Protective Effects of Chrysin Against Drugs and Toxic Agents

Natural antagonistic flavones for AhR inhibit indoxyl sulfate-induced inflammatory gene expression in vitro and renal pathological damages in vivo

Background

Uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) induces vascular inflammation, a crucial event in renal failure, and vascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In endothelial cells, IS increases the production of inflammatory cytokines partially via the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and several food flavonoids have been reported to act as antagonists of AhR.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether antagonistic flavonoids can attenuate IS-induced inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells in vitro and renal failure in vivo.

Design

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with the flavones apigenin, chrysin, or luteolin were stimulated with IS. Expression levels of genes involved in AhR signaling, inflammatory cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed. Uninephrectomized mice were orally administered chrysin and received daily intraperitoneal injections of IS for 4 weeks.

Results

In HUVECs, IS upregulated the mRNA expression of AhR-targeted genes (CYP1A1 and AhRR), and genes involved in inflammation (NOX4, MCP-1, IL-6, and COX2) and monocyte invasion/adhesion (ICAM1). All three flavones attenuated the IS-induced increase in the expression of these mRNAs. They also suppressed the IS-induced nuclear translocation of AhR and intracellular ROS production. Furthermore, IS-induced phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was inhibited by treatment with these flavones. The results of in-vivo experiments showed that administration with chrysin attenuated the elevation of blood urea nitrogen levels and AhR-target gene expression and the pathological impairment of renal tissues in mice, regardless of higher serum levels of IS.

Conclusions

Natural food flavones antagonizing AhR exerted protective effects against IS-induced inflammation through the inhibition of the AhR-STAT3 pathway in HUVECs. Moreover, chrysin ameliorated IS-induced renal dysfunction in a mouse model of CKD. These flavonoids could be a therapeutic strategy for vascular inflammation in CKD.

Determining pyroxasulfone herbicide in honey samples using liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature purification (LLE-LTP)

Pyroxasulfone is a selective, systemic, pre-emergence herbicide which acts to inhibit weeds in potato, coffee, sugar cane, eucalyptus, and soybean plantations, among others. This active ingredient was classified by Brazilian legislation as a very dangerous product for the environment, and to date there are no studies involving the development of extraction methods for monitoring this compound in environmental matrices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize and validate liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature purification followed by a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis to determine this herbicide in honey samples. The results showed that the best extractor phase was acetonitrile and ethyl acetate (6.5 mL:1.5 mL), with recovery rates close to 100% and relative standard deviations below 11%. The validation proved that the extraction method was selective, precise, accurate and linear in the range of 3-225 μg kg-1, reaching a limit of quantification of 3 μg kg-1, with a -25.95% matrix effect. Monitoring on real samples did not reveal episodes of environmental contamination with pyroxasulfone residue.

Advancements and recent explorations of anti-cancer activity of chrysin: from molecular targets to therapeutic perspective

In recent times, there have been notable advancements in comprehending the potential anti-cancer effects of chrysin (CH), a naturally occurring flavonoid compound found abundantly in various plant sources like honey, propolis, and certain fruits and vegetables. This active compound has garnered significant attention due to its promising therapeutic qualities and minimal toxicity. CH's ability to combat cancer arises from its multifaceted mechanisms of action, including the initiation of apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell cycle progression. CH also displays potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively counteracting the harmful molecules that contribute to DNA damage and the development of cancer. Furthermore, CH has exhibited the potential to sensitize cancer cells to traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, amplifying the effectiveness of these treatments while reducing their negative impact on healthy cells. Hence, in this current review, the composition, chemistry, mechanisms of action, safety concerns of CH, along with the feasibility of its nanoformulations. To conclude, the recent investigations into CH's anti-cancer effects present a compelling glimpse into the potential of this natural compound as a complementary therapeutic element in the array of anti-cancer approaches, providing a safer and more comprehensive method of combating this devastating ailment.

Metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine targeting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway for hypoglycemic effect in type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the tightly intertwined connection between the insulin resistance pathway and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and its associated targets is essential for hypoglycemia and the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, metabolites isolated from traditional Chinese medicine has received more attention and acceptance for its superior bioactivity, high safety, and fewer side effects. Meanwhile, numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the metabolites present in traditional Chinese medicine possess better bioactivities in regulating the balance of glucose metabolism, ameliorating insulin resistance, and preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In this article, we reviewed the literature related to the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine improving IR and possessing therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, focusing on the hypoglycemic mechanism of the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine in type 2 diabetes mellitus and elaborating on the significant role of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In order to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Development of dietary small molecules as multi-targeting treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease

Cognitive dysfunction can occur both in normal aging and age-related neurological disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These disorders have few treatment options due to side effects and limited efficacy. New approaches to slow cognitive decline are urgently needed. Dietary interventions (nutraceuticals) have received considerable attention because they exhibit strong neuroprotective properties and may help prevent or minimize AD symptoms. Biological aging is driven by a series of interrelated mechanisms, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and autophagy, which function through various signaling pathways. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have shown that dietary small molecules derived from natural sources, including flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenolic acids, can modulate oxidative damage, cognitive impairments, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, autophagy dysregulation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. This paper reviews research on different dietary small molecules and their bioactive constituents in the treatment of AD. Additionally, the chemical structure, effective dose, and specific molecular mechanisms of action are comprehensively explored. This paper also discusses the advantages of using nanotechnology-based drug delivery, which significantly enhances oral bioavailability, safety, and therapeutic effect, and lowers the risk of adverse effects. These agents have considerable potential as novel and safe therapeutic agents that can prevent and combat age-related AD.

Effectiveness and tolerance of multicorrective topical treatment for infraorbital dark circles and puffiness

BACKGROUND

Treatment of infraorbital dark circles and under-eye puffiness is challenging due to its multifactorial nature and lack of broadly applicable, effective treatments. A daily skincare treatment option that is multimodal, effective, and tolerable across a broad patient population is an unmet need.

AIM

A multicorrective topical eye cream (MTEC) formulated with Tetrahexyldecyl (THD) ascorbate (vitamin C), prebiotic Inula Helenium, bioavailable peptides, botanical extracts, chrysin, and caffeine is hypothesized to improve the appearance of infraorbital dark circles and under-eye puffiness by targeting microvasculature congestion and permeability, melanin accumulation and hemoglobin degradation-related pigmentation, and skin health.

METHODS

An IRB approved, open-label, 12-week clinical study set out to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the MTEC across a broad patient population including varying ethnicities and Fitzpatrick Skin Types (FST). Female subjects (n = 40) ages 35-60 years old, with moderate-to-severe under-eye dark circles, moderate under-eye puffiness, and mild-to-moderate fine lines were enrolled into the study. Objective (Chromameter, VISIA® imaging, and Laser Doppler) and subjective assessments (clinical grading and self-assessment questionnaire) were conducted at baseline and post-baseline timepoints.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven subjects completed the study, and the MTEC efficaciously demonstrated short-term and long-term improvements in objective and subjective assessments across a broad patient population. Specifically, the MTEC demonstrated significant improvement of infraorbital dark circles, mainly by the reduction in microvasculature congestion and permeability, melanin, and hemoglobin degradation-related pigmentation.

CONCLUSION

Topical application of the MTEC may offer an effective and tolerable treatment option for infraorbital dark circles and puffiness.

