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Jędrzejewski T, Pawlikowska M, Sobocińska J, Wrotek S. COVID-19 and Cancer Diseases-The Potential of Coriolus versicolor Mushroom to Combat Global Health Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054864. [PMID: 36902290 PMCID: PMC10003402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a common species from the Polyporaceae family that has been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for over 2000 years. Among well-described and most active compounds identified in CV are polysaccharopeptides, such as polysaccharide peptide (PSP) and Polysaccharide-K (PSK, krestin), which, in some countries, are already used as an adjuvant agent in cancer therapy. In this paper, research advances in the field of anti-cancer and anti-viral action of CV are analyzed. The results of data obtained in in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models as well as in clinical research trials have been discussed. The present update provides a brief overview regarding the immunomodulatory effects of CV. A particular focus has been given to the mechanisms of direct effects of CV on cancer cells and angiogenesis. A potential use of CV compounds in anti-viral treatment, including therapy against COVID-19 disease, has also been analyzed based on the most recent literature. Additionally, the significance of fever in viral infection and cancer has been debated, providing evidence that CV affects this phenomenon.
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Ketogenic and Modified Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Counteract Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Nutritional Suggestions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122384. [PMID: 35745113 PMCID: PMC9229939 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic Diet is a nutritional pattern often used as dietotherapy in inflammatory diseases, including neurological disorders. Applied on epileptic children since 1920, in recent years it has been taken into account again as a tool to both reduce inflammatory burdens and ameliorate the nutritional status of patients affected by different pathologies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an immune-mediated neuro-inflammatory disease and diet is a possible factor in its pathogenesis. The aim of this work is to investigate the main potential targets of MS-related impairments, in particular the cognitive deficits, focusing on the alteration of biomarkers such as the Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor and the Tryptophan/Kynurenine ratio that could play a role on neuroprotection and thus on MS progression. Furthermore, we here propose nutritional suggestions which are useful in the development of a ketogenic diet protocol that takes advantage of the anti-inflammatory properties of low-carbohydrate foods from the Mediterranean diet to be applied to subjects with MS. In conclusion, this approach will allow one to develop the ketogenic diet combined with a modified Mediterranean diet as a possible tool to improve neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis.
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Therapeutic potential of the target on NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107880. [PMID: 33901504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein macromolecular complexes that typically comprise of three units, a sensor, an adaptor and procaspase-1. The assembly of each inflammasome is dictated by a unique pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or other endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the cytosol of the host cells, and promote the maturation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 during the inflammatory process. Specific inflammasomes are involved in the host defense response against different pathogens, and the latter have evolved multiple corresponding mechanisms to inhibit inflammasome activation. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the best understood in terms of molecular mechanisms, and is a promising therapeutic target in immune-related disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination of white matter in the central nervous system, increased levels of IL-1β in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of relapsed patients, and deposition of caspase-1 in the spinal cord. The direct involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the occurrence and development of MS was ascertained in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. In this review, we have focused on the mechanisms underlying activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MS or EAE, as well as inhibitors that specifically target the complex and alleviate disease progression, in order to unearth new therapeutic strategies against MS.
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Ayaz F, Yuzer A, Ince T, Ince M. Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bromo- and Cyano-Substituted Azulene Derivatives. Inflammation 2021; 43:1009-1018. [PMID: 31955292 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural products and their synthetic derivatives gathered attention due to their pharmaceutical capacities. They have been in use against different types of diseases ranging from cancer to inflammatory disorders. In order to increase their efficacy and prevent the possible side effects, these natural compounds are manipulated at the laboratory conditions and modified according to our needs. Azulene is one of these compounds whose anti-inflammatory potential have been shown by the previous studies, but a detailed analysis of its effect at the cellular level in terms of pro-inflammatory cytokine production has not been studied yet. Moreover, its derivative potential has not been characterized extensively. In our study, we examined the cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory potential of bromo- and cyano-substituted azulenes on the mammalian macrophages. These unique compounds had differential effects on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and they were anti-inflammatory immunomodulators. Furthermore, they exerted anti-proliferative effect on breast and prostate cancer cells which supports their anti-cancer potential as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, 33110, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Abdulcelil Yuzer
- Advanced Technology Research & Application Center, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy Campus, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Ince
- Advanced Technology Research & Application Center, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy Campus, TR-33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering Faculty of Tarsus Technology, Tarsus University, 33400, Mersin, Turkey.
