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Luc CM, Levy J, Bahromov M, Jonbekov J, Mackesy-Amiti ME. HIV knowledge, self-perception of HIV risk, and sexual risk behaviors among male Tajik labor migrants who inject drugs in Moscow. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:156. [PMID: 38212755 PMCID: PMC10782601 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge and self-perception of risk for HIV among people who inject drugs is complex and understudied, especially among temporary migrant workers who inject drugs (MWID) while in a host country. In Russia, Tajik migrants make up the largest proportion of Moscow's foreign labor. Yet, HIV knowledge and self-perceived risk in association with sexual risk behavior among male Tajik MWID in Moscow remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This research examines knowledge about HIV transmission, self-perception of HIV risk, and key psychosocial factors that possibly contribute to sexual risk behaviors among male Tajik labor MWID living in Moscow. METHODS Structured interviews were conducted with 420 male Tajik labor MWID. Modified Poisson regression models investigated possible associations between major risk factors and HIV sexual risk behavior. RESULTS Of the 420 MWID, 255 men (61%) reported sexual activity in the last 30 days. Level of HIV knowledge was not associated in either direction with condom use or risky sexual partnering, as measured by sex with multiple partners or female sex workers (FSW). Lower self-perceived HIV risk was associated with a greater likelihood of sex with multiple partners (aPR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.34, 2.40) and FSW (aPR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.59), but was not associated with condom use. Police-enacted stigma was associated with sex with multiple partners (aPR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49) and FSW (aPR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.54). While depression and lower levels of loneliness were associated with condomless sex (aPR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.24; aPR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.92, respectively), only depression was associated with condomless sex with FSW (aPR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.54). CONCLUSIONS HIV prevention programing for male Tajik MWID must go beyond solely educating about factors associated with HIV transmission to include increased awareness of personal risk based on engaging in these behaviors. Additionally, psychological services to counter depression and police-enacted stigma are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Levy
- University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Bert F, Russotto A, Pivi A, Mollero B, Voglino G, Orofino G, Siliquini R. Vaccination and Trust in the National Health System among HIV+ Patients: An Italian Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1315. [PMID: 37631883 PMCID: PMC10458052 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practises (KAP) of individuals living with HIV (PLWH) regarding vaccines and their trust in the Italian national health system (NHS). METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital in Turin, Italy, involving 160 HIV-positive patients. Descriptive statistics were utilised to analyse variables such as vaccination status and intention, perceived risk of infection, and disease severity. The infections were categorised into sexually transmitted diseases and other vaccine-preventable diseases. RESULTS Except for the perceived severity of infection, there were no significant differences in the percentages between the two infection groups for the variables examined. Concerning patients' perception of the Italian NHS, a high percentage of the sample believed in the information provided by healthcare workers (HCWs) (95.6%) and considered HCWs up-to-date on vaccines (93.1%). However, a considerable proportion expressed concerns about insufficient information on vaccine risks from HCWs (33.3%), perceived judgement by HCWs for vaccine refusal (40.3%), and suspected financial interests of HCWs in vaccination (19.5%). CONCLUSIONS Some HIV+ patients may hesitate to be vaccinated or hold misconceptions about the severity of certain infectious diseases. Additionally, there are concerns about trust in the Italian NHS and communication by HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bert
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Hygiene and Infection Control Unit, ASL TO3, 10098 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonino Russotto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alex Pivi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberta Siliquini
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Hospital Molinette, City of Health and Science of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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A peer group intervention implemented by community volunteers increased HIV prevention knowledge. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:301. [PMID: 36765344 PMCID: PMC9912512 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV prevention knowledge levels are low in sub-Saharan Africa. In our efficacy study, the Mzake ndi Mzake (Friend-to-Friend; hereafter Mzake) 6-session peer group intervention, delivered by health workers, improved HIV prevention knowledge and other outcomes in Malawi. To expand HIV prevention approaches, this implementation study tested whether the intervention remained effective when implemented by trained community volunteers. HIV prevention knowledge findings are presented. METHODS Using a stepped wedge design, three communities implemented the Mzake program sequentially in randomly assigned order. Repeated surveys assessed outcomes, and participants served as controls until they completed the program. At Time 2, Community 1 became the intervention group, and at Time 3, Communities 1 and 2 were the intervention group. HIV prevention knowledge, the primary outcome, was assessed through two indicators: UNAIDS comprehensive knowledge (UNAIDS Knowledge), defined as correctly answering five HIV prevention questions (Yes/No), and a 9-item HIV/PMTCT Knowledge Index (number correct). Multivariate generalized estimating equation logistic regression (UNAIDS Knowledge) and mixed-effects regression models (HIV/PMTCT Knowledge Index) were used to assess knowledge controlling for five sociodemographic factors. RESULTS In bivariate analyses of UNAIDS Knowledge, more persons answered correctly in the intervention group than the control group at Time 2 (56.8% vs. 47.9%, p < 0.01), but the difference was not significant at Time 3. In logistic regression, there was a significant linear increase in the proportion who correctly answered all questions in the control group, but the increase was significantly higher in the intervention group (log-odds estimate = 0.17, SE = 0.06, p-value < 0.01). The HIV/PMTCT Knowledge Index scores increased over time for both groups, but in the intervention group the increase was significantly higher than the control group (0.11 at Time 2; 0.21 at Time 3). In youth and adult subsamples analyses, the intervention was highly effective in increasing knowledge for youth, but not for adults. CONCLUSION This implementation study showed that Mzake was effective in increasing HIV prevention knowledge when delivered by community members. Community approaches offer an important strategy to increase HIV prevention in rural communities without burdening healthcare systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02765659. Registered 06/05/2016.