Chrysin loaded nanovesicles ameliorated diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Role of NGF/AKT/GSK-3β pathway

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common diabetic complication. Chrysin (CHY) has many biological properties but poor oral bioavailability. This study investigates the effect of CHY and CHY-loaded nanovesicles (CHY-NVs) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DPN in rats. CHY-NVs were prepared by using film hydration method. The formula with the best entrapment efficiency%, lowest particle size, highest zeta potential, and highest in vitro CHY released profile was selected, characterized by Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy analysis, and examined by Transmission electron microscope. Acute toxicity test, pharmacokinetic study and experimental model of diabetes mellitus were performed on the selected formulation. Wistar rats were considered diabetic by administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ (50 mg/kg). 48 h after STZ administration, hyperglycemic rats were randomly assigned into four groups, one group of untreated hyperglycemic rats and the other three groups received daily oral doses of unloaded NVs, CHY-NVs (25 mg/kg), and CHY-NVs (50 mg/kg), respectively for 21 days. Moreover, five additional groups of healthy rats received: distilled water (control), free CHY, unloaded NVs, and CHY-NVs respectively for 21 days. CHY and CHY-NVs maintained body weight and reduced STZ-induced behavioral changes in rotarod, hind paw cold allodynia, tail cold allodynia, tail flick, and hot plate tests. CHY and CHY-NVs lowered blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, elevated serum reduced glutathione (GSH), and reduced plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. CHY-NVs elevated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pi3k), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), and reduced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in sciatic nerve homogenate. CHY and CHY-NVs increased nerve growth factor (NGF) and decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) gene expressions in the sciatic nerve. In conclusion, CHY and CHY-NVs ameliorated STZ-induced DPN behavioral and histopathological changes via attenuating hyperglycemia, exerting anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, activating NGF/p-AKT/GSK-3β pathway, and its anti-apoptotic effect. The best pharmacokinetic profile and therapeutic effect was observed in rats treated with CHY-loaded NVs.

The protective effects of baicalin and chrysin against emamectin benzoate-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of baicalin, chrysin and their combinations against emamectin benzoate-induced toxicity in rats. For this purpose, sixty four rats were divided into evenly 8 groups with 6-8-week-old male Wistar albino rats, weighing 180-250 g, in each group. While the first group was kept as a control (corn oil), the remaining 7 groups were administered with emamectin benzoate (10 mg/kg bw), baicalin (50 mg/kg bw) and chrysin (50 mg/kg bw) alone or together for 28 days. Oxidative stress parameters, serum biochemical parameters and blood/tissue (liver, kidney, brain, testis and heart) and tissue histopathology were investigated. Compared to the control group, the emamectin benzoate-intoxicated rats had significantly higher tissue/plasma concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as lower tissue glutathione (GSH) concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase/GSH-Px, glutathione reductase/GR, glutathione-S-transferase/GST, superoxide dismutase/SOD, catalase/CAT). Biochemical analysis showed that emamectin benzoate administration significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, as well as triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid and urea levels, and decreased serum total protein and albumin levels. The histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, brain, heart and testis tissues of the emamectin benzoate-intoxicated rats demonstrated necrotic changes. Baicalin and/or chrysin reversed the biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by emamectin benzoate on these tested organs. Therefore, baicalin and chrysin (alone or in combination) could offer protection against emamectin benzoate-induced toxicity.

Traditional Chinese medicine monomers: Targeting pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation to treat pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR), with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. The abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is the main pathological change causing PVR. At present, clinical treatment drugs for PH are limited, which can only improve symptoms and reduce hospitalization but cannot delay disease progression and reduce survival rate. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine monomers (TCMs) inhibit excessive proliferation of PASMCs resulting in alleviating PVR through multiple channels and multiple targets, which has attracted more and more attention in the treatment of PH. In this paper, the experimental evidence of inhibiting PASMCs proliferation by TCMs was summarized to provide some directions for the future development of these mentioned TCMs as anti-PH drugs in clinical.

Chrysin mitigates diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats

BACKGROUND

Diclofenac (DF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) generally prescribed for the treatment of pain. In spite of the widespread use of DF, hepatotoxicity has been reported after its administration. The current study discloses new evidence as regards of the curative effects of chrysin (CHR) on DF-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

METHODS

The animals were separated into five different groups. Group-I was in control. Group-II received CHR-only (50 mg/kg bw, p.o.) on all 5 days. Group-III received DF-only (50 mg/kg bw, i.p.) on 4th and 5th day. Group-IV received DF (50 mg/kg bw) + CHR (25 mg/kg, bw) and group-V received DF (50 mg/kg, bw) + CHR (50 mg/kg, bw) for 5 days.

RESULTS

DF injection was associated with increased MDA while reduced GSH level, activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and mRNA levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 in the liver. DF injection caused apoptosis and autophagy in the liver by up-regulating caspase-3, Bax, LC3A, and LC3B levels and down-regulating Bcl-2. DF also caused ER stress by increasing mRNA transcript levels of ATF-6, IRE1, PERK, and GRP78. Additionally, it was observed that DF administration up-regulated MMP2 and MMP9. However, treatment with CHR at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg considerably ameliorated oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and ER stress in liver tissue.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the data of this study indicate that liver damage associated with DF toxicity could be ameliorated by CHR administration.

Why Do Dietary Flavonoids Have a Promising Effect as Enhancers of Anthracyclines? Hydroxyl Substituents, Bioavailability and Biological Activity

Anthracyclines currently play a key role in the treatment of many cancers, but the limiting factor of their use is the widespread phenomenon of drug resistance and untargeted toxicity. Flavonoids have pleiotropic, beneficial effects on human health that, apart from antioxidant activity, are currently considered small molecules-starting structures for drug development and enhancers of conventional therapeutics. This paper is a review of the current and most important data on the participation of a selected series of flavonoids: chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin, which differ in the presence of an additional hydroxyl group, in the formation of a synergistic effect with anthracycline antibiotics. The review includes a characterization of the mechanism of action of flavonoids, as well as insight into the physicochemical parameters determining their bioavailability in vitro. The crosstalk between flavonoids and the molecular activity of anthracyclines discussed in the article covers the most important common areas of action, such as (1) disruption of DNA integrity (genotoxic effect), (2) modulation of antioxidant response pathways, and (3) inhibition of the activity of membrane proteins responsible for the active transport of drugs and xenobiotics. The increase in knowledge about the relationship between the molecular structure of flavonoids and their biological effect makes it possible to more effectively search for derivatives with a synergistic effect with anthracyclines and to develop better therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.

