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Li B, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zheng T, Li Q, Yang S, Shao J, Guan W, Zhang S. Nutritional strategies to reduce intestinal cell apoptosis by alleviating oxidative stress. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae023. [PMID: 38626282 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier is the first line of defense against harmful substances and pathogens in the intestinal tract. The balance of proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and its function. However, oxidative stress and inflammation can cause DNA damage and abnormal apoptosis of the IECs, leading to the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This, in turn, can directly or indirectly cause various acute and chronic intestinal diseases. In recent years, there has been a growing understanding of the vital role of dietary ingredients in gut health. Studies have shown that certain amino acids, fibers, vitamins, and polyphenols in the diet can protect IECs from excessive apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, and limit intestinal inflammation. This review aims to describe the molecular mechanism of apoptosis and its relationship with intestinal function, and to discuss the modulation of IECs' physiological function, the intestinal epithelial barrier, and gut health by various nutrients. The findings of this review may provide a theoretical basis for the use of nutritional interventions in clinical intestinal disease research and animal production, ultimately leading to improved human and animal intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianzi Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tenghui Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwang Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Shao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Long L, Zhao X, Chen J, Wang Z, Tang Y, Huang J, Yin Y. Piglet growth performance improved by dietary supplementation of porous or nano particles of zinc oxide may be related to the gut microbiota. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:159-172. [PMID: 38023375 PMCID: PMC10679868 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on porous or nano particles zinc oxide (ZnO) in the piglets have mainly focused on growth performance and intestinal inflammation, but have scarcely explored the efficacy on gut microbiota. In addition, the efficacy of nano particles ZnO, which is related to its product quality, remains undefined. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary 500 mg/kg porous or nano particles ZnO on the growth performance and gut microbiota of the weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets were randomly assigned to the dietary groups: NC (basal diet), PC (basal diet + 3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO), 500HiZ (basal diet + 500 mg/kg porous particles ZnO), and 500ZNP (basal diet + 500 mg/kg nano particles ZnO). Compared with the NC diet group, both 500HiZ and 500ZNP increased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (1 to 28 d) and average daily gain (1 to 28 d), and the 500ZNP tended to decrease feed to gain ratio (F:G ratio, 1 to 28 d) (P = 0.09). Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP decreased crypt depth of the ileum and increased claudin-2 in the duodenum and zonula occludens-1 in the ileum (P < 0.05). Moreover, both 500HiZ and 500ZNP decreased IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the jejunum and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 in the ileum (P < 0.05). Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP increased microbial β-diversity index in the ileum and microbial α-diversity indices in the colon of piglets (P < 0.05). The probiotic genera Coprococcus (500ZNP) and Blautia (500HiZ) were positively correlated with the F:G ratio (1 to 28 d) in colon of piglets (P < 0.05). In addition, 500HiZ promoted mitochondrial fusion protein 1 (MFN1) and zinc transporter-1 (ZnT-1) in the jejunum (P < 0.05), whilst 500ZNP decreased MFN1 in the jejunum and ZnT-1 in the ileum (P < 0.05). In summary, both 500HiZ and 500ZNP improved the growth performance of piglets, which is likely via the genera Blautia and Coprococcus, respectively. Both 500HiZ and 500ZNP improved barrier function and inflammation of the intestine, and 500HiZ achieved better efficacy than 500ZNP on intestine mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Long
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Xichen Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Foshan Guangmuxing Feed Co., Ltd, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Zixi Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Yanfang Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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Schokker D, Kar SK, Willems E, Bossers A, Dekker RA, Jansman AJM. Dietary supplementation of zinc oxide modulates intestinal functionality during the post-weaning period in clinically healthy piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:122. [PMID: 37789352 PMCID: PMC10548679 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve our understanding of host and intestinal microbiome interaction, this research investigated the effects of a high-level zinc oxide in the diet as model intervention on the intestinal microbiome and small intestinal functionality in clinically healthy post-weaning piglets. In study 1, piglets received either a high concentration of zinc (Zn) as zinc oxide (ZnO, Zn, 2,690 mg/kg) or a low Zn concentration (100 mg/kg) in the diet during the post weaning period (d 14-23). The effects on the piglet's small intestinal microbiome and functionality of intestinal tissue were investigated. In study 2, the impact of timing of the dietary zinc intervention was investigated, i.e., between d 0-14 and/or d 14-23 post weaning, and the consecutive effects on the piglet's intestinal functionality, here referring to microbiota composition and diversity and gene expression profiles. RESULTS Differences in the small intestinal functionality were observed during the post weaning period between piglets receiving a diet with a low or high concentration ZnO content. A shift in the microbiota composition in the small intestine was observed that could be characterized as a non-pathological change, where mainly the commensals inter-changed. In the immediate post weaning period, i.e., d 0-14, the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in intestinal tissue were observed between animals receiving a diet with a low or high concentration ZnO content, i.e., 23 DEGs in jejunal tissue and 11 DEGs in ileal tissue. These genes are involved in biological processes related to immunity and inflammatory responses. For example, genes CD59 and REG3G were downregulated in the animals receiving a diet with a high concentration ZnO content compared to low ZnO content in both jejunum and ileum tissue. In the second study, a similar result was obtained regarding the expression of genes in intestinal tissue related to immune pathways when comparing piglets receiving a diet with a high concentration ZnO content compared to low ZnO content. CONCLUSIONS Supplementing a diet with a pharmaceutical level of Zn as ZnO for clinically healthy post weaning piglets influences various aspects intestinal functionality, in particular in the first two weeks post-weaning. The model intervention increased both the alpha diversity of the intestinal microbiome and the expression of a limited number of genes linked to the local immune system in intestinal tissue. The effects do not seem related to a direct antimicrobial effect of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya K Kar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Els Willems
- Royal Agrifirm Group, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Dekker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Taranu I, Pistol GC, Anghel AC, Marin D, Bulgaru C. Yeast-Fermented Rapeseed Meal Extract Is Able to Reduce Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Caused by Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharides and to Replace ZnO in Caco-2/HTX29 Co-Culture Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911640. [PMID: 36232939 PMCID: PMC9569814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The present study tested in vitro the capacity of a fermented rapeseed meal extract to reduce medicinal ZnO, which will be banned at the EU level from 2023 onwards because of its potential to cause environmental pollution and the development of Zn resistance in gut bacteria. Rapeseed meal could be an important ZnO substitute as it has antioxidant/radical scavenging properties due to its content of bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols). (2) Protein array and flow cytometry were used to detect apoptosis, oxidative stress production, and inflammatory and signaling-related molecules in Caco-2 and goblet HT29-MTX co-culture cells challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides and treated with ZnO and FRSM. (3) LPS induced cell death (21.1% vs. 12.7% in control, p < 0.005); apoptosis (16.6%); ROS production; and overexpression of biomarkers related to inflammation (63.15% cytokines and 66.67% chemokines), oxidative stress, and signaling proteins when compared to untreated cells. ZnO was effective in counteracting the effect of LPS, and 73.68% cytokines and 91.67% of chemokines were recovered. FRSM was better at restoring normal protein expression for 78.94% of cytokines, 91.67% of chemokines, and 61.11% of signaling molecules. FRSM was able to mitigate negative effects of LPS and might be an alternative to ZnO in pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionelia Taranu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-213-512-241; Fax: +40-213-512-080
