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings. A Z-BellSM test was performed on a participant to select optimal lenses. An EEG measurement was recorded before and after the participant wore the eyeglasses. Equivalent quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) analyses (statistical analysis on raw EEG recordings) were performed and compared with baseline findings. With glasses on, the participant's readings were found to be closer to the normed database. The original objective of our investigation was met, and additional findings were revealed. The Z-bellSM test identified lenses to influence neurotypical brain activity, supporting the paradigm that eyeglasses can be utilized as a therapeutic intervention. Also, EEG analysis demonstrated that encephalographic techniques can be used to identify channels through which neuro-optomertric treatments work. This case study's preliminary exploration illustrates the potential role of QEEG analysis and EEG-derived brain imaging in neuro-optometric research endeavors to affect brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Zelinsky
- The Mind-Eye Connection, Northbrook, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Deborah Zelinsky, E-mail:
| | - Corey Feinberg
- Meridian Behavioral Health Services, Northbrook, Illinois, United States
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7
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Ribas VR, Ribas RDMG, Martins HADL. The Learning Curve in neurofeedback of Peter Van Deusen: A review article. Dement Neuropsychol 2016; 10:98-103. [PMID: 29213440 PMCID: PMC5642400 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Learning Curve (TLC) in neurofeedback concept emerged after Peter Van Deusen compiled the results of articles on the expected electrical activity of the brain. This concept was subsequently tested on patients at four clinics in Atlanta between 1994 and 2001. The aim of this paper was to report the historical aspects of TLC. Articles published on the electronic databases MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science were reviewed. During patient evaluation, TLC investigates categories called disconnected, hot temporal lobes, reversal of alpha and beta waves, blocking, locking, and filtering or processing. This enables neuroscientists to use their training designs and, by means of behavioral psychology, to work on neuroregulation, as self-regulation for patients. TLC shows the relationships between electrical, mental and behavioral activity in patients. It also identifies details of patterns that can assist physicians in their choice of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo André de Lima Martins
- Graduated in Medicine, Expert in Neurology and Psychiatry, Masters and Doctorate in Neuropsychiatry, UFPE
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8
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9
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Rapp PE, Keyser DO, Albano A, Hernandez R, Gibson DB, Zambon RA, Hairston WD, Hughes JD, Krystal A, Nichols AS. Traumatic brain injury detection using electrophysiological methods. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:11. [PMID: 25698950 PMCID: PMC4316720 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring neuronal activity with electrophysiological methods may be useful in detecting neurological dysfunctions, such as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This approach may be particularly valuable for rapid detection in at-risk populations including military service members and athletes. Electrophysiological methods, such as quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and recording event-related potentials (ERPs) may be promising; however, the field is nascent and significant controversy exists on the efficacy and accuracy of the approaches as diagnostic tools. For example, the specific measures derived from an electroencephalogram (EEG) that are most suitable as markers of dysfunction have not been clearly established. A study was conducted to summarize and evaluate the statistical rigor of evidence on the overall utility of qEEG as an mTBI detection tool. The analysis evaluated qEEG measures/parameters that may be most suitable as fieldable diagnostic tools, identified other types of EEG measures and analysis methods of promise, recommended specific measures and analysis methods for further development as mTBI detection tools, identified research gaps in the field, and recommended future research and development thrust areas. The qEEG study group formed the following conclusions: (1) Individual qEEG measures provide limited diagnostic utility for mTBI. However, many measures can be important features of qEEG discriminant functions, which do show significant promise as mTBI detection tools. (2) ERPs offer utility in mTBI detection. In fact, evidence indicates that ERPs can identify abnormalities in cases where EEGs alone are non-disclosing. (3) The standard mathematical procedures used in the characterization of mTBI EEGs should be expanded to incorporate newer methods of analysis including non-linear dynamical analysis, complexity measures, analysis of causal interactions, graph theory, and information dynamics. (4) Reports of high specificity in qEEG evaluations of TBI must be interpreted with care. High specificities have been reported in carefully constructed clinical studies in which healthy controls were compared against a carefully selected TBI population. The published literature