Chrysin improves diabetic nephropathy by regulating the AMPK-mediated lipid metabolism in HFD/STZ-induced DN mice

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a highly prevalent and severe diabetic complication. It is urgent to explore high efficiency and minor side effects therapy for DN. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid with various biological activities found in honey and propolis, and has considerable potential to improve DN. The study was designed to explore the effects and the specific underlying mechanism of chrysin for DN in high-fat-diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced DN mice. Firstly, the study revealed that chrysin effectively improved obesity, insulin resistance (IR), renal function, and pathological injury in DN mice. Secondly, the study found that chrysin improved the key indices and markers of lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation which are closely related to the development or progression of DN. Moreover, chrysin markedly modulated lipid metabolism by regulating Adenosine 5' monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and essential downstream proteins. Furthermore, AMPK inhibitor (Dorsomorphin) intervention partially suppressed the positive effects of chrysin on all testing indicators, indicating that activated AMPK is crucial for chrysin action on DN. The present study demonstrated that chrysin may improve DN by regulating lipid metabolism, and activated AMPK plays a critical role in the regulation of chrysin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study verified the positive effects of chrysin on obesity, insulin resistance, kidney injury, renal function, lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which are closely related to the development or progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Moreover, we explored that chrysin improves DN by regulating AMPK-mediated lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the AMPK inhibitor was used to confirm that activated AMPK plays a critical role in the effects of chrysin. These results could offer a full explanation and a potential option for adjuvant therapy of DN diabetes with chrysin.

The protective effect of chrysin against oxidative stress and organ toxicity in rats exposed to propetamphos

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective efficacy of chrysin against propetamphos exposure. For this purpose, 2 to 3-month-old 40 male Wistar Albino rats were used. These animals were randomly assigned to four groups. The animals in the control group received the vehicle substance (corn oil) alone. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered with 50 mg/kg.bw/day of chrysin (in corn oil), 10 mg/kg.bw/day of propetamphos (in corn oil), and 10 mg/kg.bw/day of propetamphos plus 50 mg/kg.bw/day of chrysin, respectively, for 28 days. Some oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation parameters (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, NO, glutathione) and serum biochemical parameters (triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, creatine phosphokinase, ALT, ALP and pseudocholinesterase) were analyzed in tissue/blood samples. Also, histopathological findings were observed. According to the data obtained, no significant alteration had occurred in these parameters and the histological findings in the group given chrysin alone, when compared to the control group. Significant unfavorable alterations were detected in the oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation/antioxidant status parameters, all biochemical parameters and histopathological findings of the group that received propetamphos alone. In the group that was given both chrysin and propetamphos, remedial/recovery alterations were observed in the oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation/antioxidant status values, serum biochemical parameters and histopathological findings, such that the values and histopathological findings showed partly similarity to those of the control group. In result, it is suggested that chrysin may provide protection against propetamphos exposure and propetamphos-induced organ damage in rats at a certain level.

Suppression of cisplatin-induced ovarian injury in rats by chrysin: an experimental study

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic efficacy of chrysin (CHS) against ovotoxicity caused by intraperitoneal administration of cisplatin (CDDP) in rats. In this experimental study, 24 female rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, CHS (2 mg/kg), CDDP (5 mg/kg) and CDDP (5 mg/kg) + CHS (2 mg/kg). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined in the ovarian tissues using spectrophotometric methods. In addition, the ovarian samples were evaluated histopathologically by hematoxylin&eosin staining. The results revealed that the levels of MDA, TOS, IL-6 and MPO significantly increased by CDDP administration compared with control group (p < 0.05). Also, it was found that CDDP significantly decreased TAS and SOD levels (p < 0.05). CHS ameliorated CDDP-induced the increased levels of MDA, TOS, IL-6, MPO and increased the levels of TAS and SOD significantly (p < 0.05). Histological findings also supported the therapeutic effect of CHS against CDDP-induced ovarian damage parameters. In conclusion, our results showed that CHS exhibits a therapeutic effect against CDDP-induced ovotoxicity and therefore the use of CHS after chemotherapy may improve the side effets of CDDP. IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known about this subject? Cisplatin (CDDP) is an effective and widely used chemotherapeutic agent to treat various malignancies, but its therapeutic use is limited due to dose-related tissue toxicity. Chrysin (CHS), a natural flavone, exhibits various beneficial activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. There are increasing evidences in the literature that CHS reduces the toxicity of various chemotherapeutic agents, such as CDDP, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, in colon, kidney and liver tissues through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.What do the results of this study add? This study demonstrated that CHS can abolish CDDP-induced in vivo ovarian injury by decreasing MDA, TOS, IL-6 and MPO levels and increasing SOD and TAS levels through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study revealed the therapeutic potential of CHS against CDDP-induced acute ovotoxicity, for the first time. Further pre-clinical studies are necessary to prove the beneficial effect of CHS on the prevention of CDDP-induced ovarian toxicity.

Chrysin attenuates estradiol-induced endometrial hyperplasia in rats via enhancing PPARα activity

Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a complex condition that commonly affects women after menopause. Since the current available treatments for EH are mainly invasive, there is a need for developing new treatment modalities. Chrysin (Ch) is a dihydroxyflavone with numerous promising therapeutic potentials. In this study, Ch's protective effects on estradiol (E2)-induced EH were studied in rats. Animals were allocated randomly to five groups and were treated for 4 weeks as follows: Group 1, control: received the vehicle; group 2, Ch: received Ch 25 mg/kg; group 3, estradiol (E2): received E2 (3 mg/kg) 3 × weekly subcutaneously and the vehicle. Group 4, E2 + Ch 10 mg/kg and group 5, E2 + Ch 25 mg/kg: Ch was given once daily at 10 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, E2 was administered 3 × weekly (3 mg/kg) in groups 4 and 5. Ch inhibited the E2-induced increase in uterine weights and histopathological changes. Ch lowered the cyclin D1 expression. Ch raised the caspase-3 content and Bax mRNA expression. Furthermore, it corrected the raised Bcl2 mRNA expression due to E2. Ch inhibited MDA accumulation and GSH depletion. It also prevents E2-induced SOD and GPx exhaustion. It also ameliorated the rise in NFκB, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression. These effects were correlated with an enhanced PPARα activity ratio relative to the E2 group. This suggests that Ch attenuates EH in this model by exerting anti-proliferative, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects partially through increasing PPARα activity.

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Chrysin and Naringenin in a Drug-Induced Bone Loss Model in Rats

Oxidative stress (OS) mediators, together with the inflammatory processes, are considered as threatening factors for bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of flavonoids naringenin and chrysin on OS, inflammation, and bone degradation in retinoic acid (13cRA)-induced secondary osteoporosis (OP) in rats. We analysed changes in body and uterine weight, biochemical bone parameters (bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), markers of bone turnover), bone geometry parameters, bone histology, OS parameters, biochemical and haematological parameters, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Osteoporotic rats had reduced bone Ca and P levels, BMD, BMC, and expression of markers of bone turnover, and increased values of serum enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Malondialdehyde (MDA) production in liver, kidney, and ovary was increased, while the glutathione (GSH) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes were reduced and accompanied with the enhanced release of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and RANTES chemokine (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in serum. Treatment with chrysin or naringenin improved bone quality, reduced bone resorption, and bone mineral deposition, although with a lower efficacy compared with alendronate. However, flavonoids exhibited more pronounced antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and phytoestrogenic activities, indicating their great potential in attenuating bone loss and prevention of OP.