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Determination of the Optimal Level of Dietary Zinc for Newly Weaned Pigs: A Dose-Response Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121552. [PMID: 35739888 PMCID: PMC9219510 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Piglets have a very low feed intake immediately after weaning. We hypothesise that the EU-legislated maximum dietary zinc concentration (150 mg zinc/kg diet) will increase the risk of zinc deficiency after weaning. Zinc deficiency includes symptoms such as impaired growth and increased risk of diarrhoea. However, a high dietary zinc concentration has an antimicrobial effect on the bacteria and increases the risk of antimicrobial resistance. The findings of this study show that the dietary zinc level had a quadratic effect on growth, with a turning point at an approximately 1400 mg zinc per kg diet. The risk of diarrhoea increased up to 60% for pigs that had a blood zinc concentration which decreased after weaning. Maintaining the blood zinc concentration seven days after weaning required up to 1121 mg zinc per kg diet. There was no evidence for an antimicrobial effect when feeding pigs a diet with up to 1601 mg zinc per kg. Abstract One hundred and eighty individually housed piglets with an initial body weight of 7.63 ± 0.98 kg (at 28 days of age) were fed a diet containing either 153, 493, 1022, 1601, 2052 or 2407 mg zinc/kg (added Zn as zinc oxide; ZnO) from day 0–21 post weaning to determine the optimal level of Zn for weaned piglets. Body weight, feed intake and faecal scores were recorded, and blood and faecal samples were collected. Dietary Zn content quadratically affected both feed intake and gain in the first two weeks, with an approximately 1400 mg Zn/kg diet and a Zn intake of 400 mg/day as the optimal levels. The relative risk of diarrhoea increased up to 60% at day 7 and 14 if serum Zn status dropped below the weaning level (767 µg/L), and maintain the weaning serum Zn status required approximately 1100 mg Zn/kg (166 mg Zn/day) during week 1. Blood markers of intestinal integrity (D-lactate and diamine oxidase) were unaffected by dietary Zn, and dietary Zn levels of 1022 and 1601 mg/kg did not affect the faecal numbers of total bacteria, Lactobacilli and E. Coli bacteria compared to 153 mg Zn/kg. These results indicate that the requirement for Zn in newly weaned piglets may be substantially higher than currently assumed.
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Mokone B, Motsei LE, Yusuf AO, Egbu CF, Ajayi TO. Growth, physiological performance, and pork quality of weaner large white piglets to different inclusion levels of nano zinc oxide. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:22. [PMID: 34950972 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty intensively reared piglets averaged 7.6 ± 0.32 kg were used for the experiment. The piglets were randomly allotted to 5 different treatments: 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg nano zinc oxide (nZnO; 50 nm), positive control (tylosin 10%), and the negative control (no additive) in a completely randomized design. Data were collected for weight changes, blood parameters, and carcass and meat quality characteristics. Piglets supplemented with 200 mg/kg had elevated (P < 0.05) weight gain, while those supplemented with 400 and 600 mg/kg nZnO had higher comparable weight gains, while the control groups had the least comparable weight gain values. Pigs fed 600 mg/kg of nano zinc had the highest albumin concentrations with the least values observed in 200 and 400 mg/kg groups. Pigs offered tylosin 10% and 600 mg/kg had higher comparable total protein, while those fed control diet had the lowest total protein concentration. Pigs supplemented with nZnO had highest comparable values for slaughter weights. The supplementation of 600 mg/kg had elevated values of villi height, while the groups supplemented with 200 and 400 mg/kg had a similar trend, and the control had the least comparable values of villi height. It could be concluded that the supplementation of nZnO at a dietary dose of 600 mg/kg gave the best performance in terms of intestinal morphology (villus height), growth performance, meat quality, and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bontle Mokone
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Lebogang Ezra Motsei
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Azeez Olanrewaju Yusuf
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
| | - Chidozie Freedom Egbu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag x2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Department of Agricultural Education, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, P.M.B 1033, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Olufemi Ajayi
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Barzegar M, Zaghari M, Zhandi M, Sadeghi M. Effects of zinc dosage and particle size on gut morphology, tight junctions and TNF-α expression in broiler breeder hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:772-782. [PMID: 34514633 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different amounts and particle size of zinc oxide (ZnO) on villus height (VH), villus width (VW), crypt depth (CD) and VH to CD ratio (VH: CD), and expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin (OC) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in broiler breeders. A total of 350 (Ross 308) broiler breeder hens of 54 weeks randomly assigned to seven treatments, included control basal diet (C) without added Zn, C+ 100, and 130 mg Zn per kg of diet from Large (L) (100-1000 nm) and Small (S) (<100 nm) particle size ZnO (LZnO100 and 130; SZnO100 and 130), C and SZnO100 challenged with lipopolysaccharide (C+LPS and SZnO100+LPS). Each diet was fed to five replicates consisting of ten birds each. The middle part of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was used for morphological assessments. To assess the gene expression of ZO-1, OC and TNF-α in the jejunum samples were excised. Results showed that the supplementing 130 ppm SZnO increased VH:CD in the duodenum (p < 0.05). VW in the duodenum and all the evaluated morphometric indices in jejunum and ileum were not affected by the dietary treatment (p > 0.05). ZO-1 mRNA abundance in C+LPS group compared to SZnO100+LPS group was significantly decreased and increased by LPS and SZnO100 respectively. The SZnO-100 increased OC gene expression in compare to C+LPS group. The expression of TNF-α in C+LPS treatment was higher than other groups (p < 0.05). The lowest and the highest litter moisture and foot-pad dermatitis (FPD) were observed in LZnO-130 and C treatments respectively (p < 0.05). Improving the physical properties of ZnO affect on VH:CD. Broiler breeder diet with ZnO enhance ZO-1, OC and mitigate TNF-α gene expression in jejunum maintenance of gut health in broiler breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Barzegar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zaghari
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zhandi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Wei X, Tsai T, Howe S, Zhao J. Weaning Induced Gut Dysfunction and Nutritional Interventions in Nursery Pigs: A Partial Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1279. [PMID: 33946901 PMCID: PMC8146462 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is one of the most stressful events in the life of a pig. Unsuccessful weaning often leads to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions, resulting in poor growth performance as well as increased morbidity and mortality. The gut microbiota community is a complex ecosystem and is considered an "organ," producing various metabolites with many beneficial functions. In this review, we briefly introduce weaning-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. Then, we explain the importance of maintaining a balanced gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss dietary supplements and their abilities to restore intestinal balance and improve the growth performance of weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (S.H.)