indicates, however, that similar abnormalities in qEEG measures are observed in other neuropsychiatric disorders. While it may be possible to distinguish a clinical patient from a healthy control participant with this technology, these measures are unlikely to discriminate between, for example, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or TBI. The specificities observed in these clinical studies may well be lost in real world clinical practice. (5) The absence of specificity does not preclude clinical utility. The possibility of use as a longitudinal measure of treatment response remains. However, efficacy as a longitudinal clinical measure does require acceptable test-retest reliability. To date, very few test-retest reliability studies have been published with qEEG data obtained from TBI patients or from healthy controls. This is a particular concern because high variability is a known characteristic of the injured central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Rapp
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David O. Keyser
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rene Hernandez
- US Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - W. David Hairston
- U. S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA
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10
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Fujáková M, Páleníček T, Brunovský M, Gorman I, Tylš F, Kubešová A, Řípová D, Krajča V, Horáček J. The effect of ((−)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY379268), an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, on EEG power spectra and coherence in ketamine model of psychosis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 122:212-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Páleníček T, Fujáková M, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Gorman I, Balíková M, Rambousek L, Syslová K, Kačer P, Zach P, Bubeníková-Valešová V, Tylš F, Kubešová A, Puskarčíková J, Höschl C. Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:75-93. [PMID: 22842791 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of a new synthetic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locomotor effects, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reaction (ASR), dopamine and its metabolite levels in nucleus accumbens (NAc), EEG power spectra and coherence in freely moving rats were analysed. Amphetamine was used as a reference compound. RESULTS 2C-B had a biphasic effect on locomotion with initial inhibitory followed by excitatory effect; amphetamine induced only hyperlocomotion. Both drugs induced deficits in the PPI; however they had opposite effects on ASR. 2C-B increased dopamine but decreased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the NAc. Low doses of 2C-B induced a decrease in EEG power spectra and coherence. On the contrary, high dose of 2C-B 50 mg/kg had a temporally biphasic effect with an initial decrease followed by an increase in EEG power; decrease as well as increase in EEG coherence was observed. Amphetamine mainly induced an increase in EEG power and coherence in theta and alpha bands. Increases in the theta and alpha power and coherence in 2C-B and amphetamine were temporally linked to an increase in locomotor activity and DA levels in NAc. CONCLUSIONS 2C-B is a centrally active compound similar to other hallucinogens, entactogens and stimulants. Increased dopamine and decreased DOPAC in the NAc may reflect its psychotomimetic and addictive potential and monoaminoxidase inhibition. Alterations in brain functional connectivity reflected the behavioral and neurochemical changes produced by the drug; a correlation between EEG changes and locomotor behavior was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Páleníček
- Prague Psychiatric Center, Ústavní 91, 181 03 Bohnice, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to produce definitions and diagnostic standards for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a long and complex history. The diagnosis of TBI must be considered in the larger context of neuropsychiatric diagnosis. A major reconceptualization of diagnosis is now underway in which the classical syndrome conceptualization is being discarded. We address the question, what are the implications of this revision of thinking in the specific context of TBI? METHODS A recent literature on logical structures for neuropsychiatric disorders was reviewed. The symptom pattern of TBI was identified, and a literature survey determined the frequency of these symptom patterns in other disorders and in healthy control populations. RESULTS The frequency of symptom endorsement in populations without a history of TBI can be equal to endorsement frequencies in populations with a history of mild TBI. In some studies, the frequency of symptom endorsement in healthy controls having no history of head injury actually exceeded the endorsement rates in a comparison group with a history mild TBI. CONCLUSION The heterogeneity of this clinical population and their clinical presentations, the absence of a unitary etiology of postinjury deficits, and the complex idiosyncratic time course of the appearance of these deficits argue against the valid implementation of the classical model of diagnosis. In addition, the accepted criteria of diagnostic utility are not satisfied. TBI is not a disease; it is an event. More precisely, TBI is an event or a sequence of events that can, in some instances, lead to a diagnosable neurological or psychiatric disorder.