Cassia auriculata and its role in infection / inflammation: A close look on future drug discovery

The herbal plants contain various active compounds which have the ability to treat several human diseases without any side effects like cancer chemotherapeutic drugs used currently. It is reported that majority of the presently used drugs are derived from natural resources like plants or their products and hence, there is an urgent need to search for novel drugs from natural resources. Accordingly, the present study was designed to exploit an ethnomedicinally important plant Cassia auriculata Linn. for the identification of its phytoconstituents responsible for various properties such as antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activities. Different extracts of the plant were subjected to chromatographic techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to acquire the fingerprint of the phytoconstituents present in the plant. The extracts were analyzed by Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Visible) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The efficacy of the extracts was examined through different in vitro assay methods. The GC-MS study exhibited the occurrence of 48 phytoconstituents in all the tested extracts and the HPLC study revealed the presence of quercetin. Different in vitro evaluations of the plant revealed that both ethyl acetate (DPPH-IC₅₀: 340.9 μg/ml) and ethanol fractions (DPPH-IC₅₀: 205.5 μg/ml) exhibited a potent activity. Hence, using the above study, novel potent antimicrobial and anti-diabetic principles from C. auriculata can be formulated in the future towards the clinical progress of therapeutic remedies against these ailments.

Promising Protective Effects of Chrysin in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) have a great burden in terms of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vicious cycle of CMD consists of type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and atherosclerosis interacting and feedbacking each other. The natural flavonoid chrysin has been displayed to own a broad spectrum of therapeutic impacts for human health. Herein, we did an in-depth investigation of the novel mechanisms of chrysin's cardioprotection against cardiometabolic disorder. Studies have shown that chrysin protects the cardiovascular system by enhancing the intrinsic antioxidative defense system. This antioxidant boost by chrysin protects against several risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders including atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation and dysfunction, platelet aggregation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiotoxicity, myocardial infarction, injury and remodeling, diabetes-induced injuries, and obesity. Chrysin also exhibited anti-inflammatory mechanisms through inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3k/Akt. Furthermore, chrysin modulated NO pathway, RAS system, AGE/RAGE pathway, PPARs pathway which contributed to the risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders. Taken together, the mechanisms in which chrysin protects against cardiometabolic disorder are more than merely antioxidation and anti-inflammation in the cardiovascular system.

Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system containing chrysin

OBJECTIVE

To prepare a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to increase the solubility and oral bioavailability of chrysin.

METHODS

The preparation conditions were determined using factor analysis method. Preliminarily screening was conducted using compatibility tests and pseudo-ternary phase diagram studies. The central composite design-response surface methodology was used to determine the maximum drug loading and optimize SMEDDS formation, as characterized by surface morphology, pH, diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and phase type. In vitro release of chrysin-suspension and chrysin-SMEDDS was investigated using the bulk-equilibrium reverse dialysis bag technique. Short-term stability of chrysin-SMEDDS at high and low temperatures was assessed. Pharmacokinetic behaviors were evaluated after intragastric and intravenous administration to rats.

RESULTS

The final optimal formulation was medium chain triglyceride:oleic acid:Cremophor RH40: Transcutol HP (w/w) (12%:12%:32%:44%), with a drug loading capacity of 5 mg/g. Diluted chrysin-SMEDDS was characterized as an oil-in-water type and spherical, with a diameter, pH, PDI, and zeta potential of 28.26 ± 0.83 nm, 5.60 ± 0.84, 0.18 ± 0.01, and -23.13 ± 0.95 mV, respectively. The release speed of chrysin-SMEDDS was significantly higher than that of chrysin-suspension, and the release process was not affected by the media pH. In vivo pharmacokinetic data revealed that the oral bioavailability of chrysin-SMEDDS was 2.7-fold higher than that of chrysin suspension, compared with the chrysin microemulsion.

CONCLUSION

The optimal SMEDDS formulation increased the dissolution and oral bioavailability of chrysin and may be useful for investigating chrysin efficacy in animal disease models and toxicokinetic studies.

Developing nutritional component chrysin as a therapeutic agent: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics consideration, and ADME mechanisms

Chrysin is a promising naturally occurring flavonoid mainly found in honey and propolis. Although chrysin's biological activities have been demonstrated and the mechanism of actions has been determined using in vitro and in vivo models, results from the current clinical studies were largely negative. A potential reason for chrysin's low efficacy in humans is poor oral bioavailability. In this paper, we reviewed the preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics studies of chrysin and analyzed the mechanism of poor in vivo efficacy with emphasis on its bioavailability and ADME mechanism. Low aqueous solubility, rapid metabolism mediated by UGTs and SULT, efficient excretion through efflux transporters including BCRP and MRP2 are the major reasons causing poor systemic bioavailability for chrysin. However, because of efficient enterohepatic recycling facilitated by phase II metabolism and efflux, chrysin's bioavailability in the low GI tract is high. Thus, chrysin can be ideal for treating diseases in the terminal ileum and colon (e.g., carcinoma, local infection) since it is localized in the lower GI tract with limited delivery to other organs.

Chrysin Ameliorates Cyclosporine-A-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a nephrotoxicant that causes fibrosis via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The flavonoid chrysin has been reported to have anti-fibrotic activity and inhibit signaling pathways that are activated during EMT. This study investigated the nephroprotective role of chrysin in the prevention of CsA-induced renal fibrosis and elucidated a mechanism of inhibition against CsA-induced EMT in proximal tubule cells. Treatment with chrysin prevented CsA-induced renal dysfunction in Sprague Dawley rats measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. Chrysin inhibited CsA-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, characterized by reduced tubular damage and collagen deposition. In vitro, chrysin significantly inhibited EMT in LLC-PK₁ cells, evidenced by inhibition of cell migration, decreased collagen expression, reduced presence of mesenchymal markers and elevated epithelial junction proteins. Furthermore, chrysin co-treatment diminished CsA-induced TGF-β₁ signaling pathways, decreasing Smad 3 phosphorylation which lead to a subsequent reduction in Snail expression. Chrysin also inhibited activation of the Akt/ GSK-3β pathway. Inhibition of both pathways diminished the cytosolic accumulation of β-catenin, a known trigger for EMT. In conclusion, flavonoids such as chrysin offer protection against CsA-induced renal dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. Chrysin was shown to inhibit CsA-induced TGF-β₁-dependent EMT in proximal tubule cells by modulation of Smad-dependent and independent signaling pathways.

Isolation, Characterization and Neuroprotective Activity of Folecitin: An In Vivo Study

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) extend the global health burden. Consumption of alcohol as well as maternal exposure to ethanol can damage several neuronal functions and cause cognition and behavioral abnormalities. Ethanol induces oxidative stress that is linked to the development of NDs. Treatment options for NDs are yet scarce, and natural product-based treatments could facilitate ND management since plants possess plenty of bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, which typically demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hypericum oblongifolium is an important traditional medicinal plant used for hepatitis, gastric ulcer, external wounds, and other gastrointestinal disorders. However, it also possesses multiple bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties, but the evaluation of isolated pure compounds for neuroprotective efficacy has not been done yet. Therefore, in the current study, we aim to isolate and characterize the bioactive flavonoid folecitin and evaluate its neuroprotective activity against ethanol-induced oxidative-stress-mediated neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of postnatal day 7 (PND-7) rat pups. A single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administered after the birth of rat pups on PND-7. This caused oxidative stress accompanied by the activation of phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and cysteine-aspartic acid protease-1 (caspase-1) proteins to form a complex called the NLRP3-inflammasome, which converts pro-interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B) to activate IL-1B and induce widespread neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In contrast, co-administration of folecitin (30 mg/kg body weight) reduced ethanol-induced oxidative stress, inhibited p-JNK, and deactivated the NLRP3-inflammasome complex. Furthermore, folecitin administration reduced neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative protein markers, including decreased caspase-3, BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) expression in the immature rat brain. These findings conclude that folecitin is a flavone compound, and it might be a novel, natural and safe agent to curb oxidative stress and its downstream harmful effects, including inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Further evaluation in a dose-dependent manner would be worth it in order to find a suitable dose regimen for NDs.