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Dietary alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, gut barrier function and inflammation in piglets post-weaning: Where are we now? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Story MJ. Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D: An essential combination for prevention and treatment of cancers. Biochimie 2020; 181:100-122. [PMID: 33307154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and vitamin D are essential nutrients for health, maturation and general wellbeing. Extensive literature searches have revealed the widespread similarity in molecular biological properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D, and their similar anti-cancer properties, even though they have different modes of action. These three nutrients are separately essential for good health, especially in the aged. Zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D are inexpensive and safe as they are fundamentally natural and have the properties of correcting and inhibiting undesirable actions without disturbing the normal functions of cells or their extracellular environment. This review of the anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is made in the context of the hallmarks of cancer. The anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D can therefore be used beneficially through combined treatment or supplementation. It is proposed that sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is a necessary requirement during chemotherapy treatment and that clinical trials can have questionable integrity if this sufficiency is not checked and maintained during efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
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Pattanakitsakul P, Chongviriyaphan N, Pakakasama S, Apiwattanakul N. Effect of vitamin A on intestinal mucosal injury in pediatric patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy: a quasai-randomized trial. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:464. [PMID: 33008464 PMCID: PMC7532573 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Vitamin A is involved in maintenance of gut mucosal integrity and normal immune function. However, it is unclear whether these functions of vitamin A have any beneficial effects in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this study, we aimed to examine the potential protective effect of vitamin A supplementation on gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal integrity in HSCT recipients using plasma citrulline as a surrogate marker of intestinal integrity. Results We performed a quasi-randomized trial in 30 pediatric patients undergoing HSCT. Half (n = 15) of the patients received a single high dose of vitamin A (200,000 IU) before the conditioning regimen was given, and half (n = 15) did not. Clinical data of patients who developed post-transplant complications were recorded for 60 days after HSCT. There were no significant differences in mean plasma citrulline levels on day 7 after HSCT between the treatment and control groups (5.8 vs. 5.9 µmol/L, respectively). The incidence of mucositis and other complications were not different between the two groups within 60 days of HSCT. Vitamin A supplementation prior to HSCT in pediatric patients had no clinical benefit in protecting GI mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploy Pattanakitsakul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nalinee Chongviriyaphan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Samart Pakakasama
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Apiwattanakul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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12
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Lin F, Li X, Wen J, Wang C, Peng Y, Feng J, Hu C. Effects of coated sodium butyrate on performance, diarrhea, intestinal microflora and barrier function of pigs during the first 2-week post-weaning. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Wu F, Falfushynska H, Dellwig O, Piontkivska H, Sokolova IM. Interactive effects of salinity variation and exposure to ZnO nanoparticles on the innate immune system of a sentinel marine bivalve, Mytilus edulis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136473. [PMID: 31931204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) are released into the coastal environment from multiple sources, yet their toxicity to marine organisms is not well understood. We investigated the interactive effects of salinity (normal 15, low 5, and fluctuating 5-15) and nZnO (100 μg l-1) on innate immunity of the blue mussels Mytilus edulis from a brackish area of the Baltic Sea. Exposure to ionic Zn (100 μg l-1) was used to test whether the toxic effects of nZnO can be attributed to the potential release of Zn2+. Functional parameters and the expression of key immune-related genes were investigated in the mussels exposed to nZnO or ionic Zn under different salinity regimes for 21 days. nZnO exposures elevated hemocyte mortality, suppressed adhesion, stimulated phagocytosis, and led to an apparent increase in lysosomal volume. At salinity 15, nZnO suppressed the mRNA expression of the Toll-like receptors TLRb and c, C-lectin, and the complement system component C3q indicating impaired ability for pathogen recognition. In contrast, the mRNA levels of an antimicrobial peptide defensin increased during nZnO exposure at salinity 15. At fluctuating salinity (5-15), nZnO exposure increased expression of multiple immune-related genes in hemocytes including the complement system components C1 and C3q, and the Toll-like receptors TLRa, b and c. Low salinity (5) had strong immunosuppressive effects on the functional and molecular immune traits of M. edulis that overshadowed the effects of nZnO. The salinity-dependent modulation of immune response to nZnO cannot be attributed to the differences in the aggregation or solubility of nZnO, and likely reflects the interaction of the toxic effects of nanoparticles and physiological effects of the osmotic stress. These findings have implications for the environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials and the development of the context-specific biomarker baselines for coastal pollution monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Olaf Dellwig
- Department of Marine Geology, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Wei X, Tsai T, Knapp J, Bottoms K, Deng F, Story R, Maxwell C, Zhao J. ZnO Modulates Swine Gut Microbiota and Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs When Combined with Peptide Cocktail. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E146. [PMID: 31973057 PMCID: PMC7074828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc has been very efficacious in reducing post-weaning diarrhea, whereas animal-derived peptides are suggested to improve the growth performance of weaned piglets. However, the combined effect of zinc and peptides on swine production and swine gut microbiota is still largely unknown. In this study, we followed 288 nursery pigs from the age of d30 to d60 to evaluate the growth performance and gut microbiota of weanling pigs subjected to different levels of a fish-porcine-microbial peptide cocktail (0.05%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) with or without the pharmaceutical level of zinc oxide (ZnO) (2500 ppm) supplementation in a nutrient-deficient diet. Rectal swab samples were collected from pigs with body weight (BW) approach average at each pen on d30, d42, and d60 to determine gut microbiota. Average daily gain (ADG) and BW in piglets fed high zinc (HZ) increased with increasing levels of peptide. The microbiota of the HZ group also diverged from those of the standard zinc (SZ) group from d30 to d60. Adding peptide did not alter community structure regardless of zinc supplementation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the pharmaceutical level of zinc as ZnO conditioned the gut community to the point where peptide could effectively restore growth performance in nursery pigs fed nutrient-deficient diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wei
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Tsungcheng Tsai
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Joshua Knapp
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Kristopher Bottoms
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Feilong Deng
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Robert Story
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Charles Maxwell