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Makhakhe NF, Sliep Y, Meyer-Weitz A. “Whatever is in the ARVs, is Also in the PrEP” Challenges Associated With Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use Among Female Sex Workers in South Africa. Front Public Health 2022; 10:691729. [PMID: 35784260 PMCID: PMC9247347 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.691729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The national policy on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for female sex workers (FSWs) was instituted in South Africa in 2016. FSWs were targeted for PrEP due to a Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence of 57.7%, which is higher than the prevalence of 19.07% among the general population. Research from demonstration studies has shown that uptake of PrEP has been slower than anticipated, and the purpose of this study was to explore barriers to the uptake of PrEP among FSWs. Methods An in-depth qualitative study was conducted with 39 participants, 30 individual participants, and nine focus group participants. Eleven participants consisted of peer educators and two health workers from a sex work and PrEP distribution organization, the rest of the participants (1) were FSWs. Results The majority of participants mentioned that little distinction was made between PrEP and antiretrovirals (ARVs) taken by FSWs living with HIV. PrEP was not distributed through public health care facilities, and health workers unknowingly labeled PrEP as ARVs. Consequently, health workers seen as experts created suspicion and contributed to the mistrust of PrEP among FSWs due to mixed messages, and equating PrEP to ARVs reduced uptake. Furthermore, failure to make a clear distinction between oral PrEP and ARVs resulted in accusations of lying, denialism, and deception leveled at users of PrEP by FSWs using ARVs, and sometimes by clients and intimate partners. FSWs using PrEP reported feeling stigmatized and thrust into interpersonal conflict with their peers after choosing PrEP, leading to broken relationships, and some resorting to taking PrEP privately or discontinuing PrEP altogether. Conclusion Pre-exposure prophylaxis as an ARV targeted for the prevention of HIV among high-risk groups was found to be stigmatizing. The distinctive use of PrEP and ARVs should be correctly explained to users to minimize confusion, enable differentiation and reduce interpersonal conflict. Cohesion among sex work organizations and public health care facilities is needed to disseminate the correct knowledge on PrEP. A non-stigmatizing approach to the distribution of PrEP may serve to increase uptake and adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosipho Faith Makhakhe
- Faculty of Arts and Design, Center for General Education, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Nosipho Faith Makhakhe ;
| | - Yvonne Sliep
- Department of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anna Meyer-Weitz
- Department of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Stewart JL, Wallace DD, Nance A, Schalkoff CA, Uhrig Castonguay BJ, Widman L, Carey MP, Golin CE. Validated HIV Knowledge Scales for Use with Adults and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1695-1715. [PMID: 34729670 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV knowledge - the information a person possesses about HIV - is essential for the prevention and management of HIV. Therefore, the accurate measurement of HIV knowledge is important for both science and practice. This systematic review identifies extant HIV knowledge scales that have been validated with adolescent and adult populations and summarizes the state of this research. We searched seven electronic databases, which resulted in 6,525 articles. After title/abstract and full-text review, 27 studies remained and underwent qualitative review of reported scale psychometric properties. Many studies were conducted in the last decade (n = 12), reflecting advances in scientific knowledge of HIV. Five were exclusively adolescent-based studies (sample age ≤ 18). Most studies reported reliability (n = 25) or at least one form of validity (n = 21). Future studies should develop or refine HIV knowledge scales so that they reflect recent scientific developments, use rigorous psychometric testing, and target samples that include those persons at highest risk for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Stewart
- Applied Social and Community Psychology Program, Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 640 Poe Hall, Campus, Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7650, USA.