Isolation, Characterization and Neuroprotective Activity of Folecitin: An In Vivo Study

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) extend the global health burden. Consumption of alcohol as well as maternal exposure to ethanol can damage several neuronal functions and cause cognition and behavioral abnormalities. Ethanol induces oxidative stress that is linked to the development of NDs. Treatment options for NDs are yet scarce, and natural product-based treatments could facilitate ND management since plants possess plenty of bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, which typically demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hypericum oblongifolium is an important traditional medicinal plant used for hepatitis, gastric ulcer, external wounds, and other gastrointestinal disorders. However, it also possesses multiple bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties, but the evaluation of isolated pure compounds for neuroprotective efficacy has not been done yet. Therefore, in the current study, we aim to isolate and characterize the bioactive flavonoid folecitin and evaluate its neuroprotective activity against ethanol-induced oxidative-stress-mediated neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of postnatal day 7 (PND-7) rat pups. A single dose of ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administered after the birth of rat pups on PND-7. This caused oxidative stress accompanied by the activation of phosphorylated-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and cysteine-aspartic acid protease-1 (caspase-1) proteins to form a complex called the NLRP3-inflammasome, which converts pro-interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B) to activate IL-1B and induce widespread neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In contrast, co-administration of folecitin (30 mg/kg body weight) reduced ethanol-induced oxidative stress, inhibited p-JNK, and deactivated the NLRP3-inflammasome complex. Furthermore, folecitin administration reduced neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative protein markers, including decreased caspase-3, BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) expression in the immature rat brain. These findings conclude that folecitin is a flavone compound, and it might be a novel, natural and safe agent to curb oxidative stress and its downstream harmful effects, including inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Further evaluation in a dose-dependent manner would be worth it in order to find a suitable dose regimen for NDs.

Recent Progress in Environmental Toxins-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Protective Potential of Natural Products

Humans are unconsciously exposed to environmental toxins including heavy metals as well as various pesticides, which have deleterious effects on human health. Accumulating studies pointed out that exposure to environmental toxins was associated with various cardiopathologic effects. This review summarizes the main mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by environmental toxins (cadmium, arsenic and pesticides) and discusses the potential preventive effects of natural products. These findings will provide a theoretical basis and novel agents for the prevention and treatment of environmental toxins-induced cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, the limitations of current studies, future needs and priorities are discussed.

Topical Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Skin Cancer: Proof-of-Technology

The present study is a mechanistic validation of ‘proof-of-technology’ for the effective topical delivery of chrysin nanoemulgel for localized, efficient treatment of melanoma-affected skin. Background: Currently available treatments for skin cancer are inefficient due to systemic side effects and poor transcutaneous permeation, thereby presenting a formidable challenge for the development of novel nanocarriers. Methods: We opted for a novel approach and formulated a nanocomplex system composed of hydrophobic chrysin dissolved in a lipid mix, which was further nanoemulsified in Pluronic^® F-127 gel to enhance physicochemical and biopharmaceutic characteristics. Chrysin, a flavone extracted from passion flowers, exhibits potential anti-cancer activities; however, it has limited applicability due to its poor solubility. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the best self-nanoemulsifying region by varying the compositions of oil, Caproyl^® 90 surfactant, Tween^® 80, and co-solvent Transcutol^® HP. Chrysin-loaded nanoemulsifying compositions were characterized for various physicochemical properties. Results: This thermodynamically stable, self-emulsifying drug delivery system showed a mean droplet size of 156.9 nm, polydispersity index of 0.26, and viscosity of 9100 cps after dispersion in gel. Mechanical characterization using Texture Analyzer exhibited that the gel had a hardness of 487 g and adhesiveness of 500 g. Ex vivo permeation through rat abdominal skin revealed significant improvement in percutaneous absorption measured as flux, the apparent permeability coefficient, the steady-state diffusion coefficient, and drug deposition. In vitro cytotoxicity on A375 and SK-MEL-2 cell lines showed a significantly improved therapeutic effect, thus ensuring reduction in dose. The safety of the product was established through biocompatibility testing on the L929 cell line. Conclusion: Aqueous, gel-based, topical, nanoemulsified chrysin is a promising technology approach for effective localized transcutaneous delivery that will help reduce the frequency and overall dose usage and ultimately improve the therapeutic index.

Curcumin Activates the Nrf2 Pathway and Induces Cellular Protection Against Oxidative Injury

Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenol that is isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa (turmeric). This medicinal compound has different biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antineoplastic, and anti-inflammatory. It also has therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative disorders, renal disorders, and diabetes mellitus. Curcumin is safe and well-tolerated at high concentrations without inducing toxicity. It seems that curcumin is capable of targeting the Nrf2 signaling pathway in protecting the cells against oxidative damage. Besides, this strategy is advantageous in cancer therapy. Accumulating data demonstrates that curcumin applies four distinct ways to stimulate the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including inhibition of Keap1, affecting the upstream mediators of Nrf2, influencing the expression of Nrf2 and target genes, and finally, improving the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In the present review, the effects of curcumin on the Nrf2 signaling pathway to exert its therapeutic and biological activities has been discussed.

Chrysin Ameliorates Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction Through Upregulating Nfr2/Heme Oxygenase 1 Pathway

ABSTRACT

The incidence of myocardial dysfunction caused by sepsis is high, and the mortality of patients with sepsis can be significantly increased. During sepsis, oxidative stress and inflammation can lead to severe organ dysfunction. Flavone chrysin is one of the indispensable biological active ingredients for different fruits and vegetables and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is not clear whether chrysin is an effective treatment for heart dysfunction caused by sepsis. We found that it had protective effects against the harmful effects caused by LPS, manifested in improved survival, normalized cardiac function, improved partial pathological scores of myocardial tissue, and remission of apoptosis, as well as reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Mechanism studies have found that chrysin is an important antioxidant protein, a key regulator of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). We found that HO-1 levels were increased after LPS intervention, and chrysin further increased HO-1 levels, along with the addition of Nrf2, a regulator of antioxidant proteins. Pretreatment with PD98059, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-specific inhibitor, blocked chrysin-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. The protective effect of chrysin on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction was blocked by ZnPP, which is a HO-1 blocker. Chrysin increased antioxidant activity and reduced markers of oxidative stress (SOD and MDA) and inflammation (MPO and IL-1β), all of which were blocked by ZnPP. This indicates that HO-1 is the upstream molecule regulating the protective effect of chrysin. Thus, by upregulation of HO-1, chrysin protects against LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction and inflammation by inhibiting oxidative stress.