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Wang C, Shen Z, Cao S, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Hong Q, Feng J, Hu C. Effects of tributyrin on growth performance, intestinal microflora and barrier function of weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang C, Zhang L, Ying Z, He J, Zhou L, Zhang L, Zhong X, Wang T. Effects of Dietary Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth, Diarrhea, Mineral Deposition, Intestinal Morphology, and Barrier of Weaned Piglets. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:364-374. [PMID: 29468613 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnOs) on growth, diarrhea rate, mineral deposition (Zn, Fe, and Mn), intestinal morphology, and barrier of weaned piglets. A total of 384 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) in 4 groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 400, and 800 mg/kg nano-ZnOs or 3000 mg/kg ZnO for 14 days. Compared with the control group, 800 mg/kg nano-ZnOs and 3000 mg/kg ZnO significantly increased average daily gain and decreased diarrhea rate of weaned piglets. There was no significant difference among ZnO and nano-ZnO groups. ZnO and nano-ZnOs did not affect serum activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and lactate dehydrogenase. However, ZnO and 800 mg/kg nano-ZnOs significantly increased zinc concentrations in plasma, liver, pancreas, and tibia, without affecting Fe and Mn concentrations. Compared with the control group, 800 mg/kg nano-ZnOs significantly reduced plasma diamine oxidase activity, decreased total aerobic bacterial population in mesenteric lymph node, enhanced mRNA expressions of occludin, ZO-1, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and ki67 in ileal mucosa, and increased villous height, width, crypt depth, and surface area. Compared to ZnO group, 800 mg/kg nano-ZnOs significantly decreased aerobic bacterial population, enhanced mRNA expressions of occludin, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α, and reduced fecal zinc concentration. These results indicated that 800 mg/kg nano-ZnOs might be a potential substitute for 3000 mg/kg ZnO in diets of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ligen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Wan J, Zhang J, Chen D, Yu B, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, He J. Alginate oligosaccharide-induced intestinal morphology, barrier function and epithelium apoptosis modifications have beneficial effects on the growth performance of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:58. [PMID: 30128148 PMCID: PMC6094457 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS), produced from alginate by alginate lyase-mediated depolymerisation, is a potential substitute for antibiotics and possesses growth-enhancing effects. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which AOS regulates porcine growth remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the AOS-mediated changes in the growth performance of weaned pigs by determining the intestinal morphology, barrier function, as well as epithelium apoptosis. Methods Twenty-four weaned pigs were distributed into two groups (n = 12) and received either a basal diet (control group) or the same diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg AOS. On d 15, D-xylose (0.1 g/kg body weight) was orally administrated to eight randomly selected pigs per treatment, and their serum and intestinal mucosa samples were collected 1 h later. Results Our results showed that inclusion of AOS in the diet for 2 wk increased (P < 0.05) the average daily body weight gain in weaned pigs. Notably, AOS supplementation ameliorated the intestinal morphology and barrier function, as suggested by the enhanced (P < 0.05) intestinal villus height, secretory immunoglobulin A content and goblet cell counts. Compared to the control group, AOS ingestion both decreased (P < 0.05) the total apoptotic percentage and increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of S phase in the intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, AOS not only up-regulated (P < 0.05) the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) transcriptional level but also down-regulated (P < 0.05) the B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein (BAX), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 (caspase-3) and caspase-9 transcriptional levels in the small intestine. Conclusions In summary, this study provides evidence that supplemental AOS beneficially affects the growth performance of weaned pigs, which may result from the improved intestinal morphology and barrier function, as well as the inhibited enterocyte death, through reducing apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People's Republic of China
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Zhu JJ, Gao MX, Song XJ, Zhao L, Li YW, Hao ZH. Changes in bacterial diversity and composition in the faeces and colon of weaned piglets after feeding fermented soybean meal. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1181-1190. [PMID: 29923819 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The microbiota composition of faeces and colonic contents were analysed to investigate the mechaninsm by which fermented soybean meal improves intestinal microbial communities, growth and immunity in weaning piglets. METHODOLOGY Microbiota were investigated using16S rRNA gene sequencing and systematical bio-information Operational Taxonomic Units; α-diversity analyses indicated that fermented soybean meal increased bacterial species diversity. RESULTS The levels of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteia in faeces, and Firmicutes and Tenericutes in the colon, increased significantly in piglets fed fermented soybean meal (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto1, Lachnospira and Bacteoides had positive correlations with diarrhoea in the piglets. Lactobacillus, Blautia and Clostridium sensu stricto1 levels were correlated with increases in the average daily feed intake of piglets. Lactobacillus and Lachnospira also had positive relationships with IgM levels, and lymphocytes levels were increased relative to Clostridium sensu stricto1. Lymphocyte numbers also increased with higher levels of Blautia and decreased with Clostridium sensu stricto1. Increased levels of Blautia were also correlated with significant increases in white blood cells. CONCLUSION The significant differences in faecal and colonic bacteria were correlated with enhanced immunity and overall improved health in the weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Zhu
- 1Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Ming-Xing Gao
- 1Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Song
- 2Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Immune Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- 1Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- 1Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hui Hao
- 1Agricultural Bio-pharmaceutical Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
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Hu L, Cheng S, Li Y, Geng S, Ma Y, Han X. Chitosan-Zn Chelate Downregulates TLR4-NF-κB Signal Pathway of Inflammatory Response and Cell Death-Associated Proteins Compared to Inorganic Zinc. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:92-98. [PMID: 29019078 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of chitosan-zinc chelate (CS-Zn) on TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and cell death-associated proteins in a weanling pig model. A total of 90 weaned piglets were allotted to three dietary treatments (the dietary treatments were as follows: (1) experimental diet with supplemental ZnSO4 (150 mg Zn/kg diet), (2) experimental diet with supplemental CS-Zn (150 mg Zn/kg diet), and (3) experimental diet with a supplemental mixture of chitosan and ZnSO4 (150 mg/kg Zn; the content of chitosan was equal to CS-Zn, which is according to molar basis)). The feeding trial lasted 30 days. The results showed that compared with ZnSO4 or CS+ZnSO4, CS-Zn decreased the expressions of the cell death-associated proteins Beclin-1, and Cleaved-Caspase3 and the ratio of LC3II/LC3I. The intestinal expressions of TLR4 and its downstream signals NF-κB, IKKβ, and IκBα were down-regulated simultaneously. Moreover, the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were decreased. The results indicated that as organic zinc source, CS-Zn was more effective than ZnSO4 and the mixture of chitosan and ZnSO4 for inhibiting inflammatory response and decreasing the expressions of proteins associated with cell death. The great anti-inflammatory effect of CS-Zn was modulated by inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway, and the effect of CS-Zn on down-regulating the expression of cell death-associated proteins might also closely be associated with the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luansha Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saisai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shijie Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanfei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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20