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Cannon RL, Baldwin DR, Shaw TL, Diloreto DJ, Phillips SM, Scruggs AM, Riehl TC. Reliability of quantitative EEG (qEEG) measures and LORETA current source density at 30 days. Neurosci Lett 2012; 518:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Balthazard PA, Waldman DA, Thatcher RW, Hannah ST. Differentiating transformational and non-transformational leaders on the basis of neurological imaging. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McCormick LM, Brumm MC, Beadle JN, Paradiso S, Yamada T, Andreasen N. Mirror neuron function, psychosis, and empathy in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2012; 201:233-9. [PMID: 22510432 PMCID: PMC3545445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Processing of social and emotional information has been shown to be disturbed in schizophrenia. The biological underpinnings of these abnormalities may be explained by an abnormally functioning mirror neuron system. Yet the relationship between mirror neuron system activity in schizophrenia, as measured using an electroencephalography (EEG) paradigm, and socio-emotional functioning has not been assessed. The present research measured empathy and mirror neuron activity using an established EEG paradigm assessing the integrity of the Mu rhythm (8-13Hz) suppression over the sensorimotor cortex during observed and actual hand movement in 16 schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD) participants (n=8 actively psychotic and n=8 in residual illness phase) and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy comparison participants. Actively psychotic SSD participants showed significantly greater mu suppression over the sensorimotor cortex of the left hemisphere than residual phase SSD and healthy comparison individuals. The latter two groups showed similar levels of mu suppression. Greater left-sided mu suppression was positively correlated with psychotic symptoms (i.e., greater mu suppression/mirror neuron activity was highest among subjects with the greater severity of psychotic symptoms). SSD subjects tended to have significantly higher levels of Personal Distress (as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index) than healthy participants. The present study suggests that abnormal mirror neuron activity may exist among patients with schizophrenia during the active (psychotic) phase of the illness, and correlates with severity of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie M. McCormick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
,Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Iowa Neuroimaging Consortium, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, W278 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242-1057, USA. Tel.: +1 319 384 7136; fax: +1 319 384 5532.
| | - Michael C. Brumm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Janelle N. Beadle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sergio Paradiso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thoru Yamada
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nancy Andreasen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Waldman DA, Balthazard PA, Peterson SJ. Social cognitive neuroscience and leadership. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Páleníček T, Fujáková M, Brunovský M, Balíková M, Horáček J, Gorman I, Tylš F, Tišlerová B, Soš P, Bubeníková-Valešová V, Höschl C, Krajča V. Electroencephalographic spectral and coherence analysis of ketamine in rats: correlation with behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 63:202-18. [PMID: 21422767 DOI: 10.1159/000321803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to evaluate the changes in EEG power spectra and EEG coherence in a ketamine model of psychosis in rats. Analyses of behavioral measurements--locomotion and sensorimotor gating--and the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine were also conducted. METHODS Ketamine and norketamine levels in rat sera and brains were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after ketamine 30 mg/kg (i.p.). Ketamine 9 and 30 mg/kg (i.p.) were used in the behavioral and EEG experiments. Locomotor effects in an open field test and deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reaction (PPI ASR) were evaluated in the behavioral experiments. EEG signals were simultaneously recorded from 12 implanted active electrodes; subsequently, an EEG power spectral and coherence analysis was performed. RESULTS Ketamine had a rapid penetration into the brain; the peak concentrations of the drug were reached within 15 min after administration. Ketamine induced marked hyperlocomotion and deficits in the PPI ASR. EEG spectral analysis mainly showed increases in EEG power as well as coherence. These were most robust at 10-15 min after the administration and influenced all parts of the spectrum with ketamine 30 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine at behaviorally active doses induces a robust increase in EEG power spectra and coherence. The maximum levels of change correlated with the kinetics of ketamine.