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Meka SRK, Younis T, Reich E, Elayyan J, Kumar A, Merquiol E, Blum G, Kalmus S, Maatuf YH, Batshon G, Nussbaum G, Houri-Haddad Y, Dvir-Ginzberg M. TNFα expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis-stimulated macrophages relies on Sirt1 cleavage. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:535-546. [PMID: 33559894 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is one the most common chronic inflammatory conditions, resulting in destruction of tooth-supporting tissues and leading to tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis activates host macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and elicit tissue damage, in part by inducing NF-kappa-B transactivation. Since NFκB transactivation is negatively regulated by the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase enzyme Sirt1, we sought to assess if RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to P. gingivalis demonstrate impaired Sirt1 activity, to ultimately induce a pro-inflammatory response. METHODS RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with heat- killed P. gingivalis for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Stimulated RAW264.7 were assessed for TNFα expression via PCR, ELISA, and ChIP analysis. Following the activation of RAW264.7 macrophages, immunoblot analysis was executed to detect modifications in Sirt1 and the NFκB subunit RelA that is essential for NFκB transcriptional activity. RESULTS TNFα expression was elevated 4 h after exposure to P. gingivalis. ChIP confirmed that RelA was enriched in the mouse TNFα promoter 4 h following stimulation, which correlated with the increased TNFα mRNA levels. Preceding TNFα expression, we detected Phosphoserine 536 and acetylated lysine 310 of RelA after 2 hours exposure with P. gingivalis. Moreover, reduced Sirt1 activity was associated with its cleavage in RAW264.7 protein extracts, after 2 hours of P. gingivalis exposure. Blocking TLR2/4 signaling prevented Sirt1 cleavage, loss of deacetylase activity, and TNFα secretion, while co-administering CA074Me (a cathepsin B inhibitor) with P. gingivalis reduced RelA promoter enrichment, resulting in impaired TNFα expression. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results suggest that P. gingivalis induces TNFα expression, at least in part, by enhancing cleavage of Sirt1 via a TLR-dependent signaling circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai R K Meka
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tahsin Younis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Reich
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jinan Elayyan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emmanuelle Merquiol
- School of Pharmacy- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University- Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Blum
- School of Pharmacy- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University- Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Kalmus
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yonathan H Maatuf
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - George Batshon
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
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Alschuler L, Weil A, Horwitz R, Stamets P, Chiasson AM, Crocker R, Maizes V. Integrative considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Explore (NY) 2020; 16:354-356. [PMID: 32229082 PMCID: PMC7270871 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Alschuler
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States; Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, United States.
| | - Andrew Weil
- Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, United States; University of Arizona, United States
| | - Randy Horwitz
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States; Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, United States
| | | | - Ann Marie Chiasson
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States; Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, United States
| | - Robert Crocker
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States; Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, United States
| | - Victoria Maizes
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, United States; Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, United States
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Ayaz F, Alaş MÖ, Oğuz M, Genç R. Aluminum doped carbon nanodots as potent adjuvants on the mammalian macrophages. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2405-2415. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Lucius K, Hill J. Combining immunotherapy and natural immune stimulants: mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2633-2635. [PMID: 30673870 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-02830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khara Lucius
- Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jacob Hill
- Program on Integrative Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Chen CY, Yang CH, Tsai YF, Liaw CC, Chang WY, Hwang TL. Ugonin U stimulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhances inflammasome-mediated pathogen clearance. Redox Biol 2016; 11:263-274. [PMID: 28012441 PMCID: PMC5198739 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contains Nod-like receptors, a subclass of pattern recognition receptors, suggesting that this complex has a prominent role in host defenses. Various structurally diverse stimulators activate the NLRP3 inflammasome through different signaling pathways. We previously reported that ugonin U (UgU), a natural flavonoid isolated from Helminthostachys zeylanica (L) Hook, directly stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) and triggers superoxide release in human neutrophils. In the present study, we showed that UgU induced NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and subsequent caspase-1 and interleukin (IL)-1β processing in lipopolysaccharide-primed human monocytes. Moreover, UgU elicited mitochondrial superoxide generation in a dose-dependent manner, and a specific scavenger of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) diminished UgU-induced IL-1β and caspase-1 activation. UgU induced Ca2+ mobilization, which was inhibited by treatment with inhibitors of PLC or inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R). Blocking Ca2+ mobilization, PLC, or IP3R diminished UgU-induced IL-1β release, caspase-1 activation, and mitochondrial ROS generation. These data demonstrated that UgU activated the NLPR3 inflammasome activation through Ca2+ mobilization and the production of mitochondrial ROS. We also demonstrated that