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Waltz M, Davis AM, Fisher JA. "Death and Taxes": Why Financial Compensation for Research Participants is an Economic and Legal Risk. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2023; 51:413-425. [PMID: 37655582 PMCID: PMC10879932 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2023.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In the US, research payments are technically taxable income. This article argues that tax liability is a form of possible economic and legal risk of paid research participation. Findings are presented from empirical research on Phase I healthy volunteer trials. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for the informed consent process, as well as for broader ethical issues in whether and how payments for research participation should be regulated.
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Russo S, Bani M, Terraneo M, Quaglia V, Nuvolati G, Cavaliere R, Capici S, Cazzaniga ME, Strepparava MG. Why not? Motivations for entering a volunteer register for clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:1791-1800. [PMID: 36102931 PMCID: PMC9471028 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Backgrounds
Healthy volunteers play a key role in clinical trials and it is crucial to develop recruitment strategies that capitalise on their motivations and maximise their participation. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the importance of finding motivated healthy volunteers for the development of new vaccines. Public registers represent a promising way to promote the participation of healthy volunteers in the research field, but their adoption is still limited. The current study aimed to explore the motivations of healthy volunteers to enrol in an Italian public register for clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic and their attitude toward participating in a phase 1 COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. The impacts of different enrolling interview modalities (in person, by phone, by mail) on motivation, understanding of information and trust in researchers were also investigated.
Methods
An online survey investigating experience with COVID-19, motivations to enrol, trust in researchers, political and healthcare authorities and pharmacological companies was presented to people applying as healthy volunteers in the public register for clinical trials at Phase 1 Unit Research Centre of ASST Monza, Italy, and considering to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Data were collected in June 2021.
Results
Altruistic motivations were the main driver for enrolling in the public register, while self-interested motivations were secondary. No gender differences were found. As for enrolling modalities, no differences emerged between in-person and interviews for motivation to enrol, understanding of information and trust in researchers. Email modality led to significantly lower volunteers’ satisfaction and understanding of information but similar trust in research.
Conclusions
This study supports the validity of different interview modalities (in person and by phone) for the enrolment of healthy volunteers for clinical trials and highlights the positive role of public registers for the recruitment procedures.
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Walker RL, MacKay D, Waltz M, Lyerly AD, Fisher JA. Ethical Criteria for Improved Human Subject Protections in Phase I Healthy Volunteer Trials. Ethics Hum Res 2022; 44:2-21. [PMID: 36047278 PMCID: PMC9931499 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase I healthy volunteer trials test the safety and tolerability of investigational pharmaceuticals. In them, participants are exposed to study-drug risks without the possibility of direct medical benefit and typically must spend days or weeks in a residential research facility. Monetary payments are used to incentivize enrollment and compensate participants for their time. Together, these features of phase I healthy volunteer trials create a research context that differs markedly from most other clinical research, including by enrolling disproportionate numbers of economically disadvantaged people of color as participants. Due to these unique trial features and participation patterns, traditional biomedical research oversight offers inadequate ethical and policy guidance for phase I healthy volunteer research. This article details five ethical criteria crafted to be responsive to the particularities of this type of research: translational science value, fair opportunity and burden sharing, fair compensation for service, experiential welfare, and enhanced voice and recourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Walker
- Professor of social medicine and of philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Douglas MacKay
- Associate professor of public policy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Margaret Waltz
- Research associate in the Department of Social Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Anne D Lyerly
- Professor of social medicine and on the core faculty in the Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Jill A Fisher
- Professor of social medicine and on the core faculty in the Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Cottingham MD, Fisher JA. Gendered Logics of Biomedical Research: Women in U.S. Phase I Clinical Trials. SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2022; 69:492-509. [PMID: 35449716 PMCID: PMC9017784 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of including diverse populations in biomedical research, women remain underrepresented as healthy volunteers in the testing of investigational drugs in Phase I trials. Contributing significantly to this are restrictions that pharmaceutical companies place on the participation of women of so-called childbearing potential. These restrictions have far-reaching effects on biomedical science and the public health of women. Using 191 interviews collected over 3 years, this article explores the experiences of 47 women who navigate restrictions on their participation in U.S. Phase I trials. Women in this context face a number of contradictory criteria when trying to enroll, which can curtail their participation, justify additional surveillance, and deny pregnant women reproductive agency. The pharmaceutical industry's putative protections for hypothetical fetuses exacerbate inequalities and attenuate a thorough investigation of the safety of their drugs for public consumption. We use the framework of "anticipatory motherhood" within a gendered organizations approach to make sense of women's experiences in this context.