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Cannon RL, Crane MK, Campbell PD, Dougherty JH, Baldwin DR, Effler JD, Phillips LS, Hare F, Zachary M, Cox KE, Di Loreto DJ. A 9-Year-Old Boy with Multifocal Encephalomalacia: EEG Loreta and Lifespan Database, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neuropsychological Agreement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10874208.2011.545752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hargrove JB, Bennett RM, Simons DG, Smith SJ, Nagpal S, Deering DE. Quantitative electroencephalographic abnormalities in fibromyalgia patients. Clin EEG Neurosci 2010; 41:132-9. [PMID: 20722346 DOI: 10.1177/155005941004100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing acceptance that pain in fibromyalgia (FM) is a result of dysfunctional sensory processing in the spinal cord and brain, and a number of recent imaging studies have demonstrated abnormal central mechanisms. The objective of this report is to statistically compare quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) measures in 85 FM patients with age and gender matched controls in a normative database. A statistically significant sample (minimum 60 seconds from each subject) of artifact-free EEG data exhibiting a minimum split-half reliability ratio of 0.95 and test-retest reliability ratio of 0.90 was used as the threshold for acceptable data inclusion. FM subject EEG data was compared to EEGs of age and gender matched healthy subjects in the Lifespan Normative Database and analyzed using NeuroGuide 2.0 software. Analyses were based on spectral absolute power, relative power and coherence. Clinical evaluations included the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Beck Depression Inventory and Fischer dolorimetry for pain pressure thresholds. Based on Z-statistic findings, the EEGs from FM subjects differed from matched controls in the normative database in three features: (1) reduced EEG spectral absolute power in the frontal International 10-20 EEG measurement sites, particularly in the low- to mid-frequency EEG spectral segments; (2) elevated spectral relative power of high frequency components in frontal/central EEG measurement sites; and (3) widespread hypocoherence, particularly in low- to mid-frequency EEG spectral segments, in the frontal EEG measurement sites. A consistent and significant negative correlation was found between pain severity and the magnitude of the EEG abnormalities. No relationship between EEG findings and medicine use was found. It is concluded that qEEG analysis reveals significant differences between FM patients compared to age and gender matched healthy controls in a normative database, and has the potential to be a clinically useful tool for assessing brain function in FM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Hargrove
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Kettering University, Flint, Michigan 48504, USA.
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Sheorajpanday RV, Nagels G, Weeren AJ, van Putten MJ, De Deyn PP. Reproducibility and clinical relevance of quantitative EEG parameters in cerebral ischemia: A basic approach. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:845-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dalenberg C. Recovered memory and the Daubert criteria: recovered memory as professionally tested, peer reviewed, and accepted in the relevant scientific community. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2006; 7:274-310. [PMID: 17065548 DOI: 10.1177/1524838006294572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Research during the past two decades has firmly established the reliability of the phenomenon of recovered memory. This review first highlights the strongest evidence for the phenomenon itself and discusses the survey, experimental, and biological evidence for the varying mechanisms that may underlie the phenomenon. Routes to traumatic amnesia from dissociative detachment (loss of emotional content leading to loss of factual content) and from dissociative compartmentalization (failure in integration) are discussed. Next, an argument is made that false memory is a largely orthogonal concept to recovered memory; the possibility of one phenomena is largely irrelevant to the potential for the other. Furthermore, some aspects of the false memory research offer supportive data for the recovered memory researcher. Finally, the issue of error rates in making the Daubert case is explored. It is concluded that the weight of the evidence should allow the recovered memory victim to come before the court.