| | - Deshira D Wallace
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abby Nance
- Applied Social and Community Psychology Program, Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 640 Poe Hall, Campus, Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7650, USA
| | - Christine A Schalkoff
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Breana J Uhrig Castonguay
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Laura Widman
- Applied Social and Community Psychology Program, Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 640 Poe Hall, Campus, Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7650, USA
| | - Michael P Carey
- Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Carol E Golin
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 302 Rosenau Hall, 135 Dauer Drive, CB7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Resnick D, Schapira MM, Andrews ME, Essoka-Lasenberry A, Davis-Voge A, Bauermeister JA, Wood SM. "I Think That I Have a Good Understanding of How to Protect Myself": A Qualitative Study About HIV Risk Perceptions Among Men and Gender Diverse Individuals Who Have Sex With Men. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2022; 34:82-S5. [PMID: 35192391 PMCID: PMC8992390 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2022.34.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to determine how men and gender diverse individuals who have sex with men describe their perceived risk of HIV and what factors influence this risk assessment. We conducted in-depth, virtual interviews with 18 HIV-negative individuals from Philadelphia, eligible for or taking PrEP. The interviews assessed the participants' understanding of their HIV risk, using thematic analysis to deductively code and extract themes. Three themes emerged: (1) participants expressed both deliberative and affective risk perception before and after sexual encounters; (2) participants linked HIV knowledge to risk perception and stigma; (3) participants connected intrinsic and extrinsic factors to risk perception differently. Participants endorsed low overall risk perception, while also describing moments of high affective risk perception after sexual encounters in which they were not able to implement their preferred prevention strategies. Future research should explore helping individuals transform affective risk perception into empowerment around sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Resnick
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Marilyn M Schapira
- The Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mary E. Andrews
- Annenberg School of Communication, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Amadi Essoka-Lasenberry
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Annet Davis-Voge
- HIV Research Prevention Division, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - José A. Bauermeister
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia PA
| | - Sarah M Wood
- Craig Dalsimer Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA
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Sarno EL, Macapagal K, Newcomb ME. "The Main Concern is HIV, Everything Else is Fixable": Indifference Toward Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Era of Biomedical HIV Prevention. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:2657-2660. [PMID: 33745099 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of biomedical HIV prevention, attitudes toward and cultural norms around condom use and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are changing. Participants of 2GETHER, a randomized controlled trial of a relationship education and HIV prevention program for male couples, have acknowledged that having condomless anal sex put them at increased risk for STIs. Nonetheless, facilitators of the program have increasingly observed that participants were indifferent toward STIs and unmotivated to engage in preventative behaviors, particularly if they used pre-exposure prophylaxis. Participants' reasons for their lack of motivation to take precautions against STIs are reviewed. Implications of these attitudes for public health interventions to reduce rates of STIs among MSM, including frequent screening and treatment of STIs and potential messaging around condom use, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sarno
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Kathryn Macapagal
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Martins A, Canavarro MC, Pereira M. Multidimensional factors associated with perceived risk of HIV among sexually experienced individuals in Portugal. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2021.1933146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martins
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Canavarro
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Pereira
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Boyd DT, Waller B, Quinn CR. Reimaging an AIDS free generation: Examining youth and young adults' personal agency and its association with HIV testing. Prev Med Rep 2021; 22:101335. [PMID: 33680722 PMCID: PMC7930588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring youth and young adult's agency may be a way to increase HIV testing and help end the HIV epidemic. We used data from the National Survey of Teens and Young Adults (15-24) on HIV/AIDS (N = 1,437). Data were collected from September 21-October 1, 2012. The sample included 748 girls and 689 boys; and the mean age is 20 years (SD: 3.02). Youth and young adults completed a 40-question survey on attitudes and knowledge about HIV. Using a multivariable logistic regression analysis, study findings suggest that focusing on protective health behaviors like the role youth can play in ending the epidemic and hearing about an AIDS-free generation were both associated with an increase in HIV testing. Our study finds that enhancing the role and influence of personal agency can inform HIV prevention and intervention programs that are specific to youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte T. Boyd