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Brenman N, Milne R. Lived time and the affordances of clinical research participation. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2021; 43:2031-2048. [PMID: 34564872 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we address the problem of participation and the dominant focus on motivations in clinical research. We explore participation as a relational mode of 'being in time' in Alzheimer's dementia prevention-a field profoundly shaped by changing bodies through time, as well as promissory trends towards future-oriented preventative medicine. Analysis of interviews with older adults in a clinical trial platform demonstrates that what research 'does' or might (not) 'do' for participants emerges as temporalities of participants' everyday lives become entangled with the possibilities, constraints and demands of biomedical 'research time'. As well as consistent desires to help (future) others, we identify incidental possibilities for care that emerged from continued research participation. We argue that longitudinal research participation can productively be understood as a set of evolving affordances: whereby differing limits and possibilities for care and agency emerge in a world where dementia cannot be cured. Future trial participation is considered in terms of 'therapeutic affordances', which are likely to fluctuate as certain lived or imagined futures unfold. As such, we open up a conceptual space to think about why, how, and critically, when participation happens, as it emerges in relation to lived times of ageing and everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natassia Brenman
- Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Milne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Society and Ethics Research, Wellcome Connecting Science, Cambridge, UK
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Kalbaugh CA, Kalbaugh JM, McManus L, Fisher JA. Healthy volunteers in US phase I clinical trials: Sociodemographic characteristics and participation over time. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256994. [PMID: 34492044 PMCID: PMC8423261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing the diversity of research participants is an important focus of clinical trials. However, little is known regarding who enrolls as healthy volunteers in Phase I clinical trials, which test the safety and tolerability of investigational new drugs. Despite the risk, healthy volunteers can derive no medical benefit from their participation, and they are financially compensated for enrolling. OBJECTIVE This study's purpose is to describe sociodemographic characteristics and clinical trial participation histories of healthy people who enroll in US Phase I trials. METHODS The HealthyVOICES Project (HVP) is a longitudinal study of healthy individuals who have enrolled in Phase I trials. We describe self-reported sociodemographic information and Phase I trial history from HVP recruitment (May-December 2013) through the project's end three years later (December 2016). Trial experiences are presented as medians and quartiles. RESULTS The HVP included 178 participants. Nearly three-fourths of participants were male, and two-thirds were classified as racial and ethnic minorities. We found that some groups of participants were more likely to have completed a greater number of clinical trials over a longer timeframe than others. Those groups included participants who were male, Black, Hispanic, 30-39-years-old, unemployed, had received vocational training in a trade, or had annual household incomes of less than $25,000. Additionally, the greater the number of clinical trials participants had completed, the more likely they were to continue screening for new trials over the course of three years. Participants who pursued clinical trials as a full-time job participated in the greatest number of trials and were the most likely to continuing screening over time. IMPLICATIONS Participation as a healthy volunteer in US Phase I trials is driven by social inequalities. Disadvantaged groups tend to participate in a greater number of clinical trials and participate longer than more privileged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A. Kalbaugh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Julianne M. Kalbaugh
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lisa McManus
- Department of Sociology, Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Fisher JA, McManus L, Kalbaugh JM, Walker RL. Phase I trial compensation: How much do healthy volunteers actually earn from clinical trial enrollment? Clin Trials 2021; 18:477-487. [PMID: 33938244 PMCID: PMC8290991 DOI: 10.1177/17407745211011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background/aims Financial compensation for research participation is a major focus of ethical concern regarding human subject recruitment. Phase I trials are sometimes considered to be a lucrative source of income for healthy volunteers, encouraging some people to become “professional guinea pigs.” Yet, little is known about how much these clinical trials actually pay and how much healthy volunteers earn from them. Methods As part of a mixed-methods, longitudinal study of healthy volunteers, we required participants to complete clinical trial diaries, or surveys that captured detailed information about screening and enrollment in Phase I trials. Over a 3-year period, participants provided information online or via telephone about each clinical trial for which they screened (e.g. the clinic name, the study’s therapeutic area, the length of the trial, the number of nights spent in the clinic, and the study compensation), and whether they qualified for trial inclusion. Clinical trial diaries generated data about whether participants continued to screen for and enroll in clinical trials and how much money they earned from their participation. Results 131 participants routinely completed clinical trial diaries or confirmed that they had not screened for any new clinical trials. Together, these participants screened for 1001 clinical trials at 73 research facilities during a 3-year period. Overall, the median clinical trial compensation was US$3070 (range = US$150–US$13,000). Participants seeking new healthy volunteer trials tended to screen for three studies per year, participate in one or two studies, and earn roughly US$4000 annually. Participants who were unemployed earned the most income from clinical trials compared to those with full-time or part-time jobs, and those individuals whom we label “occupational” participants because of their persistent pursuit of clinical trials earned more than people who screened occasionally. Notably, the median annual trial compensation was well below US$10,000 for all employment groups, and most occupational healthy volunteers also earned less than US$10,000 each year. The 10% of participants who earned the most had a median annual income of US$18,885 from clinical trials, and there was significant volatility in these individuals’ earnings from year to year. Conclusion Despite the perception that Phase I enrollment can generate significant earnings, it was exceedingly rare for anyone in this study to make more than US$20,000 in a single year, and unusual to earn even between US$10,000 and US$20,000. From an ethics perspective, individual trials might appear to unduly induce enrollment by offering significant sums of money, but given our findings, the larger problem for low-income participants may be the unrealistic perception that clinical trials alone could be a way of earning a living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Fisher