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Wen M, Zhao H, Liu G, Chen X, Wu B, Tian G, Cai J, Jia G. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Development, and Intestinal Barrier-Related Gene Expression in Pekin Ducks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:351-360. [PMID: 28895044 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and the transcription of the barrier function related genes in Pekin ducks. Seven-hundred and sixty-eight 1-day-old Pekin ducks were randomly assigned into six dietary treatments. Each treatment had eight replicates with 16 ducks per replicates. The ducks were fed either a corn-soybean meal basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg zinc/kg from zinc sulfate. This experiment lasted for 5 weeks, and the jejunum sample were harvested at 14 and 35 days of age. Results have shown that diets supplemented with zinc significantly increased the duck body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake in different period of experiment (P < 0.05); feed to gain ratio was decreased as the zinc level increased (P < 0.05). Zinc supplementation increased the villus height and decreased the crypt depth in jejunum of ducks (P < 0.05) at 14 and 35 days of age. The transcription of tight junction protein CLDN1, OCND, ZO-1, and ZO-3 in jejunum were increased (P < 0.05), and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of leak protein CLDN2 were decreased as the dietary zinc level increased (P < 0.05) at 14 and 35 days of age. The mRNA levels of chemical barrier-related genes MUC2 and TFF-2 in jejunum at 14 and 35 days of age were increased (P < 0.05) by zinc supplementation, and so did the transcription of immunological barrier-related genes lgA, pIgR, LYZ, and AvBD2 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary zinc supplementation exhibited growth-promoting effect on Pekin duck, improved intestinal morphology, and enhanced the intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lasa, 850000, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Chelota Group, Guanghan, 618300, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9171905. [PMID: 29682569 PMCID: PMC5846438 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9171905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestine is always exposed to external environment and intestinal microorganism; thus it is more sensitive to dysfunction and dysbiosis, leading to intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diarrhea. An increasing number of studies indicate that dietary amino acids play significant roles in preventing and treating intestinal inflammation. The review aims to summarize the functions and signaling mechanisms of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. Amino acids, including essential amino acids (EAAs), conditionally essential amino acids (CEAAs), and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), improve the functions of intestinal barrier and expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins but decrease oxidative stress and the apoptosis of enterocytes as well as the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal inflammation. The functions of amino acids are associated with various signaling pathways, including mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), general controlled nonrepressed kinase 2 (GCN2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
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22
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Song Z, Lv J, Sheikhahmadi A, Uerlings J, Everaert N. Attenuating Effect of Zinc and Vitamin E on the Intestinal Oxidative Stress Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Broiler Chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 180:306-313. [PMID: 28409411 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly used as antimicrobial and disinfectant. However, intestinal model studies have shown that AgNPs induce oxidative stress. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental zinc (Zn) and vitamin E (VE; α-tocopherol acetate) on attenuating AgNP-induced intestinal oxidative stress in broiler chickens. The chickens were divided into two groups as follows: (1) control group fed with a corn-soybean meal basal diet and (2) nano group, received drinking water containing 1000 mg/kg AgNPs. All the nano-exposed birds were divided into six dietary treatment groups, namely, the basal diets supplemented with (1) 60 mg/kg Zn as ZnSO4, (2) 120 mg/kg Zn, (3) 100 mg/kg VE, (4) 200 mg/kg VE, (5) 60 mg/kg Zn and 100 mg/kg VE, and (6) 120 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg VE. Results showed that the AgNPs significantly reduced the body weights of the broilers after 42 days of oral administration of AgNPs (P < 0.05), and this effect was not alleviated by any of the dietary treatments. The activity of superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) increased in all the AgNP-treated birds (P < 0.05); however, CuZn-SOD did not increase in birds fed with basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg VE. In this treatment, the VE exerted an antioxidant effect to prevent the activation of the CuZn-SOD enzyme. Furthermore, supplementing Zn increased the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05), which were accompanied with increased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) in the broilers. AgNP exposure resulted in a significant messenger RNA (mRNA) upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2-1 in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). However, supplemental ZnVE did not reduce TLRs' mRNA expression, except for the diminished TLR2-1 mRNA levels in birds fed with basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg VE. We concluded that although dietary Zn and VE supplementation did not attenuate growth depression effect of AgNP, it however attenuates intestinal oxidative stress in AgNP-treated broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Lv
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ardashir Sheikhahmadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Julie Uerlings
- Animal Sciences Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Animal Sciences Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Effects of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance, diarrhoea severity, intestinal permeability and immunological parameters of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:949-958. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary live yeast (LY) supplementation on growth, intestinal permeability and immunological parameters of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC). Piglets weaned at 21 d were allocated into three treatments with six pens and six piglets per pen, receiving the control diet (CON), diets supplemented with antibiotics plus zinc oxide (ANT–ZnO) and LY (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-4407), respectively, for a period of 2 weeks. On day 8, thirty-six piglets were selected as control without ETEC (CON), CON–ETEC, ANT–ZnO–ETEC and LY–ETEC groups challenged with ETEC until day 10 for sample collections. Piglets fed ANT–ZnO diet had the highest average daily gain and average daily feed intake (P<0·05) during the 1st week, but ADG of piglets fed the ANT–ZnO diet was similar as piglets fed LY diet during the second week. Piglets with LY–ETEC or ANT–ZnO–ETEC had markedly lower diarrhoea score (P<0·05) than piglets with CON–ETEC during the 24 h after ETEC challenge. Relative to piglets with CON, the counts of E. coli, urinary ratio of lactulose to mannitol, plasma IL-6 concentration, mRNA abundances of innate immunity-related genes in ileum and mesenteric lymph node tissues were increased (P<0·05), whereas the villous height of jejunum and relative protein expression of ileum claudin-1 were decreased (P<0·05) in piglets with CON–ETEC; however, these parameters did not markedly change in piglets with LY–ETEC or ANT–ZnO–ETEC. In summary, dietary LY supplementation could alleviate the severity of diarrhoea in piglets with ETEC, which may be associated with the improved permeability, innate immunity and bacterial profile.