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bernadine Waller
- School of Social Work, Adelphi University, City Garden, NY, United States
| | - Camille R. Quinn
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Bennett CL, Marks SJ, Rosenberger JG, Bauermeister JA, Clark MA, Liu T, Mayer KH, Merchant RC. Factors Associated with the Discordance between Perception of Being HIV Infected and HIV Sexual Risk Taking among Social Media-Using Black, Hispanic, and White Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2021; 19:2325958220919260. [PMID: 32314651 PMCID: PMC7175048 DOI: 10.1177/2325958220919260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among HIV-uninfected, social media-using black, Hispanic, and white young men who have sex with men (YMSM) who had condomless anal sex but had not been HIV tested within the past year, we aimed to determine the extent of discordance between perception of having an undiagnosed HIV infection and HIV risk-taking behaviors. Despite reporting condomless anal sex without HIV testing, 64% of 358 YMSM participants perceived having an undiagnosed HIV infection as "unlikely" and 12% as "impossible." Having a primary care provider and being Hispanic were associated with greater discordance. Interventions to decrease the discordance between perceived and actual HIV risk are needed for this higher HIV risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Bennett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah J Marks
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua G Rosenberger
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Clark
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland C Merchant
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Impact of COVID-19 predicts perceived risk more strongly than known demographic risk factors. J Psychosom Res 2021; 140:110299. [PMID: 33242704 PMCID: PMC7666870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the factors associated with perceived COVID-19 risk among people living in the US. METHODS A cross-sectional representative sample of 485 US residents was collected in mid-April 2020. Participants were asked about (a) perceptions of COVID-19 risk, (b) demographic factors known to be associated with increased COVID-19 risk, and (c) the impact of COVID-19 on different life domains. We used a three-step hierarchical linear regression model to assess the differential contribution of the factors listed above on perceived COVID-19 risk. RESULTS The final model accounted for 16% of variability in perceived risk, F(18,458) = 4.8, p < .001. Participants who were White reported twice as much perceived risk as participants of color (B = -2.1, 95% CI[-3.4,-0.8]. Higher perceived risk was observed among those who reported a negative impact of the pandemic on their sleep (B = 1.5, 95% CI[0.8,2.1]) or work (B = 0.7, 95%CI[0.1,1.3]). The number of cases per capita in their state of residence, age, or proximity to someone with a COVID-19 diagnosis were not found to meaningfully predict perceived risk. CONCLUSIONS Perceived risk was not found to be associated with known demographic risk factors, except that the effect of race/ethnicity was in the opposite direction of existing evidence. Perception of COVID-19 risk was associated with the perceived personal impact of the pandemic.
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12
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Sexual Risk Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Intention Among At-Risk College Students Who Have Never Been Tested. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 46:e76-e79. [PMID: 31192890 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Survey data from a university in the southeast United States were used to estimate the relation between sexual risk factors, perceived susceptibility, and human immunodeficiency virus testing intention among sexually active college students who had never been tested. Sexual risk factors, but not knowledge, were indirectly related to increased human immunodeficiency virus testing intention through perceived susceptibility.
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Mendez-Ruiz MD, Villegas-Pantoja MA, Alarcón-Luna NS, Villegas N, Cianelli R, Peragallo-Montano N. Prevention of alcohol consumption and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: randomized clinical trial. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2020; 28:e3262. [PMID: 32401905 PMCID: PMC7217628 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.3393.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to know the effects of a nursing intervention to reduce alcohol use and risk
factors for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Method: randomized single-blinded clinical trial performed by nurses with young
women. The study included 66 participants in the intervention group and 66
participants in the control group. The instruments were the Alcohol Use
Disorders Identification Test, the HIV Risk Behavior Knowledge and the
Condom Use Self-efficacy Scale. Analysis of variance was used. Results: alcohol involvement decreased in the intervention group (F (1.119) = 50.28; p
< 0.001; η2p = 0.297), while HIV knowledge (F (1.130) = 34.34; p < 0.001;
η2p = 0.209) and condom use self-efficacy increased (F (1.129) =
27.20; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.174). In addition, less participants consumed alcohol in
the past week compared to the control group (χ2 = 15.95; p <
0.001). Conclusion: the nursing intervention had positive effects, which could help young women
stay away from alcohol use and the risk of sexually transmitted infections.
