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Zhang X, Wang F, Zou L, Lee SY. Depressive symptoms, sleep-wake features, and insomnia among female students: The role of rumination. J Health Psychol 2024:13591053241258252. [PMID: 38898617 DOI: 10.1177/13591053241258252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression symptoms are prevalent among nursing students, especially those in Asia. This study assessed the association between rumination and depression symptoms among female nursing students (N = 148) and the chain mediation role of sleep-wake indexes and insomnia symptoms. The data were collected from a battery of questionnaires and consecutive 7-day actigraphy data for analyzing sleep-wake indexes. About 54.1% of the participants had either mild or moderate depression symptoms. Most students (89.2%) had a delayed circadian phase, and circadian activity rhythm (CAR) was not ideal. The path mediation model underwent analysis using the PROCESS macros. The results showed that rumination in students is directly positively correlated with depressive symptoms (b = 4.831). Moreover, the association between rumination and depressive symptoms is sequent (moderating effect = 0.12, 95% CI [0.017, 0.410]). The proposed model in this study provides a foundation for improving educational programs on sleep hygiene and promoting mental wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Liuni Zou
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, China
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2
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Kaliush PR, Butner JE, Williams PG, Conradt E, Crowell SE. Dynamic Associations Among Sleep, Emotion Dysregulation, and Desire to Live in a Perinatal Sample. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:272-282. [PMID: 38451838 PMCID: PMC11081831 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study prospectively examined dynamic associations among sleep, emotion dysregulation, and desire to live during the perinatal transition, as it was theorized that these factors may contribute to the emergence of postpartum suicide risk. METHOD Ninety-four women ( Mage = 29.2 years; 23.4% Latina) wore wrist actigraphs and completed twice daily surveys for 7 days during the third trimester of pregnancy, 6 weeks postpartum, and 4 months postpartum. Multilevel, change-as-outcome models were built to examine changes in attractor dynamics among sleep, emotion dysregulation, and desire to live, as well as if sleep-emotion dysregulation dynamics differed based on participants' desires to live. RESULTS From pregnancy to 6 weeks postpartum, emotion dysregulation ( B = -0.09, p = .032) and desire to live ( B = -0.16, p < .001) exhibited more stable temporal patterns around higher emotion dysregulation and lower desire to live. Compared to women who reported consistently high desires to live, those who experienced fluctuations in their desires to live exhibited lower, more stable sleep efficiency during pregnancy ( B = -0.90, p < .001). At 4 months postpartum, those with fluctuating desires to live exhibited a coupling dynamic whereby low sleep efficiency predicted increases in emotion dysregulation ( B = -0.16, p = .020). CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to examine nonlinear dynamics among risk factors for postpartum suicide, which may be evident as early as pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum. Sleep health, in particular, warrants further exploration as a key susceptibility factor in the emergence of postpartum suicide risk. PREREGISTRATION Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/qxb75/?view_only=799ffe5c048842dfb89d3ddfebaa420d ).
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Satish A, Hellerstedt R, Anderson MC, Bergström ZM. Memory control immediately improves unpleasant emotions associated with autobiographical memories of past immoral actions. Cogn Emot 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38653497 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2342390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The ability to stop unwanted memories from coming to mind is theorised to be essential for maintaining good mental health. People can employ intentional strategies to prevent conscious intrusions of negative memories, and repeated attempts to stop retrieval both reduces the frequency of intrusions and improves subsequent emotions elicited by those memories. However, it is still unknown whether memory control can improve negative emotions immediately, at the time control is attempted. It is also not clear which strategy is most beneficial for emotion regulation; clearing the mind of any thoughts of negative memories via direct suppression, or substituting memory recall with alternative thoughts. Here, we provide novel evidence that memory control immediately regulates negative emotions associated with autobiographical memories of morally wrong actions. Repeated control significantly improved negative emotions over time, regardless of the strategy used to implement control. Thought substitution involving either positive diversionary thinking or counterfactual thinking both induced positive feelings, whereas direct suppression neutralised emotions, regardless of whether memories were positive or negative. These empirical findings have implications for clinical practice as they indicate that memory control strategies could be effective emotion regulation methods for real-world intrusive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akul Satish
- Medical Research Council - Cognitive and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Robin Hellerstedt
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, The Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael C Anderson