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa McManus
- Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Walker
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Fisher JA, Wood MM, Monahan T. Speculating on Precarious Income: Finance Cultures and the Risky Strategies of Healthy Volunteers in Clinical Drug Trials. JOURNAL OF CULTURAL ECONOMY 2020; 14:464-484. [PMID: 34239602 PMCID: PMC8259560 DOI: 10.1080/17530350.2020.1850504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Speculation has become a normalized occupational strategy and quotidian economic rationality that extends throughout society. Although there are many contemporary articulations of speculation, this article focuses on contract labor as a domain of financialization. Seen through this lens, contract labor can be understood as a speculative investment strategy wherein individuals leverage whatever assets they have at their disposal-savings, time, bodily health-to capture economic advantages. In particular, we explore the speculative practices of healthy individuals who enroll in pharmaceutical drug trials as their primary or critical source of income. Mobilizing speculative logics to maximize the money they can earn from their clinical trial participation, these contract workers employ what we term a future-income-over-immediate-pay calculus. This speculative calculus valorizes fictional projections of significant long-term future income over present financial opportunities. For the economically precarious individuals in our study, we argue that rather than effectively increasing their income, speculation on contract work serves a compensatory function, providing an important-but ultimately inadequate-sense of control over market conditions that thrive upon workers' economic insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine & Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan M Wood
- Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Torin Monahan
- Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Holm S. Controlled human infection with SARS-CoV-2 to study COVID-19 vaccines and treatments: bioethics in Utopia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 46:569-573. [PMID: 32616623 PMCID: PMC7371481 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of papers have appeared recently arguing for the conclusion that it is ethically acceptable to infect healthy volunteers with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as part of research projects aimed at developing COVID-19 vaccines or treatments. This position has also been endorsed in a statement by a working group for the WHO. The papers generally argue that controlled human infection (CHI) is ethically acceptable if (1) the risks to participants are low and therefore acceptable, (2) the scientific quality of the research is high, (3) the research has high social value, (4) participants give full informed consent, and (5) there is fair selection of participants. All five conditions are necessary premises in the overall argument that such research is ethically acceptable. The arguments concerning risk and informed consent have already been critically discussed in the literature. This paper therefore looks specifically at the arguments relating to condition 3 'high social value' and condition 5 'fair selection of participants' and shows that whereas they may be valid, they are not sound. It is highly unlikely that the conditions that are necessary for ethical CHI trials to take place will be fulfilled. Most, if not all, CHI trials will thus be well intentioned but unethical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Holm
- CSEP, Department of Law, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Center for Medical Ethics, HELSAM, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Monahan T, Fisher JA. Sacrificial Labour: Social Inequality, Identity Work, and the Damaging Pursuit of Elusive Futures. WORK, EMPLOYMENT & SOCIETY : A JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2020; 34:441-456. [PMID: 32431474 PMCID: PMC7236897 DOI: 10.1177/0950017019885069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the relationship between personal sacrifice and identity work within conditions of profound structural insecurity. We develop the concept of sacrificial labour to describe how individual self-sacrifice aligns workers' identities to the needs of organizations while gradually foreclosing the actualization of individuals' desired future selves. Drawing upon qualitative data from a longitudinal study of healthy individuals who enrol in paid clinical trials for the pharmaceutical industry, we make two contributions to the identity-work literature. First, we argue that the ongoing project of building stable and secure identities may become damaging when structural and cultural conditions defy even provisional, fragile attainment of this goal. Second, we reflect on how racialization and social marginalization erode identities and constrain possibilities for identity recuperation. Whereas the identity-work literature often focuses on the agential accomplishments of individuals, we provide a troubling account of how persistent social and economic inequalities confound identity realization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin Monahan
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jill A Fisher
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Fisher JA, Monahan T, Walker RL. Picking and Choosing Among Phase I Trials : A Qualitative Examination of How Healthy Volunteers Understand Study Risks. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2019; 16:535-549. [PMID: 31713712 PMCID: PMC6938537 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-019-09946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article empirically examines how healthy volunteers evaluate and make sense of the risks of phase I clinical drug trials. This is an ethically important topic because healthy volunteers are exposed to risk but can gain no medical benefit from their trial participation. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with 178 healthy volunteers enrolled in various clinical trials, we found that participants focus on myriad characteristics of clinical trials when assessing risk and making enrolment decisions. These factors include the short-term and long-term effects; required medical procedures; the type of trial, including its design, therapeutic area of investigation, and dosage of the drug; the amount of compensation; and trust in the research clinic. In making determinations about the study risks, participants rely on information provided during the consent process, their own and others' experiences in clinical trials, and comparisons among studies. Our findings indicate that the informed consent process succeeds in communicating well about certain types of risk information while simultaneously creating lacunae that are problematically filled by participants through their collective experiences and assumptions about risk. We discuss the ethical implications of these findings and make recommendations for improving the consent process in healthy volunteer trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7240, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240 USA
| | - Torin Monahan
- Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3285, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3285 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Walker