NCT: 02405481.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Dalila Mendez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Enfermería de Nuevo Laredo, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | | | - Nohemí Selene Alarcón-Luna
- Facultad de Enfermería de Nuevo Laredo, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Natalia Villegas
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rosina Cianelli
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nilda Peragallo-Montano
- Chapel Hill School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Seekaew P, Pengnonyang S, Jantarapakde J, Meksena R, Sungsing T, Lujintanon S, Mingkwanrungruangkit P, Sirisakyot W, Tongmuang S, Panpet P, Sumalu S, Potasin P, Kantasaw S, Patpeerapong P, Mills S, Avery M, Chareonying S, Phanuphak P, Vannaki R, Phanuphak N. Discordance between self-perceived and actual risk of HIV infection among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand: a cross-sectional assessment. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25430. [PMID: 31855324 PMCID: PMC6922021 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low uptake of HIV testing and services, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), in Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) may be due to the inaccuracy in self-risk assessment. This study investigated the discordance between self-perceived HIV risk and actual risk. METHODS Data were obtained between May 2015 and October 2016 from MSM and TGW enrolled in key population-led Test and Treat study in six community health centres in Thailand. Eligible participants were at least 18 years old, Thai national, had sex with men, had unprotected sex with a man in the past six months or had at least three male sex partners in the past six months, and were not known to be HIV positive. Baseline demographic behavioural characteristics questionnaires, including self-perceived HIV risk, were self-administered. Participants received HIV/STI (syphilis/gonorrhoea/chlamydia) testing at baseline. Participants who self-perceived to have low risk, but engaged in HIV-susceptible practices were categorized as having risk discordance (RD). Regression was conducted to assess factors associated with RD among MSM and TGW separately. RESULTS Of the 882 MSM and 406 TGW participants who perceived themselves as having low HIV risk, over 80% reported at least one of the following: tested HIV positive, engaged in condomless sex, tested positive for a sexually transmitted infection sexually transmitted infection (STI; or used amphetamine-type stimulants. Logistic regression found that living with a male partner (p = 0.005), having never tested for HIV (p = 0.045), and living in Bangkok (p = 0.01) and Chiang Mai (p < 0.001) were associated with increased risk discordance among MSM. Living with a male partner (p = 0.002), being less than 17 years old at sexual debut (p = 0.001), and having a low knowledge score about HIV transmission (p < 0.001) were associated with increased risk discordance among TGW. However, for TGW, being a sex worker decreased the chance of risk discordance (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Future HIV prevention messages need to fill in the gap between self-perceived risk and actual risk in order to help HIV-vulnerable populations understand their risk better and proactively seek HIV prevention services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pich Seekaew
- PREVENTIONThai Red Cross AIDS Research CentreBangkokThailand
- Department of EpidemiologyMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sita Lujintanon
- PREVENTIONThai Red Cross AIDS Research CentreBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Saman Sumalu
- The Service Workers in Group FoundationBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravipa Vannaki
- Office of Public HealthU.S. Agency for International Development Regional Development Mission AsiaBangkokThailand
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Martins A, Chaves C, Canavarro MC, Pereira M. Psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Perceived Risk of HIV Scale in the general population and HIV-uninfected partners from sero-different couples. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1336. [PMID: 31640612 PMCID: PMC6805497 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perceived risk of HIV plays an important role in the adoption of protective behaviours and HIV testing. However, few studies have used multiple-item measures to assess this construct. The Perceived Risk of HIV Scale (PRHS) is an 8-item measure that assesses how people think and feel about their risk of HIV infection. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the European Portuguese version of the PRHS, including the ability of this scale to discriminate between individuals from the general population and HIV-uninfected partners from sero-different couples on their perceived risk of HIV infection (known-groups validity). Methods This study included 917 individuals from the general population (sample 1) to assess the psychometric properties of the PRHS. To assess the known-groups validity, the sample comprised 445 participants from the general population who were in an intimate relationship (sub-set of sample 1) and 42 HIV-uninfected partners from sero-different couples (sample 2). All participants filled out a set of questionnaires, which included a self-reported questionnaire on sociodemographic information, sexual behaviours, HIV testing and the PRHS. Sample 1 also completed the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire – 18-item version. Results The original unidimensional structure was reproduced both in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and the PRHS demonstrated good reliability (α = .78; composite reliability = .82). The differential item functioning analyses indicated that the items of the PRHS, in general, did not function differently for men and women or according to HIV testing. Significant associations with sexual risk behaviours and HIV testing provided evidence for criterion validity. The known-groups validity was supported. Conclusions The PRHS is a suitable scale in the evaluation of the perceived risk of HIV, and its psychometric characteristics validate its use in the Portuguese population. Furthermore, the present study suggests that interventions improving individuals’ HIV risk perceptions may be important since they were associated with different sexual behaviours and the likelihood of HIV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martins