- Medical Research Council - Cognitive and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Ashton SM, Gagnepain P, Davidson P, Hellerstedt R, Satish A, Smeets T, Quaedflieg CWEM. The Index of Intrusion Control (IIC): Capturing individual variability in intentional intrusion control in the laboratory. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:4061-4072. [PMID: 38291222 PMCID: PMC11133188 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Intrusive memories can be downregulated using intentional memory control, as measured via the Think/No-Think paradigm. In this task, participants retrieve or suppress memories in response to an associated reminder cue. After each suppression trial, participants rate whether the association intruded into awareness. Previous research has found that repeatedly exerting intentional control over memory intrusions reduces their frequency. This decrease is often summarised with a linear index, which may miss more complex patterns characterising the temporal dynamics of intrusion control. The goal of this paper is to propose a novel metric of intrusion control that captures those dynamic changes over time as a single index. Results from a mega-analysis of published datasets revealed that the change in intrusion frequencies across time is not purely linear, but also includes non-linear dynamics that seem best captured by a log function of the number of suppression attempts. To capture those linear and non-linear dynamics, we propose the Index of Intrusion Control (IIC), which relies on the integral of intrusion changes across suppression attempts. Simulations revealed that the IIC best captured the linear and non-linear dynamics of intrusion suppression when compared with other linear or non-linear indexes of control, such as the regression slope or Spearman correlation, respectively. Our findings demonstrate how the IIC may therefore act as a more reliable metric to capture individual differences in intrusion control, and examine the role of non-linear dynamics characterizing the conscious access to unwanted memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Ashton
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pierre Gagnepain
- Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Robin Hellerstedt
- Centre for Technological Biology, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Akul Satish
- Medical Research Council - Cognitive and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom Smeets
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychological disorders and Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Conny W E M Quaedflieg
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Nardo D, Anderson MC. Everything you ever wanted to know about the Think/No-Think task, but forgot to ask. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3831-3860. [PMID: 38379115 PMCID: PMC11133138 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-024-02349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The Think/No-Think (TNT) task has just celebrated 20 years since its inception, and its use has been growing as a tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying memory control and its neural underpinnings. Here, we present a theoretical and practical guide for designing, implementing, and running TNT studies. For this purpose, we provide a step-by-step description of the structure of the TNT task, methodological choices that can be made, parameters that can be chosen, instruments available, aspects to be aware of, systematic information about how to run a study and analyze the data. Importantly, we provide a TNT training package (as Supplementary Material), that is, a series of multimedia materials (e.g., tutorial videos, informative HTML pages, MATLAB code to run experiments, questionnaires, scoring sheets, etc.) to complement this method paper and facilitate a deeper understanding of the TNT task, its rationale, and how to set it up in practice. Given the recent discussion about the replication crisis in the behavioral sciences, we hope that this contribution will increase standardization, reliability, and replicability across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Nardo
- Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael C Anderson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Benasi G, Cheng B, Aggarwal B, St-Onge MP. The effects of sustained mild sleep restriction on stress and distress among healthy adults: Findings from two randomized crossover studies. Sleep Med 2024; 115:83-87. [PMID: 38342031 PMCID: PMC10932935 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Experimental studies suggest that sleep loss affects psychological outcomes. However, most studies focus on acute severe in-laboratory sleep restriction, with limited ecological validity. This study examines the impact of sustained mild sleep restriction (SR) on stress and distress among healthy adults in a naturalistic home environment. PATIENTS/METHODS We analyzed data from two randomized crossover studies. Individuals who regularly slept 7-9 h/night completed two 6-wk intervention phases separated by a 6-wk washout: habitual sleep (HS: maintenance of habitual bed and wake times) and SR (delayed bedtime by 1.5 h/night and maintenance of habitual wake time). Adherence to sleep duration requirements was verified with wrist actigraphy and daily sleep diaries during each intervention phase. Measures of perceived stress, subjective anxiety, subjective depression, rumination, and cortisol were collected at baseline and endpoint of each intervention phase. RESULTS Sixty-two participants (age 36.4 ± 14.0 y, 85.5 % women, 63.3 % racial/ethnic minority) were included in our analyses. Mean total sleep time was 7.4 ± 0.4 h/night during HS and 6.2 ± 0.4 h/night during SR (p < 0.001). Higher perceived stress (3.6 ± 1.0, p = 0.0007) and subjective anxiety (1.1 ± 0.5, p = 0.039) were observed after SR compared to HS. No effect of sleep condition was observed on subjective depression, rumination, and cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that prolonged mildly insufficient sleep, similar to what commonly experienced in the real world, can lead to increased perceived stress and subjective anxiety in healthy adults. Addressing sleep loss, even if mild, should be a key component of interventions aimed at promoting mental health in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Benasi