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Jiao L, Wang CC, Wu H, Gong R, Lin FH, Feng J, Hu C. Copper/zinc-loaded montmorillonite influences intestinal integrity, the expression of genes associated with inflammation, TLR4-MyD88 and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in weaned pigs after LPS challenge. Innate Immun 2017; 23:648-655. [PMID: 28958208 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917733033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating whether dietary copper/zinc-loaded montmorillonite (Cu/Zn-Mt) could alleviate Escherichia coli LPS-induced intestinal injury through pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways (TLRs, NLRs and TGF-β1) in weaned piglets. Eighteen 21-d-old pigs were randomly divided into three groups (control, LPS and LPS + Cu/Zn-Mt). After 21 d of feeding, pigs in the LPS group and LPS + Cu/Zn-Mt group received i.p. administration of LPS, whereas pigs in the control group received saline. At 4 h post-injection, jejunum samples were collected for analysis. The results indicated that, compared with the LPS group, supplemental Cu/Zn-Mt increased transepithelial electrical resistance, the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1) in mRNA and protein levels, and decreased FD4 and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β). The pro-inflammatory signaling pathways results demonstrated that Cu/Zn-Mt supplementation decreased the mRNA levels of TLR4 and its downstream signals (MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6) but had no effect on NOD1 and NOD2 signals. Cu/Zn-Mt supplementation did not affect NF-κB p65 mRNA abundance, but down-regulated its protein expression. The anti-inflammatory signaling pathways results showed supplemental Cu/Zn-Mt also increased TβRII, Smad4 and Smad7 mRNA expressions. These findings suggested dietary Cu/Zn-Mt attenuated LPS-induced intestinal injury by alleviating intestinal inflammation, influencing TLR4-MyD88 and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in weaned pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefei Jiao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chun Chun Wang
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rong Gong
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Hui Lin
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caihong Hu
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wang C, Cheng K, Zhou L, He J, Zheng X, Zhang L, Zhong X, Wang T. Evaluation of Long-Term Toxicity of Oral Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate in Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:276-282. [PMID: 28120304 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-0934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnOs) are related to their dissolution and interference with zinc ion homeostasis. High-soluble zinc sources may produce more severe and acute toxicity; however, the evaluation of potential toxicity of long-term exposure to nano-ZnOs and high-soluble sources of zinc remains obscure. This study aimed at evaluating effects of nano-ZnOs and zinc sulfate on development, serum and hematological parameters, and mineral concentrations in selected tissues and intestinal microbiota in mice via gastrointestinal administration for 7 weeks. Results indicated that 250 mg/kg nano-ZnOs reduced the body weight from weeks 8 to 11, increased serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity, and increased the zinc concentrations of the serum, liver, and kidney while did not affect the relative organ weight, intestinal microbiota, and other mineral concentrations (Fe, Cu, and Mn) in the kidney, liver, and thigh muscle. Oral administration with 250 mg/kg zinc sulfate seemed to show more severe and acute toxicity since mice in zinc sulfate group exhibited reduced body weight from weeks 5 to 11, decreased relative pancreas weight, and increased serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity and intestinal enteric group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Lallès JP. Microbiota-host interplay at the gut epithelial level, health and nutrition. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:66. [PMID: 27833747 PMCID: PMC5101664 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests the implication of the gut microbiota in various facets of health and disease. In this review, the focus is put on microbiota-host molecular cross-talk at the gut epithelial level with special emphasis on two defense systems: intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and inducible heat shock proteins (iHSPs). Both IAP and iHSPs are induced by various microbial structural components (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, CpG DNA motifs), metabolites (e.g. n-butyrate) or secreted signal molecules (e.g., toxins, various peptides, polyphosphate). IAP is produced in the small intestine and secreted into the lumen and in the interior milieu. It detoxifies microbial components by dephosphorylation and, therefore, down-regulates microbe-induced inflammation mainly by inhibiting NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway in enterocytes. IAP gene expression and enzyme activity are influenced by the gut microbiota. Conversely, IAP controls gut microbiota composition both directly, and indirectly though the detoxification of pro-inflammatory free luminal adenosine triphosphate and inflammation inhibition. Inducible HSPs are expressed by gut epithelial cells in proportion to the microbial load along the gastro-intestinal tract. They are also induced by various microbial components, metabolites and secreted molecules. Whether iHSPs contribute to shape the gut microbiota is presently unknown. Both systems display strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties that are protective to the gut and the host. Importantly, epithelial gene expressions and protein concentrations of IAP and iHSPs can be stimulated by probiotics, prebiotics and a large variety of dietary components, including macronutrients (protein and amino acids, especially L-glutamine, fat, fiber), and specific minerals (e.g. calcium) and vitamins (e.g. vitamins K1 and K2). Some food components (e.g. lectins, soybean proteins, various polyphenols) may inhibit or disturb these systems. The general cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the microbiota-host epithelial crosstalk and subsequent gut protection through IAP and iHSPs are reviewed along with their nutritional modulation. Special emphasis is also given to the pig, an economically important species and valuable biomedical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lallès
- Division of Human Nutrition Division, INRA Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Human Nutrition Research Center - West, Nantes, France ; Present Address: INRA - SDAR, Domaine de la Motte, B.P. 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
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Zhang D, Ji H, Liu H, Wang S, Wang J, Wang Y. Changes in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota of weaned piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus or an antibiotic. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10081-10093. [PMID: 27757509 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays important roles in the health and well-being of animals, and high-throughput sequencing facilitates exploration of microbial populations in the animal gut. However, previous studies have focused on fecal samples instead of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we compared the microbiota diversity and composition of intestinal contents of weaned piglets treated with Lactobacillus reuteri or chlortetracycline (aureomycin) using high-throughput sequencing. Nine weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups and supplemented with L. reuteri, chlortetracycline, or saline for 10 days, and then the contents of three intestinal segments (jejunum, colon, and cecum) were obtained and used for sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbiota diversity and composition in the jejunum were different from those in the colon and cecum among the three treatments. In the jejunum, treatment with L. reuteri increased the species richness of the microbiota, as indicated by the ACE and Chao1 indexes, compared with the chlortetracycline group, in which several taxa were eliminated. In the colon and cecum, relative abundances of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Prevotella were higher in the chlortetracycline group than in the other groups. Distances between clustered samples revealed that the L. reuteri group was closer to the chlortetracycline group than the control group for jejunum samples, while colon and cecum samples of the L. reuteri group were clustered with those of the control group. This study provides fundamental knowledge for future studies such as the development of alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shu Guang Hua Yuan Middle Road No. 9, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shu Guang Hua Yuan Middle Road No. 9, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shu Guang Hua Yuan Middle Road No. 9, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shu Guang Hua Yuan Middle Road No. 9, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shu Guang Hua Yuan Middle Road No. 9, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shu Guang Hua Yuan Middle Road No. 9, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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28