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7240, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240 USA
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Zvonareva O, Pimenov I, Kutishenko N, Mareev I, Martsevich S, Kulikov E. Informal professionalization of healthy participants in phase I clinical trials in Russia. Clin Trials 2019; 16:563-570. [PMID: 31647322 PMCID: PMC6906536 DOI: 10.1177/1740774519877851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous social science research has shown how some healthy phase I trial
participants identify themselves as workers and rely on trials as a major
source of income. The term “professionalization” has been used to denote
this phenomenon. Purpose: We aim to examine a component of healthy trial participants’
professionalization that has not yet been systematically studied: how repeat
phase I trial participants develop and claim expertise that distinguishes
them from others and makes them uniquely positioned to perform high-quality
clinical trial labor. We also aim to explain the significance of these
research results for protection of healthy participants in phase I
trials. Methods: This qualitative exploratory study was conducted in Russia, in two phase I
trial units. It involved semi-structured interviews with 28 healthy trial
participants with varying lengths of experience in trials, observations of
work done in trial units, and interpretive conversations with investigative
staff. Results: Interviewed healthy individuals who repeatedly participate in phase I trials
describe developing knowledge and skills that involve appreciating the
meaning of trial procedures, coming up with techniques to efficiently follow
them, organizing themselves and others in the course of a trial, and sharing
tacit ways of doing trial work well with other less experienced
participants. Our results suggest that a prerequisite for such
expertise-centered professionalization is the emergence of a positive
identity linked to seeing value in trial participation work. A crucial
component of professionalization thus understood is the development of a
work ethic that entails caring about results and being reliable partners for
investigators. Limitations: The attitudes and behaviors presented in this article are not suggested to be
universally shared among healthy trial participants, but rather represent a
particular instance of professionalization that coexists with other views
and tactics. Conclusions: A way of better protecting healthy trial participants begins with recognizing
their skills, knowledge, and the centrality of the contribution they are
making to pharmaceutical research. Currently, the expertise of experienced
trial participants is recognized on the work floor only; therefore, the
professionalization we described is informal. Yet, the informal
professionalization process is inherently risky as it does not involve any
change in the formal conditions of trial participants’ work. Instituting
formal measures for protecting healthy trial participants as skilled workers
combined with recognition of their expertise is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zvonareva
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,StrAU "Integrative Approaches to Public Health and Health Care", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, The Russian Federation.,Research Centre for Policy Analysis and Studies of Technologies (PAST-Centre), National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, The Russian Federation
| | - Igor Pimenov
- StrAU "Integrative Approaches to Public Health and Health Care", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, The Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Kutishenko
- Department of Preventive Pharmacotherapy, National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, The Russian Federation
| | - Igor Mareev
- Laboratory of Physiology, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, The Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Martsevich
- Department of Preventive Pharmacotherapy, National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, The Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Kulikov
- StrAU "Integrative Approaches to Public Health and Health Care", Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, The Russian Federation
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Walker RL, Cottingham MD, Fisher JA. Serial Participation and the Ethics of Phase 1 Healthy Volunteer Research. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY 2019; 43:83-114. [PMID: 29342285 PMCID: PMC5901090 DOI: 10.1093/jmp/jhx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase 1 healthy volunteer clinical trials-which financially compensate subjects in tests of drug toxicity levels and side effects-appear to place pressure on each joint of the moral framework justifying research. In this article, we review concerns about phase 1 trials as they have been framed in the bioethics literature, including undue inducement and coercion, unjust exploitation, and worries about compromised data validity. We then revisit these concerns in light of the lived experiences of serial participants who are income-dependent on phase 1 trials. We show how participant experiences shift attention from discrete exchanges, behaviors, and events in the research enterprise to the ongoing and dynamic patterns of serial participation in which individual decision-making is embedded in collective social and economic conditions and shaped by institutional policies. We argue in particular for the ethical significance of structurally diminished voluntariness, routine powerlessness in setting the terms of exchange, and incentive structures that may promote pharmaceutical interests but encourage phase 1 healthy volunteers to skirt important rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Walker
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jill A Fisher
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Fisher JA. Commentary on Zvonareva et al.: Exploring the many meanings of "professional" in research participation. Clin Trials 2019; 16:571-573. [PMID: 31588783 DOI: 10.1177/1740774519877850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Malmqvist E. "Paid to Endure": Paid Research Participation, Passivity, and the Goods of Work. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2019; 19:11-20. [PMID: 31419192 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2019.1630498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing literature documents the existence of individuals who make a living by participating in phase I clinical trials for money. Several scholars have noted that the concerns about risks, consent, and exploitation raised by this phenomenon apply to many (other) jobs, too, and therefore proposed improving subject protections by regulating phase I trial participation as work. This article contributes to the debate over this proposal by exploring a largely neglected worry. Unlike most (other) workers, subjects are not paid to produce or achieve anything but to have things done to them. I argue that this passivity is problematic for reasons of distributive justice. Specifically, it fails to enable subjects to realize what Gheaus and Herzog call "the goods of work"-a failure not offset by adequate opportunities to realize these goods outside of the research context. I also consider whether granting subjects worker-type protections would accommodate this concern.