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brooke Aggarwal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Center of Excellence for Sleep & Circadian Research, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Li Y, Li X, Zhaung W, Yu C, Wei S, Li Y, Liu J, Li J, Luorui C, Zheng C, Yu H, Zhou D, Zhang XY. Relationship between cognitive function and brain activation in major depressive disorder patients with and without insomnia: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 169:134-141. [PMID: 38039687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently present with sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cognitive impairment is more severe in MDD patients with insomnia, and the underlying neural mechanisms. METHODS A total of 41 MDD patients with insomnia and 43 MDD patients without insomnia were recruited. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess changes in oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentrations in the brain of patients while performing a verbal fluency task (VFT). Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), cognitive function by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and severity of depression by the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). RESULTS Compared to MDD patients without insomnia, those with insomnia had lower scores on the RBANS total and immediate memory, visuospatial/constructional, and delayed memory subscales, as well as lower oxy-Hb concentrations in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).Further correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the RBANS total score in all brain regions except left mPFC in MDD patients with insomnia(all p < 0.05). Further multiple linear regression showed that Oxy-Hb concentrations of left DLPFC were independently associated with RBANS total score. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that MDD patients with insomnia have more cognitive impairment, which is associated with impaired frontal brain activity. Our findings may provide new insights to understand the underlying neural mechanisms of both disorders MDD patients and provide potential clinical value for developing treatment strategies for insomnia in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhao Zhaung
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuochi Wei
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyao Liu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenxi Luorui
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haihang Yu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital & Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo Key Laboratory for Physical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental and Psychological Disorders, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Harrington MO, Reeve S, Bower JL, Renoult L. How do the sleep features that characterise depression impact memory? Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:499-512. [PMID: 38054537 PMCID: PMC10754336 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is associated with general sleep disturbance and abnormalities in sleep physiology. For example, compared with control subjects, depressed patients exhibit lower sleep efficiency, longer rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration, and diminished slow-wave activity during non-REM sleep. A separate literature indicates that depression is also associated with many distinguishing memory characteristics, including emotional memory bias, overgeneral autobiographical memory, and impaired memory suppression. The sleep and memory features that hallmark depression may both contribute to the onset and maintenance of the disorder. Despite our rapidly growing understanding of the intimate relationship between sleep and memory, our comprehension of how sleep and memory interact in the aetiology of depression remains poor. In this narrative review, we consider how the sleep signatures of depression could contribute to the accompanying memory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Reeve
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K
| | - Joanne L. Bower
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K
| | - Louis Renoult
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K
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Ashton SM, Smeets T, Quaedflieg CW. Controlling intrusive thoughts of future fears under stress. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100582. [PMID: 38025283 PMCID: PMC10656271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative outlooks of our future may foster unwanted and intrusive thoughts. To some extent, individuals have control over their ability to suppress intrusions and downregulate their frequency. Acute stress impairs intentional suppression, leading to an increased frequency of intrusions. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the mechanism underlying stress-induced impairments in intentional suppression of intrusions by investigating the combined and independent roles of the two major stress hormones, noradrenaline and cortisol. Healthy participants (N = 181) were administered propranolol (to block the noradrenergic response), metyrapone (to block the cortisol response), or a placebo before being exposed to the Maastricht Acute Stress Test. Intrusive thoughts of autobiographical future fears were then measured via the Imagine/No-Imagine task. Results demonstrated that the stress response was successfully altered because of the drug and stress manipulations. In all groups, repeated suppression of future fears reduced intrusions. Across the sample, an enhanced decrease over time was associated with greater attenuation of anxiety towards the related fears. The groups did not differ in the total frequency of intrusions. Though, trait anxiety increased the total number of intrusions. Our findings show that stress hormones did not influence the ability to suppress intrusions. However, our results do add support to previous research linking anxiety to memory control deficits. When using autobiographical content, future research should focus on the quality and characteristics of the individual memories to explain more of the variation observed in intentional memory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Ashton