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Yi H, Jiang D, Zhang L, Xiong H, Han F, Wang Y. Developmental expression of STATs, nuclear factor-κB and inflammatory genes in the jejunum of piglets during weaning. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:199-204. [PMID: 27160867 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins play essential roles in apoptosis, proliferation and survival. However, the role of STATs in intestinal inflammation during weaning is unclear. This study aimed to investigate developmental expression of STATs, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inflammatory genes in the jejunum of piglets during weaning. Thirty-two piglets were weaned at 21d and sacrificed at 0, 1, 7, or 14d (n=8) after weaning. Villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio were decreased, whereas crypt depth was increased in the jejunum at 7 and 14d after weaning. In addition, the mRNA levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-22 were increased in the jejunum at 7 and 14d after weaning, whereas transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SCOS3) and arginase-1 was decreased. Neutrophil infiltration was increased in the mucosa of the jejunum after weaning. Moreover, phosphorylation of IκB-α, NF-κB, AKT and STAT-3 was increased. However, the phosphorylation of STAT-1 (at 7 and 14d) and STAT-6 (at 1 and 7d) was suppressed in the jejunum after weaning. Treatment of porcine jejunal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells with the STAT inhibitors fludarabine, niclosamide and teriflunomide, which inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT-1, STAT-3 and STAT-6, respectively, weakened the defense capacity of these cells against bacterial infection. In conclusion, weaning caused severe inflammation associated with activation of the NF-κB and STAT-3 pathways and suppression of STAT-1 and STAT-6 in the jejunum of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Denghu Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Haitao Xiong
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Feifei Han
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Department of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
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29
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Oriá RB, Murray-Kolb LE, Scharf RJ, Pendergast LL, Lang DR, Kolling GL, Guerrant RL. Early-life enteric infections: relation between chronic systemic inflammation and poor cognition in children. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:374-86. [PMID: 27142301 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota undergoes active remodeling in the first 6 to 18 months of life, during which time the characteristics of the adult microbiota are developed. This process is strongly influenced by the early diet and enteric pathogens. Enteric infections and malnutrition early in life may favor microbiota dysbiosis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, resulting in intestinal barrier dysfunction and translocation of intestinal bacterial products, ultimately leading to low-grade, chronic, subclinical systemic inflammation. The leaky gut-derived low-grade systemic inflammation may have profound consequences on the gut-liver-brain axis, compromising normal growth, metabolism, and cognitive development. This review examines recent data suggesting that early-life enteric infections that lead to intestinal barrier disruption may shift the intestinal microbiota toward chronic systemic inflammation and subsequent impaired cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca J Scharf
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura L Pendergast
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Lang
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- R.B. Oriá is with the Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedicine and Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. L.E. Murray-Kolb is with The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. R.J. Scharf, G. Kolling, and R.L. Guerrant are with the Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. L.L. Pendergast is with the School Psychology Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. D.R. Lang is with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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30
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Song ZH, Tong G, Xiao K, Jiao LF, Ke YL, Hu CH. L-cysteine protects intestinal integrity, attenuates intestinal inflammation and oxidant stress, and modulates NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways in weaned piglets after LPS challenge. Innate Immun 2016; 22:152-61. [PMID: 26921254 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916632303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated whetherL-cysteine (L-cys) could alleviate LPS-induced intestinal disruption and its underlying mechanism. Piglets fed with anL-cys-supplemented diet had higher average daily gain.L-cys alleviated LPS-induced structural and functional disruption of intestine in weanling piglets, as demonstrated by higher villus height, villus height (VH) to crypt depth (CD) ratio, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and lower FITC-dextran 4 (FD4) kDa flux in jejunum and ileum. Supplementation withL-cys up-regulated occludin and claudin-1 expression, reduced caspase-3 activity and enhanced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression of jejunum and ileum relative to LPS group. Additionally,L-cys suppressed the LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, as demonstrated by down-regulated TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels, increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione (GSH) contents and the ratio of GSH and oxidized glutathione in jejunum and ileum. Finally, a diet supplemented withL-cys inhibited NF-κB(p65) nuclear translocation and elevated NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation compared with the LPS group. Collectively, our results indicated the protective function ofL-cys on intestinal mucosa barrier may closely associated with its anti-inflammation, antioxidant and regulating effect on the NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze he Song
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guo Tong
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing City, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Kan Xiao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Le fei Jiao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya lu Ke
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cai hong Hu
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Arnal ME, Lallès JP. Gut epithelial inducible heat-shock proteins and their modulation by diet and the microbiota. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:181-97. [PMID: 26883882 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of metabolic diseases has raised questions about the interplay between the human diet and the gut and its microbiota. The gut has two vital roles: nutrient absorption and intestinal barrier function. Gut barrier defects are involved in many diseases. Excess energy intake disturbs the gut microbiota and favors body entry of microbial compounds that stimulate chronic metabolic inflammation. In this context, the natural defense mechanisms of gut epithelial cells and the potential to boost them nutritionally warrant further study. One such important defense system is the activation of inducible heat-shock proteins (iHSPs) which protect the gut epithelium against oxidative stress and inflammation. Importantly, various microbial components can induce the expression of iHSPs. This review examines gut epithelial iHSPs as the main targets of microbial signals and nutrients and presents data on diseases involving disturbances of gut epithelial iHSPs. In addition, a broad literature analysis of dietary modulation of gut epithelial iHSPs is provided. Future research aims should include the identification of gut microbes that can optimize gut-protective iHSPs and the evaluation of iHSP-mediated health benefits of nutrients and food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Edith Arnal
- M.E. Arnal and J.P. Lallès are with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Human Nutrition Division, Clermont-Ferrand, France. J.P. Lallès is with the Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Lallès
- M.E. Arnal and J.P. Lallès are with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Human Nutrition Division, Clermont-Ferrand, France. J.P. Lallès is with the Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France.