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Nuwer MR, Hovda DA, Schrader LM, Vespa PM. Routine and quantitative EEG in mild traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116:2001-25. [PMID: 16029958 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury, and the findings from EEG and quantitative EEG (QEEG) testing after such an injury. Research on the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury is reviewed with an emphasis on details that may pertain to EEG or QEEG and their interpretation. Research reports on EEG and QEEG in mild traumatic brain injury are reviewed in this setting, and conclusions are drawn about general diagnostic results that can be determined using these tests. QEEG strengths and weaknesses are reviewed in the context of factors used to determine the clinical usefulness of proposed diagnostic tests. Clinical signs, symptoms, and the pathophysiologic axonal injury and cytotoxicity tend to clear over weeks or months after a mild head injury. Loss of consciousness might be similar to a non-convulsive seizure and accompanied subsequently by postictal-like symptoms. EEG shows slowing of the posterior dominant rhythm and increased diffuse theta slowing, which may revert to normal within hours or may clear more slowly over many weeks. There are no clear EEG or QEEG features unique to mild traumatic brain injury. Late after head injury, the correspondence is poor between electrophysiologic findings and clinical symptoms. Complicating factors are reviewed for the proposed commercial uses of QEEG as a diagnostic test for brain injury after concussion or mild traumatic brain injury. The pathophysiology, clinical symptoms and electrophysiological features tend to clear over time after mild traumatic brain injury. There are no proven pathognomonic signatures useful for identifying head injury as the cause of signs and symptoms, especially late after the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Nuwer
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Duff J. The usefulness of quantitative EEG (QEEG) and neurotherapy in the assessment and treatment of post-concussion syndrome. Clin EEG Neurosci 2004; 35:198-209. [PMID: 15493535 DOI: 10.1177/155005940403500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with damage to frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Post-concussion syndrome has been used to describe a range of residual symptoms that persist 12 months or more after the injury, often despite a lack of evidence of brain abnormalities on MRI and CT scans. The core deficits of post-concussion syndrome are similar to those of ADHD and mood disorders, and sufferers often report memory, socialization problems and frequent headaches. While cognitive rehabilitation and psychological support are widely used, neither has been shown to be effective in redressing the core deficits of post-concussion syndrome. On the other hand, quantitative EEG has been shown to be highly sensitive (96%) in identifying post-concussion syndrome, and neurotherapy has been shown in a number of studies to be effective in significantly improving or redressing the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome, as well as improving similar symptoms in non-TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duff
- Swinburne University of Technology, Brain Sciences Institute, 400 Burwood Rd, Hawthorn 3122, Australia.
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Crago BR, Gray MR, Nelson LA, Davis M, Arnold L, Thrasher JD. Psychological, neuropsychological, and electrocortical effects of mixed mold exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:452-63. [PMID: 15259424 DOI: 10.3200/aeoh.58.8.452-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors assessed the psychological, neuropsychological, and electrocortical effects of human exposure to mixed colonies of toxigenic molds. Patients (N = 182) with confirmed mold-exposure history completed clinical interviews, a symptom checklist (SCL-90-R), limited neuropsychological testing, quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) with neurometric analysis, and measures of mold exposure. Patients reported high levels of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Ratings on the SCL-90-R were "moderate" to "severe," with a factor reflecting situational depression accounting for most of the variance. Most of the patients were found to suffer from acute stress, adjustment disorder, or post-traumatic stress. Differential diagnosis confirmed an etiology of a combination of external stressors, along with organic metabolically based dysregulation of emotions and decreased cognitive functioning as a result of toxic or metabolic encephalopathy. Measures of toxic mold exposure predicted QEEG measures and neuropsychological test performance. QEEG results included narrowed frequency bands and increased power in the alpha and theta bands in the frontal areas of the cortex. These findings indicated a hypoactivation of the frontal cortex, possibly due to brainstem involvement and insufficient excitatory input from the reticular activating system. Neuropsychological testing revealed impairments similar to mild traumatic brain injury. In comparison with premorbid estimates of intelligence, findings of impaired functioning on multiple cognitive tasks predominated. A dose-response relationship between measures of mold exposure and abnormal neuropsychological test results and QEEG measures suggested that toxic mold causes significant problems in exposed individuals. Study limitations included lack of a comparison group, patient selection bias, and incomplete data sets that did not allow for comparisons among variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Robert Crago
- Neurobehavioral Health Services, Tucson, Arizona 85712, USA.
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Standards for the Use of Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) in Neurofeedback: A Position Paper of the International Society for Neuronal Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1300/j184v08n01_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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