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McManus L, Davis A, Forcier RL, Fisher JA. Appraising Harm in Phase I Trials: Healthy Volunteers' Accounts of Adverse Events. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2019; 47:323-333. [PMID: 31298107 PMCID: PMC6661148 DOI: 10.1177/1073110519857289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While risk of harm is an important focus for whether clinical research on humans can and should proceed, there is uncertainty about what constitutes harm to a trial participant. In Phase I trials on healthy volunteers, the purpose of the research is to document and measure safety concerns associated with investigational drugs, and participants are financially compensated for their enrollment in these studies. In this article, we investigate how characterizations of harm are narrated by healthy volunteers in the context of the adverse events (AEs) they experience during clinical trials. Drawing upon qualitative research, we find that participants largely minimize, deny, or re-attribute the cause of these AEs. We illustrate how participants' interpretations of AEs may be shaped both by the clinical trial environment and their economic motivation to participate. While these narratives are emblematic of the larger ambiguity surrounding harm in the context of clinical trial participation, we argue that these interpretations also problematically maintain the narrative of the safety of clinical trials, the ethics of testing investigational drugs on healthy people, and the rigor of data collected in the specter of such ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McManus
- Lisa McManus is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She is a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC, where she received her M.S. in 2012. Arlene M. Davis, J.D., is an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has more than 20 years of experience as a researcher on studies examining the ethical dimensions of study design, participation, and data collection. She has also served on institutional review boards and taught research ethics in a variety of settings as a faculty member in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the UNC School of Medicine. Rebecca L. Forcier is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She received her B.A. in 2015 from Duke University in Durham, NC. Jill A. Fisher, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Ph.D. in 2005 in Science and Technology Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY
| | - Arlene Davis
- Lisa McManus is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She is a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC, where she received her M.S. in 2012. Arlene M. Davis, J.D., is an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has more than 20 years of experience as a researcher on studies examining the ethical dimensions of study design, participation, and data collection. She has also served on institutional review boards and taught research ethics in a variety of settings as a faculty member in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the UNC School of Medicine. Rebecca L. Forcier is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She received her B.A. in 2015 from Duke University in Durham, NC. Jill A. Fisher, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Ph.D. in 2005 in Science and Technology Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY
| | - Rebecca L Forcier
- Lisa McManus is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She is a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC, where she received her M.S. in 2012. Arlene M. Davis, J.D., is an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has more than 20 years of experience as a researcher on studies examining the ethical dimensions of study design, participation, and data collection. She has also served on institutional review boards and taught research ethics in a variety of settings as a faculty member in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the UNC School of Medicine. Rebecca L. Forcier is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She received her B.A. in 2015 from Duke University in Durham, NC. Jill A. Fisher, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Ph.D. in 2005 in Science and Technology Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY
| | - Jill A Fisher
- Lisa McManus is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She is a Ph.D. candidate in Sociology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC, where she received her M.S. in 2012. Arlene M. Davis, J.D., is an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has more than 20 years of experience as a researcher on studies examining the ethical dimensions of study design, participation, and data collection. She has also served on institutional review boards and taught research ethics in a variety of settings as a faculty member in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the UNC School of Medicine. Rebecca L. Forcier is a research assistant in the Department of Social Medicine at the UNC School of Medicine. She received her B.A. in 2015 from Duke University in Durham, NC. Jill A. Fisher, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She received her Ph.D. in 2005 in Science and Technology Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, NY
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Fisher JA, Walker RL. Advancing Ethics and Policy for Healthy-Volunteer Research through a Model-Organism Framework. Ethics Hum Res 2019; 41:4-14. [PMID: 30744313 PMCID: PMC6410705 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman animal research and phase I healthy-volunteer clinical trials are both critical components of testing the safety of investigational drugs as part of the development of new pharmaceuticals. In addition, these types of research share important structural features, as both take place in confinement and both use subjects that are dissimilar to the target population. By mobilizing a model-organism framework for phase I trials, we employ concepts and mechanisms typical to animal research to query gaps in the human subjects ethics and policy framework. By bringing these two research worlds together, we aim to illustrate how the model-organism framework can enhance healthy volunteers' welfare during trials, improve research oversight, and more critically assess the science value of current phase I trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Fisher
- Associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine and the Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rebecca L Walker
- Professor in the Department of Social Medicine and the Center for Bioethics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Walker RL, Fisher JA. "My Body is One of the Best Commodities": Exploring the Ethics of Commodification in Phase I Healthy Volunteer Clinical Trials. KENNEDY INSTITUTE OF ETHICS JOURNAL 2019; 29:305-331. [PMID: 31983696 PMCID: PMC6989025 DOI: 10.1353/ken.2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In phase I clinical trials, healthy volunteers are dosed with investigational drugs and subjected to blood draws and other bodily monitoring procedures while they are confined to clinic spaces. In exchange, they are paid. These participants are, in a direct sense, selling access to their bodies for pharmaceutical companies and their associates to run drugs through. However, commodification is rarely investigated as an ethical dimension of phase I trial participation. We address this gap in the literature by bringing the voices of phase I healthy volunteers into conversation with philosophical perspectives on body commodification. Querying the intersection of commodification and phase I clinical trials illuminates important features of healthy volunteers' experiences, disentangles commodification from a dominant narrative about exploitation, and brings focus to the question of what, if any, market norms will best protect the multiple ways in which healthy volunteers' welfare is impacted by clinical trial participation.