UgU-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation enhanced the bactericidal function of human monocytes. The ability of UgU to stimulate human neutrophils and monocytes, both of which are professional phagocytes, and its capacity to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is a promising molecular target for developing anti-infective medicine, indicate that UgU treatment should be considered as a possible novel therapy for treating infectious diseases. The immuno-stimulatory effects UgU in human monocytes were evaluated. UgU induces Ca2+ mobilization and eventually activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. UgU facilitates the bactericidal function of human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hui Yang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Jędrzejewski T, Pawlikowska M, Piotrowski J, Kozak W. Protein-bound polysaccharides from Coriolus versicolor attenuate LPS-induced synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate PBMCs proliferation. Immunol Lett 2016; 178:140-7. [PMID: 27594322 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharides (PBP) isolated from Coriolus versicolor (CV) are classified as biological response modifiers capable of exhibiting various biological activities, such as anti-tumour and immunopotentiating activity. Since we have found in vivo studies that the tested PBP induced prolongation of endotoxin fever in rats, the aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of the PBP on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the lipolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results showed that the PBP affect the immunomodulating properties of the LPS-treated PBMCs by the enhancement of mitogenic activity and attenuation of the LPS-induced production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Moreover, the tested polysaccharides peptides themselves also exhibit immunomodulatory properties manifested in the increased cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from PBMCs. The effect of PBP on the both phenomena was time-dependent and occurred in the U-shaped dose response manner. These findings are significant when considering the use of commercially available PBP from CV extract by cancer patients suffering from immunodeficiency, who may experience microbial infections during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University,1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Pawlikowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University,1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Jakub Piotrowski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University,1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Wiesław Kozak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University,1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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Wynick C, Petes C, Tigert A, Gee K. Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Induction of Concurrent IL-1β and IL-23 Expression in THP-1 Cells Exhibits Differential Requirements for Caspase-1 and Cathepsin B Activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:477-87. [PMID: 27096899 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex required for interleukin (IL)-1β production. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggering of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and subsequent ATP signaling, the NOD-like receptor containing-pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated to cleave pro-caspase-1 into caspase-1, allowing the secretion of IL-1β. IL-1β is known to function with IL-23 in the regulation of IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells, Th17 cells, in adaptive immunity. Recently, studies have shown that IL-1β and IL-23 together activate IL-17-producing innate lymphoid cells, demonstrating that the pair may exhibit additional effects on cell differentiation. Using an in vitro model of bacterial infection, LPS treatment of human monocytic cells, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the co-expression of IL-1β and IL-23. We found that IL-1β is partially required for optimal LPS-induced IL-23 production. We also found that IL-23 production was partially dependent on ATP signaling via the P2X7 receptor, whereas IL-1β production required this signaling. Furthermore, we identified a novel role for cathepsin B activity in IL-23 production. Taken together, this study identifies differential requirements for the co-expression of IL-1β and IL-23. Due to their similar roles in Th17 differentiation, characterization of the regulatory mechanisms for LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-23 may reveal novel information into the pathology of the inflammatory response particularly during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wynick
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Carlene Petes
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Alexander Tigert
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
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Lai CY, Yang LC, Lin WC. Type II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus induced dendritic cell maturation through TLR2 and TLR4. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1207-1214. [PMID: 26655402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharides, considered as immunomodulators with the capacity to activate immunity against microbial pathogens and tumors, have been employed for their dietary and medical benefits. PURPOSE This study investigated the immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharide such as type II arabinogalactan from Anoectochilus formosanus (AGAF) on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposing DCs to AGAF induces cell maturation, which is characterized by the upregulation of CD86, CD83, CD80, CD40, and MHC class I and class II expression through flow cytometry analysis and morphological change without cytotoxicity. In addition, AGAF-triggered DC2.4 cells were involved in priming T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Transfection of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 proteins and TLR4 siRNA suppressed DC maturation, suggesting that AGAF induced DC maturation through TLR2 and TLR4. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that AGAF may be a potentially effective immunomodulator in stimulating DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Lai
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, no. 91 Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Chan Yang
- College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Chuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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