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Smeets
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychological Disorders and Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - Conny W.E.M. Quaedflieg
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Mamat Z, Anderson MC. Improving mental health by training the suppression of unwanted thoughts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh5292. [PMID: 37729415 PMCID: PMC10511195 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and depression markedly increased worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. People with these conditions experience distressing intrusive thoughts, yet conventional therapies often urge them to avoid suppressing their thoughts because intrusions might rebound in intensity and frequency, worsening the disorders. In contrast, we hypothesized that training thought suppression would improve mental health. One hundred and twenty adults from 16 countries underwent 3 days of online training to suppress either fearful or neutral thoughts. No paradoxical increases in fears occurred. Instead, suppression reduced memory for suppressed fears and rendered them less vivid and anxiety provoking. After training, participants reported less anxiety, negative affect, and depression with the latter benefit persisting at 3 months. Participants high in trait anxiety and pandemic-related posttraumatic stress gained the largest and most durable mental health benefits. These findings challenge century-old wisdom that suppressing thoughts is maladaptive, offering an accessible approach to improving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkayda Mamat
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael C. Anderson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Sullivan EC, James E, Henderson LM, McCall C, Cairney SA. The influence of emotion regulation strategies and sleep quality on depression and anxiety. Cortex 2023; 166:286-305. [PMID: 37451185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for a number of mental health disorders, including depression and pathological anxiety. Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies (i.e. positively-focused thought processes) can help to prevent psychiatric disturbance when enduring unpleasant and stressful experiences, but little is known about the inter-individual factors that govern their success. Sleep plays an important role in mental health, and may moderate the effectiveness of adaptive CER strategies by maintaining the executive functions on which they rely. In this study, we carried out a secondary analysis of self-reported mental health and sleep data acquired during a protracted and naturally-occurring stressor - the COVID-19 pandemic - to firstly test the hypothesis that adaptive CER strategy use is associated with positive mental health outcomes and secondly, that the benefits of adaptive CER strategy use for mental health are contingent on high-quality sleep. Using established self-report tools, participants estimated their depression (N = 551) and anxiety (N = 590)2 levels, sleep quality and tendency to engage in adaptive and maladaptive CER strategies during the Spring and Autumn of 2020. Using a linear mixed modelling approach, we found that greater use of adaptive CER strategies and higher sleep quality were independently associated with lower self-reported depression and anxiety. However, adaptive CER strategy use was not a significant predictor of self-reported anxiety when accounting for sleep quality in our final model. The positive influence of adaptive CER strategy use on depression was observed at different levels of sleep quality. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive CER strategy use and good sleep quality in promoting resilience to depression and anxiety when experiencing chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Emma James
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa-Marie Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Cade McCall
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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12
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Faccini J, Joshi V, Graziani P, Del-Monte J. Beliefs about sleep: links with ruminations, nightmare, and anxiety. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:198. [PMID: 36964569 PMCID: PMC10039486 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysfunctional cognitions related to sleep play a major role in insomnia but also in nightmares. Moreover, they are closely related to anxiety. To our knowledge, no study has probed the impact of non-constructive ruminations on these dimensions in their harmful interplay with sleep. The aim of this study is to provide new insights into the processes underlying the dysfunctional cognitions-insomnia relationship. METHOD Four hundred twenty nine French participants completed an anonymous online survey using Qualtrics® software. For the assessment of variables, we used the Mini Cambridge-Exeter Repetitive Thought Scale, the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Sleep Condition Indicator. The frequency of nightmares was assessed subjectively via an item. Participants were divided into two groups according to their score on the insomnia assessment: good sleepers and poor sleepers. RESULT Anxiety was found to be a common mediator of the relationship between dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes toward sleep and insomnia between good (20.8%) and poor sleepers (24.6%). However, for poor sleepers, nightmare frequency (15.2%) and non-constructive ruminations (16.6%) emerged as mediators of this relationship. CONCLUSION The results gathered through this study bring interesting perspectives regarding the theoretical and etiological conceptualization of insomnia. We showed a positive association between dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes towards sleep and non-constructive ruminations in their contributory role to insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Faccini
- LSP Laboratory, University of Nîmes, Aix-Marseille University, UR 849, 29 Avenue Robert Schuman, Aix-en-Provence, 13621, France.