Protective Effects of Chrysin Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Lead Acetate in Rat Kidneys: a Biochemical and Histopathological Approach

In this study, the protective effects of chrysin (CR) on lead acetate (PbAc)-induced renal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated with biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. In the study, rats were given orally at 30 mg/kg/body weight (BW) PbAc after CR of 25 and 50 mg/kg/BW was administered to them orally (a total of 7 administrations for 7 days). The results showed that CR reduced urea and creatinine levels by alleviating PbAc-induced kidney damage. It was determined that CR decreases PbAc-induced lipid peroxidation due to its antioxidant properties and increases catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) levels. It was also detected that CR protects DNA from the toxic effects of PbAc and reduces 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Biochemical and immunohistochemical findings demonstrated that CR had anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and reduced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), interleukin-33 (IL-33), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), p53 levels, and the activities of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which were increased with PbAc administration. Moreover, CR was found to increase the levels of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and nephrine in PbAc-induced kidney tissue. CR decreased the contents of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and copper (Cu) and increased those of potassium (K) calcium (Ca) in renal tissue. These results indicated that CR considerably alleviates kidney toxicity caused by PbAc.

The Roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and Reactive Oxygen Species in Aging and Senescence

The aging process deteriorates organs' function at different levels, causing its progressive decline to resist stress, damage, and disease. In addition to alterations in metabolic control and gene expression, the rate of aging has been connected with the generation of high amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The essential perspective in free radical biology is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are toxic, mostly cause direct biological damage to targets, and are thus a major cause of oxidative stress. Different enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds in the cells have roles in neutralizing this toxicity. Oxidative damage in aging is mostly high in particular molecular targets, such as mitochondrial DNA and aconitase, and oxidative stress in mitochondria can cause tissue aging across intrinsic apoptosis. Mitochondria's function and morphology are impaired through aging, following a decrease in the membrane potential by an increase in peroxide generation and size of the organelles. Telomeres may be the significant trigger of replicative senescence. Oxidative stress accelerates telomere loss, whereas antioxidants slow it down. Oxidative stress is a crucial modulator of telomere shortening, and that telomere-driven replicative senescence is mainly a stress response. The age-linked mitochondrial DNA mutation and protein dysfunction aggregate in some organs like the brain and skeletal muscle, thus contributing considerably to these post-mitotic tissues' aging. The aging process is mostly due to accumulated damage done by harmful species in some macromolecules such proteins, DNA, and lipids. The degradation of non-functional, oxidized proteins is a crucial part of the antioxidant defenses of cells, in which the clearance of these proteins occurs through autophagy in the cells, which is known as mitophagy for mitochondria.

Emerging Natural-Product-Based Treatments for the Management of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability. Yet, the development of new treatment strategies to restore the equilibrium of the osteoarthritic joint remains a challenge. Numerous studies have revealed that dietary components and/or natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bone-resorption, and anabolic potential and have received much attention toward the development of new therapeutic strategies for OA treatment. In the present review, we provide an overview of current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management by drawing attention to experimental, pre-clinical, and clinical models. Herein, we review current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management.

Curcumin and cardiovascular diseases: Focus on cellular targets and cascades

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of the most considerable mortality globally, and it has been tried to find the molecular mechanisms and design new drugs that triggered the molecular target. Curcumin is the main ingredient of Curcuma longa (turmeric) that has been used in traditional medicine for treating several diseases for years. Numerous investigations have indicated the beneficial effect of Curcumin in modulating multiple signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation. The cardiovascular protective effects of Curcumin against CVDs have been indicated in several studies. In the current review study, we provided novel information on Curcumin's protective effects against various CVDs and potential molecular signaling targets of Curcumin. Nonetheless, more studies should be performed to discover the exact molecular target of Curcumin against CVDs.

Modulation of Liver P-Glycoprotien Expression May Contribute to Gossypin Protection against Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity

OBJECTIVES

Methotrexate (MTX) is a broadly used anticancer. Its major side effect is hepatotoxicity. Gossypin is a flavonoid has a hepatoprotective effect as well as antitumor property. The study aimed at inspecting the protective effect of gossypin against MTX hepatotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four adult male rats arranged into four groups (six rats each): control, gossypin control, MTX, and MTX+ gossypin. Animals were orally administered gossypin at 10 mg kg^-1 day^-1 for 7 days. MTX was injected i.p. (20 mg/kg^-1 once) on 5^th day. Liver enzyme and oxidative stress markers were assessed. BAX, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) gene expressions, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were assessed. The histopathological study as well as the immunohistochemical study for hepatic caspase 3 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκ-B) was done.

RESULTS

MTX produced a significant increase of liver enzymes and distortion of hepatic architecture alongside with increased the hepatic collagen content. MTX administration significantly increased the oxidative stress markers and upregulated the pro-apoptotic BAX and the pro-fibrogenic TGF-β. MTX increased caspase 3 and NFκ-B expression, while diminished the expression of P-gp. Gossypin pretreatment improved the previous parameters, restored the normal hepatic architecture, reduced the hepatic fibrosis, and regained nearly normal expressions for BAX, TGF-β, caspase 3, and NFκ-B. Gossypin caused more reduction in P-gp hepatic expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Gossypin may be a valuable adjuvant therapy that protects the liver against MTX toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic mechanisms, and mediated P-gp expression reduction.

The upshot of Polyphenolic compounds on immunity amid COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging communicable diseases: An appraisal

Polyphenols are a large family of more than 10,000 naturally occurring compounds, which exert countless pharmacological, biological and physiological benefits for human health including several chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Their role in traditional medicine, such as the use of a wide range of remedial herbs (thyme, oregano, rosemary, sage, mint, basil), has been well and long known for treating common respiratory problems and cold infections. This review reports on the most highlighted polyphenolic compounds present in up to date literature and their specific antiviral perceptive properties that might enhance the body immunity facing COVID-19, and other viral infectious diseases. In fact, several studies and clinical trials increasingly proved the role of polyphenols in controlling numerous human pathogens including SARS and MERS, which are quite similar to COVID-19 through the enhancement of host immune response against viral infections by different biological mechanisms. Thus, polyphenols ought to be considered as a potential and valuable source for designing new drugs that could be used effectively in the combat against COVID-19 and other rigorous diseases.

Promising targets of chrysin and daidzein in colorectal cancer: Amphiregulin, CXCL1, and MMP-9

Colorectal cancer is one of the primary causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The tumor microenvironment contains growth factors; inflammatory chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and pro-oxidants leading to cancer development and progression. Phytochemicals have been used as the main source of anti-cancer agents. Accordingly, the effect of two natural flavonoids (Chrysin and Daidzein) was investigated on the level of amphiregulin (AREG), chemokine ligand (CXCL1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) induced colorectal cancer. Rats were injected by DMH (40 mg/kg/week S.C.) for 16 weeks concomitantly with 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for three cycles. Rats were orally treated with chrysin (125 and 250 mg/kg) and daidzein (5 and10 mg/kg) three times/week for the last 8 weeks. DMH + DSS group showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the levels of AREG (2386 ± 18 vs 1377 ± 10 pg/ml), CXCL1 (18 ± 0.9 vs 6 ± 0.83 <mu>g/ml), MMP-9 (1355 ± 88 vs 452 ± 7 pg/ml) compared to normal rats. These findings were associated with a potent antioxidant activity against cytochrome P450 2E1; (CYP2E1). Histopathological findings of the DMH + DSS group showed focal hyperplasia of the mucosa lining overlying crypts with moderate inflammation, dysplastic epithelial cells, and loss of goblet cells. Chrysin and daidzein treatment significantly (P < 0.05) restored the biochemical alterations and reverted histopathological findings near to the normal status. Moreover, chrysin and daidzein exerted anticancer activity against SW620 cells that were associated with decreased the protein expression of p-ERK/ERK and p-AKT/AKT. In conclusion, this study highlighted the potential anticancer role of chrysin and daidzein in the treatment of colon cancer.