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Healthy Volunteers for Clinical Trials in Resource-Poor Settings: National Registries Can Address Ethical and Safety Concerns. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2018. [PMCID: PMC6317110 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180118000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthy volunteers (HVs) who participate in clinical trials are a vulnerable group that deserves specific protection. We assessed the number and types of studies that involve HVs around the world and outline the methodological barriers to their analysis. We found that tens of thousands of HVs are involved every year in clinical trials in a large variety of countries and that the overwhelming majority of studies are not “first-in-human” but pharmacokinetic studies. The two cornerstones for both ethical and safe participation of HVs in clinical trials are properly obtained informed consent and a minimization of exposure to risk, in particular by avoiding concealed participation in multiple trials. To minimize the risk of exploitation of HVs and their exposure to risk, we propose ways to ensure genuine informed consent, and advocate setting up national healthy volunteer registries as established in France and the U.K.
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Fisher JA, McManus L, Wood MM, Cottingham MD, Kalbaugh JM, Monahan T, Walker RL. Healthy Volunteers' Perceptions of the Benefits of Their Participation in Phase I Clinical Trials. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2018; 13:494-510. [PMID: 30296882 PMCID: PMC6235676 DOI: 10.1177/1556264618804962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Other than the financial motivations for enrolling in Phase I trials, research on how healthy volunteers perceive the benefits of their trial participation is scant. Using qualitative interviews conducted with 178 U.S. healthy volunteers enrolled in Phase I trials, we investigated how participants described the benefits of their study involvement, including, but not limited to, the financial compensation, and we analyzed how these perceptions varied based on participants' sociodemographic characteristics and clinical trial history. We found that participants detailed economic, societal, and noneconomic personal benefits. We also found differences in participants' perceived benefits based on gender, age, ethnicity, educational attainment, employment status, and number of clinical trials completed. Our study indicates that many healthy volunteers believe they gain more than just the financial compensation when they accept the risks of Phase I participation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa McManus
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)
- North Carolina State University (USA)
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Fisher JA, McManus L, Cottingham MD, Kalbaugh JM, Wood MM, Monahan T, Walker RL. Healthy volunteers' perceptions of risk in US Phase I clinical trials: A mixed-methods study. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002698. [PMID: 30457992 PMCID: PMC6245523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research on healthy volunteers' perceptions of the risks of Phase I clinical trials. In order to contribute empirically to long-standing ethical concerns about healthy volunteers' involvement in drug development, it is crucial to assess how these participants understand trial risks. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) participants' views of the overall risks of Phase I trials, (2) their views of the risk of personally being harmed in a trial, and (3) how risk perceptions vary across participants' clinical trial history and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS AND FINDINGS We qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed semi-structured interviews conducted with 178 healthy volunteers who had participated in a diverse range of Phase I trials in the United States. Participants had collective experience in a reported 1,948 Phase I trials (mean = 10.9; median = 5), and they were interviewed as part of a longitudinal study of healthy volunteers' risk perceptions, their trial enrollment decisions, and their routine health behaviors. Participants' qualitative responses were coded, analyzed, and subsequently quantified in order to assess correlations between their risk perceptions and demographics, such as their race/ethnicity, gender, age, educational attainment, employment status, and household income. We found that healthy volunteers often viewed the overall risks of Phase I trials differently than their own personal risk of harm. The majority of our participants thought that Phase I trials were medium, high, or extremely high risk (118 of 178), but most nonetheless felt that they were personally safe from harm (97 of 178). We also found that healthy volunteers in their first year of clinical trial participation, racial and ethnic minority participants, and Hispanic participants tended to view the overall trial risks as high (respectively, Jonckheere-Terpstra, -2.433, p = 0.015; Fisher exact test, p = 0.016; Fisher exact test, p = 0.008), but these groups did not differ in regard to their perceptions of personal risk of harm (respectively, chi-squared, 3.578, p = 0.059; chi-squared, 0.845, p = 0.358; chi-squared, 1.667, p = 0.197). The main limitation of our study comes from quantitatively aggregating data from in-depth interviews, which required the research team to interpret participants' nonstandardized risk narratives. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that healthy volunteers are generally aware of and reflective about Phase I trial risks. The discrepancy in healthy volunteers' views of overall and personal risk sheds light on why healthy volunteers might continue to enroll in clinical trials, even when they view trials on the whole as risky.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lisa McManus
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marci D. Cottingham
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julianne M. Kalbaugh
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan M. Wood
- Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Torin Monahan
- Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Walker
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Williams Q, Fisher JA. Captive to the Clinic: Phase I Clinical Trials as Temporal Total Institutions. SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2018; 88:724-748. [PMID: 30546162 PMCID: PMC6287918 DOI: 10.1111/soin.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This article develops the concept of temporal total institutions to describe how and why individuals voluntarily submit to highly-controlled and often dehumanizing environments. We focus empirically on Phase I clinical trials, which offer compensation to healthy people in exchange for testing investigational pharmaceuticals. Analyzing the experiences of 67 U.S. healthy volunteers, we illustrate how comparisons between Phase I trials and prison are salient to participants as they reflect on their confinement in research facilities and their interactions with other participants and research staff. We argue that conditions of contemporary economic insecurity and/or poverty facilitate the existence of coercive temporal total institutions by undermining voluntariness. Phase I clinics take advantage of the steady supply of individuals who will submit to the organization's demands out of hope that the income gained will be transformative for their lives.