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Chaves
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Canavarro
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Pereira
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000-115, Coimbra, Portugal
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Eakle R, Bothma R, Bourne A, Gumede S, Motsosi K, Rees H. "I am still negative": Female sex workers' perspectives on uptake and use of daily pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212271. [PMID: 30964874 PMCID: PMC6456175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Women remain highly vulnerable to HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, with female sex workers (FSWs) facing some of the highest rates of HIV. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to reduce new infections among populations at highest risk and end-user perspectives of actual use in ‘real-world’ settings are critical to informing PrEP implementation. This paper presents findings from serial in-depth interviews (IDIs) conducted with FSW participants during the course of the Treatment And Prevention for Sex workers (TAPS) Demonstration Project in South Africa, exploring the lived experiences and perceptions of taking up and using PrEP. This research provides insight into risks and responsibilities facing FSWs perceived as prominent drivers in taking up and using PrEP, how PrEP was adopted to mitigate risk or ameliorate realities, and the characteristics of PrEP most valued, all of which are critical to consider in scale-up. Overall, distrust in the existence and/or efficacy of PrEP affected the motivation of women to come to the clinic and to maintain use. As one of the first reports of PrEP use among FSWs outside of a clinical trial setting, this research shows that it will be important to ensure accurate, relevant, and widespread messaging in communities to generate demand and support for PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Eakle
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rutendo Bothma
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adam Bourne
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sanele Gumede
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Keneilwe Motsosi
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Cheong J, Tucker JA, Chandler SD. Reasons for Accepting and Declining Free HIV Testing and Counseling Among Young African American Women Living in Disadvantaged Southern Urban Communities. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019; 33:25-31. [PMID: 30328693 PMCID: PMC6338458 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2018.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing HIV prevention and treatment among at-risk Southern communities of color requires understanding why voluntary HIV testing is accepted or declined. Reasons for testing decisions were investigated among young African American women (n = 223, mean age = 20.4 years) recruited from disadvantaged areas in a Southern US city. A free HIV test was offered following field interviews that assessed HIV risk behaviors and personal and social network characteristics; 69.1% accepted testing, and all were seronegative. After their decision, participants rated reasons for their choice, which were factor analyzed. A four-factor solution showed that test acceptance was related to (1) current sexual relationships and HIV risk concerns, (2) knowledge of HIV medical treatment benefits, (3) awareness of persons living with HIV, and (4) health protection and HIV test convenience. A three-factor solution showed that test refusal was related to (1) negative consequences of a positive test and privacy concerns, (2) low perception of HIV risk, and (3) anticipated social rejection if the test was positive. Comparisons of factor-based average item scores showed that health protection/HIV test convenience was rated as most influential in test acceptance decisions, whereas low perception of HIV risks was rated as most influential in test rejection decisions. The findings suggest that test acceptance can be promoted by offering free, convenient HIV testing as a health check in a testing context that assesses and provides feedback about participants' HIV risk levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeeWon Cheong
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida
| | - Jalie A. Tucker
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida
| | - Susan D. Chandler
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida
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Kabwama SN, Kadobera D, Ndyanabangi S. Perceptions about the harmfulness of tobacco among adults in Uganda: Findings from the 2013 Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:59. [PMID: 31516456 PMCID: PMC6659554 DOI: 10.18332/tid/99574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preferential option for some tobacco products over others might be attributed to inherent misconceptions about the harmfulness of tobacco. We analysed data from Uganda’s Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) to assess misconceptions about the harmfulness of tobacco and associated factors. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2013 Uganda Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) of persons in Uganda of age ≥15 years among 8508 participants selected using a multi-stage sampling design to provide nationally representative estimates of the adult population. Participants were asked about perceptions of the harmfulness of smoking, using smokeless tobacco and whether all kinds of cigarettes are equally harmful. Weighted logistic regression analysis was used to find factors associated with the dependent variables. RESULTS Among daily smokeless tobacco users, 98 (62%) were unaware that smokeless tobacco causes serious illness. Compared with participants without formal education, participants with primary education were less likely to be unaware that smoking causes serious illness (AOR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.48–0.84) as were participants with secondary education (AOR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.19–0.42) and participants with University education or higher (AOR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.11–0.58). Compared with participants who did not use any smokeless tobacco products, participants who used smokeless tobacco products less than daily were more likely to be unaware that smokeless tobacco causes serious illness (AOR=1.39, 95% CI: 0.54–3.61) as were participants who used smokeless tobacco products daily (AOR=5.87, 95% CI: 3.67–9.40). Compared with participants who did not use any smoked tobacco products, participants who used smoked tobacco products less than daily were more likely to believe that all cigarettes are equally harmful (AOR=2.40, 95% CI: 1.32–4.37) as were participants who used smoked tobacco products daily (AOR=3.08, 95% CI: 2.37–4.00). CONCLUSIONS There is a high level of unawareness about the harmfulness of tobacco use particularly among tobacco users. The National Tobacco Control Program should prioritise public awareness and education about the dangers of tobacco use in the Tobacco Control Policy and National Tobacco Control Strategic Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kadobera
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Abstract
South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalences in the world, and compared with other sectors of the national economy, the construction industry is disproportionately adversely affected. Using data collected nationally from more than 57,000 construction workers, HIV infection among South African construction workers was estimated, together with an assessment of the association between worker HIV serostatus and worker characteristics of gender, age, nature of employment, occupation, and HIV testing history. The HIV infection of construction workers was estimated to be lower than that found in a smaller 2008 sample. All worker characteristics are significantly associated with HIV serostatus. In terms of most at-risk categories: females are more at risk of HIV infection than males; workers in the 30-49 year old age group are more at risk than other age groups; workers employed on a less permanent basis are more at risk; as are workers not having recently tested for HIV. Among occupations in the construction industry, general workers, artisans, and operator/drivers are those most at risk. Besides yielding more up-to-date estimated infection statistics, this research also identifies vulnerable sub-groups as valuable pointers for more targeted workplace interventions by construction firms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bowen
- a Department of Construction Economics and Management , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Rajen Govender
- b South African Medical Research Council , Violence, Injury and Peace Research Unit , Cape Town , South Africa.,c Department of Sociology , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Peter Edwards
- d School of Property, Construction & Project Management , RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Antony Lake
- e Intermediate Actuarial Specialist, Old Mutual , Cape Town , South Africa
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Accuracy and determinants of perceived HIV risk among young women in South Africa. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:42. [PMID: 28732496 PMCID: PMC5520344 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV risk perceptions are a key determinant of HIV testing. The success of efforts to achieve an AIDS-free generation - including reaching the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target - thus depends critically on the content of these perceptions. We examined the accuracy of HIV-risk perceptions and their correlates among young black women in South Africa, a group with one of the highest HIV incidence rates worldwide. METHODS We used individual-level longitudinal data from the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS) from 2005 to 2009 on black African women (20-30 years old in 2009) to assess the association between perceived HIV-risk in 2005 and the probability of testing HIV-positive four years later. We then estimated multivariable logistic regressions using cross-sectional data from the 2009 CAPS wave to assess the relationship between risk perceptions and a wide range of demographic, sexual behaviour and psychosocial covariates of perceived HIV-risk. RESULTS We found that the proportion testing HIV-positive in 2009 was almost identical across perceived risk categories in 2005 (no, small, moderate, great) (χ 2 = 1.43, p = 0.85). Consistent with epidemiologic risk factors, the likelihood of reporting moderate or great HIV-risk perceptions was associated with condom-use (aOR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.89; p < 0.01); having ≥3 lifetime partners (aOR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.53, 3.73; p < 0.01); knowledge of one's partner's HIV status (aOR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.07; p = 0.09); and being in an age-disparate partnerships (aOR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.76; p = 0.02). However, the likelihood of reporting moderate or great self-perceived risk did not vary with sexually transmitted disease history and respondent age, both strong predictors of HIV risk in the study setting. Risk perceptions were associated with stigmatising attitudes (aOR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.26, 1.09; p = 0.09); prior HIV testing (aOR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.35; p < 0.01); and having heard that male circumcision is protective (aOR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.64; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that HIV-risk perceptions are inaccurate. Our findings suggest that this inaccuracy stems from HIV-risk perceptions being driven by an incomplete understanding of epidemiological risk and being influenced by a range of psycho-social factors not directly related to sexual behaviour. Consequently, new interventions are needed to align perceived and actual HIV risk.