Complexation with Random Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin and (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-Cyclodextrin Promotes Chrysin Effect and Potential for Liver Fibrosis Therapy

Liver fibrosis results from chronic liver injury and is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in excess driven by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. Chrysin (CHR) is a natural flavonoid that is limited by its low solubility to exert its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the biocompatibility of CHR complexes with two cyclodextrins (CDs)-(2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and random methyl-β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB), and their potential to induce anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic effects. Biocompatibility of the complexes was evaluated on Huh7 and LX2 cell lines: MTT and Live/Dead tests indicated the cell viability and an LDH test showed the cytotoxicity. Immunohistochemical staining of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the complexes. Oxygen Radical Absorbance assay, Superoxide Dismutase activity and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) assays indicated the antioxidant properties of the chrysin complexes. Finally, the complexes’ anti-fibrotic potential was evaluated at the protein and gene level of α-sma. In HSCs, CDs induced higher cytotoxicity correlated with lower cell viability than CHR–CD. The 1:1 CHR–RAMEB pretreatment avoided p65 translocation. The 1:2 CHR–RAMEB complex increased ORAC values, improved SOD activity and produced the highest stimulation of GPx activity. CHR–RAMEB reduced α-sma expression at lower concentration than CHR–HPBCD, proving to be more efficient. In conclusion, both CHR–CD complexes proved to be biocompatible, but CHR–RAMEB showed improved anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic effects that could recommend its further use in liver fibrosis treatment.

Chrysin ameliorates aluminum phosphide-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damages in rat cardiomyocytes and isolated mitochondria

Apart from the anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of aromatase, chrysin is involved in the protection of cardiovascular disorders. Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death induced by aluminum phosphide (AlP) which is related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damages. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of chrysin as an antioxidant and mitochondrial protective agent against AlP-induced toxicity in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria obtained from rat heart ventricular. Using by biochemical and flow cytometry, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), lysosomal membrane integrity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. Also, mitochondrial toxicity parameters such as mitochondrial NADH/succinate dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial swelling, ROS formation, MMP collapse, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in isolated mitochondria. Our results showed that the administration of chrysin (up to 10 μM) efficiently decreased (P < 0.05) cytotoxicity, oxidative, lysosomal, and mitochondrial damages induced by AlP, in isolated cardiomyocytes. Also, our finding in isolated mitochondria showed that chrysin (up to 10 μM) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased AlP-induced mitochondrial toxicity. These findings demonstrated that chrysin as an antioxidant and mitochondrial protective agent exert protective effect in wild-type cardiomyocyte treated with AlP. It was concluded that chrysin significantly reduced the toxicity of AlP in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria. Due to the very low toxicity of chrysin for humans, it could be a promising agent in treatment of AlP poisoning.

The effects of chrysin on lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in rats

Chrysin (CR) is a flavone found in propolis and many plants. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that causes sepsis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CR on LPS-induced sepsis in rats. LPS intraperitoneal and a single dose and CR were given orally for 10 days. Rats were sacrificed, blood samples were taken, liver, lung, and kidney tissues were dissected, homogenized, and histopathological analysis was carried out. When CR groups compared to sepsis group, CR significantly decreased the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in tissues. CR also increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in tissues. Histopathological findings were consistent with biochemical findings. Conclusion, CR could reduce the oxidative stress markers and cytokines in sepsis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Our approach is to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of chrysin, known as a flavolonoid, which are found in many plants and foods such as honey and propolis. In this study, experimental sepsis model was created using LPS. According to the results of the study, CR can attribute to the ameliorating of oxidative damage in tissues (lung, liver, and kidney) and it can suppress the sepsis-associated acute tissue injury via reduction of inflammation in rats. Even, CR can be used as a pharmacological agent in inflammatory diseases caused by other sources and in many cases causing oxidation.

Antinociceptive effect of chrysin in diabetic neuropathy and formalin-induced pain models

Chrysin, a natural flavonoid, is the main ingredient of many medicinal plants, which shows potent pharmacological properties. In the present study, the antinociceptive effects of chrysin were examined in ICR mice. Chrysin orally administered at the doses of from 10 to 100 mg/kg exerted the reductions of formalin-induced pain behaviors observed during the second phase in the formalin test in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of chrysin was further characterized in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy model. Oral administration chrysin caused reversals of decreased pain threshold observed in diabetic-induced peripheral neuropathy model. Intraperitoneally (i.p.) pretreatment with naloxone (a classic opioid receptor antagonist), but not yohimbine (an antagonist of α2-adrenergic receptors) or methysergide (an antagonist of serotonergic receptors), effectively reversed chrysin-induced antinociceptive effect in the formalin test. Moreover, chrysin caused a reduction of formalin-induced up-regulated spinal p-CREB level, which was also reversed by i.t. pretreated naloxone. Finally, chrysin also suppressed the increase of the spinal p-CREB level induced by diabetic neuropathy. Our results suggest that chrysin shows an antinociceptive property in formalin-induced pain and diabetic neuropathy models. In addition, spinal opioid receptors and CREB protein appear to mediate chrysin-induced antinociception in the formalin-induced pain model.

The protective effect of chrysin against carbon tetrachloride-induced kidney and liver tissue damage in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of chrysin on oxidative status and histological alterations against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver and kidney tissue in rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups; the control, chrysin (100 mg/kg), CCl₄ (0.5 ml/kg) and chrysin + CCl₄ groups. Liver and kidney injuries were assessed by biochemical and histopathological examinations. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in tissues. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels were also measured in blood samples. MDA, serum TNF-α, AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels (p < 0.05) were significantly higher, and SOD activity and GSH level were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the CCl₄ group than in the control group. Treatment with chrysin in the chrysin + CCl₄ group decreased MDA, AST, ALT, creatinine, and TNF-α levels (p < 0.05), and increased SOD activity, GSH levels (p < 0.05), and serum TNF-α levels (p < 0.05). In addition, body weight change (BWC) (p < 0.05) and feed intake (FI) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the CCl₄ group than in the control group. Moreover, treatment with chrysin increased BWC and FI in the chrysin + CCl₄ group compared with that in the CCl₄ group. These findings also confirmed by histopathological examination. The chrysin treatment ameliorated the CCl₄-induced biochemical and pathological alterations. These results demonstrated that chrysin provided amelioration on the rat liver and kidney tissues CCl₄-induced injury by increasing the antioxidant activity.

Chrysin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Potentiates Antibiofilm Activity against Staphylococcus aureus

The application of nanotechnology in medicine is gaining popularity due to its ability to increase the bioavailability and biosorption of numerous drugs. Chrysin, a flavone constituent of Orocylumineicum vent is well-reported for its biological properties. However, its therapeutic potential has not been fully exploited due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, chrysin was encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles using TPP as a linker. The nanoparticles were characterized and investigated for their anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. At sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, the nanoparticles exhibited enhanced anti-biofilm efficacy against S. aureus as compared to its bulk counterparts, chrysin and chitosan. The decrease in the cell surface hydrophobicity and exopolysaccharide production indicated the inhibitory effect of the nanoparticles on the initial stages of biofilm development. The growth curve analysis revealed that at a sub-MIC, the nanoparticles did not exert a bactericidal effect against S. aureus. The findings indicated the anti-biofilm activity of the chrysin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and their potential application in combating infections associated with S. aureus.