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Song ZH, Ke YL, Xiao K, Jiao LF, Hong QH, Hu CH. Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite improves intestinal barrier restoration and modulates TGF-β1, ERK1/2, and Akt in piglets after acetic acid challenge. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1599-607. [PMID: 26020182 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the beneficial effect of diosmectite-zinc oxide composite (DS-ZnO) on improving intestinal barrier restoration in piglets after acetic acid challenge and explored the underlying mechanisms. Twenty-four 35-d-old piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an average weight of 8.1 kg, were allocated to 4 treatment groups. On d 1 of the trial, colitis was induced via intrarectal injection of acetic acid (10 mL of 10% acetic acid [ACA] solution for ACA, DS-ZnO, and mixture of diosmectite [DS] and ZnO [DS+ZnO] groups) and the control group was infused with saline. Twenty-four hours after challenged, piglets were fed with the following diets: 1) control group (basal diet), 2) ACA group (basal diet), 3) DS-ZnO group (basal diet supplemented with DS-ZnO), and 4) DS+ZnO group (mixture of 1.5 g diosmectite [DS]/kg and 500 mg Zn/kg from ZnO [equal amount of DS and ZnO in the DS-ZnO treatment group]). On d 8 of the trial, piglets were sacrificed. The results showed that DS-ZnO supplementation improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased (P < 0.05) fecal scores, crypt depth, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) influx as compared with ACA group. Moreover, DS-ZnO increased (P < 0.05) occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occluden-1 expressions; reduced (P < 0.05) caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity and Bax expression; and improved (P < 0.05) Bcl2, XIAP, and PCNA expression. Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite supplementation also increased (P < 0.05) TGF-β1 expression and ERK1/2 and Akt activation. These results suggest that DS-ZnO attenuates the acetic acid-induced colitis by improving mucosa barrier restoration, inhibiting apoptosis, and improving intestinal epithelial cells proliferation and modulation of TGF-β1 and ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathway.
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Aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles attenuate the TSLP levels via suppressing caspase-1 in activated mast cells. J Biomater Appl 2016; 30:1407-16. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328216629822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZO-NPs) are used as antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and to treat cancer. However, although ZO-NPs have excellent efficiency and specificity, their cytotoxicity is higher than that of micron-sized zinc oxide. Doping ZO-NPs with aluminum can improve therapeutic efficacy, but the biological effects and mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. Here, we reported the efficacy of aluminum-doped ZO-NP (AZO) on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production and caspase-1 activation in human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. AZO significantly reduced TSLP levels as well as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α without inducing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, AZO more effectively reduced TSLP, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels than ZO-NP. The levels of inflammatory cytokine mRNA were also reduced by AZO treatment. AZO blocked production of IL-1β and activations of caspase-1 and nuclear factor-κB by inhibiting IκB kinase β and receptor interacting protein 2. In addition, AZO attenuated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and p38. These findings provide evidence that AZO improves anti-inflammatory properties and offer a safe and effective potential treatment option.
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Tuli HS, Kashyap D, Bedi SK, Kumar P, Kumar G, Sandhu SS. Molecular aspects of metal oxide nanoparticle (MO-NPs) mediated pharmacological effects. Life Sci 2015; 143:71-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kröger S, Pieper R, Aschenbach JR, Martin L, Liu P, Rieger J, Schwelberger HG, Neumann K, Zentek J. Effects of high levels of dietary zinc oxide on ex vivo epithelial histamine response and investigations on histamine receptor action in the proximal colon of weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5265-72. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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36
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Jiao L, Song Z, Ke Y, Xiao K, Hu C, Shi B. Cello-oligosaccharide influences intestinal microflora, mucosal architecture and nutrient transport in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xiao K, Song ZH, Jiao LF, Ke YL, Hu CH. Developmental changes of TGF-β1 and Smads signaling pathway in intestinal adaption of weaned pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104589. [PMID: 25170924 PMCID: PMC4149345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning stress caused marked changes in intestinal structure and function. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and canonical Smads signaling pathway are suspected to play an important regulatory role in post-weaning adaptation of the small intestine. In the present study, the intestinal morphology and permeability, developmental expressions of tight junction proteins and TGF-β1 in the intestine of piglets during the 2 weeks after weaning were assessed. The expressions of TGF-β receptor I/II (TβRI, TβRII), smad2/3, smad4 and smad7 were determined to investigate whether canonical smads signaling pathways were involved in early weaning adaption process. The results showed that a shorter villus and deeper crypt were observed on d 3 and d 7 postweaning and intestinal morphology recovered to preweaning values on d 14 postweaning. Early weaning increased (P<0.05) plasma level of diamine oxidase (DAO) and decreased DAO activities (P<0.05) in intestinal mucosa on d 3 and d 7 post-weaning. Compared with the pre-weaning stage (d 0), tight junction proteins level of occludin and claudin-1 were reduced (P<0.05) on d 3, 7 and 14 post-weaning, and ZO-1 protein was reduced (P<0.05) on d 3 and d 7 post-weaning. An increase (P<0.05) of TGF-β1 in intestinal mucosa was observed on d 3 and d 7 and then level down on d 14 post-weaning. Although there was an increase (P<0.05) of TβR II protein expression in the intestinal mucosa on d3 and d 7, no significant increase of mRNA of TβRI, TβRII, smad2/3, smad4 and smad7 was observed during postweaning. The results indicated that TGF-β1 was associated with the restoration of intestinal morphology and barrier function following weaning stress. The increased intestinal endogenous TGF-β1 didn't activate the canonical Smads signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xiao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-He Song
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le-Fei Jiao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Lu Ke
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Hong Hu
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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