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Santos MJ, Ferreira E, Duarte J, Ferreira M. Risk factors that influence sexual and reproductive health in Portuguese university students. Int Nurs Rev 2017; 65:225-233. [PMID: 28617971 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND University students have unprotected sex and associate alcohol and/or drugs with sexual practices. These behaviours are risk factors for influencing sexual and reproductive health that can be targeted by nursing interventions. AIM The aim of this study was to determine the risk and protective factors influencing sexual and reproductive risk-taking behaviours in university students. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional and correlational study in a sample of 1946 students. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire on the individual, environmental, cognitive and psychosocial factors related to knowledge of sexually transmitted infections, attitude for sexual and reproductive health, subjective norms, Condom Use Self-Efficacy and Sexual Sensation Seeking scales. RESULTS Older male students were at higher risk for all risk behaviours studied. Students involved in committed relationships were at risk because of decreased condom use. Individuals who placed high importance on sexual sensation seeking were at increased risk. The higher the importance students placed on peers' opinion, the more protective their behaviours were. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that university students are exposed to sexual risks. Individual, cognitive and psychosocial factors influence the risk-taking behaviours. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY The findings of this study should be further incorporated into health care with nurses' leadership, adapting healthcare services to the specific needs of this population and promoting educational programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Santos
- Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Ferreira
- Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências de Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Duarte
- Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Researcher, Centro de Estudos em Educação, Tecnologias e Saúde (CI&DETS), Viseu, Portugal
| | - M Ferreira
- Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Researcher, Centro de Estudos em Educação, Tecnologias e Saúde (CI&DETS), Viseu, Portugal
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Garnett GP, Hallett TB, Takaruza A, Hargreaves J, Rhead R, Warren M, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Providing a conceptual framework for HIV prevention cascades and assessing feasibility of empirical measurement with data from east Zimbabwe: a case study. Lancet HIV 2017; 3:e297-306. [PMID: 27365204 PMCID: PMC4935672 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(16)30039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The HIV treatment cascade illustrates the steps required for successful treatment and is a powerful advocacy and monitoring tool. Similar cascades for people susceptible to infection could improve HIV prevention programming. We aim to show the feasibility of using cascade models to monitor prevention programmes. Methods Conceptual prevention cascades are described taking intervention-centric and client-centric perspectives to look at supply, demand, and efficacy of interventions. Data from two rounds of a population-based study in east Zimbabwe are used to derive the values of steps for cascades for voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and for partner reduction or condom use driven by HIV testing and counselling (HTC). Findings In 2009 to 2011 the availability of circumcision services was negligible, but by 2012 to 2013 about a third of the population had access. However, where it was available only 12% of eligible men sought to be circumcised leading to an increase in circumcision prevalence from 3·1% to 6·9%. Of uninfected men, 85·3% did not perceive themselves to be at risk of acquiring HIV. The proportions of men and women tested for HIV increased from 27·5% to 56·6% and from 61·1% to 79·6%, respectively, with 30·4% of men tested self-reporting reduced sexual partner numbers and 12·8% reporting increased condom use. Interpretation Prevention cascades can be populated to inform HIV prevention programmes. In eastern Zimbabwe programmes need to provide greater access to circumcision services and the design and implementation of associated demand creation activities. Whereas, HTC services need to consider how to increase reductions in partner numbers or increased condom use or should not be considered as contributing to prevention services for the HIV-negative adults. Funding Wellcome Trust and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy B Hallett
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Albert Takaruza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Rebecca Rhead
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Constance Nyamukapa
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Simon Gregson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Stanwell-Smith R. Fortresses against infection: time for new defences? Perspect Public Health 2017; 135:266-7. [PMID: 26543135 DOI: 10.1177/1757913915609461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khawcharoenporn T, Chunloy K, Apisarnthanarak A. Uptake of HIV testing and counseling, risk perception and linkage to HIV care among Thai university students. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:556. [PMID: 27405648 PMCID: PMC4942919 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV testing and counseling (HTC) with linkage to care after known infection are key components for HIV transmission prevention. This study was conducted to assess HTC uptake, HIV risk perception and linkage to care among Thai university students. Methods An outreach HTC program was conducted in a large public university in Thailand from January 2013 to December 2014. The program consisted of brief HIV knowledge assessment, free HTC, HIV risk assessment and education provided by the healthcare personnel. Students were categorized into low, moderate and high-risk groups according to the pre-defined HIV risk characteristics. Results One-thousand-eight-hundred-one students participated in the program, 494 (27 %) underwent HTC. Independent characteristics associated with no HTC uptake included female sex (P < 0.001), lower HIV knowledge score (P < 0.001), younger age (P < 0.001) and students from non-health science faculties (P = 0.02). Among the 494 students undergoing HTC, 141 (29 %) were categorized into moderate or high-risk group, of whom 45/141 (32 %) had false perception of low HIV risk. Being heterosexual was independently associated with false perception of low HIV risk (P = 0.04). The rate of new HIV infection diagnosis was 4/494 (0.8 %). Of these 4 HIV-infected students, 3 (75 %) were men who have sex with men and only 2 of the 4 students (50 %) showed up for HIV continuity care. Conclusions An outreach HIV prevention program with HTC was feasible and beneficial in detecting HIV risk and infection among the university students. However, interventions to improve HTC uptake, HIV risk perception and linkage to care are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thana Khawcharoenporn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. .,HIV/AIDS Care Unit of Thammasat Univesity Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | - Krongtip Chunloy
- HIV/AIDS Care Unit of Thammasat Univesity Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anucha Apisarnthanarak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.,HIV/AIDS Care Unit of Thammasat Univesity Hospital, Pathumthani, Thailand
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