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Jain N, Cottingham MD, Fisher JA. Disadvantaged, Outnumbered, and Discouraged: Women's Experiences as Healthy Volunteers in U.S. Phase I Trials. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 30:141-152. [PMID: 32123487 DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2018.1529861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While enormous strides have been made in the representation of women in clinical trials, the percentage of women enrolling in Phase I trials still remains low, which both raises public health concerns about the safety of new drugs and social justice concerns regarding their inclusion in research. As part of a longitudinal study of healthy volunteers in the United States, our inquiry aimed to examine impediments to women enrolling in Phase I trials as well as their experiences participating in these studies at residential research clinics. We analyzed 111 semi-structured interviews conducted with 47 women who had enrolled in at least one Phase I trial. Our study indicates that women face discrimination during all stages of their participation in Phase I trials from their ability to qualify for studies, the treatment they receive in the clinic facilities, and a lack of social support. Specifically, we found that (1) study designs disadvantage participants of childbearing potential, (2) women feel vulnerable in the clinic space when outnumbered by men, and (3) heterosexual women are often discouraged from participation by their husbands or significant others. Placing these findings within the scholarly literature on barriers to women's clinical trial participation, we argue that diverse strategies attending both to physiological and social factors are needed to combat inequalities in U.S. Phase I trial participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Jain
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA,
| | | | - Jill A Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Cottingham MD, Kalbaugh JM, Swezey T, Fisher JA. Exceptional Risk: Healthy Volunteers' Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 79 Suppl 1:S30-S36. [PMID: 30222703 PMCID: PMC6373478 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As with all early-stage testing of investigational drugs, clinical trials targeting HIV/AIDS can pose unknown risks to research subjects. Unlike sick participants seeking a therapeutic benefit, the motivations and barriers for healthy volunteers are more complex and understudied. Drawing on interviews and clinical trial data from 178 healthy volunteers, we examine how they perceive HIV/AIDS studies in the early stages of testing. A subset of healthy volunteers see phase I HIV/AIDS studies as particularly risky for reasons ranging from fear of catching the disease or having long-lasting and uncomfortable side effects to inexplicable fears that they cannot even articulate. Some participants have had past negative experiences in such trials that inform these views, but others cite information from staff and other participants as influential. Healthy volunteers' general fears concerning AIDS also shape their views of participating in phase I HIV/AIDS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julianne M. Kalbaugh
- Center for Bioethics, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Teresa Swezey
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jill A. Fisher
- Center for Bioethics, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Lee CP, Holmes T, Neri E, Kushida CA. Deception in clinical trials and its impact on recruitment and adherence of study participants. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 72:146-157. [PMID: 30138717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deceptive practices by participants in clinical research are prevalent. It has been shown that as high as 75% of participants withheld information to avoid exclusion from studies. Self-reported adherence has been found to be largely inaccurate. Overcoming deception is a critical issue, since the safety of study participants, the integrity of research data and research resources are at risk. In this review article, we examine deception from the perspective of investigators conducting clinical trials; we describe the types (concealment, fabrication, drug holidays and collusion), prevalence, risks, and predictors of deception, and propose an approach to reduce the impact of deception, especially on adherence, in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen Peng Lee
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore.
| | - Tyson Holmes
- Stanford University Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Eric Neri
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Clete A Kushida
- Stanford Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, MC 5704, Pavilion C, 2nd Floor, Redwood City, CA 94063-5704, United States
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McManus L, Fisher JA. To report or not to report: Exploring healthy volunteers' rationales for disclosing adverse events in Phase I drug trials. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2018; 9:82-90. [PMID: 29693508 PMCID: PMC5976538 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2018.1469552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase I trials test the safety and tolerability of investigational drugs and often use healthy volunteers as research participants. Adverse events (AEs) are collected in part through participants' self-reports of any symptoms they experience during the trial. In some cases, experiencing AEs can result in trial participation being terminated. Because of the economic incentives underlying their motivation to participate, there is concern that healthy volunteers routinely fail to report AEs and thereby jeopardize the validity of the trial results. METHODS We interviewed 131 U.S. healthy volunteers about their experiences with AEs, including their rationales for reporting or failing to report symptoms. RESULTS We found that participants have three primary rationales for their AE reporting behavior: economic, health-oriented, and data integrity. Participants often make decisions about whether to report AEs on a case-by-case basis, evaluating what effects reporting or not reporting might have on the compensation they receive from the trial, the risk to their health, and the results of the particular clinical trial. Participants' interpretations of clinic policies, staff behaviors, and personal or vicarious experiences with reporting AEs also shape reporting decisions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that participants' reporting behavior is more complex than previous portraits of healthy volunteers have suggested. Rather than finding participants who were so focused on the financial compensation that they were willing to subvert trial results, our study indicates that participants are willing in most cases to forgo their full compensation if they believe not reporting their symptoms jeopardizes their own safety or the validity of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McManus
- a Department of Sociology & Anthropology , North Carolina State University
- b Center for Bioethics and Department of Social Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Jill A Fisher