| | - Vrutti Joshi
- LSP Laboratory, University of Nîmes, Aix-Marseille University, UR 849, 29 Avenue Robert Schuman, Aix-en-Provence, 13621, France
| | - Pierluigi Graziani
- LSP Laboratory, University of Nîmes, Aix-Marseille University, UR 849, 29 Avenue Robert Schuman, Aix-en-Provence, 13621, France
| | - Jonathan Del-Monte
- LSP Laboratory, University of Nîmes, Aix-Marseille University, UR 849, 29 Avenue Robert Schuman, Aix-en-Provence, 13621, France
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Guttesen AÁV, Gaskell MG, Madden EV, Appleby G, Cross ZR, Cairney SA. Sleep loss disrupts the neural signature of successful learning. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1610-1625. [PMID: 35470400 PMCID: PMC9977378 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep supports memory consolidation as well as next-day learning. The influential "Active Systems" account of offline consolidation suggests that sleep-associated memory processing paves the way for new learning, but empirical evidence in support of this idea is scarce. Using a within-subjects (n = 30), crossover design, we assessed behavioral and electrophysiological indices of episodic encoding after a night of sleep or total sleep deprivation in healthy adults (aged 18-25 years) and investigated whether behavioral performance was predicted by the overnight consolidation of episodic associations from the previous day. Sleep supported memory consolidation and next-day learning as compared to sleep deprivation. However, the magnitude of this sleep-associated consolidation benefit did not significantly predict the ability to form novel memories after sleep. Interestingly, sleep deprivation prompted a qualitative change in the neural signature of encoding: Whereas 12-20 Hz beta desynchronization-an established marker of successful encoding-was observed after sleep, sleep deprivation disrupted beta desynchrony during successful learning. Taken together, these findings suggest that effective learning depends on sleep but not necessarily on sleep-associated consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Á V Guttesen
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Emily V Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gabrielle Appleby
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Zachariah R Cross
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Scott A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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14
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Davidson P, Marcusson-Clavertz D. The effect of sleep on intrusive memories in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trauma film experiments. Sleep 2023; 46:6844013. [PMID: 36420573 PMCID: PMC9905779 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To synthesize the literature on the effect of sleep versus wake on the frequency and distress of intrusive memories in everyday life after watching film clips with distressing content as a proxy for traumatic experiences. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed and PsychInfo. The last search was conducted on January 31, 2022. We included experimental studies comparing sleep and wake groups on intrusions using ecological diary methods, whereas studies lacking a wake control condition or relying solely on intrusion-triggering tasks or retrospective questionnaires were excluded. Meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the results. Risks of biases were assessed following the Cochrane guidelines. RESULTS Across 7 effect sizes from 6 independent studies, sleep (n = 192), as compared to wake (n = 175), significantly reduced the number of intrusive memories (Hedges' g = -0.26, p = .04, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.01]), but not the distress associated with them (Hedges' g = -0.14, p = .25, 95% CI [-0.38, 0.10]). CONCLUSIONS Although the results suggest that sleep reduces the number of intrusions, there is a strong need for high-powered pre-registered studies to confirm this effect. Risks of biases in the reviewed work concern the selection of the reported results, measurement of the outcome, and failure to adhere to the intervention. Limitations with the current meta-analysis include the small number of studies, which comprised only English-language articles, and the fact that it was not pre-registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
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15
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Guo R, Vaughan DT, Rojo ALA, Huang YH. Sleep-mediated regulation of reward circuits: implications in substance use disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:61-78. [PMID: 35710601 PMCID: PMC9700806 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our modern society suffers from both pervasive sleep loss and substance abuse-what may be the indications for sleep on substance use disorders (SUDs), and could sleep contribute to the individual variations in SUDs? Decades of research in sleep as well as in motivated behaviors have laid the foundation for us to begin to answer these questions. This review is intended to critically summarize the circuit, cellular, and molecular mechanisms by which sleep influences reward function, and to reveal critical challenges for future studies. The review also suggests that improving sleep quality may serve as complementary therapeutics for treating SUDs, and that formulating sleep metrics may be useful for predicting individual susceptibility to SUDs and other reward-associated psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Dylan Thomas Vaughan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Lourdes Almeida Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- The Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Cárdenas-Egúsquiza AL, Berntsen D. Sleep well, mind wander less: A systematic review of the relationship between sleep outcomes and spontaneous cognition. Conscious Cogn 2022; 102:103333. [PMID: 35623268 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite an upsurge of research on spontaneous cognition, little is known about its associations with sleep-related outcomes. This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, examined the relationship between sleep and spontaneous thoughts, across different definitions and measurements of sleep outcomes and spontaneous cognition, and a diversity of methodologies. Twenty-one articles with survey and/or experimental designs were identified. Self-reported disturbed sleep-comprising poor sleep quality, more insomnia symptoms, more daytime sleepiness and a tendency towards eveningness-and experimentally induced sleep deprivation were associated with a tendency to engage in disruptive mind wandering and daydreaming, but not positive-constructive daydreaming. Findings regarding circadian fluctuation in spontaneous thoughts were mixed and inconclusive. This systematic review bridges the gap between the sleep and spontaneous cognition research by contributing to the understanding of potential psychological and cognitive mechanisms of spontaneous cognition, as well as by elucidating the emotional and cognitive consequences of disturbed sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucía Cárdenas-Egúsquiza