Nephroprotective effect of wogonin against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced MAPK and NF-kB pathway in Sprague Dawley rats

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the responsible factors for causing renal diseases. For the treatment or prevention of the renal disease, antioxidants use could be a hopeful therapeutic mediation as they block the oxidative reaction along with inflammatory process. Wogonin (Wog) is a plant flavonoid, a pharmacologically active component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Qui), which exhibits antioxidant activity. In this investigation, we explored the nephroprotective activity of Wog on cadmium (Cd)-induced nephron toxicity in rats. Administering (10 and 20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally diminished Cd-induced anomalies in kidney histology and creatinine and serum urea levels. Wog therapy reduced the Cd-influenced generation of inflammatory mediators, inclusive of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 beta. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Wog abolished proinflammatory nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 stimulation, phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In all, Wog demonstrated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in Cd- intoxicated rats by obstructing OS and activation of NF-κB via restricting the stimulation of upstream kinases inclusive of MAPKs.

Chrysin: Pharmacological and therapeutic properties

Chrysin is a promising phytochemical that is categorized under the class of flavonoids based on its chemical structure. Naturally, it is widely present in propolis, honey, passion fruit, and even in mushrooms and other plant sources, whereas its synthetic counterparts are also being employed for pharmacological purposes. It has widely been employed in treatment of various degenerative disorders and provides cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory functions. Its antioxidant and disease preventing abilities are attributed to its structural diversity arising in ring-A and absence of oxygenation in B and C ring. In this review, the scientific studies are being reported emphasizing benefits and its allied health claims on chrysin in numerous metabolic malfunctions.

In vitro and in vivo activities of flavonoids – apigenin, baicalin, chrysin, scutellarin – in regulation of hypertension – a review for their possible effects in pregnancy-induced hypertension

Flavonoids and their conjugates are the most important group of natural chemical compounds in drug discovery and development. The search for pharmacological activity and new mechanisms of activity of these chemical compounds, which may inhibit mediators of inflammation and influence the structure and function of endothelial cells, can be an interesting pharmacological strategy for the prevention and adjunctive treatments of hypertension, especially induced by pregnancy. Because cardiovascular diseases have multi-factorial pathogenesis these natural chemical compounds with wide spectrum of biological activities are the most interesting source of new drugs. Extracts from one of the most popular plant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi could be a very interesting source of flavonoids because of its exact content in quercetin, apigenin, chrysin and scutellarin as well as in baicalin. These flavonoids exert vasoprotective properties and many activities such as: anti-oxidative via several pathways, anti-in-flammatory, anti-ischaemic, cardioprotective and anti-hypertensive. However, there is lack of summaries of results of studies in context of potential and future application of flavonoids with determined composition and activity. Our review aims to provide a literature survey of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo pharmacological studies of selected flavonoids (apigenin, chrysin and scutellarin, baicalin) in various models of hypertension carried out in 2008–2018.

Oxidation of Flavone, 5-Hydroxyflavone, and 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone to Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Hydroxyflavones by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Biologically active plant flavonoids, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (57diOHF, chrysin), 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (4'57triOHF, apigenin), and 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (567triOHF, baicalein), have important pharmacological and toxicological significance, e.g., antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antitumorgenic properties. In order to better understand the metabolism of these flavonoids in humans, we examined the oxidation of flavone, 5-hydroxyflavone (5OHF), and 57diOHF to various products by human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) and liver microsomal enzymes. Individual human P450s and liver microsomes oxidized flavone to 6-hydroxyflavone, small amounts of 5OHF, and 11 other monohydroxylated products at different rates and also produced several dihydroxylated products (including 57diOHF and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone) from flavone. We also found that 5OHF was oxidized by several P450 enzymes and human liver microsomes to 57diOHF and further to 567triOHF, but the turnover rates in these reactions were low. Interestingly, both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 converted 57diOHF to 567triOHF at turnover rates (on the basis of P450 contents) of >3.0 min^-1, and CYP1A1 and 1A2 produced 567triOHF at rates of 0.51 and 0.72 min^-1, respectively. CYP2A13 and 2A6 catalyzed the oxidation of 57diOHF to 4'57triOHF at rates of 0.7 and 0.1 min^-1, respectively. Our present results show that different P450s have individual roles in oxidizing these phytochemical flavonoids and that these reactions may cause changes in their biological and toxicological properties in mammals.

Chronic consumption of the dietary polyphenol chrysin attenuates metabolic disease in fructose-fed rats

PURPOSE

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a major public health issue worldwide and fructose consumption has been associated with MS development. Recently, we showed that the dietary polyphenol chrysin is an effective inhibitor of fructose uptake by human intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, our aim was to investigate if chrysin interferes with the development of MS induced by fructose in an animal model.

METHODS

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-310 g) were randomly divided into four groups: (A) tap water (control), (B) tap water and a daily dose of chrysin (100 mg/kg) by oral administration (chrysin) (C) 10% fructose in tap water (fructose), and (D) 10% fructose in tap water and a daily dose of chrysin (100 mg/kg) by oral administration (fructose + chrysin). All groups were fed ad libitum with standard laboratory chow diet and dietary manipulation lasted 18 weeks.

RESULTS

Fructose-feeding for 18 weeks induced an increase in serum triacylglycerols, insulin and angiotensin II levels and in hepatic fibrosis and these changes did not occur in fructose + chrysin rats. Moreover, the increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure which was found in fructose-fed animals from week 14th onwards was not observed in fructose + chrysin animals. In contrast, the increase in energy consumption, liver/body, heart/body and right kidney/body weight ratios, serum proteins, serum leptin and liver triacylglycerols observed in fructose-fed rats was not affected by chrysin.

CONCLUSIONS

Chrysin was able to protect against some of the MS features induced by fructose-feeding.

Dose-Dependent Antifibrotic Effect of Chrysin on Regression of Liver Fibrosis: The Role in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling

Liver fibrosis represents an overaccumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). This study was designed to investigate the effect of chrysin on established ECM overproduction in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) mouse liver fibrosis. Experimental fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mL/kg CCl₄ twice a week, for 7 weeks. Mice were orally treated with 3 doses of chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone). For the assessment of the spontaneous reversion of fibrosis, CCl₄-treated mice were investigated after 2 weeks of recovery time. Silymarin was used as a standard of liver protection. In fibrotic livers, the results showed the upregulation of collagen I (Col I) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which led to an altered ECM enriched in Col, confirmed as well by electron microscopy investigations. Treatment with chrysin significantly reduced ultrastructural changes, downregulated Col I, and restored TIMP-1/MMP balance, whereas in the group observed for the spontaneous regression of fibrosis, they remained in the same pattern with fibrotic livers. In this study, we have shown chrysin efficacy to attenuate dose-dependent CCl₄-stimulated liver ECM accumulation by regulation of MMP/TIMP imbalance and inhibition of Col production. We have shown the dose-dependent chrysin efficiency in attenuation of CCl4-induced liver ECM accumulation by regulation of MMP/TIMP imbalance and inhibition of Col production. Our findings suggest that chrysin oral administration may introduce a new strategy for treating liver fibrosis in humans.