- b Center for Bioethics and Department of Social Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Cottingham MD, Fisher JA. From fantasy to reality: managing biomedical risk emotions in and through fictional media. HEALTH RISK & SOCIETY 2017; 19:284-300. [PMID: 29249899 PMCID: PMC5730073 DOI: 10.1080/13698575.2017.1350638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we explore the role that fictional media (film and television) play in evoking and managing collective and individual anxieties towards biomedical research. We draw on two data sets: fictional media depictions of human research subjects and interviews with Phase I clinical trial participants conducted in the USA in 2013. We show how fictional media provide an outlet for collective uncertainties surrounding biomedical research through depictions that mock and dehumanise research participants, using such emotions of shock, disgust, pity, amusement and humour. We analyse how themes from fictional media are also used to manage actual clinical trial participants' own anxiety concerning the unknown risks of research participation. By contrasting the reality of their research experience with fantasy derived from entertainment media, clinical trial participants minimise the seriousness of the side effects they have or may experience in actual Phase I clinical trials. We conclude that fictional media serve an important role in the collective and individual management of risk emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci D Cottingham
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill A Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Roberts LW, Kim JP. Healthy individuals' perspectives on clinical research protocols and influences on enrollment decisions. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2016; 8:89-98. [PMID: 28949845 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2016.1271062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the perspectives of healthy individuals is important ethically and for the advancement of science. We assessed perceptions of risk associated with research procedures, comparing views of healthy individuals with and without experience in clinical research, and the respondents' reported willingness to volunteer. METHODS Semistructured interviews and written surveys were conducted. Study participants were healthy individuals, half of whom were currently enrolled in clinical research and half of whom had no prior experience in clinical research. Participants were queried regarding seven "minimal risk" or "greater than minimal risk" protocol vignettes with procedures of three types: routine diagnostic tests, more burdensome (i.e., more effort or potential harm) diagnostic tests, and pharmacologic interventions. Views of influences on enrollment decisions were also assessed. RESULTS Most healthy individuals indicated that protocols with more burdensome or pharmacologic interventions were very risky (59%, 58%), as opposed to routine diagnostic test procedures (32%). Respondents' willingness to enroll in protocols varied by type of protocol (p value < .001) and was inversely correlated with risk assessments (regression coefficients from GEE = -0.4; -0.5; -0.7). The odds of healthy individuals with research experience expressing strong willingness to enroll in the depicted protocols were twice the odds of healthy individuals without research experience expressing the same level of willingness (OR = 2.0 95% CI: [1.1, 3.9]). Respondents did not assign risk categories as institutional review boards (IRBs) would, as indicated by low agreement (26%) between respondent and expert opinion on minimal risk protocols. CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of procedure risk appear to influence healthy individuals' willingness to enroll in protocols. Participants with experience in clinical research were far more likely to express willingness to enroll, a finding with important scientific and ethical implications. The lack of alignment between healthy individuals' views of protocol risk and IRB categorization warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Weiss Roberts
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jane Paik Kim
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Stanford University School of Medicine
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Cottingham MD, Fisher JA. Risk and Emotion Among Healthy Volunteers in Clinical Trials. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2016; 79:222-242. [PMID: 28867852 DOI: 10.1177/0190272516657655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Theorized as objective or constructed, risk is recognized as unequally distributed across social hierarchies. Yet the process by which social forces shape risk and risk emotions remains unknown. The pharmaceutical industry depends on healthy individuals to voluntarily test early-stage, investigational drugs in exchange for financial compensation. Emblematic of risk in late modernity, Phase I testing is a rich site for examining how class and race shape configurations of emotion and risk. Using interview data from 178 healthy trial participants, this article examines emotion and risk as mutually constituting processes linked to biographical context and social structure. Biographical events like economic insecurity and incarceration influence how risk is felt by providing comparative experiences of felt risk and felt benefits. Such events, in turn, are structured by class-based and racial inequalities, linking class and race positions to primary emotional experiences of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci D Cottingham
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill A Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Monahan T, Fisher JA. 'I'm still a hustler': entrepreneurial responses to precarity by participants in phase I clinical trials. ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 2015; 44:545-566. [PMID: 27524854 PMCID: PMC4978131 DOI: 10.1080/03085147.2015.1113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper questions the implications of entrepreneurial responses to conditions of employment precarity by 'healthy volunteers' in phase I clinical trials in the United States. Such individuals are typically serial participants who often identify as professional volunteers and seek out drug studies as their primary source of income. Drawing on extensive qualitative research, this paper illustrates how healthy volunteers selectively import the identity of 'hustler' from the street environment and reposition it as connoting a set of valuable creative skills that give them a competitive edge over other participants. An entrepreneurial ethos allows them to view personal sacrifice and exposure to potentially dangerous drugs as smart investments leading to financially stable futures. These discursive moves normalize extractive, and at times dehumanizing, labour relations that offload expenses and risks to workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin Monahan
- Department of Communication, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3285, USA
| | - Jill A. Fisher
- Department of Social Medicine and Center for Bioethics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240, USA
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