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Autobiographical Memory Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
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17
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Göbel K, Hensel L, Schultheiss OC, Niessen C. Meta‐Analytic
Evidence Shows no Relationship Between
Task‐Based
and
Self‐Report
Measures of Thought Control. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Göbel
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Nägelsbachstr. 49c 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lisa Hensel
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Nägelsbachstr. 49c 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Nägelsbachstr. 49c 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Cornelia Niessen
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Nägelsbachstr. 49c 91052 Erlangen Germany
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18
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Tubbs AS, Fernandez FX, Grandner MA, Perlis ML, Klerman EB. The Mind After Midnight: Nocturnal Wakefulness, Behavioral Dysregulation, and Psychopathology. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 1:830338. [PMID: 35538929 PMCID: PMC9083440 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.830338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient sleep with minimal interruption during the circadian/biological night supports daytime cognition and emotional regulation. Conversely, disrupted sleep involving significant nocturnal wakefulness leads to cognitive and behavioral dysregulation. Most studies to-date have examined how fragmented or insufficient sleep affects next-day functioning, but recent work highlights changes in cognition and behavior that occur when someone is awake during the night. This review summarizes the evidence for day-night alterations in maladaptive behaviors, including suicide, violent crime, and substance use, and examines how mood, reward processing, and executive function differ during nocturnal wakefulness. Based on this evidence, we propose the Mind after Midnight hypothesis in which attentional biases, negative affect, altered reward processing, and prefrontal disinhibition interact to promote behavioral dysregulation and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Tubbs
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Evelyn F Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael A. Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael L. Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth B. Klerman
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Lynn SJ, Polizzi C, Merckelbach H, Chiu CD, Maxwell R, van Heugten D, Lilienfeld SO. Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders Reconsidered: Beyond Sociocognitive and Trauma Models Toward a Transtheoretical Framework. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2022; 18:259-289. [PMID: 35226824 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, the posttraumatic model (PTM) and the sociocognitive model (SCM) of dissociation have vied for attention and empirical support. We contend that neither perspective provides a satisfactory account and that dissociation and dissociative disorders (e.g., depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative identity disorder) can be understood as failures of normally adaptive systems and functions. We argue for a more encompassing transdiagnostic and transtheoretical perspective that considers potentially interactive variables including sleep disturbances; impaired self-regulation and inhibition of negative cognitions and affects; hyperassociation and set shifts; and deficits in reality testing, source attributions, and metacognition. We present an overview of the field of dissociation, delineate uncontested and converging claims across perspectives, summarize key multivariable studies in support of our framework, and identify empirical pathways for future research to advance our understanding of dissociation, including studies of highly adverse events and dissociation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jay Lynn
- Psychology Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA;
| | - Craig Polizzi
- Psychology Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA;
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chui-De Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Reed Maxwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dalena van Heugten
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Anderson MC, Floresco SB. Prefrontal-hippocampal interactions supporting the extinction of emotional memories: the retrieval stopping model. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:180-195. [PMID: 34446831 PMCID: PMC8616908 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging has revealed robust interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus when people stop memory retrieval. Efforts to stop retrieval can arise when people encounter reminders to unpleasant thoughts they prefer not to think about. Retrieval stopping suppresses hippocampal and amygdala activity, especially when cues elicit aversive memory intrusions, via a broad inhibitory control capacity enabling prepotent response suppression. Repeated retrieval stopping reduces intrusions of unpleasant memories and diminishes their affective tone, outcomes resembling those achieved by the extinction of conditioned emotional responses. Despite this resemblance, the role of inhibitory fronto-hippocampal interactions and retrieval stopping broadly in extinction has received little attention. Here we integrate human and animal research on extinction and retrieval stopping. We argue that reconceptualising extinction to integrate mnemonic inhibitory control with learning would yield a greater understanding of extinction's relevance to mental health. We hypothesize that fear extinction spontaneously engages retrieval stopping across species, and that controlled suppression of hippocampal and amygdala activity by the prefrontal cortex reduces fearful thoughts. Moreover, we argue that retrieval stopping recruits extinction circuitry to achieve affect regulation, linking extinction to how humans cope with intrusive thoughts. We discuss novel hypotheses derived from this theoretical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Anderson
- MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology, and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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EEG evidence that morally relevant autobiographical memories can be suppressed. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1290-1310. [PMID: 35986196 PMCID: PMC9622558 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Remembering unpleasant events can trigger negative feelings. Fortunately, research indicates that unwanted retrieval can be suppressed to prevent memories from intruding into awareness, improving our mental state. The current scientific understanding of retrieval suppression, however, is based mostly on simpler memories, such as associations between words or pictures, which may not reflect how people control unpleasant memory intrusions in everyday life. Here, we investigated the neural and behavioural dynamics of suppressing personal and emotional autobiographical memories using a modified version of the Think/No-Think task. We asked participants to suppress memories of their own past immoral actions, which were hypothesised to be both highly intrusive and motivating to suppress. We report novel evidence from behavioural, ERP, and EEG oscillation measures that autobiographical memory retrieval can be suppressed and suggest that autobiographical suppression recruits similar neurocognitive mechanisms as suppression of simple laboratory associations. Suppression did fail sometimes, and EEG oscillations indicated that such memory intrusions occurred from lapses in sustained control. Importantly, however, participants improved at limiting intrusions with repeated practice. Furthermore, both behavioural and EEG evidence indicated that intentional suppression may be more difficult for memories of our morally wrong actions than memories of our morally right actions. The findings elucidate the neurocognitive correlates of autobiographical retrieval suppression and have implications for theories of morally motivated memory control.
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22
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Killgore WDS, Vanuk JR, Persich MR, Cloonan SA, Grandner MA, Dailey NS. Sleep quality and duration are associated with greater trait emotional intelligence. Sleep Health 2021; 8:230-233. [PMID: 34782296 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior work suggests that short sleep and total sleep deprivation are associated with reduced trait Emotional Intelligence (trait EI) but not reduced ability Emotional Intelligence (ability EI). To expand this knowledge base, we investigated the role of habitual sleep quality on trait and ability EI above and beyond the known effects of recent sleep duration. METHODS A large sample, comprising 477 healthy adults completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue; trait EI), and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Scale (MSCEIT; ability EI). RESULTS Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression showed that recent sleep duration and PSQI sleep quality each independently predicted higher trait EI scores, including Emotionality, Self-Control, Sociability, and Well-being, but were unrelated to ability EI scores. CONCLUSIONS In this large community sample, recent sleep duration and habitual sleep quality both independently associated with self-perceived dispositional aspects of EI (ie, trait EI). In contrast, recent sleep duration and PSQI score were unrelated to more crystalized aspects of EI performance, which encompass the general fund of emotional information and the ability to understand and reason about emotional concepts (ie, ability EI). In sum, greater self-perceived sleep duration and quality was associated with subjective perceptions of better emotional functioning, but was unrelated to performance-based metrics of emotional reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Vanuk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sara A Cloonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Natalie S Dailey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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23
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Liu P, Hulbert JC, Yang W, Guo Y, Qiu J, Anderson MC. Task compliance predicts suppression-induced forgetting in a large sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20166. [PMID: 34635752 PMCID: PMC8505621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) refers to a memory impairment resulting from repeated attempts to stop the retrieval of unwanted memory associates. SIF has become established in the literature through a growing number of reports built upon the Think/No-Think (TNT) paradigm. Not all individuals and not all reported experiments yield reliable forgetting, however. Given the reliance on task instructions to motivate participants to suppress target memories, such inconsistencies in SIF may reasonably owe to differences in compliance or expectations as to whether they will again need to retrieve those items (on, say, a final test). We tested these possibilities on a large (N = 497) sample of TNT participants. In addition to successfully replicating SIF, we found that the magnitude of the effect was significantly and negatively correlated with participants’ reported compliance during the No-Think trials. This pattern held true on both same- and independent-probe measures of forgetting, as well as when the analysis was conditionalized on initial learning. In contrast, test expectancy was not associated with SIF. Supporting previous intuition and more limited post-hoc examinations, this study provides robust evidence that a lack of compliance with No-Think instructions significantly compromises SIF. As such, it suggests that diminished effects in some studies may owe, at least in part, to non-compliance—a factor that should be carefully tracked and/or controlled. Motivated forgetting is possible, provided that one is sufficiently motivated and capable of following the task instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 TianSheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Justin C Hulbert
- Psychology Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, 12504, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China. .,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 TianSheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhua Guo
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China. .,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 TianSheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Michael C Anderson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Mao T, Dinges D, Deng Y, Zhao K, Yang Z, Lei H, Fang Z, Yang FN, Galli O, Goel N, Basner M, Rao H. Impaired Vigilant Attention Partly Accounts for Inhibition Control Deficits After Total Sleep Deprivation and Partial Sleep Restriction. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1545-1560. [PMID: 34557048 PMCID: PMC8455079 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s314769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep loss impairs a range of neurobehavioral functions, particularly vigilant attention and arousal. However, the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on inhibition control and its relationship to vigilant attention impairments remain unclear. This study examined the extent to which vigilant attention deficits contribute to inhibition control performance after one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and two nights of partial sleep restriction (PSR). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We analyzed data from N = 49 participants in a one-night of TSD experiment, N=16 participants in a control experiment without sleep loss, and N = 16 participants in a two-nights of PSR experiment (time in bed, TIB = 6 h for each night). Throughout waking periods in each condition, participants completed the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), which measures vigilant attention, and the Go/No-Go task, which measures inhibition control. RESULTS After TSD and PSR, participants displayed significantly slower reaction times (RT) and more lapses in PVT performance, as well as slower Go RT and more errors of omission during the Go/No-Go task. PVT deficits accounted for 18.0% of the change in Go RT and 12.4% of the change in errors of omission in the TSD study, and 23.7% of the change in Go RT and 20.3% of the change in errors of omission in the PSR study. CONCLUSION Both TSD and PSR impaired inhibition control during the Go/No-Go task, which can be partly accounted for by vigilant attention deficits during the PVT. These findings support the key role of vigilant attention in maintaining overall neurobehavioral function after sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Dinges
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ke Zhao
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zijing Yang
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Lei
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhuo Fang
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fan Nils Yang
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Galli
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Namni Goel
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Davidson P, Pace-Schott E. Go to Bed and You MIGHT Feel Better in the Morning—the Effect of Sleep on Affective Tone and Intrusiveness of Emotional Memories. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
It is important to examine what effect sleep has after an emotional experience. More knowledge about this topic could help inform us whether there are any potential sleep interventions that could help make sure that memories of negative emotional experiences are processed in the most adaptive manner possible.
Recent Findings
Findings on the role of sleep in altering reactivity to emotional stimuli have been highly varied, with significant findings in opposite directions. A new exciting development in the field is several studies finding that sleep seems to make memories of negative experiences less intrusive.
Summary
This review has mainly aimed to give an overview of the field, and of which issues need to be resolved. We argue for there being a strong need for standardization of how data are analyzed and presented, as well as for better methods for determining to what extent the effects of sleep are specific for a particular memory, or represent general changes in emotional reactivity.
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26
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Sleep Loss Gives Rise to Intrusive Thoughts. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:434-436. [PMID: 33727016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a framework in which top-down inhibitory control networks are impaired by sleep deprivation, giving rise to intrusive thoughts and, consequently, emotion dysregulation. This process leads to a vicious cycle of sleeplessness, persistent unwanted thoughts, and heightened anxiety, ultimately increasing the risk of mental illness.
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27
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Abstract
Over the past century, psychologists have discussed whether forgetting might arise from active mechanisms that promote memory loss to achieve various functions, such as minimizing errors, facilitating learning, or regulating one's emotional state. The past decade has witnessed a great expansion in knowledge about the brain mechanisms underlying active forgetting in its varying forms. A core discovery concerns the role of the prefrontal cortex in exerting top-down control over mnemonic activity in the hippocampus and other brain structures, often via inhibitory control. New findings reveal that such processes not only induce forgetting of specific memories but also can suppress the operation of mnemonic processes more broadly, triggering windows of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in healthy people. Recent work extends active forgetting to nonhuman animals, presaging the development of a multilevel mechanistic account that spans the cognitive, systems, network, and even cellular levels. This work reveals how organisms adapt their memories to their cognitive and emotional goals and has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Anderson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge. Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom;
| | - Justin C Hulbert
- Psychology Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
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